The category of general construction materials includes a list of irreplaceable products that are widely used in various construction industries. They are used in the construction of new facilities and the reconstruction of existing ones, therefore they are extremely in demand. Materials for general construction purposes are the basic basis of any construction, therefore, the highest requirements are imposed on them in terms of strength, reliability, as well as service life.
- reinforced concrete products;
- bricks;
- blocks;
- loose and bulk materials.
The first group - concrete goods... Reinforced concrete products are structures made in the factory by injection molding with subsequent hardening. This production method allows you to control product quality and carry out a series of material tests for compliance with regulatory requirements. This group includes slabs, piles, curbs, foundation blocks and many other products. They are used at all stages of construction
The next category is bricks... Products are artificial stones of regular shape, made of mineral materials (clay, silicate compounds, adobe and others). They are used as the main material for the construction of objects. As for the blocks, they are used for the construction of external enclosing structures of residential, public, industrial and agricultural facilities with a normal temperature and humidity regime of the inner space. They can be made of aerated concrete, lime-sand mixture and other composite materials.
The last group - bulk substances... These include sand, expanded clay, gravel and many others. They differ in fraction (granule size), density and strength. They are used for various purposes - as a filler for compounds and mixtures, an insulating layer, as well as bulk material for arranging a pillow.
The reliability and durability of the structure depends on their quality. Therefore, if necessary, it is necessary to contact companies offering only certified products.
Building materials and products are classified according to the degree of readiness, origin, purpose and technological characteristics.
According to the degree of readiness, they distinguish between building materials proper and building products - finished products and elements mounted and fixed at the place of work. Building materials include wood, metals, cement, concrete, brick, sand, mortars for masonry and various plasters, paints and varnishes, natural stones, etc.
Building products are prefabricated reinforced concrete panels and structures, window and door blocks, sanitary ware and cabins, etc. Unlike products, building materials are processed before use - they are mixed with water, compacted, sawn, amused, etc.
By origin, building materials are divided into natural and artificial.
Natural materials- this is wood, rocks (natural stones), peat, natural bitumen and asphalt, etc. These materials are obtained from natural raw materials by simple processing without changing their original structure and chemical composition.
TO artificial materials include brick, cement, reinforced concrete, glass, etc. They are obtained from natural and artificial raw materials, by-products of industry and agriculture using special technologies. Artificial materials differ from raw materials both in structure and in chemical composition, which is due to its radical processing in factory conditions.
The most widespread are the classification of materials by purpose and technological basis.
According to their purpose, materials are divided into the following groups:
construction materials- materials that perceive and transfer to loads in building structures;
thermal insulation materials, the main purpose of which is to minimize the transfer of heat through the building structure and thereby provide the necessary thermal conditions in the room with minimal energy consumption;
acoustic materials(sound-absorbing and sound-insulating materials) - to reduce the level of "noise pollution" of the room;
waterproofing and roofing materials- to create waterproof layers on roofs, underground structures and other structures, which must be protected from the effects of water or water vapor;
sealing materials- for sealing joints in prefabricated structures;
Decoration Materials- to improve the decorative qualities of building structures, as well as to protect structural, heat-insulating and other materials from external influences;
special purpose materials(for example, refractory or acid-resistant), used in the construction of special structures.
A number of materials (for example, cement, lime, wood) cannot be attributed to any one group, since they are used both in their pure form and as raw materials for obtaining other building materials and products. These are the so-called general purpose materials. The difficulty in classifying building materials by purpose is that the same materials can be assigned to different groups. For example, concrete is mainly used as a structural material, but some of its types have a completely different purpose: especially lightweight concrete is a heat-insulating material; especially heavy concrete - a special-purpose material that is used to protect against radioactive radiation. ...
On a technological basis, materials are divided, taking into account the type of raw material from which the material is obtained, and the type of its manufacture, into the following groups:
Natural stone materials and products- obtained from rocks by processing them: wall blocks and stones, facing slabs, architectural details, rubble stone for foundations, crushed stone, gravel, sand, etc.
Ceramic materials and products- are obtained from clay with additives by molding, drying and firing: bricks, ceramic blocks and stones, tiles, pipes, faience and porcelain products, tiles for facing and flooring, expanded clay (artificial gravel for lightweight concrete), etc.
Glass and other materials and products from mineral melts- window and facing glass, glass blocks, profile glass (for fences), tiles, pipes, glass and slag glass products, stone casting.
Inorganic binders- mineral materials, mainly powdery, which, when mixed with water, form a plastic body that eventually acquires a stone-like state: various types of cements, lime, gypsum binders, etc.
Concrete- artificial stone materials obtained from a mixture of binder, water, fine and coarse aggregates. Concrete with steel reinforcement is called reinforced concrete, it resists not only compression well, but also bending and stretching.
Building mortars- artificial stone materials, consisting of a binder, water and fine aggregate, which over time pass from a pasty to a stone-like state.
Artificial non-fired stone materials- obtained on the basis of inorganic binders and various aggregates: silicate bricks, gypsum and gypsum concrete products, asbestos-cement products and structures, silicate concretes.
Organic binders and materials based on them- bituminous and tar binders, roofing and waterproofing materials: roofing material, glassine, isol, brizol, waterproofing, roofing felt, adhesive mastics, asphalt concrete and mortars.
Polymer materials and products- a group of materials obtained on the basis of synthetic polymers (thermoplastic non-thermosetting resins): linoleums, relin, synthetic carpet materials, tiles, wood-laminated plastics, fiberglass plastics, foams, cellular plastics, honeycomb plastics, etc.
Wood materials and products- obtained as a result of mechanical processing of wood: round timber, lumber, blanks for various joinery, parquet, plywood, plinths, handrails, door and window blocks, glued structures.
Metallic materials- the most widely used in construction ferrous metals (steel and cast iron), rolled steel (I-beams, channels, angles), metal alloys, especially aluminum.
Residential, public and industrial buildings are structures designed to accommodate people and various equipment and protect them from environmental influences.
All buildings consist of parts that are identical in purpose:
- - the foundation, which serves as the foundation of the building and transfers the load from the entire building to the ground;
- - frame - a supporting structure on which the building envelopes are installed; the frame perceives and redistributes the loads and transfers them to the foundation;
- - enclosing structures that isolate the internal volume of the building from the effects of the external environment or separate individual parts of the internal volume with each other; the enclosing structures include walls, ceilings and roofs, and in low-rise buildings, walls and ceilings often serve as a frame.
Since ancient times, residential and religious buildings were erected from natural materials - stone and wood, and all parts of the building were made from them: foundation, walls, roof. This forced versatility of the material (there were no other materials) had significant drawbacks. The construction of stone buildings was laborious; To maintain a normal thermal regime in the building, stone walls had to be made very thick (up to 1 m or more) due to the fact that natural stone is a good conductor of heat. For the installation of ceilings and roofs, many columns were placed or heavy stone vaults were made, since the strength of the stone in bending and stretching is insufficient to cover large spans. Stone buildings have one positive quality - durability. Less labor-intensive and material-intensive, but short-lived, wooden buildings were often destroyed by fires.
With the development of industry, new, specialized construction materials have appeared: for the roof - sheet metal, roll materials and asbestos cement; for load-bearing structures - rolled steel and high-strength concrete; for thermal insulation - fiberboard, mineral wool, etc.
Appeared in the XX century. synthetic polymers gave impetus to the introduction of high-performance polymeric materials (plastics) into construction. In modern construction, polymer finishing materials, materials for floors (linoleum, tiles), sealants, foams, etc. are widely used.
The specialization and industrial production of building materials and products radically changed the nature of construction. Materials, and then products from them, are delivered to the construction site practically in finished form, building structures are lighter and more efficient (for example, they are better protected from heat loss, from the effects of moisture). At the beginning of the XX century. the factory production of building structures (metal trusses, reinforced concrete columns) began, but only in the 50s, for the first time in the world in our country, began the mass construction of residential buildings from prefabricated reinforced concrete elements (block and large-panel construction).
The modern industry of building materials and products produces a large number of finished building materials and products for various purposes, for example: ceramic floor tiles, for interior cladding, facade tiles, carpet mosaics; roll and piece materials for roofing, special materials for waterproofing. To make it easier to navigate this variety of building materials and products, it is customary to classify them.
The most widespread are classifications by purpose and technological basis.
By appointment, materials are divided into the following groups:
- - structural, which perceive and transmit loads;
- - heat-insulating, the main purpose of which is to minimize the transfer of heat through the enclosing structures and thereby provide the necessary thermal conditions for the premises with minimal energy consumption;
- - acoustic (sound-absorbing and sound-insulating) - reducing the level of "noise pollution" of the room;
- - waterproofing and roofing - to create waterproof layers on roofs, underground structures and other structures that must be protected from the effects of water or water vapor;
- - sealing - for sealing joints in prefabricated structures;
- - finishing - to improve the decorative qualities of building structures, as well as to protect structural, heat-insulating and other materials from external influences;
- - for special purposes (refractory, acid-resistant, etc.), used in the construction of special structures.
Some materials (for example, cement, lime, wood) cannot be attributed to any one group, since they are used both in their original state and as raw materials for obtaining other building materials and products - these are so-called general-purpose materials. The difficulty in classifying building materials by purpose is that the same materials can be assigned to different groups. For example, concrete is mainly used as a structural material, but some of its types have a completely different purpose: especially lightweight concrete - heat-insulating materials; especially heavy concrete - special-purpose materials used for protection against radioactive radiation.
The technological classification is based on the type of raw material from which the material is obtained and the manufacturing method. These two factors largely determine the properties of the material and, accordingly, the scope of its application.
According to the manufacturing method, the materials obtained are distinguished:
- - sintering (ceramics, cement);
- - melting (glass, metals);
- - homogenization with binders (concretes, mortars);
- - mechanical processing of natural raw materials (natural stone, wood materials).
Since the properties of materials depend mainly on the type of raw material and the method of its processing, in construction materials science they use a classification according to a technological criterion, and only in some cases are groups of materials considered according to their intended purpose.
A huge number of names of building materials, which now make up their wide nomenclature, tend to be presented in the form of system classifications from groups that are more or less similar in any way.
The following are chosen as classification signs: the production purpose of building materials, the type of raw materials, the main quality indicator, for example, their weight, strength, and others. Currently, the classification also takes into account functional purposes, for example, thermal insulation materials, acoustic materials and others, in addition to dividing into groups based on raw materials - ceramic, polymer, metal, etc. One part of the materials, combined into groups, belongs to natural, and the other part to artificial.
Each group of materials or their individual representatives in the industry corresponds to certain industries, for example, the cement industry, glass industry, etc., and the planned development of these industries ensures the implementation of plans for the construction of facilities.
Natural, or natural, building materials and products are obtained directly from the bowels of the earth or by processing woodlands into a "business forest". These materials are given a certain shape and rational dimensions, but do not change their internal structure, composition, for example, chemical. More often than others from natural forest (wood) and stone materials and products are used. In addition to them, in finished form or with simple processing, you can get bitumen and asphalt, ozokerite, casein, kir, some plant products, such as straw, reeds, fire, peat, husks, etc., or the animal world, such as wool, collagen, Bonn blood, etc. All these natural products are also used in relatively small quantities in construction, although forest and natural stone materials and products remain the main ones.
Artificial building materials and products are produced mainly from natural raw materials, less often from by-products of industry, agriculture or artificial raw materials. The generated building materials differ from the original natural raw materials both in structure and in chemical composition, which is associated with the radical processing of raw materials in the factory with the involvement of special equipment and energy costs for this purpose. In the factory processing, organic (wood, oil, gas, etc.) and inorganic (minerals, stone, ores, slags, etc.) raw materials are involved, which makes it possible to obtain a diverse range of materials used in construction. There are great differences between individual types of materials in composition, internal structure and quality, but they are also interconnected as elements of a single material system.
And although there are still few known general regularities expressing the connection between qualitatively heterogeneous and different in origin materials or between phenomena and processes during the formation of their structures, but what is already known is enough to combine almost all materials into one system.
In construction, artificial materials are much more diverse, which refers to an important achievement of mankind. But natural materials also continue to find wide application in their "original" form with giving them the necessary external shapes and sizes.
The choice of building materials is one of the main issues in the construction of any facility: an industrial complex, a country house, a cottage, a small summer cottage, or even a bathhouse, a barn or a change house. The durability of buildings, as well as their aesthetic appearance, depends on the quality of building materials. Therefore, you should buy building materials only from trusted suppliers.
According to the degree of readiness, they distinguish between building materials proper and building products - finished products and elements mounted and fixed at the place of work. Building materials include wood, metals, cement, concrete, brick, sand, mortars for masonry and various plasters, paints and varnishes, natural stones, etc.
Building products are prefabricated reinforced concrete panels and structures, window and door blocks, sanitary ware and cabins, etc. Unlike products, building materials are processed before use - they are mixed with water, compacted, sawn, amused, etc.
By origin, building materials are divided into natural and artificial.
Natural materials- this is wood, rocks (natural stones), peat, natural bitumen and asphalt, etc. These materials are obtained from natural raw materials by simple processing without changing their original structure and chemical composition.
TO artificial materials include brick, cement, reinforced concrete, glass, etc. They are obtained from natural and artificial raw materials, by-products of industry and agriculture using special technologies. Artificial materials differ from raw materials both in structure and in chemical composition, which is due to its radical processing in factory conditions.
The most widespread are the classification of materials by purpose and technological basis.
According to their purpose, materials are divided into the following groups:
construction materials- materials that perceive and transfer to loads in building structures;
thermal insulation materials, the main purpose of which is to minimize the transfer of heat through the building structure and thereby provide the necessary thermal conditions in the room with minimal energy consumption;
acoustic materials(sound-absorbing and sound-insulating materials) - to reduce the level of "noise pollution" of the room;
waterproofing and roofing materials- to create waterproof layers on roofs, underground structures and other structures, which must be protected from the effects of water or water vapor;
sealing materials- for sealing joints in prefabricated structures;
Decoration Materials- to improve the decorative qualities of building structures, as well as to protect structural, heat-insulating and other materials from external influences;
special purpose materials(for example, refractory or acid-resistant), used in the construction of special structures.
A number of materials (for example, cement, lime, wood) cannot be attributed to any one group, since they are used both in their pure form and as raw materials for obtaining other building materials and products. These are the so-called general purpose materials. The difficulty in classifying building materials by purpose is that the same materials can be assigned to different groups. For example, concrete is mainly used as a structural material, but some of its types have a completely different purpose: especially lightweight concrete is a heat-insulating material; especially heavy concrete - a special-purpose material that is used to protect against radioactive radiation. ...
On a technological basis, materials are divided, taking into account the type of raw material from which the material is obtained, and the type of its manufacture, into the following groups:
Natural stone materials and products- obtained from rocks by processing them: wall blocks and stones, facing slabs, architectural details, rubble stone for foundations, crushed stone, gravel, sand, etc.
Ceramic materials and products- are obtained from clay with additives by molding, drying and firing: bricks, ceramic blocks and stones, tiles, pipes, faience and porcelain products, tiles for facing and flooring, expanded clay (artificial gravel for lightweight concrete), etc.
Glass and other materials and products from mineral melts- window and facing glass, glass blocks, profile glass (for fences), tiles, pipes, glass and slag glass products, stone casting.
Inorganic binders- mineral materials, mainly powdery, which, when mixed with water, form a plastic body that eventually acquires a stone-like state: various types of cements, lime, gypsum binders, etc.
Concrete- artificial stone materials obtained from a mixture of binder, water, fine and coarse aggregates. Concrete with steel reinforcement is called reinforced concrete, it resists not only compression well, but also bending and stretching.
Building mortars- artificial stone materials, consisting of a binder, water and fine aggregate, which over time pass from a pasty to a stone-like state.
Artificial non-fired stone materials- obtained on the basis of inorganic binders and various aggregates: silicate bricks, gypsum and gypsum concrete products, asbestos-cement products and structures, silicate concretes.
Organic binders and materials based on them- bituminous and tar binders, roofing and waterproofing materials: roofing material, glassine, isol, brizol, waterproofing, roofing felt, adhesive mastics, asphalt concrete and mortars.
Polymer materials and products- a group of materials obtained on the basis of synthetic polymers (thermoplastic non-thermosetting resins): linoleums, relin, synthetic carpet materials, tiles, wood-laminated plastics, fiberglass plastics, foams, cellular plastics, honeycomb plastics, etc.
Wood materials and products- obtained as a result of mechanical processing of wood: round timber, lumber, blanks for various joinery, parquet, plywood, plinths, handrails, door and window blocks, glued structures.
Metallic materials- the most widely used in construction ferrous metals (steel and cast iron), rolled steel (I-beams, channels, angles), metal alloys, especially aluminum.