Homework: Paragraph 6, writing in a notebook.
Fill in the table
"Consequences of colonialism"
Positive
Negative
Plan:
1. Colonialism and itseffects
2. Anti-colonial movements
in the states of the East
3. Development features
States of Latin
Of America
1. Colonialism and its consequences
The concept of "East" - Asian-Africanpeace.
By the end of the XIX century. most European countries
or passed, or were in the stage
modernization. Asia - apart from Japan - no.
The East was forcibly included in the system
world capitalist economy. V
these countries by the end of the XIX century. accumulated
many problems, most of which
was created by the rule of Europeans.
2. Anti-colonial movements in the states of the East
Late 19th - early 20th century Is the amplification timeanti-colonial movement. In every country it
took on its own unique features.
At the beginning of the XX century. China was able to
deepest political crisis. The crisis was
caused not only by internal reasons, but also
unequal agreements with foreign
powers infringing on independence
Celestial. Failed reforms of 1898
pushed the popular uprising of the Ichtuan (1898-1901).
1911-1913 - The Chinese Revolution. As a result
revolution was the overthrow of the Manchu dynasty
and the establishment of a republic. But the main tasks
revolutions turned out to be unresolved. - Since the middle of the XIX century. India becomes a sphere
application of English capital.
- In the 70-80s of the XIX century. in India begins
ancient Indian revival movement
ethical and spiritual values based on
synthesis of cultures of the East and West. December
1885 in Bombay, a constituent
Congress of the Indian National Congress
(INC). In the INC, the progressive was liberal
temperate wing that defined
the following objectives: protection of national
industry; tax cuts;
creation of a bank loan system;
expansion of self-government and elective
representation.
3. Features of the development of the states of Latin America
Latin America at the beginning of the twentieth century.
The beginning of the 19th century - the period of national liberation warsagainst Spain. By the beginning of the twentieth century. all Latin countries
The Americas were formally independent. However, as early as 1823
The United States proclaimed the Monroe Doctrine - "America is for
Americans! " Since that time Latin America
becomes the object of expansion of US capital. In these
countries of the United States owned industrial enterprises,
railways, banks.
Features of the development of Latin America:
- the dominance of US capital in the main sectors of the economy;
-existence of latifundia in agriculture;
- poor development of local industry;
-the weakness of the local commercial and industrial bourgeoisie;
-great influence on the life of the society of the army and the church.
The interrelated problems of modernization and development have been and remain central for dozens of states seeking to increase their role in the world economy, especially those that emerged on the site of collapsed colonial empires.
Given the significant diversity of these states, differences in the levels and types of their socio-economic development, and the mismatch in approaches to solving development problems, a number of similar characteristics are highlighted, which make it possible to consider the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America, or the "South", as they are sometimes called, as a certain community.
After the Second World War, the process of decolonization began, associated with the collapse of the colonial empires of the European powers. This process was greatly influenced by the capture of vast territories in Asia by Japan and the creation of local administrations there, which the European metropolises had to face after the end of the war in the Pacific basin.
Many of the former colonies gained independence peacefully. Others, due to the importance of their strategic position and the abundance of natural resources, tried to keep the metropolis at any cost. The result was the colonial wars of Great Britain in Malaya, France in Indochina and Algeria, Portugal in Angola and Mozambique, which cost the peoples of these countries great sacrifices and led to destruction and material losses.
Back in the 1940s. the Philippines, British India, Indonesia gained independence in the 1950s. liberation was achieved by the peoples of Southeast Asia. 1960s went down in history as the "Year of Africa", when most of the colonial possessions on this continent gained independence. The last colonial empire in history - Portugal - collapsed in 1975.
Conflicts and crises in developing countries. The acquisition of independence did not always guarantee the possibility of further unhindered development. The borders of many newly emerged states did not coincide with ethnic, religious ones, which became the cause of many conflicts, both internal and international. After the independence of British India, it was split on religious grounds into India and Islamic Pakistan, millions of people became refugees. Because of the remaining disputed border territories between these countries, military conflicts have already arisen several times. A permanent hotbed of tension appeared in the Middle East, where, according to a UN decision, an Arab and Jewish state was supposed to be created on the territory of Palestine. The conflict between them, which ended in 1948 with the capture of the entire territory of Palestine by Israel, led to a state of constant tension in relations between it and neighboring Arab states, which repeatedly led to wars.
The availability of natural resources in many developing countries has not always helped to meet the challenges they face. Without the possibility of independent development of the resources of their subsoil, the countries possessing them became the arena of an especially acute competition between the leading powers of the world, the largest TNCs. The main instruments in this struggle were the organization of coups and separatist movements. So, in the 1960s. in Zaire (the former Belgian Congo) in the province of Katanga, a separatist movement unfolded, which led to a civil war, the introduction of UN troops into this country. In the most populous country on the African continent, Nigeria, the Igbo people who inhabited the oil-rich province of Biafra declared independence, leading to a three-year civil war. In the 1970s. in Angola, three large military-political groups (MPLA, UNITA, FNLA), relying on various tribal associations, after liberation from the colonial rule of Portugal, entered into a struggle with each other for control over the country. At the same time, the USSR and Cuba took the side of one of them, the other was supported by the USA and South Africa, the third - by neighboring Zaire.
Results of the first transformations. In most of the states that chose their own path of development, pre-capitalist relations still prevailed.
Until the 1930s. Latin American countries developed mainly as agrarian states. They exported the products of large latifundia (landlord farms), which widely used the labor of low-paid hired workers.
Since the 1930s, and especially in the postwar years, most of the countries of Latin America have embarked on the path of modernization and accelerated industrial development. This was facilitated by a number of favorable circumstances.
During the Second World War, the demand for agricultural products from Latin American countries increased. Far from the theaters of military operations, these countries provided shelter to many emigrants from the belligerent countries who are hiding from the war and its consequences (including from the defeated powers of the fascist axis). This provided an influx of qualified specialists and workers. Latin America was perceived as a relatively safe and, thanks to the abundance of natural resources, undeveloped land, a profitable area for investment. Despite frequent coups, the changing military regimes, as a rule, did not dare to affect the interests of foreign capital, especially since most of it belonged to US corporations. The United States did not hesitate to resort to direct military intervention or change of ruling figures in Latin American countries if their interests were infringed. Thus, in response to the nationalization of lands belonging to the largest US agricultural company, United Fruit, a coup was organized in Guatemala in 1954 with the support of the American military. The new government returned the property to the company.
The failure of the attempt to overthrow the government of F. Castro in Cuba, which came to power in a revolutionary way, after the overthrow of the regime of General F. Batista in 1959 and took a course of cooperation with the USSR, forced the United States to adjust its policy. In 1961, US President D. Kennedy proposed the Alliance for Progress program to the Latin American countries, for which $ 20 billion was allocated. The purpose of this program, adopted by 19 countries, was to help solve urgent socio-economic problems of the continent's countries, to prevent them from seeking the support of the USSR.
Authoritarian Regimes: Experience of Modernization. D. Kennedy's program helped to solve the problems of modernization, but not to strengthen the foundations of political stability. It was not possible to interrupt the cycle of alternation of military and civil regimes in Latin America, since it played, in fact, the same socio-economic role as the replacement of right-wing and left-wing parties in power in democratic countries.
Military, dictatorial regimes, as a rule, set a course for accelerated modernization of the economy, limited the rights of trade unions, curtailed social programs, and froze wages for the majority of employees. The priority was the concentration of resources on large-scale projects, the creation of incentives to attract foreign capital. This policy has often brought significant economic benefits. So, in the largest country in Latin America - Brazil (population 160 million people), the "economic miracle" happened during the years of the military junta in power (1964-1985).
Roads and power plants were built, metallurgy and oil production developed. For the accelerated development of the interior regions of the country, the capital was moved from the coast inland (from Rio de Janeiro to the city of Brasilia). The rapid development of the natural resources of the Amazon basin began, the population of this region increased from 5 to 12 million people. With the help of foreign corporations, in particular such giants as Ford, Fiat, Volkswagen, General Motors, the production of cars, airplanes, computers, and modern weapons was established in the country. Brazil has become a supplier of machinery and equipment to the world market. Its agricultural products began to compete with American ones. Along with the import of capital, the country began to invest its capital in less developed countries, in particular Africa.
New social structure of modern society
The social structure of society is a set of relatively stable forms of social groups, communities, their social positions and interactions between them, different in number, social status in the system of social relations.
Modern society is based on a broad division of labor and functions of people in the process of social reproduction.
Most of the peoples of the countries of Asia and Africa at the time of their transformation into colonies and semi-colonies of industrial powers lived in a feudal or tribal system. The results of their conquest by industrial countries were extremely ambiguous.
Colonialism was especially destructive, using methods of the pre-capitalist era in the exploitation of colonies. They included the robbery of colonies, the export of gold, silver, cultural monuments to the metropolis, the creation of a slave trade system, which especially affected the population of Equatorial Africa in the 16th-19th centuries.
Reasons for the rise of anti-colonial movements
Metropolises of the late XIX - early XX centuries, interested in expanding foreign markets, using the resources of the colonies, including cheap labor, tried to create a system of orderly management of their possessions. The colonial administration, as a rule, tried to rely on the support of the local nobility (this was especially characteristic of Great Britain in India), preserving its power and privileges. Only the possibility of inciting feudal strife and pursuing an independent foreign and military policy was limited. The destruction of the traditional way of life was not the goal of the colonialists (for example, in India the British left the caste system intact), however, the way of life of the peoples of the colonial countries underwent changes.
The onslaught of European goods has devastated many local artisans. The peasantry, forced to pay taxes not only to the local princes, but also to the colonial authorities, was ruined and deprived of land. This destroyed the system of communal agriculture and subsistence economy, that is, the structures of the extremely conservative, inert, unchanged for centuries, incompatible with any development. The freed up cheap labor was used in the newly created industries that served the economy of the metropolitan countries. This, in turn, expanded the sphere of distribution of commodity-money relations, accelerated the disintegration of traditional structures.
The same influence was exerted by the policy of industrial states on the countries dependent on them, which became the object of trade and economic expansion. So, China back in the 19th century, having suffered defeat in the war with Great Britain, was forced to agree to open the five largest ports for free trade, to accept the obligation to establish low customs duties (no more than 5%) on British goods. In the open ports, the British received the right to create settlements - settlements with their own administration, troops and police. British subjects received the right of extraterritoriality, that is, not under the jurisdiction of the Chinese authorities. Following Great Britain, France and the United States obtained detailed concessions from China, which have become typical for dependent countries. Then the division of China into economic spheres of influence began, the seizure of strong points on its territory.
Germany occupied Qiao Chao Bay in 1898, imposing a 99-year lease agreement on the Chinese government. At the same time Russia leased the Liaodong Peninsula with the Port Arthur fortress. Great Britain received on the same terms the Kowloon Peninsula and the adjacent islands, where the colony of Hong Kong was located since 1842. Strengthening Japan as a result of the war with China in 1894-1895. forced him to give up control over Korea, which became formally independent, but in fact - the sphere of influence of Japan. The USA in 1899 came up with the doctrine of "open doors" in China. According to this doctrine, which has provoked objections only from Russia, no great power should have more economic benefits than others. It also suggested that any additional concessions from China to one of them would be accompanied by concessions to the rest of the powers.
Resistance to the domination of industrial powers over countries that found themselves in the position of colonies and semi-colonies did not stop since the emergence of the colonial system. It has become the most important feature of the historical development of the 20th century.
- What were the features of the socio-economic and political development of the colonial and dependent countries?
- There is a claim that colonialism brought more positive changes to the countries of Asia and Africa than negative ones. Substantiate your point of view on this statement.
1. Colonialism and its consequences
The colonial conquests of the industrialized countries had a tremendous impact on the development of the conquered peoples. In Europe, colonialism was seen as a "civilizing" mission, and in the countries that became its victims - as a crime. The conquests were indeed accompanied by the death of tens of thousands of people, destruction, destruction of cultural values. At the same time, they contributed to the introduction of many countries and peoples to the achievements of the industrial society, pushed them on the path of modernization.
By the beginning of the XX century. most of the countries of Asia became colonies or protectorates of European powers. China, Iran, the Ottoman Empire, Thailand and Afghanistan retained formal independence. However, these states were forced to conclude unequal treaties with the industrial powers. The latter received the right to duty-free trade, construction and operation of railways, factories and factories on their territories.
In a number of countries, the management of the main ministries and the right to collect taxes passed to the European powers. So, in 1879 the Ottoman Empire, which received loans from European powers for the war of 1877-1878. with Russia, declared state bankruptcy, that is, the inability to pay debts to foreign countries and interest on them. In 1881, the sultan transferred the country's finances under the control of England, France, Italy, Germany and Austria-Hungary. The Office of the Ottoman Public Debt created by them directly levied taxes, fees, duties, etc. from the population of the country. Resistance to European tax collectors in the vassal possessions of Turkey gave rise to France to seize Tunisia (1881), and England - Egypt (1882). Iran, in exchange for loans from England and Russia, also transferred control of its finances to foreign advisers.
Countries that fell into dependence gradually turned into colonies. At the end of the XIX century. the division of China into spheres of influence began, the seizure of the territories of this country that had important economic and military significance. In 1898, Germany occupied the Qingdao port and the adjacent territory and imposed a 99-year lease on these lands on the Chinese government. Russia has leased the Liaodong Peninsula with the port of Port Arthur. Great Britain received on the same terms the Kowloon Peninsula and the adjacent islands, where the colony of Hong Kong was located since 1842. In 1899, the United States proclaimed the "open door" doctrine in China. According to her, all great powers were to have an equal position in this country. Any additional concessions from China to one of the industrialized countries were to apply to everyone. Thailand (Siam) was divided into spheres of influence according to the Anglo-French agreement of 1904, Iran - according to the Anglo-Russian 1907. At the same time, England and Russia agreed to divide the region of Tibet that belonged to China.
The Europeans did not seek to destroy the traditional way of life habitual for the inhabitants of dependent countries. In India, the British left the caste system intact and recognized the right of local princes to collect taxes from the peasant communities under their control. Nevertheless, gradually the way of life of the peoples of the colonial and dependent countries underwent changes.
The influx of European goods devastated local artisans. The peasantry, forced to pay taxes not only to "their" feudal lords, but also to the colonial authorities, was rapidly becoming poor and deprived of land. Landowners were forced to grow flax, cotton and those industrial crops that were exported to the metropolis. As a result, food production declined, often leading to hunger. The system of communal agriculture and subsistence economy, which had existed for centuries, was destroyed. The released cheap labor was used in the newly created industries that served the economy of the metropolitan countries. Mining was one of the first to develop. This expanded the sphere of distribution of commodity-money relations. For the delivery of goods, the export of raw materials and plantation products, as well as for military purposes, a network of railways was created in most of the colonies. The peoples of the colonies gained access, albeit limited, to the achievements of European medicine. During the First, and especially the Second World Wars, enterprises for the repair and assembly of military equipment arose in many overseas possessions and colonies of Western countries, and the production of electricity increased.
It is significant that in the XX century. the least developed were those Asian countries that managed to defend their independence or those territories where the power of the colonialists was purely nominal or limited. Thus, Afghanistan, which was repeatedly subjected to British invasions from the territory of India and retained its independence, and at the beginning of the XXI century. remains one of the few states in the world without railways, with a tribal structure of society, a predominance of natural economy.
Europeans sought to enlist the support of the most influential strata of society in colonial and dependent countries. For this purpose, the children of local feudal lords, merchants and usurers who collaborated with the authorities of the metropolises were allowed to receive European education. The results of this policy were mixed.
On the one hand, part of the local ruling elite, officials, representatives of the commercial and industrial capital of the colonial and dependent countries began to cooperate with the authorities of the metropolises. On the other hand, it was among the nobility who received a European education that people who were dissatisfied with the situation of their homeland were formed. It was they who led the struggle for national liberation and modernization of their countries. These included Sun Yatsen in China, Mohandas Gandhi in India and other leaders of the national liberation movements.
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From the book of Jawaharlal Nehru One of the goals to which British policy in India was consistently striving was the creation of a propertied class, which, being a creature of the British, would depend on them and serve as their support in India. The British therefore strengthened the position of the feudal princes ... and even encouraged social conservatism under the pretext of non-interference in the affairs of religions. All these possessing classes were themselves interested in the exploitation of the country and in general could exist only through such exploitation.<...>In India, a middle class gradually emerged, accumulating some capital to invest in business.<...>The only class whose voice was heard was the new middle class; the brainchild, born in fact from the connection with England, began to criticize her. This class grew, and with it the national movement grew ... How does J. Nehru explain the emergence of a new social stratum in India? What were his goals? |
2. Anti-colonial movements in the states of the East
At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. many countries have experienced an upsurge in the liberation movement. Initially, their goal was to restore the traditional way of life and expel foreigners. During the so-called "boxing" uprising in China in 1899-1901. (another name is the uprising of the ihetuan, or "yellow bands") the rebels destroyed railways, communication lines, and killed foreigners and Chinese who wore foreign clothes. In Iran during the revolution of 1905-1911. the struggle for a boycott of foreign goods unfolded. A movement of Mujahideen - fighters for the faith arose. They seized court buildings and local government buildings, demanding that laws comply with the legal and religious precepts of Islam (the so-called Sharia).
None of the armed anti-colonial actions of the early XX century. was not successful. The military-technical superiority of the colonialists was too great. Moreover, the situation in countries where the local population tried to "expel" the Europeans by force of arms has worsened. They were devastated, new unequal treaties were imposed on them. In China, the response to the "boxing" uprising was the collective intervention of the colonial powers. Their troops defeated the rebels, and Beijing was plundered. China has accepted humiliating peace terms. The country had to pay an indemnity, the Chinese were forbidden to settle in the quarters where the Europeans lived, propaganda against them was considered a crime, etc. Revolution 1905-1911 in Iran was suppressed with the active participation of Russian and British troops.
The failure of such actions led to the spread among the educated strata of society in colonial and dependent countries of an understanding of the futility of an armed struggle against the colonialists. Parties and movements appeared that advocated the gradual, phased liberation of their countries by peaceful means.
In 1885, the first nationwide political party, the Indian National Congress (INC), was established in India. His program was quite moderate: introducing minimal customs protection for the nascent Indian industry, increasing Indian access to higher education, military service and local government.
In the struggle for reform, the INC has adopted the tactics developed by its leader, Mohandas Gandhi. It was based on the organization of campaigns of civil disobedience. Their essence was a refusal to cooperate with the colonial authorities, a boycott of British goods, etc.
At the same time, the use of violence was completely rejected. The method of nonviolent resistance in the following decades became the main means of the INC's struggle for the country's independence.
In 1905, the Allied League was formed in China. Sun Yatsen became its leader, the League called for the overthrow of the monarchy, which did nothing for the development of the country. The League's influence grew rapidly. She played a significant role in the preparation and development of the Chinese revolution of 1911-1913. On January 1, 1912, a meeting of representatives of the provinces embraced by the revolutionary movement proclaimed the country a republic, and Sun Yat-sen became its president. The league merged with other republican organizations, adopting the name Kuomintang (National Party).
The colonial powers, threatening with another intervention, demanded an end to the civil war, which was damaging their economic interests. As a result of the agreement between the Kuomintang and the imperial court, China remained a republic. Sun Yat-sen ceded the presidency to General Yuan Shikai, who had a reputation for reform and authority in the army.
In 1908, the so-called Young Turk revolution took place in Turkey. It was headed by the military from among the supporters of modernization in the country. A constitutional monarchy was established. A parliament was created, the majority of which was won by the adherents of economic reforms. The Young Turks staked on cooperation with Germany. Railway construction expanded with the participation of German capital, and the army was reorganized with the help of German officers. However, the problem of lagging behind the advanced powers was not resolved.
In general, at the beginning of the XX century. in the countries of the East, with the exception of Japan, only the prerequisites for modernization were formed. In a number of them, political associations arose in favor of reforms. Separate centers of industrial production have developed in China and Turkey. However, the size of the working class - wage earners employed in industry, construction and transport - was small.
3. Features of the development of the states of Latin America
In the countries of Latin America, the processes of modernization developed more actively than in the states of Asia. Colonial dependence on Spain and Portugal was ended at the beginning of the 19th century.
By the beginning of the 20th century, thanks to the inflow of capital from the United States and England, a developed network of railways had been created in many Latin American countries. Only in Cuba its length turned out to be greater than in all of China. Oil production grew rapidly in Mexico and Venezuela.
The mining industry developed in Chile, Argentina, Peru and Bolivia. However, in general, the economy of these countries was dominated by agricultural production.
A characteristic feature of Latin America was the existence of large landed estates - latifundia, which supplied coffee, sugar, rubber, leather, etc. to Western Europe and the USA. Local industry was poorly developed; most industrial goods were imported from industrialized countries. Nevertheless, at the beginning of the XX century. in a number of Latin American states the trade union movement developed and political parties were formed.
The discovery of South America was accompanied by the destruction of the Indian states of the pre-Columbian civilization that existed there. As a result of colonization, a completely new system of political and social relations was formed on the continent, and a new culture arose. Most of the population were descendants of Catholicism from mixed marriages of indigenous people, immigrants from Europe and Negro slaves exported from Africa: mestizos, mulattoes, creoles. Only in Argentina did immigrants from European countries prevail numerically. In the young Latin American states freed from Spain's power, there were no democratic traditions of political and social development. This has become the cause of frequent military coups, shocks and crises. Ever since the wars of independence, the army has played a special role in the political life of Latin America. The existence of military dictatorial regimes was in the interests of the landowners-latifundists. They faced repeated protests from plantation workers against low wages and harsh working conditions. The planters and the military were not interested in any change. Dissatisfaction with the agrarian and raw material orientation of the economy of Latin American countries was shown by the national trade and industrial bourgeoisie, which was gradually strengthening its positions.
The desire for reform and modernization steadily intensified. In Brazil in 1888 there was excellent slavery, in 1889 the monarchy collapsed, it was replaced by the republic. Nevertheless, the presidency was constantly held by the henchmen of the landlords and the military.
The Mexican Revolution of 1910-1917 became a symbol of the coming changes in Latin America. The struggle of the landless peasantry against the latifundists was supported by the local bourgeoisie, striving for democracy and a free market. Despite the military intervention of the United States in the events, the result of the revolution in Mexico was the adoption of the constitution of 1917, which established a republican system in the country. It persisted, unlike other Latin American countries, throughout the 20th century.
Most of the countries of Asia and Africa at the beginning of the 20th century continued to exist in the status of colonies of industrial states. The metropolises, in spite of the capitalist era, continued to exploit the colonial lands using classical feudal methods: the forcible export of precious metals, the creation of a slave trade, high natural and monetary taxation.
Anti-colonial movements
It was during this period that active resistance to liberation movements in colonial countries began. The main purpose of their activity was the expulsion of the monopolists and the change of the existing barbarian predatory order. The most unprotected strata of the population, the peasantry, workers and clergy, were participants in the anti-colonial movements.
The local elite actively cooperated with the monopoly authorities and did not feel any particular infringement of rights and freedoms. Members of anti-colonial movements were in no hurry to enter liberation wars, as they understood that in the face of the enemy they had powerful states with a strong army and a technical base, which the countries of Asia and Africa did not possess.
The liberation from the power of the metropolises came from the most unexpected side on the territory of Europe, the First World War was unleashed, which entailed the fall of most powerful empires.
After the end of World War II, the states of Asia and Africa entered a period of significant economic and cultural growth. For the first time, the population of these regions got acquainted with medicines, which they did not consider necessary to provide the colonial territories of the metropolis earlier.
Industry was significantly modernized, primary educational institutions were opened, thanks to which the illiteracy of the population was eliminated. However, these states could not fully support the European path of development.
Development of Latin American countries
Compared with the countries of Asia and Africa, the states of Latin America had more serious prerequisites for economic and technical development. Absolutely all Latin American countries were freed from the power of the metropolises in the 19th century and during the same period acquired state independence.
The first half of the 20th century was marked by an industrial upsurge, new factories and plants were built, agriculture was intensively developed, new railways were created (the total length of the Chilean railroad was several times longer than the length of Chinese tracks).
Latin America has become the world leader in the export of plant and animal products. Until the outbreak of World War II, the region enjoyed the logistical support of the United States and European states.
But, despite the visible economic growth, the development of Latin American countries was overshadowed by the power of dictatorial regimes that existed in the region until the end of the 20th century. In many countries, a military totalitarian dictatorship was established in the 1930s.
After the fall of the Third Reich, the states of Latin America became a refuge for German and Italian fascists. Social and political stability was undermined by regular military coups d'etat, as a result of which some tyrants replaced others. Liberal democratic power in Latin America was established only in 1991.