Placement of oil industries chemical industry is influenced by factors, among which the largest role is played by raw materials, energy, water, consumer, labor, environmental, infrastructural. The role of each of them is different depending on the specifics of the production. However, a comprehensive account of the influence of all interacting factors of the location of any petrochemical production is required.
The petrochemical industry as a whole is a highly raw material-intensive industry. A simplified scheme for the production of the petrochemical industry is shown in the figure.
The petrochemical industry is an energy-intensive industry with high specific consumption of electric, thermal energy and direct-use fuel. For example, the production of 1 ton of chemical fiber requires up to 15 - 20 thousand kW / h of electricity and up to 10 tons of fuel to generate heat (steam, hot water). The total consumption of fuel and energy resources in the petrochemical and chemical industries is about 20 - 30% of the total consumption in industry. Therefore, energy-intensive industries often gravitate towards sources of cheap electrical and thermal energy. This also contributes to the effectiveness of intra-industry and inter-industry relations in the petrochemical and chemical industries, which, in turn, provides intra- and intersectoral combination of industries, the introduction of energy technology processes.
Water consumption in petrochemical industries is very high. Water is consumed for flushing, cooling the units, disposal of industrial waste water. By total consumption petrochemical industry(together with chemical) ranks first among the manufacturing industries. For the production of 1 ton of fiber, for example, up to 5 thousand cubic meters are spent. m of water, and in the cost of producing a water-consuming unit of production, the water component ranges from 10 to 30%.
Therefore, it is advisable to locate water-intensive industries in areas with a favorable water balance, near water sources.
The Russian industry of plastics and synthetic resins originated initially in the Central, Volgo-Vyatka, Ural regions on imported raw materials. Currently, there are significant shifts in the location of the industry due to the widespread use of hydrocarbon petrochemical raw materials. The production of synthetic resins and plastics was created in the areas of oil refining, oil production and along the routes of oil and gas pipelines: Povolzhsky (Novokuibyshevsk, Volgograd, Volzhsky, Kazan), Uralsky (Ufa, Salavat, Sverdlovsk, Nizhny Tagil), Central (Moscow, Ryazan, Yaroslavl), Severo -Caucasian (Budennovsk), North-West (St. Petersburg), West Siberian (Tyumen, Novosibirsk, Omsk), Volgo-Vyatka (Dzerzhinsk) regions.
In the future, the production of synthetic resins and plastics is more expedient to be located in the eastern regions (Western and Eastern Siberia) on the basis of factories for the processing of Western Siberian oil in Omsk, Tomsk, Tobolsk, Achinsk, Angarsk, where there is a favorable combination of raw materials, water resources and cheap electricity generated by hydroelectric power plants in Eastern Siberia (Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayano-Shushenskaya).
The synthetic rubber industry has a prominent place in the world. The production of synthetic rubber (SC) originated on the basis of edible alcohol (in Krasnoyarsk). With the transition to hydrocarbon feedstock from oil, associated petroleum gases and natural gas, the location of production facilities in the UK has undergone significant changes. Production in Central (Yaroslavl, Moscow, Efremov), Povolzhsky (Kazan, Volzhsky, Togliatti, Novokuibyshevsk, Saratov, Nizhnekamsk), Uralsky (Ufa, Perm, Orsk, Sterlitamak), West Siberian (Omsk), East Siberian (Krasnoyarsk) areas with a highly developed oil refining industry. The main areas listed are Povolzhsky, Uralsky and West Siberian.
Raw materials and energy factors have the greatest influence on the placement of SC production. In the future, it will expand at the expense of the eastern regions of the country based on West Siberian oil and associated gases as part of the Omsk, Tomsk, Tobolsk oil refining and petrochemical complexes, as well as oil refineries in Eastern Siberia (Achinsk, Angarsk) with favorable energy capabilities (Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayano -Shushenskaya HPP).
The industry of chemical fibers, including the production of artificial and synthetic types of fibers, uses cellulose (for artificial) and oil refined products (for synthetic types of fiber) as feedstock. Depending on the type, the production of man-made fiber is characterized by high costs raw materials, fuel and energy, water and labor resources, as well as significant capital costs. Therefore, the correct placement of this industry requires a comprehensive account of these factors.
Initially appearing in old industrial areas with developed chemistry, this industry has taken a strong position in the western regions of Russia (more than 2/3 general production products): in the Volga region - about 1/3 (Tver, Klin, Ryazan), Central - about 1/3 (Engels, Balakovo, Saratov, Volzhsky), Central Chernozem - 9% (Kursk). The share of the eastern regions is less than 1/3: Western Siberia (Barnaul, Kemerovo), Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk).
In the future, significant territorial shifts in the production of chemical fibers will occur at the expense of the eastern regions of the country, provided with raw materials, fuel and energy and water resources... According to the results of carefully carried out calculations, in Siberia for Far East it is advisable to locate non-labor-intensive and non-capital-intensive, but high-energy-intensive, raw-materials and water-intensive types of production, taking into account the intra-industry ties of the chemical and forestry, petrochemical and energy industries.
Petrochemical industry, heavy industry, covering manufacturing synthetic materials and products mainly based on petroleum products and natural combustible gases. Petrochemical enterprises produce synthetic rubber, products of basic organic synthesis (ethylene, propylene, polyethylene, surfactants, detergents, and some types of mineral fertilizers), soot, rubber products (car tires, rubber products and consumer goods), asbestos products.
Oil, as the most important source of chemical raw materials, was one of the first to point to D.I. Mendeleev. Fundamental work in the field of petrochemistry was carried out in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. V.V. Markovnikov, L. G. Gurvich, N. D. Zelinsky, A. A. Summer, S. S. Nametkin, as well as foreign scientists M. Berthelot (France), J. Hawdrey (USA), M. Peer (Germany), etc. However industrial production organic products until the 1st World War 1914-18 was based only on the processing of coking coal and food raw materials. The use of petroleum hydrocarbons has significantly expanded the raw material base of the industry and made it possible to carry out the most economical production processes (see. Petrochemical synthesis, Basic organic synthesis ).
The conditions for the emergence of oil production were created as a result of the introduction of new methods of oil refining - cracking and pyrolysis. In the USA, the production of isopropyl alcohol (1918), aliphatic chemical products (1920), vinyl chloride and others was mastered from cracking gases.
In the USSR, the formation of the petroleum industry took place during the years of the first five-year plans, 1929–40. During this period, industrial production of synthetic rubber was established at a number of enterprises (in Yaroslavl, Voronezh, Efremov). The tire plant of the Yaroslavl rubber-asbestos plant was commissioned (1932). The commissioning of new capacities and the reconstruction of production made it possible in 1940 to produce 35 times more tires than in 1927-28. The production of industrial rubber goods by the end of the first five-year plan (1932) had increased 5 times and amounted to 35% of the total volume of the rubber industry. Carbon black production grew as follows: 1916-300 T, in 1930 - about 2 thousand T, in 1940 - about 60 thousand T.
After the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 many enterprises of the oil industry were restored and reconstructed. In 1949, the world's first joint production of phenol and acetone was organized according to the most progressive (cumene) method developed by Soviet scientists. Promising economic regions countries in which the construction of oil refining and petrochemical enterprises was launched.
The development of oil refining is directly related to an increase in the scale and improvement of oil refining processes (see Ref. ). High rates of growth are characteristic of the N. p. Of the USSR (Table 1).
Tab. 1.- Growth rates of the total volume of products of the petrochemical industry,%
| Petrochemical industry (overall) | |||||
| Including: | |||||
| production of products of basic organic synthesis | |||||
| rubber-asbestos industry |
In 1970, compared with 1965, the production of plastics and nitrogen fertilizers doubled, synthetic detergents- 1.7 times, synthetic fatty acids - 1.6 times; the production of synthetic rubber increased by more than 1.5 times. This increase was achieved mainly as a result of the construction of large-scale facilities for the production of qualitatively new stereoregular rubbers.
In 1966-70 in the USSR, for the first time in the world, mass production of high-quality pneumatic tires without the use of natural rubber was organized; enterprises for the production of radial tires were created. In 1973, the production of car tires in the USSR increased 1.6 times as compared with 1965 and reached 42.3 million units.
The total volume of production of the rubber and asbestos industry in 1972 increased by 272% in comparison with 1960. The production of rubber footwear and other consumer goods increased significantly. The Novoufimsky, Omsk, Novokuibyshevsky, Novoyaroslavsky, Novogorkovsky, Kirishsky, Ryazan plants and combines were commissioned; Polotsk oil refinery in the BSSR, large factories for the production of synthetic rubber, car tires and rubber products in the central and eastern part of the USSR. Centers for the integrated processing of oil and petrochemistry have been created and are being created in Azerbaijan, Bashkiria, Tatarstan, Checheno-Ingushetia, as well as in Ukraine, Belarus, the Far East, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. A number of factories and installations were built for the production of high-quality polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisobutylene and other polymer products based on hydrocarbon raw materials, the production of polyethylene and ethylene copolymers increased in 1972 compared to 1965 by 5.4 times and reached 307 thousand. T.
The development of petroleum production is characterized by high rates and a continuous increase in production efficiency. High-performance plants are being introduced, highly specialized multi-tonnage productions are being created, catalytic systems are being improved, flow-automatic lines for elastomers and products made from them are being created, and automated control systems are being introduced.
In the production of synthetic rubber, installations for the production of isoprene are widely used, the unit capacity of which has increased by 2-3 times. This equipment allows to reduce specific capital investments by 20%, to reduce the cost of isoprene by 5% and to increase labor productivity by 2 times.
The USSR renders technical assistance dr. socialist countries in the creation and development of natural resources. The CMEA member countries coordinate their plans in this area. The share of the CMEA member countries in the world production of chemical goods has increased significantly. Brotherly help played a huge role in this. Soviet Union in supplying the CMEA countries with oil and gas, as well as in the construction of important facilities, primarily the Druzhba oil pipeline.
The growth in the production of such important petrochemical products as polyethylene and ethylene copolymers, as well as car tires, show the data in Table. 2 and 3.
Tab. 2.- Production of polyethylene and ethylene copolymers in the CMEA member countries, thous. T
| Bulgaria | |||
Tab. 3.- Production of car tires in the CMEA member countries, thousand pieces
| Bulgaria | |||
Broad development of the production of non-profit products is observed in the capitalist (especially in the developed) countries (see Table 4).
Developing countries- India, Iraq, Algeria, etc. - give great importance the creation of one's own N. p. in the implementation of plans for industrialization, raising the standard of living of the population and strengthening national independence. The USSR is expanding cooperation with these countries and is providing them with technical assistance in the development of natural resources.
Tab. 4.- Production of some petrochemical products in capitalist countries in 1970, mln. T
| Propylene | Butadiene |
|||
| All capitalist countries | ||||
| Western European countries | ||||
Lit. see at Art. Refining industry.
V.S.Fyodorov.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia M .: " Soviet encyclopedia", 1969-1978
Sectoral composition of the petrochemical industry
Synthetic rubber production;
Production of products of basic organic synthesis, including petroleum products and carbon black;
Asbestos rubber (production of asbestos products).
In addition, based on waste gases and by-products a certain part chemical products are produced in the by-product coke industry, nonferrous metallurgy, pulp and paper, woodworking (wood chemistry) and other industries. On a technological basis, the chemical industry includes the production of cement and other binders, ceramics, porcelain, glass, a number of food products, as well as the microbiological industry (protein and vitamin concentrates, amino acids, vitamins, antibiotics, etc.). The chemicalization of the national economy is one of the decisive levers for increasing the efficiency of production and the quality of work in all spheres of human activity.
Industry location and structure
The location of the chemical industry is influenced by factors, among which the largest role is played by raw materials, energy, water, consumer, labor, environmental, infrastructural. The chemical industry as a whole is a highly raw material-intensive industry. Raw material costs due to high value raw materials or significant specific costs are from 40 to 90% based on the production of 1 ton of annual products. Typical use in the industry huge number names of raw materials of mineral, vegetable, animal origin, as well as air, water, all kinds of industrial gas emissions - waste from non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy. In the modern chemical industry of organic synthesis, hydrocarbon oil and gas raw materials play an important role.
It is extremely important to comprehensively use raw materials, especially hydrocarbons, for the production of many types of chemicals and chemical materials. Intra-industry combination and cooperation of industries have been widely developed in chemistry. Chemical and petrochemical plants appeared, in conjunction with gas and oil refining.
The location of the industry can be represented as a list of economic regions specializing in the chemical industry. The coefficients of specialization of the chemical industry are high in the regions of the European part of the country: Povolzhsky, Volgo-Vyatka, Central Black Earth, North-West. They are also significant in the Central, Ural, North Caucasian and West Siberian regions.
Hence, we can conclude: the chemical industry is developed as a branch of specialization in all regions, except for the outlying, remote regions, which do not have a sufficiently powerful socio-economic factor - there is not a large number of population, qualified labor resources and a consumer (Northern, East Siberian, Far Eastern). The exception here is the West Siberian region, which specializes in the chemistry of organic synthesis due to large facilities for the extraction of hydrocarbons in the main oil and gas province of the country and the construction of new processing plants here. The largest centers of the chemical industry in Russia are the cities: Nizhnekamsk, Togliatti, Moscow, Ufa, Sterlitamak, Dzerzhinsk, St. Petersburg.
The chemical industry consists of two main parts: the chemistry of organic synthesis and polymers (or organic chemistry) and the main (inorganic) chemistry, including the mining and chemical industry. In addition, a group of other industries is distinguished, which includes paint and varnish, aniline, photochemical, etc.
Chemistry of organic synthesis and polymers: this is a relatively new industry that uses mainly oil, associated and natural gas, and coal as raw materials. Petroleum and gas chemistry is based on oil and sources of raw materials (oil, natural and associated gas), and the products of their processing: gasoline, propane, butane and other raw materials for the production of polymer chemistry. Industry polymer materials and polymer intermediates (ethylene - polyethylene; propylene - polypropylene, etc.).
Thus, enterprises of the fuel industry in the central regions of the country, using imported oil and gas, throw out raw materials for the chemical industry, which are already their own raw materials. These enterprises are located, as a rule, in the central regions of the European part of the country, at the terminal points of oil and gas pipelines or along their routes, as well as in areas where fuel is produced. Since the possibilities for combining production in the petrochemical industry are extremely wide - from powerful full-cycle plants to individual production of raw materials or the final stage - the following separate production can be distinguished in this multistage process. The industry of plastics and synthetic resins originated initially in the Central, Volgo-Vyatka, Uralsk regions on imported raw materials. This industry is distinguished by the largest production scale among all branches of the polymer materials industry, due to the widespread use of plastics as a modern construction material, its replacement for valuable non-ferrous metals (copper, nickel), glass, wood and others. Many consumer goods are made from plastic. The volume of production of plastics and synthetic resins in the country is still insufficient: if in Russia per capita in 2003 they were produced 15 kg, then economically developed countries- 10 - 13 times more (Germany - 143, USA - 125, Japan - 116 kg). Production is widespread in the industrial regions of the European part of the country: Central economic region (Moscow, Vladimir, Orekhovo-Zuevo); North-West (St. Petersburg); Volga region (Kazan, Volgograd, Samara); Volgo-Vyatka region (Dzerzhinsk); Ural (Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Tagil, Ufa, Salavat); and also in Western Siberia(Tyumen, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Tomsk).
The industry of chemical fibers and threads in recent years has changed its structure due to the growth in the production of synthetic fibers (nylon, lavsan, nylon), with a decrease in the share of artificial, primarily viscose, made mainly of cellulose, and acetate, the raw material for which is lint - cotton fluff. The raw materials for the production of chemical synthetic products are synthetic resins obtained from the processing of oil, associated petroleum and natural gases and coal. Synthetic fibers are widely used for the manufacture of various fabrics, knitwear and carpets, parachute silk, fishing nets, tire cord, leatherette and many other types of products. The volume of production of chemical fibers and threads and, consequently, the level of their use in the domestic textile industry is 5 - 8 times less than the volumes produced in economically developed countries. If in Russia per capita in 2003 they were produced only about 1 kg, then in economically developed countries - more than 10 (USA - 17, Japan - 14, Germany - 13 kg). Enterprises gravitate towards areas where the textile industry is concentrated, among which the Central Economic Region (Serpukhov, Klin, Tver, Ryazan, Shuya), North-West (St. Petersburg), the Volga Region (Saratov, Balakovo, Engels) stand out. Some large enterprises are located in the Central Chernozem region - Kursk (9%), Western Siberia (Barnaul), Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk). The synthetic rubber industry has a prominent place in the world. The production of synthetic rubber arose on the basis of food alcohol (in the Central Chernozem, Povolzhsky, Central regions) and hydrolysis alcohol (in Krasnoyarsk). Rubber is essential in the production of widely used rubber products.
Nowadays, about 3 tons of liquid gases are consumed to obtain 1 ton of synthetic rubber, instead of 9 tons of grain or potatoes. Therefore, the production of synthetic rubber has largely moved from the central regions (Yaroslavl, Efremov, Voronezh), where it first arose on alcohol from potatoes, to the Volga region (Togliatti, Nizhnekamsk, Kazan), to the Urals (Perm, Sterlitamak, Tchaikovsky) and Western Siberia (Omsk, Tobolsk). As a rule, joint production is complex: oil refining - synthetic rubber - soot and cordon production - tire production (Omsk, Yaroslavl). There are examples with another raw material: wood hydrolysis - synthetic rubber - tire production (Krasnoyarsk).
Basic chemistry: it is mainly based on the mining and chemical industry, it produces mineral fertilizers, acids, alkalis, soda and a large number of other products.
In 2004, Russia produced (in terms of 100% nutrients) 9.5 million tons of mineral fertilizers (per capita - 65 kg). In the USA (1995) - 25 million tons (95 kg). In Canada, for example, 400 kg of mineral fertilizers are produced per capita.
Economic regions of the country in which the largest complexes of the chemical industry have developed
Central region - polymer chemistry (production of plastics and products from them, synthetic rubber, tires and rubber products, chemical fiber), production of dyes, varnishes, nitrogen and phosphoric fertilizers, sulfuric acid;
Uralsky region - production of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizers, soda, sulfur, sulfuric acid, polymer chemistry (production of synthetic alcohol, synthetic rubber, plastics from oil and associated gases);
North-West region - production of phosphoric fertilizers, sulfuric acid, polymer chemistry (production of synthetic resins, plastics, chemical fibers);
Volga region - petrochemical production (orgsynthesis), production of polymer products (synthetic rubber, chemical fiber);
North Caucasus - production of nitrogen fertilizers, organic synthesis, synthetic resins and plastics;
Siberia (Western, Eastern) - chemistry of organic synthesis, nitrogen industry using coke oven gas, production of polymer chemistry (plastics, chemical fiber, synthetic rubber), tire production.
From the point of view of the territorial organization of production in Russia, four large chemical and chemical-forestry bases can be distinguished in accordance with the raw material and processing capabilities of various regions.
The North European base includes huge reserves of Khibiny apatite, plant (forest), water and fuel and energy resources. The main chemistry is based on the apatite raw materials of the Kola Peninsula - the production of phosphorus fertilizers in the country. In the future, organic chemistry will develop due to the processing of local oil and gas resources of the Northern Economic Region.
The central base was formed due to consumer demand for the products of the processing industry, operating mainly on imported raw materials: oil refining, petrochemistry, organic synthesis, polymer chemistry (chemical fibers, synthetic resins and plastics, synthetic rubber), tire production, motor fuel, lubricating oils, etc. On the basis of local and imported raw materials, the production of basic chemicals is located: mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, soda, pharmaceutical products.
The Volga-Ural base is formed on the huge reserves of potash, table salts of the Urals and the Volga region: sulfur, oil, gas, non-ferrous metal ores, hydropower and forest resources. The share of chemical products of the Volga-Ural base is more than 40%, petrochemical - 50%, timber industrial products - about 20%. The restraining factor further development this base is the environmental factor.
The Siberian base has the most promising opportunities due to the unique and diverse resources of raw materials: oil, gas from Western Siberia, coal from Eastern and Western Siberia, table salt, hydropower and forest resources, as well as reserves of non-ferrous and ferrous metal ores. The petrochemical (Tobolsk, Tomsk, Omsk, Angarsk) and coal-chemical (Kemerovo) industries received accelerated development due to the favorable combination of raw materials and fuel and energy factors.
The chemical complex of the Kemerovo Region is one of the largest in Siberia, complex in structure, including the industry of organic synthesis, chemical fibers, the production of mineral fertilizers, synthetic resins, plastics, etc.
The emergence of the chemical industry in Kuzbass is associated with the start of construction in 1915 in Kemerovo of a coke-chemical plant. This marked the beginning of the development of coal chemistry based on the use of coke oven gas obtained in the process of sintering coal in coke oven batteries.
Today the chemical industry of Kuzbass is represented by 15 large and medium-sized industrial enterprises, of which 8 are located in Kemerovo.
The urgent tasks in the Russian chemical industry are: overcoming the protracted crisis, technical re-equipment enterprises with widespread use of new and the latest technologies capable of ensuring the integrated use of mineral and hydrocarbon raw materials, increasing production efficiency, reducing pollution emissions, utilizing industrial waste, financing priority areas of development.
Synthetic materials and products are mainly based on petroleum products and natural combustible gases. At enterprises. ... synthetic rubber, products of basic organic synthesis (ethylene, propylene, polyethylene, surfactants, detergents, some types of mineral fertilizers), soot, rubber products (car tires, rubber products and consumer goods), asbestos products are produced. He was one of the first to point out oil as the most important source of chemical raw materials. ... Mendeleev. Fundamental work in the field of petrochemistry was carried out in the late 19th and early 20th. V.V. Markovnikov,. ... Gurvich, N. D. Zelinsky,. A. Summer,. S. Nametkin, as well as foreign scientists. Berthelot (France),. Hawdrey (USA), M. Peerom (Germany), and others. However, industrial production of organic products until World War I (1914-18) was based only on the processing of coking coal and food raw materials. The use of petroleum hydrocarbons has significantly expanded the raw material base of the industry and made it possible to carry out the most economical production processes (see Petrochemical synthesis, Basic organic synthesis). The conditions for the emergence of petroleum production were created as a result of the introduction of new methods of oil refining — cracking and pyrolysis. In the USA, the production of isopropyl alcohol (1918), aliphatic chemical products (1920), vinyl chloride and others was mastered from cracking gases. In the USSR, the formation of the petroleum industry took place during the years of the first five-year plans, 1929–40. During this period, industrial production of synthetic rubber was established at a number of enterprises (in Yaroslavl, Voronezh, Efremov). The tire plant of the Yaroslavl rubber-asbestos plant was commissioned (1932). The commissioning of new capacities and the reconstruction of production made it possible in 1940 to produce 35 times more tires than in 1927-28. By the end of the 1st five-year plan (1932), the production of industrial rubber goods had increased 5 times and amounted to 35% of the total volume of the rubber industry. The production of soot grew as follows: in 1916 - 300 tons, in 1930 - about 2 thousand tons, in 1940 - about 60 thousand tons. the world's first joint production of phenol and acetone was organized using the most progressive (cumene) method developed by Soviet scientists. The promising economic regions of the country were identified, in which the construction of oil refining and petrochemical enterprises was launched. The development of oil refining is directly related to an increase in the scale and improvement of oil refining processes (see Oil refining industry). High rates of growth are characteristic of the N. p. Of the USSR (Table 1). Tab. 1.- Growth rates of the total volume of products of the petrochemical industry,% 19601965197019711972 Petrochemical industry (in general) 100182283306328 Including: production of products of basic organic synthesis 100225406427453 rubber-asbestos industry 100157233253272 In 1970, compared with 1965, the production of plastics and nitrogen fertilizers increased by 2 times, synthetic detergents - 1.7 times, synthetic fatty acids - 1.6 times; the production of synthetic rubber increased by more than 1.5 times. This increase was achieved mainly as a result of the construction of large-scale facilities for the production of qualitatively new stereoregular rubbers. In 1966-70 in the USSR, for the first time in the world, mass production of high-quality pneumatic tires without the use of natural rubber was organized; enterprises for the production of radial tires were created. In 1973, the production of car tires in the USSR increased 1.6 times as compared with 1965 and reached 42.3 million units. The total volume of production of the rubber-asbestos industry in 1972 increased by 272% in comparison with 1960. The production of rubber footwear and other consumer goods increased significantly. The Novoufimsky, Omsk, Novokuibyshevsky, Novoyaroslavsky, Novogorkovsky, Kirishsky, Ryazan plants and combines were commissioned; Polotsk oil refinery in the BSSR, large factories for the production of synthetic rubber, car tires and rubber products in the central and eastern part of the USSR. Centers for the integrated processing of oil and petrochemistry have been created and are being created in Azerbaijan, Bashkiria, Tatarstan, Checheno-Ingushetia, as well as in Ukraine, Belarus, the Far East, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. A number of factories and installations were built for the production of high-quality polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisobutylene, and other polymer products based on hydrocarbon raw materials; the production of polyethylene and ethylene copolymers increased in 1972 compared to 1965 by 5.4 times and reached 307 thousand tons. The item is characterized by high rates and continuous increase in production efficiency. High-performance plants are being introduced, highly specialized multi-tonnage productions are being created, catalytic systems are being improved, flow-automatic lines for elastomers and products made from them are being created, and automated control systems are being introduced. In the production of synthetic rubber, installations for the production of isoprene are widely used, the unit capacity of which has increased by 2-3 times. This equipment allows to reduce specific capital investments by 20%, to reduce the cost of isoprene by 5% and to increase labor productivity by 2 times. The USSR renders technical assistance to other socialist countries in the creation and development of natural resources. The CMEA member countries coordinate their plans in this area. The share of the CMEA member countries in the world production of chemical goods has increased significantly. A huge role in this was played by the fraternal assistance of the Soviet Union in supplying the CMEA countries with oil and gas, as well as in the construction of important facilities, primarily the Druzhba oil pipeline. The growth in the production of such important petrochemical products as polyethylene and ethylene copolymers, as well as car tires, show the data in Table. 2 and 3. Tab. 2.- Production of polyethylene and ethylene copolymers in the CMEA member countries, thousand tons Countries 196519701972 Bulgaria-34.238.7 Hungary-5.324.9 Poland-16.733.4 Romania 7.865.984.7 USSR57.0267307 HRSS-29.230.3 Tab. 3.- Production of tires in the CMEA member countries, thousand units Countries 196519701972 Bulgaria4749191220 Hungary92110901037 GDR375046925191 Poland281844954963 Romania132925083055 USSR264343462038752 Czechoslovakia 299539335189 The developing countries — India, Iraq, Algeria, and others — attach great importance to the creation of their own natural resources in the implementation of plans for industrialization, raising the standard of living of the population, and strengthening national independence. The USSR is expanding cooperation with these countries and is providing them with technical assistance in the development of the oil industry. Tab. 4.- Production of some petrochemical products in capitalist countries in 1970, mln.t 12.11.20.5 Ref. see at Art. Oil refining industry. V.S.Fyodorov.
The petrochemical industry of the Russian Federation is developing progressively and plays a vital role in economic development the state. It is one of the most important, since thanks to its development, other industries are provided necessary raw materials... New directions are also developing along the way. The development of the petrochemical industry entails improvements in the production processes of other industries that are directly dependent on it.
New developments in the chemical industry contribute to the acceleration of the waste disposal process, as well as their recycling.
The development of the petrochemical complex is important. V modern world the needs of the people living in it are constantly growing. Agriculture, as well as everyday life require the production of more and more new varieties of this or that product.
The following industries depend on the constant development process of this complex:
- Mining and chemical
- Paint and varnish industry
- Oil refining
- Wood chemical, etc.
Chemical and petrochemical enterprises concentrate about eight percent of the fixed assets of the entire industry of the Russian Federation.
Petrochemical enterprises play a significant role in ensuring the defense security of the state, the production of innovative electronics, drugs, cosmetics, etc. All enterprises of the petrochemical complex supply other industries various materials: varnishes, paints, plastics, fertilizers, etc.
The main strategic task of the state's petrochemical complexes is to provide full necessary materials and raw materials of the above industries in order to increase the competitiveness of the products that they produce. If, in terms of the speed of development and in terms of production volumes, Russian enterprises lag behind the world level, then domestic products in the petrochemical industry will lose their competitiveness in relation to the products of enterprises of other states. And this turn of events could lead to a significant decline in the country's economy.
That is why, in the current period of time, the petrochemical industry in Russia should work as efficiently as possible and produce the necessary volumes of raw materials and materials for other industries, corresponding to the world level of production of such products. Quality and a wide range of products are the main rules of Russian production.
In order to successfully complete the set strategic objective, petrochemical enterprises need to complete the following steps:
- Carry out technical re-equipment.
- Modernize existing production facilities in order to create new, more efficient ones.
- More products are to be exported.
- To work out the domestic market for products obtained with the help of the petrochemical industry.
- To produce products of the highest quality.
- To develop new resource and raw material opportunities for the further development of petrochemical complexes.
The development of this type of industry is hampered by many problems. One of the many is the presence of old equipment - most of the machinery and equipment had to be written off for a long time, since most of them have been in operation for more than two decades, which is unacceptable for such a field of activity. In other countries, the maximum service life of equipment installed in petrochemical plants does not exceed six to ten years. Old equipment does not allow the industry to fully develop and hinders the growth of the competitiveness of Russian products in the world market.
The Russian state is more than sufficiently supplied with raw materials in order to develop the petrochemical industry and occupy a leading position in the world market. But so far the situation is different. Prices for manufactured domestic products are growing, and in the world market, as you know, the main instrument of competitiveness is the low level of prices. Many investors are reluctant to invest their own funds in export projects. Indeed, taking into account transport and other costs, such investments are not economically profitable for them.
Several recent years on the territory of the Russian Federation, about five kilograms of chemical products are produced per person living here. And the level of consumption of this product by one person annually is about thirty kilograms. This suggests that the industry is not even as developed as the situation inside the country requires. There is a clear problem between the development of the petrochemical industry and the need for the market.
The reason for its appearance was:
- The need to use a large number of resources.
- Restrictions on the amount of raw materials extracted within the state.
- Backwardness from innovative innovations in this industry, applied by other states.
Despite the above problems, the petrochemical complexes of the Russian Federation still have the opportunity to provide full-fledged competitiveness to the complexes of other states, as well as to take a leading position in terms of the volume and quality of products relative to other world countries.
Such prerequisites are real due to the presence of the following factors:
- The presence of an internal market that is actively developing and is looking for ways to replace goods imported from abroad.
- Availability natural resources, which are necessary for the production of products manufactured by the complex.
- Opportunities to establish a production process by implementing new technology and fixed assets.
- Availability of scientific and technical capabilities.
The petrochemical complex of the Russian Federation consists of fifteen industries, each of which specializes in the production of of various types products. Seven hundred and sixty enterprises of various capacities are trying to meet the needs of the domestic as well as the world market. The most significant role in the development of this industry is played by the companies: AK Sibur, Lukoil-Neftekhim, Gazprom, Amtel. Each of them works for wear and tear and produces a significant part of the output, which is the gross domestic product. The above companies have necessary equipment and other opportunities in order to carry out all the necessary manipulations for the manufacture of a particular product at a level from raw materials to finished petrochemical products. The corporations are leaders in the Russian chemical market.
In order to actively and effectively develop the petrochemical industry on the territory of the state, about one hundred scientific and experimental centers should be involved.
Most of the enterprises engaged in the production of petrochemical products invest significant financial resources with the aim of discovering innovations in this area and introducing them into production.
Full provision of those enterprises that are engaged in the production of petrochemical products with hydrocarbon raw materials plays an important role in the success of the latter. Most companies in this type of industry are able to produce their products only if there are hydrocarbon raw materials, which include liquefied gases, natural gas, as well as ethane.
Despite the fact that in terms of the volume of petrochemical products produced, Russia occupies only the twentieth position relative to other world countries, its chances of growth in positions are gradually growing. And all thanks to the fact that within Russian state situated large quantity deposits.
One of the most important tasks for improving the situation for the development of the petrochemical industry in Russia, set before the country's leadership, is to establish ways of supplying the necessary raw materials to the relevant enterprises.
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Petrochemical complex
Today the petrochemical complex is one of the most important supports for the country's economy. The progressive development of this industry speaks of high hopes for oil refining. It is the main raw material for many other areas in the industry, at the same time taking part in the development of previously unexplored areas. The purpose of using this complex is the prospect of improving other production processes where petroleum products are involved. The development of the petrochemical industry is facilitated by the introduction of new technologies that reduce costs and improve quality in finished products.
In an effort to expand the influence of its North American petrochemicals business, the Swiss chemical maker is planning to acquire two Texas-based firms that specialize in the production of oilfield chemicals.