Placement factors of the food industry. Taking into account the peculiarities of location, 3 groups of industries can be distinguished: industries focused on sources of raw materials (with high standards its consumption): sugar, butter and cheese, milk-canning, fat-and-oil, fruits and vegetables, fish canning, etc.; industries gravitating towards markets for the consumption of finished products (when the weight of the finished product coincides or exceeds the weight of the feedstock, or in the production perishable products): baking, brewing, confectionery, pasta, dairy, etc. These industries are located fairly evenly throughout the country; Industries that are simultaneously focused on the raw material base and on the consumer: meat, flour-grinding, tobacco, etc.
Slide 20 from the presentation "Light and food industry of Russia". The size of the archive with the presentation is 6441 KB.Economics Grade 9
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>> Food and light industry
§ 30. Food and light industry
The third link in the agro-industrial complex is the food and light industries.
Food industry. The main purpose of the food industry is food production. Almost all food consumed by people undergoes industrial processing. Therefore, the role of food industry
is constantly increasing. Its development makes it possible to sustainably provide people with food throughout the year. Food concentrates, canned food, frozen vegetables and fruits do not deteriorate during transportation and long-term storage. Without their production, the development of territories with complex natural conditions, unfavorable for Agriculture
, would be impossible. All this is especially important for Russia, where the production of many types of agricultural products is seasonal.
The food industry is closely related to agriculture. The industries included in its composition are divided into two groups according to the nature of the raw materials used (Fig. 57).
The food industry is found almost everywhere where people permanently live. This is facilitated by the variety of raw materials used and the widespread consumption food products. Nevertheless, there are certain regularities in the location of the food industry.
Branches of the first group gravitate towards the areas of production of agricultural raw materials. When receiving many types of products, the weight of the feedstock is greatly reduced. This is due either to its dehydration (drying fruits, tea), or to the occurrence of significant waste during processing. For example, to obtain 1 ton of sugar, you need to process 7 tons of sugar beets. In addition, many agricultural products deteriorate during prolonged transportation (milk, fruit, etc.). Therefore, raw materials need to be processed as soon as possible and transported at a distance of no more than 50-60 km. But at the same time, it is still necessary that the amount of raw materials received from the surrounding territory correspond to the capacity of the equipment installed at the processing plants. The excess of raw materials leads to its losses, the lack - to the downtime of expensive equipment. Thus, the geography of the industries under consideration depends not only on the availability of raw materials in certain areas, but also on the size of the raw material base.
A special place among the industries of the first group is occupied by the fishing industry. It includes the extraction of fish, seafood, sea animals and their processing.
90% of the fish catch falls on the marine fishery (10% - on the river and lake). Over the past 25 years, the fish catch has decreased from 5 to 3.5 million tons. Marine fishing is carried out by the fleet special courts(trawlers, seiners), the number of which is constantly decreasing. In addition, fishing areas are increasingly moving away from the coast. Stocks of fish in the 200-mile economic zone Russia is unable to meet its needs. About 70% of fish and seafood gives Far East, 3/4 of them go abroad. Therefore, Russia is increasing its fish catch in the zones of foreign countries with which it has relevant agreements. Wherein most of fish processing enterprises are located on land (Pacific Coast, Murmansk, Kaliningrad).
Branches of the second group food industry gravitate toward consumers of finished products. The raw materials they use have already been recycled. It is more profitable to transport it than finished products (for example, only 40 tons of pasta fit in a sixty-ton car, but it can be fully loaded with flour used for their manufacture). Enterprises of this group are created directly in cities and large rural areas. settlements.
? Give examples of such enterprises that exist in your locality.
Some branches of the food industry are equally focused on raw materials and consumers. Meat-packing plants located in Siberia, the Volga region, in the European South produce canned meat and freeze meat. Meat products are also produced in consumption areas. The same duality characterizes the location of the dairy and flour-grinding industries.
Although food products are produced in all regions of the country, clear leaders can be distinguished among them: Central region O / b) "Uralsky, Volga, North Caucasus(1/10 each).
Light industry. Geographic Issues lung development industries are associated with some of its features. Firstly, light industry products directly affect the standard of living of people, but they are also widely used in other industries: chemical , electrical engineering, aerospace, etc. Secondly, this is a labor-intensive industry in which women are predominantly employed (75% of all working). Thirdly, light industry enterprises are usually small in size and do not require a lot of energy and water.
The correct location of light industry enterprises allows us to solve a number of important tasks: 1) satisfy the material needs of people, taking into account the characteristics of demand for separate parts countries; 2) to expand the scope of women's labor, which is especially important in areas of heavy industry; 3) build industrial enterprises in areas that do not have large energy, water and other resources.
According to the peculiarities of location, all branches of light industry can be grouped into three groups (Fig. 58).
One of the main industries is the textile industry. It uses mainly agricultural raw materials. But the ever-widening use of synthetic dyes and chemical fibers reduces the cost and speed up the production of fabrics and weakens the dependence of light industry on Agriculture. With the addition of chemical fibers, most of the cotton, silk, woolen, and linen fabrics are made.
The fabric manufacturing process consists of several stages. It is rational to place primary processing enterprises of raw materials closer to its sources, since processing waste reaches 80% for flax, and 50% for wool - 50% of the original weight. Wool washing factories were built in the North Caucasus, flax processing factories - in the North-West of Russia. The final, finishing stages are especially important. It is on them that the demand for fabrics from the population depends. These stages gravitate toward centers of high artistic culture, with a cadre of skilled artists (Moscow, St. Petersburg).
Textile industry products are used in the clothing industry, which has enterprises in almost every major city.
Questions and tasks
1. What are the factors for the placement of food and light industry.
2. What factors influence the territorial organization of the third link in the agro-industrial complex?
3. Using the map of the atlas, determine the main areas for the location of enterprises for the primary processing of wool and flax. How does their geography correlate with the geography of the respective branches of agriculture?
4. Think about how the geography of the food industry will change with the expansion of the production of new generation food products: frozen bread, main and dessert dishes, etc.
Attention! Problem!
1. The consumption of some foodstuffs in Russia has declined sharply (Table 30) for many reasons. Russia has moved from a state of partial food dependence to a practical loss of food independence.
2. long time domestic light industry developed in a closed economy, which negatively affected both its equipment and the quality of its products. The products of the Russian light industry, as a rule, are uncompetitive due to low quality and high cost. In this regard, and also because of the decline in the standard of living and effective demand of the population, the production of the main types of light industry products has sharply decreased.
3. In the light industry of Russia there are serious problems with a supply of raw materials. At the expense of own resources, the need for wool and flax fiber, artificial fibers, leather and fur raw materials can be satisfied by 90-95%. However, the quality of a significant part of domestic raw materials is low. Russia imports all cotton it consumes, 50% synthetic fibers and 25% man-made threads.
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slide 11 from the presentation "Light and food industry of Russia". The size of the archive with the presentation is 6441 KB.Economics Grade 9
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2. What is the main export product of LP enterprises: a) cardboard b) paper c) round wood d) lumber
3. What are the factors that determine the location of pulp and paper industry enterprises:
a) ecological b) raw materials c) water d) scientific e) energy
4. Name the centers of the pulp and paper industry: a) Bratsk b) St. Petersburg c) Baikalsk d) Moscow
5.Where is it preferable to locate sawmill centers? a) at the intersection of raftable rivers and railway
b) c major cities c) in seaports d) in places of excess electricity
6. What forest port is located at the mouth of the Ob River? a) Arkhangelsk b) Naryan-Mar c) Dudinka d) Salekhard
7. Specify the forest surplus region of Russia:
a) Rostov region b) Orenburg region c) Perm Territory d) Chukotka a.o.
natural population growth.2. What peoples do not have their own national-territorial formations in Russia (republics or districts)? A) Koreans; B) Adyghe; B) Komi; D) Chuvash.3. The highest proportion of citizens in: A) Central; B) Northwestern; C) Central Black Earth region.4. Which of the following cities has the largest population? A) Volgograd; B) Murmansk; B) Vladivostok; D) Voronezh.5. In the North Caucasus live: A) Karachays; B) Komi; B) Buryats D) Tatars. 6. Buddhism is widespread among: A) Mari; B) Tatars; B) Kalmyks; D) Chechens. 7. Bashkortostan is part of the Federal District: A) Volga; B) Ural; B) Central; D) Siberian.8. Choose the correct statement about the fuel and energy complex of Russia: A) Russia ranks first in gas production, and second in oil production in the world; B) Central Asia has the largest gas reserves economic region; C) oil is used in its raw form; D) lignite is superior to hard coal, tk. has 2 times more calorific value.9. The leading branch of crop production in Russia is: A) potato growing; B) fodder production; B) grain farming; D) gardening.10. The second link in the agro-industrial complex includes: A) the production of agricultural machinery; B) plant growing and animal husbandry; C) food and light industry.11. Iron and Steel Works full cycle located in: A) Chelyabinsk; B) Stavropol; B) Petrozavodsk; D) Magadan.12. More than half of the fabrics in Russia are produced in: A) Kostroma region. B) Yaroslavl; B) Vladimirskaya; D) Ivanovskaya.13. The largest center of copper-nickel production in the Arctic: A) Murmansk; B) Anadyr; B) Arkhangelsk; D) Norilsk.14. Industrial crops include: A) sugar beet; B) winter wheat; B) sunflower D) oats; D) fiber flax; E) fig.15. Brown coal basins are: A) Pechora; B) Moscow region; B) Kuznetsky; D) Kansk-Achinsk; E) Lensky.16. The center of nuclear engineering in Russia is: A) Khabarovsk; B) Omsk; B) Volgokamsk; D) Volgodonsk.17. The Russian "sawmill" - the city of Arkhangelsk is located in: A) North-West; B) Central; B) North D) Ural region.18. The largest economic region in Russia in terms of the number of subjects: A) the Far East; B) North Caucasian; B) Ural; D) Central.19. The Northern economic region does not include: A) the Republic of Karelia; B) Arkhangelsk region; B) Murmansk; D) Kaliningradskaya.20. The oldest plant "Krasnoye Sormovo", which produces river boats, is located in the city: A) Togliatti; B) Samara; AT) Nizhny Novgorod; D) Ufa.
dry steppes,
d) semi-deserts,
e) deserts
e) subtropics,
g) altitudinal zonation,
h) deciduous forests.
2) Are the statements correct (yes or no):
a) the agro-climatic resources of the area are favorable for human life and activities ____;
b) the impossibility of growing many crops is due to the poverty of the soil ___;
c) the water resources of the foothill and mountainous parts of the districts allowed the creation of powerful cascades of hydroelectric power stations ___;
3) Lives in the district (choose the correct answer):
a) 8 million people
b) 12 million people
c) 18 million people
d) 25 million people
e) 33 million people
This amounts to the population of Russia:
4) Set the match:
1. Rostov-on-Don a) nuclear engineering center,
2. Taganrok b) balneological and climatic resort,
3. Krasnodar c) the largest Russian port on the Black Sea,
4. Volgodonsk d) port, center of agricultural and power engineering
5. Novorossiysk e) production combine harvesters,
6. Sochi f) regional center (engineering, oil refining, food and light industries).
7) Arrange the names of agricultural products supplied by the region in order of increasing their share in the total volume of production in Russia:
b) sunflower,
d) sugar beets.