Everyone who uses their private plot to get the harvest, at least heard about the benefits of fertilizers. But not every gardener thinks about the real use of nutrients, and if he does, he does not always use it. Of course on open areas vegetable gardens, subject to the correct crop rotation and change of plants, and so there are enough organic residues and nutrients - these are insects, and plant waste, and moisture of precipitation. But such structures as a greenhouse are a space where, if not sterile, then a very closed and limited atmosphere in the natural circulation of substances reigns. Here plants for high-quality growth and fruiting are needed like nowhere else fertilizers - their types and characteristics will be described in our article. For example, nitrogen is very important for vegetables. There are three types of nitrogen fertilizers- amide, ammonia and nitrate. More details will be discussed later. Now let's talk about what mineral fertilizers are.
Mineral fertilizers are usually used along with organic fertilizers. The name of the fertilizer speaks for itself - it contains minerals. There are many minerals that plants need - copper, zinc, potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen, and so on - almost everything that can be found in the periodic table.
Depending on the type of soil, plants are deficient in one or another element. Simple mineral fertilizers contain one mineral, complex fertilizers - several. The most common mineral fertilizers are nitrogen, potash and phosphorus. Phosphoric ones are superphosphate, bone meal, thermophosphate and some others. Are added to the soil for digging in the fall or in early spring... This is due to the fact that, due to their poor water solubility, they reach the roots for about 2 months. When fertilizing the soil with phosphorus additives, it should be remembered that they cannot be combined with lime additives.
We will single out nitrogen fertilizers as a separate topic, since their importance is great precisely at the beginning of the growth of the future harvest.
Types of nitrogen fertilizers
Nitrogen is found in both organic and inorganic substances. In industry, it is extracted mainly by processing synthetic ammonia. Mineral nitrogen fertilizers are divided into three main groups.
- Amide - this is urea, combinations of urea with formaldehydes, calcium cyanamide; well accepted by all vegetable crops.
- Ammonia - ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate and bicarbonate; gratefully they include long-maturing plants such as onions, cabbage, tomatoes and cucumbers.
- Nitrate - sodium, potassium and calcium nitrate. Suitable for plants with short term ripening, - radish, dill, parsley, lettuce, early ripening cabbage.
When using nitrogen fertilizers, it is important to remember that excess nitrogen is very harmful to humans, animals and the environment... All recommendations indicated on the fertilizer packaging must be followed exactly!
Organic fertilizers - their types and characteristics
They are considered the most natural and safest, as they are of natural origin. Organic matter gives off numerous nutrients to the soil, improves its structure, and develops the activity of beneficial microorganisms. Organic - their types and characteristics deserve special attention. They are very important in providing the greenhouse land with carbon dioxide. it is used in four main forms: poultry manure, manure, humus and peat. All varieties are used as compost - in combination with mineral fertilizers, plant residues, peat. They are often introduced as.
One of the most budgetary and effective fertilizers, especially in the countryside, is manure. All the most important substances are contained in it in optimal concentration. In addition, manure improves the structure of the soil, and, when decomposed, gives carbon dioxide and helps plants to assimilate the necessary elements. Fresh manure is brought to the garden in the fall and dug up, and the one that is perepil can wait until spring. In spring, it is advisable to use fresh manure to warm up the earth, since its temperature reaches 70 0.
Bird droppings are also very valuable fertilizer... It is several times more than manure, rich in minerals and trace elements. Due to such a high concentration, it should be applied to the soil in a very metered manner. About half a liter of litter is bred in 10 liters warm water and water the plants with the solution.
Humus - decomposed plant remains, leaves, roots, manure. This is ideal for growing seedlings.
Peat is a highly acidic additive, therefore it is mainly used as one of the compost components.
Types of potash fertilizers
Potassium in fertilizers is most often found in combination with other elements. It increases the keeping quality of fruits, increases plant resistance to diseases, promotes full ripening of the crop. There are potash fertilizers with and without chlorine. Chlorine-containing ones include potassium chloride, potassium sulfate and potassium salt. These additives are used in the fall to avoid the harmful effects of chlorine on plantings. For nightshades, chlorine-free potash fertilizers are chosen. Neutralize the acidity of the soil caused by chlorine by preliminarily adding lime.
Types of liquid fertilizers
In liquid form, many fertilizers have a milder effect on plants, are absorbed more easily and more fully, and are more evenly distributed in the soil. Both organic matter and solutions of synthetic fertilizers can be liquid.
Organic liquid fertilizers are used in the form of infusions of herbs, mullein, special ferments from certain foods (onions, garlic, pepper, yeast, sugar, bread - folk recipes lots of).
Chemical liquid fertilizers are divided into nitrogen and complex fertilizers. They are all solids dissolved in water.
Types of fertilizers and methods of their application- the topic is very broad. Focus on the characteristics of the soil of your site, the crops you grow and, of course, common sense - everything is good in moderation!
Not all gardeners can boast of the presence of organic raw materials in the form of manure, droppings. Not everyone has time to make compost and green manure.
People living in a private house with a large farm in the form of animals and birds, as well as a large land plot- can afford to keep a source of organic fertilizer and at the same time grow vegetables and fruits.
All the rest, who occasionally go out of town, can use mineral fertilizers - their types allow you to choose a mixture for each type of soil and for crops separately.
Mineral fertilizers are fertilizers in the form of salts of inorganic origin. They are also called chemical fertilizers. The source is natural minerals that are industrially mined, as well as substances obtained by artificial means.
Mineral fertilizers replace organic matter wellThere are one-component, two-component, three and multicomponent compositions of mineral fertilizers. This means that the composition includes 1, 2, 3 or more components, the main of which are nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus. Auxiliary - calcium, sulfur, magnesium, boron and other trace elements necessary for plants to grow.
Pros of mineral mixtures:
- are cheaper;
- easier to get hold of;
- small doses are used;
- can be matched to specific plants and soil types.
The effect of the use of mineral fertilizers is no different from the effect of organic matter, but when using mineral fertilizers, it is necessary to strictly observe the dosage of the substance, that is, to be guided by the golden rule of the gardener: it is better to underfeed a little than to overfeed and destroy the plant.
Types and characteristics of mineral fertilizers
The types can be classified as follows:
- nitrogen, containing one component - nitrogen;
- potassium, consisting of potassium salts and microadditives;
- phosphoric are salts of phosphoric acid or natural minerals;
- mixtures of equal composition active ingredients or other proportions.
Video: Distinctive features and methods of using mineral fertilizers
Most often, types of mineral fertilizers are used that have a full composition - nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, since this eliminates the need to calculate how much and what is needed for a specific plot of land. For each type of mineral fertilizer, the type of soil on which the additives will be most effective is appropriate.
Potash
Potash fertilizers contain in a large number potassium salts, other additives may be present in micro doses. Such monofertilizers are recommended for all types of soils, but especially for sandy and sandy loamy soils. Potassium salts are extracted industrially from natural minerals - carnallite and sylvinite.
There are two varieties - potassium chloride and sulfate. Chloride must be added to the soil in autumn so that chlorine harmful to plants disappears during the winter. Such mineral fertilizer is not suitable for spring application. Potassium sulfate is suitable for all plants and can be used at any time of the year.
Phosphoric
The main mineral for fertilizers is phosphorus, which is isolated from natural phosphorites and apatites. There are many types of phosphorus compounds that are used in complex mixtures:
- superphosphates and double superphosphates - water soluble;
- precipitate - dissolves in a weak acid solution;
- metaphosphate is an insoluble or hardly soluble compound;
- tomoslak - acid is needed for dissolution;
- ammophos and diammophos are hardly water-soluble substances.
Phosphate fertilizers are varied and suitable for all types of soil
Water-soluble substances are suitable for all types of soil and plants. Semi-soluble and sparingly soluble have an advantage on acidic soils - there their effect is stronger.
In order for phosphorus mineral fertilizers to be well absorbed by plants, the soil must be saturated with potassium and nitrogen.
Nitrogen
Nitrogen fertilizers, their classification:
- nitrate forms - calcium or sodium nitrate;
- ammonia form - ammonia water;
- ammonium - ammonium sulfate or chloride;
- ammonium nitrate - ammonium nitrate;
- the amide form is urea.
Nitrogen substances, which also belong to mineral fertilizers, form the basis of plant nutrition, contribute to the collection of green mass. Without sufficient nitrogen supply, the leaves are yellowish or pale green. The efficiency of nitrogen increases if the soil is well fertilized with phosphorus and potassium.
Video: How to properly feed plants with nitrogen
Nitrogen is often included in the composition of mineral fertilizers, which are called complex fertilizers. In such mixtures, the amount of nutrients is maximally balanced.
Complex mixtures
Complex mineral fertilizers receive different ways- chemical reaction, mixing of simple components. The concentration of active ingredients is very high, so the consumption of fertilizers is low. For different types of soil, you can choose the right mixture for the optimal balance of nutrients.
What is a complex mineral fertilizer - these are mixtures that contain 2 or more types of salts... Distinguish:
- nitrogen-phosphorus mixtures;
- potassium-nitrogen;
- nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compositions.
When applying to the soil, you need to know the needs of garden crops. If necessary, you can adjust the mixture yourself, adding those substances that are needed more. But with a rich choice of names and compositions of fertilizers for plants, this is not required.
You should try to apply complex mineral mixtures in spring or summer, since active nitrogen loses its qualities during the winter and you will have to re-fertilize the soil with nitrogen fertilizer
Two-component
It is introduced in the spring, since it contains nitrogen, which is most effective for plant growth. The needs for this type of fertilizer are determined by the type of soil. If the plants constantly lack potassium, it is recommended to feed them with nitrogen-potassium mixtures several times during the growing season. If phosphorus is washed out of the soil, then nitrogen-phosphorus.
The names of complex mineral fertilizers that can be found in shops for gardeners: potassium nitrate, ammophos, ammophosphate, nitroammophoska, diammophos, nitrophoska.
Potassium nitrate contains two components - potassium and nitrogen
Certain types of fertilizers, which have a low percentage of nitrogen and consist mainly of phosphates, can be applied in the fall.
Three-component
Mixtures, which are also called complete mineral fertilizers. All three necessary elements - nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, are in it in equal proportions, or some components are more, some are less. It is necessary to focus on the needs of plants.
Complete mineral fertilizer, which includes all macronutrients, can be used to fertilize absolutely all soils and garden crops... You can combine types of organic and mineral fertilizers in one area, adding minerals in autumn, organic matter in spring, while reducing the dosage of minerals by 2 - 3 times.
Names: Azofosk, Ammofosk, Nitrofosk, Diammofosk.
Multicomponent
Multicomponent nutritional mixtures consist of basic elements and micronutrients: calcium, boron, magnesium, zinc, sulfur, copper, iron, molybdenum, manganese and others. On poor soils, such compounds are indispensable - they protect plants from diseases and allow you to get a good harvest every year.
Microadditives should be seen as additional support for different types soil. For example:
- zinc - for alkaline soils;
- copper - on marshy soils and peat bogs;
- manganese - for chernozem areas with an alkaline soil reaction;
- boron - on sandy soils;
- molybdenum - for acidic soils.
Multicomponent formulations, in addition to the main elements, contain trace elements
Knowing the characteristics of the soil in your area, you can optimally select a multicomponent mixture and use it throughout the entire period of growth and fruiting of crops.
Microelements (micronutrient fertilizers)
Microfertilizers can be found not only in multicomponent fertilizers. There are on sale one and two-component substances, complex micronutrient fertilizers.
Trace elements are consumed by plants in small amounts. They are used both for root application and for foliar dressing - by spraying. Thus, you can quickly eliminate the shortage of a certain element.
Microfertilizers can be used both for foliar dressing and added at the root
What can be found on sale from complex microfertilizers:
- Reakom;
- Master;
- Oracle;
- Sizam.
This type of dressing is sold in liquid and dry form, which must be diluted with water to the desired concentration, which is described in detail in the instructions.
The effect of mineral fertilizers on the soil
Many gardeners are afraid to use mineral fertilizers because of the popular legend about the dangers of nitrates. Similar stories are told by people who violated the instructions. There is a statement that poison differs from medicine only in dosage - the same can be said about mineral fertilizers.
There are several rules, subject to which safety for human health is guaranteed.
- Do not exceed manufacturer's recommended dosages. If there is a need to mix several types of mineral fertilizers, then it is better to take at a minimum of both. In case of deficiency, you can always make a weak fertilizer solution and apply it to the leaves.
- 2 weeks before removing the fruits, fertilizing with mineral mixtures must be stopped.
- Do not use expired mineral complexes.
Healthy soil without an overabundance of nitrates is the result of using mineral mixtures strictly according to the instructions It is worth knowing that exceeding the dosage has a bad effect on the plant itself - the roots can burn out if fertilizers are incorrectly applied. Moreover, this applies equally to both minerals and organics. It is possible to disrupt the growth and destroy the plant by applying dressings according to the principle: the more, the better.
It is not recommended to use acidic mineral fertilizers without periodic liming. This can adversely affect plants - the number of beneficial bacteria in the soil will decrease, which will lead to a decrease in the humus part.
This happens because the microflora also needs minerals for nutrition, therefore, if their amount is not exceeded, then it will be enough for feeding both plants and microorganisms.
Acidic mineral dressings are carried out along with liming
In the case of naturally high soil acidity, it is necessary to use organic matter that shifts the pH towards alkalinity. Alternatively, alternate mineral and organic complexes. For example, wood ash, bone meal, which can also be bought at the store.
The balance should be observed if the soil is neutral or alkaline. On such soils, you can safely use mineral fertilizers with an acid reaction.
Organic fertilizers are a source of plant nutrition and the result of increased soil fertility. Organic fertilizers include: manure, composts, peat, bird droppings, slurry, etc.
Organic fertilizers: types and application
Manure
Manure contains all the nutrients plants need. In litterless manure, from 50 to 70% of nitrogen is in the ammonia form, which is well absorbed by plants in the very first year of application. The rest of the amount - organically bound nitrogen - is also used by plants as the organic matter is mineralized. The reaction of litterless manure is close to neutral or alkaline.
- In litterless manure, pathogenic microorganisms and helminth eggs can persist for a long time. Therefore, on a private farm, litterless manure must be composted with straw, peat or grass.
- Under the influence of manure, the physicochemical properties of the soil improve (heavy clay soils become looser, and light sandy soils become more cohesive), its water and air modes, acidity decreases.
- The effect of manure on sod-podzolic loamy soils lasts 6-8 years, on sandy and sandy loamy soils - 3-5 years. In terms of its composition and fertilizing value, manure can be different, which is determined by the type of animal, the quality of the feed, the bedding used and the storage method.
Horse manure is considered the best, then sheep, cow and pork manure.
There are 4 stages of decomposition of manure on straw bedding - fresh, semi-rotten, rotted and humus.
- In fresh, slightly decomposed manure, the straw slightly changes color and strength.
- In semi-rotten, it acquires a dark brown color, loses its strength and breaks easily. Manure loses at this stage 10-30% of dry organic matter.
- Overripe manure is a homogeneous mass. In this degree of decomposition, it loses up to 50% of dry organic matter.
- Finally, humus is a loose, dark mass. In this state, manure loses 75% of dry organic matter. Therefore, it is inappropriate to bring manure to a rotted state. However, fresh manure cannot be used for planting.
Manure should be prepared for planting in advance. To do this, it is folded into heaps or piles with a height of 1-1.5 m, a width of 2 m and an arbitrary length. The stacks are covered with peat or earth with a layer of up to 20 cm.With short-term storage, manure can be stored under plastic wrap... When caring for plants, manure is used varying degrees decomposition, approximate doses of introduction - 4-6 kg / sq.m.
Humus
Humus is used as fertilizer and mulch. The consumption dose is 2-3 kg / sq.m. Manure is reintroduced after 2-3 years on sandy and sandy loam soils, after 4-5 years - on loamy and clayey soils.
Poultry manure is a complete, fast and powerful organic fertilizer with a high content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and trace elements. The litter is suitable for all types of soils and fruit and berry crops. In terms of fertilizing value, it is better than manure and other organic fertilizers, since the nutrients in it are in forms readily available to plants.
When composting, peat, sod, soil are added to the droppings (for 1 part of raw bird droppings, 1-2 parts of the component). For 1 ton of mass, 10-20 kg of superphosphate or 20-30 kg of phosphate rock or 50 kg of phosphogypsum are used. Adding 15-20 kg of potassium chloride reduces nitrogen losses. The dose of poultry manure is 2-2.5 times less than that of cattle manure. Dry manure is used 0.2-0.3 kg / m2, raw - up to 1 kg / m2, compost - 2-4 kg / m2.
Liquid fertilizers
- Half a large barrel is buried in the ground and 1/4 filled with fertilizers. They put more humus, and less bird droppings.
- Then the barrel is filled with water to the brim and the contents are stirred several times during the day.
You should not leave the slurry for several days to avoid fermentation. For watering, the mullein solution is diluted with 4-5 parts of water, bird droppings - 8-10 parts, horse manure - 3-4 parts.
When applying liquid fertilizers, it is better to water more often, but take weak solutions; fertilize only healthy, rooted plants; water with a solution only after rain or after wetting the soil with water. Slurry can be used for microflora and nutrient enrichment of compost composts. To do this, add 100-200 g of superphosphate for every 10 liters of slurry, and after fermentation for 1-2 weeks, add the slurry to the pile.
Peat
Peat is rich in nitrogen, but poor in phosphorus and potassium. The nitrogen contained in it is in organic compounds that are little absorbed by plants, so the use of peat is ineffective. To increase the availability of nitrogen for plants, peat is composted with manure, slurry, feces, green manure and mineral fertilizers. In gardens, peat is widely used for mulching the soil. But before using poorly decomposed peat as mulch, it must be prepared.
Peat is piled up to 1.5 m in height, after adding 3 kg of ash, or 2 kg of phosphate rock, 10 kg of manure for every 100 kg of peat. Lime is added to sour peat: in horse peat - 1 kg, in transitional peat - 0.5 kg.
Composting is stacking. Compostable material is stacked in stacks 1.5-2 m wide, 1-1.5 m high, at any length. The site selected in a dry place is tamped and peat or earth is laid on it with a pillow 20-30 cm high. The compostable material is laid in layers.
- To increase the nutritional value of composts, 1.5-2% of superphosphate or phosphate rock, 0.5% of potassium salt are added (based on the mass of the compost). 2-3% of chalk is added to the acidic material (not more than 1.5% of slaked lime), ash (3-4%) can be used instead of lime.
- The compost is kept for 1-18 months, depending on the rate of decomposition. During this period, the pile is moistened with slurry or water, early maturing composts are shoveled once, long-maturing composts - 3-4 times.
- The compost is ready when the mass is smooth and crumbly. They are also composted in trenches and pits.
Faeces are solid and liquid human excrement, fast-acting organic fertilizers. From a sanitary and agronomic point of view, the best way to use faeces is to compost with peat, straw, sawdust and all kinds of plant waste. Feces are added to peat in an amount of 30 to 40% and 2-3% of phosphate rock or lime based on the mass of peat.
Peat with a layer of 30-40 cm is laid on an area 2 m wide, then it is watered with fecal mass diluted in water and a new layer of peat is laid. And so on up to a height of 1-1.5 m. In 1.5-2 months after laying compost heap mix.
It is important that the temperature in the fecal compost rises to 55-60 ° C. Under the influence high temperature some pathogens die. Peat compost matures in 2.5-3 months, but it is better to use these composts in the 2nd year after laying.
In terms of its fertilizing effect, peat-faecal compost is not only not inferior to manure, but even surpasses it. Each kilogram can be equated to 1.5 kg of cattle manure. Feces are also used for the preparation of prefabricated composts from difficult-to-decompose materials (weeds, straw, sawdust). They are laid on a layer of humus earth (10-15 cm) or peat (20-30 cm), watered on top with feces diluted in water, etc.
If the compostable material is poor in lime, then add lime or ash - 2-3% of the total mass. From above, the pile is covered with earth or peat. When mixing the pile after 1.5-2 months, feces or water is added to it, the compost will be ready in 7-12 months.
- A precocious compomos is prepared from garbage that decomposes easily and quickly.
- The same layer of garbage is placed on a 25 cm layer of earth and sprinkled with lime with a layer no thicker than 2 cm. The earth and garbage are again poured onto the lime.
- A month after the pile was laid, the pile was shoveled. At the end of summer, this compost can already be used to fertilize the soil.
Peat-mineral ammonia fertilizers (TMAU)
Peat-mineral ammonia fertilizers are complex organic-mineral fertilizers prepared in an industrial environment. In concentrated TMAU, 1 ton of peat contains 40 kg of ammonia water, 30 kg of phosphate rock, 20 kg of superphosphate and 20 kg of potassium chloride.
Peat mineral fertilizers are stored in piles, used mainly for spring loosening of the soil to feed plants. The dose of concentrated TMAU is about 1 kg / m2, the usual dose is 2-2.5 kg / m2.
Local fertilizers
Sapropel - organic and mineral deposits of freshwater reservoirs (ponds and lakes). In its raw form, it is a jelly-like mass of dark color. Sapropel contains 15-30% or more organic matter, a small amount of phosphorus and some vitamins and biostimulants, as well as nitrogen in a form inaccessible to plants. The composition of trace elements in it is very diverse, although their amount is equal to or slightly more than in the soil.
- Sapropel is used in raw and composted forms. The raw sapropel is ventilated before application, introduced into the soil
from 2 to 10 kg / sq.m. - When composting, 2 tons of manure, 2 tons of feces, or slurry are added per 1 ton of sapropel. The dose of composting into the soil is 6-7 kg / m2. It is especially recommended to use sapropel and composts from it on sandy and sandy loam soils.
Ash
Ash is a valuable fertilizer. V wood ash contains 2-11% phosphorus, 4-36% potassium, 4-40% calcium. Ash of cereal straw is rich in nutrients. Peat ash contains little potassium and phosphorus, therefore it is used as a lime fertilizer, and ash from coal not suitable for fertilization.
The average dose of plant ash application is 3 kg / 10 sq. M, wood ash - 7 kg / 10 sq. M, peat ash - 10 kg / 10 sq. M. It is brought in in the spring or autumn. Ash improves the structure of the soil, reduces its acidity; the nutrients in it are well absorbed by plants. However, after liming the soil, ash should not be used.
Ash does not contain nitrogen, so it is applied in combination with nitrogen fertilizers. At the same time, ash is not mixed with nitrogen and organic fertilizers, they are applied and embedded in the soil alternately.
When added to composts, ash helps to accelerate the decomposition processes in the compost mass. Raspberries, currants, strawberries are responsive to this fertilizer. Ash is stored in dry rooms in a tight container. Crude ash loses its nutritional properties, but is suitable for liming.
Sod land is prepared from sod. In summer, the sod is cut in layers from 5 to 12 cm thick, depending on the thickness of the soil layer, but the thinner the sod is cut, the more valuable fertilizer is obtained.
- The layers are stacked in piles up to 1 m high, grass to grass, with layers of cow dung and the addition of lime. The top of the stack is laid with a small depression in which rain or irrigation water could be retained. To speed up, sprinkle with slurry or water.
- Sod land is used for backfilling when hilling land and for other berry plants, for backfilling planting holes.
- Wood sawdust is applied to heavy clay soil as a loosening material. Mineral fertilizers are added to the sawdust: for 1 bucket, 30 g of urea or 70 g of ammonium sulfate, 20 g of superphosphate, 10 g of potassium salt and 120-150 g of ground chalk or slaked lime.
- After mixing sawdust with fertilizers, they are introduced into the soil at the rate of 3-4 buckets per 1 square meter or into the compost with a layer of 10-15 cm.
Green fertilizer is a green mass of plants embedded in the soil in order to enrich it with organic matter and readily available nutrients. Siderata improve the physical properties of soils, especially light ones. In their action they are close to manure, but are poor in phosphorus and potassium.
Phacelia is sown on green fertilizer in the period of July 1-15, white or black mustard on July 1-31, vetch with oats from June 20 to July 15, white clover, ryegrass, rape or other herbs. Melilot or clover is sown in early autumn; after overwintering in the first half of summer, they form a large green mass. Before sowing green manure, the soil is loosened with incorporation of urea, superphosphate and potassium salt, 600 g each per 100 sq. M.
Green mass is covered in the soil during the flowering period of plants on sandy soils to a depth of 18-20 cm, on loams by 12-15 cm. Superphosphate (double) and potassium salt or potassium chloride are added at the same time, 600 g of each fertilizer per 100 sq. M. Sideration is used when cultivating the soil of a site before planting vegetable or fruit and berry plants.
Interesting on the topic
Any gardener knows that in order to get a good harvest, plants need to be fed to their fullest. But with what?
Many believe that the most the best feeding Is a mullein. They say, this is a natural fertilizer, which means that it has everything that plants need.
But this statement is only partially true. Mullein contains a lot of nitrogen, but there are no other nutrients. How can this imbalance be corrected?
Of course, with the help of mineral fertilizers. Top dressing with mineral water can quickly eliminate nutritional deficiencies. But you need to learn to determine by some symptoms: what exactly is lacking in this or that plant.
IF NITROGEN IS NOT ENOUGH
Lack of nitrogen is a fairly common situation. In this case, the leaves on the plants are small and pale, and the plants themselves turn yellow and wither. They can bloom prematurely, but the peduncles are weak and there are few flowers.
With a lack of nitrogen, garlic turns yellow ahead of time. The lower leaves of the cabbage turn pinkish yellow and fall off. In white cabbage, an elongated stalk is formed, cauliflower lays weak inflorescences. Cucumbers turn yellow whips, and the fruits acquire a hooked shape with a pointed tip.
To bring the plants back to life will help 1 tbsp. spoon of urea, dissolved in 10 liters of water. This solution should be sprayed on the plants, and also fed at the root. In just three to four days, the signs of nitrogen starvation usually disappear. And to enhance the effect, before the next watering, you need to sprinkle the beds with ammonium nitrate at the rate of 50 g per 1 m2.
IN DEFICIENCY - POTASSIUM
With a lack of potassium in the soil, the edges of the leaves in plants turn white, and then they turn brown and dry out. This phenomenon was called a marginal burn.
If there is not enough potassium for a long time, the stems of plants become weak, easily lodged. The cucumber leaves become convex and the edges curl downward.
Potassium starvation is eliminated with a solution of potassium chloride (50 g per 10 L of water). Plants are sprayed with this solution, and 50-70 g are scattered under the root potassium sulfate and water the beds well.
URGENTLY NEEDED PHOSPHORUS
Phosphate starvation is not as common as nitrogen or potassium starvation. With a lack of phosphorus, the leaves acquire a dull dark green color. On their underside, the color becomes bluish-green, lilac or violet. This is especially noticeable along the veins.
In tomato seedlings, the stems also become bluish-green. Reddish and purple spots may appear. The leaves begin to fall off, the dried leaves turn black. In this case, the shoots become thin, and growth slows down.
Plants can be cured by introducing double superphosphate (30 g per 1 m2 of the garden).
BOR - FOR GROWTH AND BEAUTY
Plants most often experience a deficiency of this particular trace element. With a lack of boron, the growth points of the stems are the first to suffer. The stems and leaves are curved. And in cucumbers, the fruits are also bent. Zucchini and zucchini become rough and lumpy. In white cabbage, cavities appear in the stalk, and the cauliflower inflorescences become loose, acquire a brown color, small leaves sprout through them.
Beetroot loses its storage capacity - it rots either in the garden or during storage. The carrots are covered with black marks - damage.
All problems are solved by introducing 3 g of boric acid per 1 m2 of the garden.
Mineral fertilizers are not only effective, but also very easy to use. In order, for example, to conduct foliar feeding, it is enough to dissolve them in water and allow to settle. And then pour the solution into a plastic bottle with a spray - and you can start. Root dressing is easy with a garden watering can. And in order to measure the required amount of fertilizers, you can use the simplest measuring instruments - a glass and a spoon.
Organic fertilizers for the garden: their types and characteristics, feeding options.
Despite the positive useful characteristics organic fertilizers, non-observance of the norms and rules of their application can lead to harm to the soil and plants. The correct approach to this issue will ensure that you get the maximum benefit from such fertilizers.
Cow dung
It is one of the most common types of organic matter, since it can significantly improve the structure of the earth, make it more breathable and moisture-absorbing. Characteristic feature this fertilizer is considered to have a rather long period of validity - up to 7 years. Finding such fertilizers is quite easy, unlike, for example, peat. At the same time, many gardeners and gardeners do not know about the insidious side of this fertilizer: Fertilizer is applied no more often than once every 4 years. It follows from this that 1 sq. m of the plot is brought in no more than 4 kg. The annual introduction of cow dung leads to an excess of substances in the soil, especially nitrogen. With abundant watering, organic residues decompose more intensively, which leads to the release of large amounts of nitrogen, and this, in turn, oversaturates our vegetables with nitrates.
The introduction of manure is allowed only after it has been thoroughly ground, since fresh manure is a source of various diseases, pests, and it also contains weed seeds, which cause a lot of trouble for gardeners.
In addition, during the initial decomposition of fresh manure, gas and heat are released in large quantities, which, combined with nitrogen, push the plant that has not yet had time to ripen to increased growth. This leads to its weakening and the inability to form suitable for long-term storage harvest.
When fertilizing acidic soils with cow dung, it should be remembered that it acidifies the soil even more. In such cases, horse manure is more preferable, or cow manure should be combined with liming.
If manure is introduced into the planting pit, care must be taken to ensure that there is no contact of the manure with the plant root in order to avoid burns, which will slow down the development of the seedling.
Bird droppings.
In terms of its nutritional value, poultry manure is compared to complex mineral fertilizers. It contains nitrogen, potassium, magnesium and phosphorus, as well as bacteriophages, which makes it possible to simultaneously fertilize and disinfect the soil, since bacteriophages successfully suppress many pathogens. At the same time, there are a number of rules for the use of this type of fertilizer:
Poultry droppings contain a large amount of uric acid, so it is not brought in fresh, but in combination with sod or peat. You can also prepare a tincture of droppings in water, which must be kept for 10 days. The mixture is applied to a well-moistened soil and takes effect no earlier than a week later. Therefore, it is recommended to sprinkle it on top with a small layer of earth.
Like many organic fertilizers, poultry manure can be applied as the main fertilizer. In this case, the application rate is up to one and a half kg per 1 sq. m. This refueling is valid for up to 3 years. In the spring and summer, you can feed the plants three times per season.
Peat.
Peat is not particularly popular among gardeners, although it can loosen the soil and improve its water-absorbing properties as well as manure. Peat is distinguished by its sufficient poverty of nutrients and stinginess in the return of nitrogen. In this regard, it is used as compost by adding it to organic mineral additives.
Peat is rarely brought in fresh - it must first be weathered (3 weeks) for the transition of harmful nitrous compounds of aluminum and iron in the air into neutralized oxide forms. To prevent the withdrawal of moisture from the soil, it is recommended to introduce peat moistened to 60%.
If, for some reason, you do not have additional organic fertilizers for the garden and you decide to use peat as the main fertilizer, then it is necessary in this case to close it up with a full bayonet of a shovel. You can add peat both in the spring and in the autumn season. You should know that there are three types of peat: high-moor, intermediate and low-lying. The last two are used as fertilizer, and the horse is used to shelter plants in winter.
Peat has an important feature: it tends to acidify the soil. When it is introduced into acidic soil, it is recommended to use ash, dolomite flour or lime for deoxidation.
Compost.
At home, you can harvest organic fertilizers with your own hands. So, for example, composting will require compost pit and vegetable garden waste.
This organic fertilizer can rightfully be considered a complete replacement for humus. Compost contains nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, and various trace elements. It has a positive effect on the vital activity of beneficial microflora.
In no case should semi-mature compost be introduced into the soil due to the content of pathogens and weed seeds in it. Nevertheless, it is allowed to feed seedlings with semi-mature compost.
This type of fertilizer is rich in nitrogen in the first year of maturity. It is not recommended to sow plants that tend to accumulate nitrates during the first few years after application. Such plants include radishes, beets, lettuce. You should be aware that the compost is not rich in magnesium and calcium, which it is advisable to use additionally.
Also, the harmful insect of the bear loves to inhabit the compost and, if it is imported from someone else's garden, you should find out if there are such pests there.
Ash.
It's no secret that ash is an excellent organic fertilizer. However, not everyone knows that it has some features, ignorance of which can harm the soil on your site.
Ash is rich in potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, boron, molybdenum, manganese and other elements, however, it does not contain nitrogen. In this regard, fertilizers that contain nitrogen must be applied to the soil. It should be remembered that the simultaneous application of ash and nitrogen-containing fertilizers provoke the formation of ammonia harmful to plants.
Ash is a powerful soil deoxidizer, and therefore, when introducing it into a weakly acidic soil, it must be done very carefully. Also, you can not bring ash to feed young seedlings, which do not yet have 3 leaves.
Top dressing with organic fertilizers.
For each type of plant, feeding with organic fertilizers has its own individual characteristics:
Cucumbers respond gratefully to feeding with manure mash, that is, fermented water with manure in the sun.
Cabbage requires two additional feeding with wood ash during the growing season.
In the case of poorly developing crops, carrots gratefully respond to feeding with solutions of bird droppings or slurry. Moreover, the first feeding should be done in the phase of 3-4 leaves.
Tomatoes. The first feeding with organic fertilizers is done 20 days after the seedlings have been planted, the second - during the blooming of the flower brushes, and the third - with the general abundant flowering of the bushes. Liquid mullein is excellent fertilizer.
The eggplants are fed two weeks after the seedlings have been planted, and then during the flowering period. Such fertilizer for vegetable crops like slurry and chicken droppings, great for eggplant.
Happy harvest !!!
What is fertilizer?
Fertilizers are substances that contain elements needed to nourish plants or regulate soil properties. Ultimately, fertilizers are substances whose purpose is to increase yields from a cultivated field by improving plant nutrition.
As we already know, all factors affecting the life of plants are divided into two groups - cosmic and terrestrial. At the present time, humanity cannot exert any significant influence on cosmic factors (light and heat).
But earthly factors (water, air and nutrients contained in the soil) we may well regulate in one way or another.
This article will focus on the nutrients that plants extract from the soil in different ways. These substances (in fact - the food of plants, their food)- macro- and microelements.
Macronutrients are substances that are vital for plants in relatively large quantities, and trace elements are substances, a scanty amount of which will fully satisfy the needs of a particular plant. Wherein (remember the laws of agriculture about the equivalence and irreplaceability of plant life factors) both macronutrients and micronutrients play an equally important role in the development and well-being of plants. That is, the lack of, for example, potassium or phosphorus in plant food is no more important than the lack of manganese, boron or cobalt.
It's just that fewer microelements are needed for plants to flourish, but this does not diminish their importance.
So, we come to the main question of the article - what are fertilizers for? However, most readers have understood this without explanation. The role of fertilizers is to fill that niche in plant nutrition that, for one reason or another, cannot be provided by the soil of a given field, plot or area of agriculture - depletion as a result of illiterate crop rotation or too intensive exploitation, wind or water erosion, regional scarcity of soil cover, etc. In these cases, the soil is fertilized artificially.
And now for more details.
Plant cells contain more 70
chemical elements - almost all found in the soil. But for the normal growth, development and fruiting of plants, only 16
of them.
They can be represented as groups:
- elements absorbed by plants from air and water - oxygen, carbon and hydrogen;
- elements absorbed from the soil, among which macronutrients are distinguished - nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur;
- trace elements - molybdenum, copper, zinc, manganese, iron, boron and cobalt.
Individual plants also require other chemical elements for normal growth and development. So, for example, sugar beets need sodium to get a high yield of root crops. It also accelerates growth and improves the development of forage beets, barley, chicory and other crops. Silicon, aluminum, nickel, cadmium, iodine, etc. have a positive effect on metabolism in some plants.
The needs of agricultural crops for nutrients are most fully satisfied when fertilizers are applied to the soil. Not without reason they are figuratively called vitamins of the fields. Fertilizers contain nutrients in a bound form, that is, in the form of their compounds. Plants absorb these compounds from the soil, and ion exchange takes place.
Fertilizer classification
By chemical composition fertilizers are divided into:
Mineral (inorganic) fertilizers:
- Nitrogen fertilizers;
- Phosphate fertilizers;
- Potash fertilizers;
- Trace elements;
- Complex fertilizers;
- Specialized complex chlorine-free fertilizers.
Organic and organomineral:
- Humic fertilizers;
- Liquid humic organomineral fertilizers and fertilizing;
Bacterial:
- Phytohormones;
- Growth stimulants;
- Ameliorants and drainage.
Mineral fertilizers
Mineral fertilizers are substances of inorganic origin, that is, those in the formation of which wildlife did not take part. In fact, these are common minerals. (constituent parts of rocks), in which certain chemical elements play the most important role.
Natural raw materials are used for the manufacture of mineral fertilizers (phosphorites, nitrate, etc.), as well as by-products and wastes of some industries, for example, ammonium sulfate - a by-product in the by-product of coke and nylon production.
Mineral fertilizers are obtained in industry or by mechanical processing of inorganic raw materials, for example, by grinding phosphorites, or by means of chemical reactions. They produce solid and liquid mineral fertilizers.
Mineral fertilizers contain nutrients in the form of mineral salts. Mostly they are obtained artificially from natural compounds or synthesized under industrial conditions.
Mineral fertilizers can be simple (one-sided) and complex (multilateral).
Simple fertilizers contain one basic nutrient: nitrogen, phosphorus, or potassium.
Complex fertilizers contain two or more components.
According to the active, nutrient element, mineral fertilizers are divided into macrofertilizers: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and micronutrient fertilizers (boric, molybdenum, etc.).
Macro fertilizers - nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sulfur - are elements that are part of plants, and therefore are consumed in significant quantities.
Microfertilizers (boric, zinc, manganese, etc.) contain chemical elements that are involved in plants in very small quantities. Accordingly, the consumption of these elements by plants is much lower, but the need for them is by no means less.
Nitrogen fertilizers
Nitrogen is part of those complex compounds that make up protein - the basis of all living things. Nitrogen is needed to create chlorophyll and vitamins. With poor nitrogen nutrition, the chlorophyll content in the leaves decreases, they lose their intense green color, become light green, the size of the leaf blade decreases, and the growth of shoots weakens.
Plants absorb nitrogen unevenly during the growing season. The greatest amount of it is consumed during the period of enhanced growth of leaves, shoots and fruits. The rate of nitrogen consumption depends on weather conditions and soil moisture. In drought, an abundance of nitrogen is not needed, it even harms plants.
A significant nitrogen deficiency reduces the winter hardiness of plants, since they cannot accumulate a sufficient amount of carbohydrates necessary for a good wintering. However, an excess of nitrogen in autumn period delays the growing season, and the plants do not have time to complete growth in time and acquire the required winter hardiness. To prevent excess nitrogen from causing harm, it is beneficial to strengthen the phosphorus and potassium nutrition.
Nitrogen fertilizers are obtained from ammonia and nitric acid in chemical plants.
Ammonium nitrate NH 4 N0 3- a fairly concentrated nitrogen fertilizer (34.5% nitrogen) is obtained by the reaction between ammonia and nitric acid.
This fertilizer is produced in fine-crystalline form or in the form of granules. It belongs to the best nitrogen fertilizers and is suitable for use on acidic and alkaline soils. Further improvement of the technology for the production of ammonium nitrate should go in the direction of improving its physical properties: in order to prevent saltpeter from caking, it is important to increase the strength of the granules, which would make it possible to mix ammonium nitrate in a mechanized way with other fertilizers.
Urea is also an effective form of nitrogen fertilizer. It has a high nitrogen content (46%) and less caking compared to ammonium nitrate.
Liquid ammonia is a highly concentrated fertilizer (82% nitrogen). In agriculture, liquid ammonia is used directly, as well as ammonia obtained by dissolving ammonium nitrate or a mixture of ammonium and calcium nitrate in it.
Phosphate fertilizers
Phosphorus enhances the ability of cells to retain water and thus increases the resistance of plants to drought and low temperatures.
With sufficient nutrition, phosphorus accelerates the transition of plants from the vegetative phase to the fruiting season. Phosphorus has a positive effect on the quality of fruits - it helps to increase sugar, fats, proteins in them. With a lack of phosphorus, there is a danger of disruption of protein metabolism - plants poorly assimilate nitrogen fertilizers.
Annual plants are especially sensitive to phosphorus deficiency. An increased amount of phosphorus is necessary at the beginning of plant growth, when seedlings and seedlings appear, as well as when the plant enters the fruiting season.
It is better to apply phosphorus fertilizers in a mixture with humus, and on highly acidic soils, liming is necessary to improve plant nutrition.
Phosphate fertilizers are obtained by processing ores containing phosphorus (phosphorites and apatites), from animal bones in small quantities and metallurgical waste (slags).
Simple superphosphate Ca (H 2 P0 4) 2 + 2CaS0 4 obtained by interaction of phosphate rock or apatite flour with sulfuric acid.
It is used to feed almost all cultures.
The disadvantages of simple superphosphate include the presence of gypsum CaS0 4, which is a ballast and thus increases the cost of transporting fertilizer from the plant to the field. Therefore, it is of particular importance for crops that require, in addition to phosphorus, gypsum. (clover and other legumes).
The best form of its use is granular simple superphosphate.
Double superphosphate Са (Н 2 Р0 4) 2 differs from simple topics that does not contain gypsum. Available in powder and granule form.
Precipitate CaHP0 4 2H 2 0 get by interaction H 3 P0 4, obtained by the extraction method, with milk of lime or chalk.
Recently, great interest has been aroused by the possibility of using red phosphorus as a fertilizer. It is non-toxic, the most concentrated phosphorus-containing product (229% in terms of Р 2 0 5)... It can be added to the soil in reserve for a number of years. Agrochemical studies have shown that from the total amount of red phosphorus introduced into the soil during the season, the plant passes 15-17% , the rest remains in the soil and is used in subsequent years.
Potash fertilizers
Potassium helps plants to assimilate carbon dioxide from the air, promotes the movement of carbohydrates (sugars), increases winter hardiness and drought resistance, has a positive effect on keeping quality (ability to store) fruits. With a lack of potassium, the resistance of plants to fungal diseases decreases.
Potassium plays the greatest role in the life of woody plants: fruit trees and berry bushes... When applying potash fertilizers, it is advisable to add some alkaline fertilizer to them, such as dolomite or lime flour.
The main raw material for the production of potash fertilizers is the mineral sylvinite KC1 NaCl, the richest deposits of which are located in Solikamsk. Here at a depth from 100
before 300 m there are billions of tons of sylvinite.
The most common types of potash fertilizers: Potassium chloride (K 20 ... 60%), Potassium sulfate (K 20 ... 52%)
Trace elements
As mentioned above, the need for trace elements for plant nutrition is very small, but the absence of even one trace element in the soil can negate all the work of the gardener. The lack of trace elements causes metabolic disorders in plants, which changes their appearance: corking of fruits occurs, the so-called "summer respiration", dying off of young shoots, "transparency" of the crown, mottling and small leaves, rosette, "witch's brooms", interveinal chlorosis.
Magnesium increases the content of sugar, starch, vitamins in fruits WITH and D... It is a part of chlorophyll, and with its lack, the formation of chlorophyll is delayed, which leads to a change in the color of the leaves. Lack of magnesium limits the absorption of other substances.
Iron is necessary for the formation of chlorophyll, with a lack of it, plants suffer from chlorosis.
Boron, Manganese, Copper, Zinc, Cobalt are part of vitamins. Without these elements, enzymes that are responsible for biochemical reactions in plants and regulate their growth cannot be formed, without them photosynthesis slows down, which sharply worsens the quality of fruits.
Trace elements are necessary for the normal fertilization of flowers, they help plants in the fight against fungal diseases and have a positive effect on the shelf life of fruits.
Examples of micronutrient fertilizers: Potassium permanganate, Boric acid, Zinc sulfate, Cobalt sulfate, Humate, Magnesium sulfate, Ammonium molybdate, Garden sulfur, Cocktail
Complex fertilizers
These fertilizers contain two or more nutrients.
In various types of these products, the elements necessary for plants - nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sets of trace elements - are contained in various combinations. The complex of nutrients in these fertilizers is balanced, which greatly facilitates the work of amateur gardeners.
Examples of compound fertilizers: Nitrofoska, Azofoska (Nitroammofoska), Gomel fertilizer
Specialized complex chlorine-free fertilizers
Different plants require different amounts of nutrients at each stage of their life.
It is difficult to choose the right components, what for some plants will provide optimal conditions development, others will be insufficient, and for the third it will be excessive. Currently, there are many types of specialized complex fertilizers with optimal selection nutrients for each crop.
Fertilizers of this type greatly facilitate the work of the amateur gardener and reduce costs.
Examples: specialized complex chlorine-free fertilizers "Hera".
Organic and organic fertilizers
Organic fertilizers are substances of plant and animal origin.
In organic fertilizers, nutrients are bound in organic substances of plant and animal origin. Organomineral fertilizers contain both organic and mineral components. Get them by mixing.
Organic fertilizers include manure, bird droppings, composts, peat, brown coal, green fertilizers, etc. All these materials are local fertilizers. basically, they are not imported, but accumulated and prepared on site.
Organic fertilizers have a multifaceted effect on the most important agronomic properties of the soil and when correct use sharply increase the yield of agricultural crops.
These fertilizers primarily serve as a source of plant nutrients. With them, all the macro- and microelements necessary for plants enter the soil. They are not only a source of nutrient minerals for plants, but also carbon dioxide. Under the influence of microorganisms, these fertilizers decompose in the soil and release a lot of carbon dioxide, which saturates both the soil air and the ground layer of the atmosphere. Consequently, the aerial nutrition of plants is sharply improved.
Organic fertilizers are an energy material and a food source for soil microorganisms. With the systematic application of large doses of organic fertilizers, the soil is cultivated, it is enriched with humus, its biological, physical, chemical, physicochemical properties, water and air conditions are improved.
The anti-erosion value of fertilizers is extremely important. They contribute to the accelerated emergence of seedlings that protect the soil from water and wind erosion.
Fertilizers improve the development of the aboveground vegetative mass of plants. Under the influence of fertilizers it develops better root system plants that bind the soil.
Examples of organic fertilizers: Manure, Straw, Peat and peat composts, Dry bird droppings, Mullein.
Manure.
Its importance for fertilizing agricultural crops is enormous.
Manure introduced into the soil is a source of organic matter; with systematic use, it increases the humus content in the soil, improves its physicochemical properties: buffering capacity, absorption capacity.
Manure is a constant source of microorganisms that mineralize organic matter and increase the content of mobile forms of nitrogen; v 1 g well-rotted manure is about 90
billion microbes.
Manure microorganisms activate mineralizing organic processes in other organic fertilizers, if they are mixed (composted) with manure.
Slurry.
This fertilizer is a liquid excretion of animals, diluted with water used in barnyards, atmospheric precipitation. During the stall period from each head of cattle, approximately 2 tons slurry. On average, it contains about 0,1-0,4%
nitrogen and 0,3-0,6%
potassium. With poor storage and strong dilution, the amount of nitrogen and potassium decreases.
Slurry is a valuable nitrogen-potassium fertilizer. All slurry that is not absorbed by the litter should be captured in slurry tanks and, as it accumulates, consumed for fertilization, or for watering manure or peat in storage facilities, or for composting.
When fertilizing with slurry of meadows, vegetables and industrial crops, it is diluted in 2-
3 times and applied with auto-liquid spreaders (ANG-2) and other devices and immediately closed up.
Bird droppings.
Poultry manure is a very valuable organic fertilizer.
On average, one chicken gives 5 ... 6 kg droppings, duck 8 ... 9 kg, goose 10 ... 11 kg... From every thousand chickens, a farm can have up to 5 t raw manure, which contains about 75 kg nitrogen (N), 90 Kg phosphate (P 2 O 5), 45 Kg potassium oxides (K 2 O), 150 Kg calcium and magnesium compounds (CaO + MgO).
The droppings can be dried and grinded. Nutrients in dried droppings about 2
times more than raw.
Peat .
In the national economy, peat is used in a very diverse way. In agriculture, it is widely used for bedding or as fertilizer in the form of composts.
Peat differs in the conditions of formation, the nature of the vegetation that composes it, and also in the degree of decomposition (mineralization).
Compost
This is a mixture of various organic or organic and mineral fertilizers, in which biological processes take place during storage, which increase the availability of nutrients for plants contained in organic and mineral components.
Composting works best during the spring-summer and summer-autumn periods.
Moisture content of peat as a compost component is acceptable 50-70%
... For composting with liquid substances (feces, slurry) drier peat should be used. But the drier it is, the longer this process is. For the maturation of the compost, it is required from 3
before 9
months.
Green manure.
It is a green mass of plants grown for plowing into soil as fertilizer. This technique is called sideration, and the plants cultivated for fertilization are called siderates. The use of green fertilizer allows you to add organic matter grown on the spot to the soil without special costs for transportation. This organic matter is usually easily mineralized and can serve as an essential food source for crops.
Leguminous crops are most often used as green manure crops, which can not only give high yield green mass, but also assimilate nitrogen from the air.
Thus, green fertilizer from legumes enriches the soil with organic matter and nitrogen.
The green mass of lupine contains 0,45-0,50%
nitrogen. With the harvest of this crop 20 t with 1 ha this element is introduced into the soil about 100 Kg... In addition, some nitrogen and other nutrients remain in the roots.
Straw.
By the economic structure, many rural enterprises have surplus straw - a valuable organic material... It contains 0,5%
nitrogen, 0,25%
phosphorus, 0,8%
potassium, 35-40%
carbon, as well as boron, copper, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, cobalt.
At correct organization work, straw cutting obtained during combine harvesting is closed up to a depth 8-10 cm and bring in litterless manure. As a result, not only the content of nutrients in the soil increases, but also its physicochemical properties and general terms and Conditions plant nutrition.
Other sources.
Every year the importance as a fertilizer for urban waste, sewage sludge increases. 
An indispensable condition for their use is composting for the decomposition of organic matter and disinfection, sometimes with the addition of peat, sawdust, tree bark, and waste from the wood processing industry. The latter are currently of independent importance as organic fertilizer.
The effectiveness of all these types of organics and their combinations is determined by the amount and solubility of nutrients, as well as the degree of decomposition of organic matter for the purpose of disinfection. These fertilizers are not inferior in nutritional value to manure.
Humic fertilizers
The origin and properties of these substances differ significantly, but they are united by the presence of humic substances in the composition.
Humic substances are a special group of organic compounds, the origin of which is associated with the processes of biochemical decomposition and transformation of plant litter (leaves, roots, branches), remains of animals, protein bodies of microorganisms. In the modern historical period, they are formed and accumulate in soils. They contain humic acids, fulvic acids, salts of these acids - humates and fulvic acids, as well as humins - strong compounds of humic acids and fulvic acids with soil minerals.
The use of humic fertilizers significantly changes the conditions of soil nutrition of plants, causing an active intensification of the processes of mobilization of nutrients in a form assimilable for plants. Soils, where humates are introduced, are characterized by better conditions of nitrogen and phosphorus regimes with the accumulation of humic compounds in them due to the formation of humic acids.
Wherein:
- The mobility of soil phosphorus increases;
- The processes of nitrate formation in the soil are intensified, which contributes to a significant increase in total and protein nitrogen and the predominance of the content of nitrates over ammoniacal nitrogen against the background of an increase in the nitrification capacity and an increase in the release of carbon dioxide from the soil. Photochemical nitrogen fixation and the availability of soil organic nitrogen to plants also increase;
- The entry of ammonia and amide forms of nitrogen, phosphorus into the plant is accelerated, as a result, an increase in the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in the plant and their removal is observed;
- The concentration of iron, calcium, aluminum increases with a decrease in the amount of magnesium, i.e. humates have a significant effect on the content and dynamics of soil cations, except for potassium.
Humic fertilizers are more effective in unfavorable weather conditions for plants. A greater effect of such fertilizers is observed when at least one of the factors of plant growth and development deviates from the optimal one.
Finally, there is evidence that humic fertilizers exhibit protective properties: radiation protection, protection against the phytotoxic action of herbicides, adsorption properties in relation to harmful impurities and pesticides in the soil.
Thus, the effect of humic fertilizers on soil fertility and productivity can be represented as a complex of interrelated processes:
- The influence of fertilizers on the physicochemical and physical properties of the soil.
- The direct effect of fertilizers on the vital activity of higher plants and microorganisms.
- Strengthening the processes of intrasoil metabolism: adsorption of soil nutrients by fertilizers with an improvement in the nutritional regime of plant development and an increase in biological activity.
- The end result of this impact is increased soil fertility and increased yields.
Liquid humic fertilizers and fertilizing
V organic farming liquid fertilizers are widely used - infusions from plants. They contain potassium and nitrogen, are easily and quickly absorbed and therefore are very effective as top dressing during the growing season.
Fertilizers are applied to the soil or used for spraying (foliar feeding).
An example of liquid humic fertilizer: Liquid humic fertilizers "Hera".
Bacterial fertilizers
Bacterial fertilizers are preparations containing a culture of microorganisms that improve plant nutrition. They do not contain nutrients.
Bacterial preparations do not directly serve for plant nutrition, but only contribute to the development of beneficial microorganisms that affect the nutrient regime of the soil.
For the preparation of bacterial preparations, as a rule, they take pure cultures of certain bacteria, multiply them in any favorable environment and release them in the form of a peat mass or dry powder with a high content of certain types of bacteria.
Currently being developed and has practical use mainly nitragin, which contains a culture of root nodule bacteria legumes and living in symbiosis with them.
Most legumes (clover, soybeans, beans) certain specific races of nodule bacteria are inherent. Some races live simultaneously on several types of plants, for example, the same race of nodule bacteria is suitable for peas, vetch, lentils, and beans. The same race of bacteria is characteristic of alfalfa and sweet clover or lupine and seradella.
The specificity of nodule bacteria is stable and inherited.
Phytohormones
Phytohormones (from the Greek phyton - plant and hormones)- plant hormones, physiologically active organic compounds that act in negligible amounts as growth and development regulators. They are formed mainly in areas of intensive growth, sometimes in tissues that have completed growth.
Being synthesized in some organs or zones of the plant, phytohormones affect others, thereby ensuring the functional integrity of the plant organism.
5 types of phytohormones are known for which chemical structure and, in general, the mechanism of regulatory action: auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins (stimulants), as well as abscisic acid and ethylene (inhibitors). It is assumed that higher plants also have other phytohormones, for example, anthesins, which are responsible for the initiation of flowers.
Different phytohormones, on the one hand, have a simultaneous and different action on all processes of plant growth and development, and on the other - they interact with one another. Thus, auxin induces ethylene synthesis and promotes the synthesis of cytokinins, and the action of gibberellin is accompanied by an increase in the auxin content.
Therefore, it is not the content of any one phytohormone that is important for plants, but the ratio between them (hormonal balance)... A change in the ratio of phytohormones causes the transition from one age state to another.
For needs Agriculture gibberellins, analogs of auxins and cytokinins, and ethylene producers are produced.
Areas of application of phytohormones and their analogues: reproduction of valuable varieties using tissue culture (auxins, cytokinins); rooting of cuttings (auxins); stimulation of pre-harvest abscission of fruits, defoliant and herbicidal action (analogs of auxins and ethylene producers); increasing the yield of tomato and seedless grape varieties, flax fiber yield; stimulation of germination of seeds, bulbs and tubers.
Growth stimulants
Growth stimulants, or rather, growth regulators, are becoming very popular among gardeners and gardeners. The fact is that they contribute to a significant increase in crop yields. Growth stimulants provide an improved quality of agricultural crops, are successfully used in horticulture, viticulture and vegetable growing to accelerate rooting during reproduction, reduce pre-harvest fruit fall, in order to delay flowering, thinning flowers and ovaries.
The economic benefits from the use of synthetic growth stimulants and phytohormones are many times higher than the cost of their purchase.
Examples of plant growth stimulants: Bison, Sticks for indoor plants, Root feeder, Kornevin, Root mix, Micrass.
Ameliorants and drainage
When growing plants, it is often necessary to take care of the formation and maintenance of an optimal soil structure. Many crops do not like acidic and heavy soils, they feel bad in areas where water stagnates. Ameliorants are used to neutralize high acidity, and expanded clay drainage is used to improve water exchange.
Examples of ameliorants and drains: Dolomite flour, Lime flour, Expanded clay drainage.
Based on the information given on fertilizers, we can conclude that at the present stage of development of science, humanity can significantly affect the increase in yield only by improving the fertile properties of the soil, diversifying the “menu” of plants with the most “favorite” and vital elements.
But this method requires a very competent and delicate approach, since both the excess and the lack of macro- and microelements in plant nutrition negatively affect the yield. This statement is entirely based on one of the postulates of agriculture, called the law of optimum, minimum and maximum.