Food and light industry - Knowledge Hypermarket. Features of placement and sectoral structure of light industry

In the small town where my grandmother lives, most of the population works at the local creamery. Around the village, from where they bring milk, there are many work force, so it is understandable why the plant was built here. But are there any other reasons that determine the place of organization of enterprises in this industry?

Food industry

To begin with, I propose to understand which industries and sub-sectors are united by the industry in question. There are only about 20 of them, and here are the main ones:

bakery;
meat;
flour mill;
dairy;
fish;
sugar;
butter-fatty;
wine-making;
canning;
confectionery.

The sectoral structure of the industry is relatively complex. The enterprises included in it are not limited to the production of food products, they also produce perfumes and cosmetics and soap.

Factors in the location of food industry enterprises

The originality of the location is reflected in the connection between the food industry and agriculture. Rational placement should provide a minimum of common transport costs on the delivery of raw materials to the manufacturer and products to the consumer.

In most cases, the location of food processing enterprises is influenced by two factors. This is a gravitation towards a raw material base (production is material-intensive, in which the consumption of raw materials by weight is more significant than finished products: fish, canned food). And also consumer orientation (production of perishable goods: confectionery, bakery, dairy).

There is a group of industries on which both factors affect to the same extent - these are production, the initial stages of which are engaged in the processing of agricultural raw materials at the source area, but the final stages (bottling, packaging, etc.) are localized at the places of consumption of finished products. Examples of such industries are:

The food industry is found virtually everywhere where people live. This is due to the wide distribution of raw materials that are used, and general consumption food products.

They make up the third link of the agro-industrial complex. Light industry includes the textile, clothing, fur, knitwear and leather and footwear industries. The main industry is textile. It includes - the primary processing of raw materials (cotton, silk, wool, flax), spinning, as well as weaving and finishing of fabrics (coloring, drawing). It is unprofitable to transport raw materials for the textile industry over long distances, therefore, it is more convenient for enterprises for the primary processing of raw materials to be located at its sources: wool (), flax (Non-Black Earth Region). The textile industry requires a lot of qualified (mainly women), its products are unprofitable to transport over long distances, therefore labor and consumer factors are important for its placement. The main textile regions of the country have long been the Central (Ivanovo, Kostroma, Moscow regions).

The food industry produces food for people. It is connected with more than other industries, as it receives raw materials from it. The development and location of enterprises is determined by the location of consumers of products, specialization Agriculture and product conditions.

By the nature of the raw materials used, the industries included in its composition can be divided into two groups:

industries using unprocessed raw materials are fish, butter, cereals, canning, sugar;
industries using processed raw materials are pasta, bakery, confectionery, etc.

The factories of the first group are located mainly in the regions where the corresponding raw materials are produced: sugar - in the Central region, oil mill - in the North Caucasus. For the production of the second group, the main factors of placement are consumer, since the products of these industries are either perishable, or their transportation costs more than the transportation of raw materials. These industries are located mainly in densely populated areas, in large cities. And only meat - the dairy industry, can be located both in areas of consumption (milk, dairy products, sausage), and in areas of raw materials (canned food).

The food and light industries are the oldest sectors, but in their development they lag significantly behind many other industrial sectors. The crisis that followed the collapse of the USSR hit the hardest. The shortage of raw materials, a significant part of which came from the union republics, began to affect very sharply. Russian industry is in a state of fierce competition with foreign manufacturers, and the main task of these industries is to improve product quality and reduce its cost.

What factors determine the location of a dairy plant, a metallurgical meat processing plant. Why do I think so?

Factors of the location of productive forces (production) - a set of unequal spatial conditions and resources, their properties, the correct use of which ensures the best results in the placement of production facilities and the development of the regional economy. Factors of the location of productive forces mediate the operation of the principles of location of productive forces. The conditions of location include the natural environment, population (producer of products and their consumers), material and technical and scientific base, the system of industrial communications (for the organization, functioning and management of production), social and historical conditions for the development of production. Conditions and factors are interrelated and have a direct or indirect impact on the development and location of individual enterprises, industries, the territorial organization of the economy of individual regions. The following groups of factors are distinguished: Natural, which include quantitative reserves and qualitative composition natural resources, mining and geological and other conditions of their extraction and use, climatic, hydrogeological, orographic characteristics of the territory. They play a decisive role in the location of the mining industry and fuel, energy, raw materials, water-intensive industries. Socio-economic, which primarily include the peculiarities of the distribution of the population, the territorial concentration of labor resources and their qualitative characteristics. conditions and factors include material and technical and scientific and technical base, as well as market infrastructure. Technical and economic factors determine the costs of production and sale of raw materials, materials and finished products.

Features of the location of the food industry

The food industry is one of the significant branches of modern industrial production. In terms of gross output, it ranks second after mechanical engineering.

The role of the food industry in the development of productive forces is determined, first of all, by the fact that it satisfies the majority of the population's needs for food. The food industry provides a more rational nutrition of the population, helps to eliminate the unevenness of food consumption both in time and in the regional context, makes it possible to efficiently use agricultural raw materials, and reduce its losses.

The branches of the food industry have features that significantly affect the nature of their location.

The most important of these are the following:

1. Seasonal nature of production of many types of raw materials.

2. Physical nontransportability of certain raw materials.

Features and factors determining the location of dairy enterprises

3. Economic nontransportability of a number of raw materials.

4. The multicomponent composition of processed organic raw materials, which allows, along with the main product, to obtain other food and non-food products.

5. The ubiquitous nature of food consumption.

6. Mass consumption of many food products.

7. Physical and economic non-transportability of certain finished food products.

8. The need for constant and large-scale diversification

production in accordance with the needs of the market.

9. The specific nature of concentration, specialization, cooperation and combination of production.

10. A significant share of transportation costs in the cost and cost of food products.

All this makes the location of the food industry specific and flexible.

By the nature of their location, all industries are divided into three groups.

1. Material-intensive, gravitating towards sources of raw materials or areas of consumption.

2. Energy-intensive, gravitating towards energy sources.

3. Labor-intensive, gravitating towards labor resources.

The branches of the food industry are grouped according to the nature of their placement, depending on the goal set, according to different criteria.

The first group of industries gravitates towards areas of sources of raw materials (sugar beet, canning, primary winemaking, etc.).

The second group of industries gravitates towards consumption areas (bakery, alcoholic beverage, non-alcoholic, etc.).

2. According to the ratio of the weight of raw materials and finished products from them, the food industry is divided into three groups.

The first group - industries that use raw materials, the weight of which is multiples of the weight of the finished product from it. They are placed as close to the sources of raw materials as possible. These include, for example, the sugar beet industry (8-10 times the excess), vegetable drying (more than ten times), cheese-making butter, etc.

The second group consists of industries whose product weight, on the contrary, is multiples of the weight of the feedstock. They are traditionally placed in consumption areas. This is the alcoholic beverage industry (4-5 times the excess), secondary winemaking with bottling, brewing, etc.

The third group includes industries where the weight of the feedstock is approximately equal to the weight of the finished product. All other things being equal, they can be placed both in the areas of consumption and in the areas of raw materials, that is, it is fashionable to improve the uniformity of the distribution of the food industry with them. These include such industries as the pasta industry, refined sugar, margarine production, etc.

When predicting the location and its rationalization in the sectoral economy, the grouping is used in the territorial context. The presence of individual industries in a number of points and regions is mandatory to reduce all transport to a minimum. There are several groups of industries, the presence of which in certain points and regions is necessary.

1. Industries, the enterprises of which should be located in each settlement and city (bakery, non-alcoholic). Intercity and inter-settlement transportation should be excluded on a massive scale.

2. Industries, the enterprises of which must be located in any constituent entity of the federation - a republic, region, region (flour milling, macaroni, dairy, meat, alcoholic beverages, etc.). Interregional transportation of such products is minimized.

3. Industries, enterprises of which should be located in all large economic regions. Interdistrict transportation of these products is, if possible, excluded - (refined sugar, etc.).

4. Unique branches, the location of which is strictly localized due to objective circumstances (subtropical branches of tea, tobacco, citrus fruits).

This placement minimizes transport in the national economy.

Assessment of the development of the food industry in the Karaganda region

In Karaganda region, it is planned to double the production of food products by 2014 - head of the region

KARAGANDA. February 13. KAZINFORM / Valentina Elizarova / - In the Karaganda region by 2014 it is planned to double the volume of food production through the modernization and reconstruction of existing fixed assets, said the head of the region Serik Akhmetov at a reporting meeting with the population.

"The development of the agro-industrial complex will be carried out, as defined in the Address of the President of the country, in three directions: growth of labor productivity, saturation of the domestic market with food products of domestic production, implementation of export potential", - said the regional akim.

By 2014, it is planned to increase the production of grain up to 650 thousand tons, potatoes - up to 230 thousand tons, vegetables - up to 78 thousand tons, the head of the region announced. “Moreover, due to the widespread introduction of new technologies, including moisture-saving technologies, as well as through the acquisition of more productive agricultural equipment,” said S. Akhmetov. According to him, the revival in the field of irrigated agriculture, especially in the zone of the channel named after. Satpayev, will allow doubling the production of cabbage, carrots and other vegetables, as well as fodder crops for animal husbandry.

“In general, for the further development of the agro-industrial complex, the following measures will be taken: development of a list of investment and innovation projects; increase in acreage for the cultivation of grain crops using moisture-saving technology, renewal of agricultural machinery; an increase in the number of feedlots, dairy farms; improving the quality of livestock products through the organization of large-scale selection and breeding work; construction of slaughterhouses and sites; cooperation of small peasant farms; construction of meat processing complexes, ”S. Akhmetov said.

The Karaganda region is rich in reserves of copper and tungsten, as well as large deposits of coal, lead, zinc, iron, manganese, and rare metals. Karaganda coal basin is the main supplier of coking coal for enterprises metallurgical industry republics. The largest enterprise of the metallurgical industry of Kazakhstan, the Ispat-Karmet Karaganda metallurgical plant, operates in the region, which produces 100% of pig iron and finished rolled ferrous metals and more than 90% of the republic's steel. Zhairem Mining and Processing Plant JSC produces high-quality low-phosphorous manganese concentrates from oxidized manganese and ferromanganese ores. The manufactured products are supplied to the countries of near and far abroad and are used for the production of high-quality grades of electric furnace and blast-furnace ferroalloys, high-manganese cast irons and steels. At the Zhezkazgan and Balkhash mining and metallurgical plants, all stages of copper production are represented, up to the production of rolled copper. The chemical industry is developed on the basis of the metallurgical industry in the region. Sulfuric acid is produced, nitrogen fertilizers etc. The enterprises of the machine-building industry "Kargormash-ITEKS" and the Karaganda Foundry and Machine-Building Plant produce mining equipment. The region also has a developed light industry and a building materials industry. The largest of the food industry enterprises are a meat-packing plant, a flour mill, a confectionery factory "Candy Karagandy", etc.

3 The role of NTP in increasing the level of concentration

1. Essence and significance of STP

STP is a continuous process of introducing new equipment and technology, organizing production and labor based on the achievements and implementation of scientific knowledge.

The initial driving force of scientific and technological progress is scientific knowledge. The main content is the development and improvement of all factors of production. The scientific and technological progress is characterized by systematicity, consistency, continuity and globality. The ultimate goal of introducing the achievements of scientific and technological progress is to reduce socially necessary costs for the production of products and improve their quality, improve working conditions and raise the standard of living of the people.

At the present stage, the role of scientific and technological progress is increasing. The solution of the most important tasks - the transition to an intensive path of economic development and a steady increase in production efficiency - requires not so much quantitative, but qualitative changes in them based on the worldwide and effective use of the latest achievements of science and technology.

Scientific and technological progress makes it possible to radically improve the use of natural resources, raw materials, materials, fuel and energy at all stages, i.e., from the production and complex processing of raw materials to the production and use of final products. Due to this, a sharp decrease in material consumption, metal consumption and energy consumption of production will be achieved.

The social significance of scientific and technological progress is enormous. As a result, heavy physical labor is being displaced, and its character is changing. NTP presents a very high requirements to the professional and educational level of employees. Under his influence, the differences between mental and physical labor are smoothed out.

Scientific and technological progress can develop both on an evolutionary and on a revolutionary basis. Its integral and more significant part is scientific and technological revolution. The scientific and technological revolution, in turn, is an abrupt process.

Scientific and technological revolution is the highest stage of scientific and technological progress, it means fundamental changes in science and technology that have a significant impact on social production.

2. The main directions of scientific and technological progress

Any state, in order to ensure an efficient economy and keep up with other countries in its development, must pursue a unified state scientific and technological policy.

A unified scientific and technical policy is a system of targeted measures that ensure the comprehensive development of science and technology and the introduction of their results into the economy. The state at each stage of its development must determine the main directions of scientific and technical progress, provide conditions for their implementation.

The main directions of scientific and technological progress are such directions for the development of science and technology, the implementation of which in practice will provide the most short term minimum economic and social efficiency. There are the following directions of scientific and technical progress:

ь nationwide (general) - directions of scientific and technological progress, which at this stage and in the future are priority for a country or a group of countries;

ь sectoral (private) - directions of scientific and technological progress, which are the most important and priority for certain sectors of the national economy and industry.

The main directions of scientific and technological progress in agriculture are as follows:

b complex mechanization, automation, electrification and chemicalization of production;

ь land reclamation;

ь use of intensive, resource-saving technologies;

ь creation of high-yielding, immune and highly effective varieties of agricultural crops;

ь development of livestock breeds with a complex of valuable biological and economically useful qualities;

l biotechnology;

ь deepening of specialization and increasing concentration of production;

ь improving the forms of organization and motivation of highly productive work;

development different forms property and management;

l integration of agriculture with other sectors of the national economy.

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The main factors affecting the location of food industry enterprises. Consideration of the foundations of regional production management in the Russian Federation. Modern methods of sectoral economic justification for the location of the food industry.

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Moscow State University of Technology and Management named after K.G. Razumovsky (First Cossack University)

Department of "Economics and management of the territorial production complex"

Abstract on the topic

"Placement of an industry enterprise"

Completed by: Nefedova Yu.A., 2705, Far Eastern Federal District

Checked by: Dashkova N.I.

Moscow 2014

Introduction

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

1. The main factors affecting the location of food industry enterprises

food industry location regional

Factors of location of production - this is a condition of any process, in our case, the location of enterprises. Unlike principles, they express objective processes (little dependent on our will).

When locating food industry enterprises across the country, it is necessary to take into account a number of factors, the most important of which are:

Technical and economic factors associated with scientific and technological progress(STP) and the scientific revolution, new technologies. The technical and economic factors of the location of enterprises are determined by scientific and technological progress and rational forms of organization of production.
Raw material factors, which can be expressed through such indicators as material consumption (supply of materials), fuel consumption, metal consumption, energy consumption, water consumption.
the nature of the processed raw materials and finished products;
possible storage periods for raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products;
Environmental factors. Ecology is increasingly affecting the location of production.
the size of the population and its concentration in the regions of the country;
Social factors of placement. They are determined by the living conditions in a given territory.
local traditions, customs, tastes and habits of the population;
social forms of organization of production (concentration, specialization, combination and cooperation);
development of the transport network;
methods of transportation of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products, requiring special conditions and changing with the development of technical progress.

Currently, the ranking of the main factors of production has the following form: the fuel and energy factor, the fuel and raw material factor, attraction to labor resources, focus on areas of consumption of finished products, the possibility of developing cooperation, attraction to scientific centers.

2. Principles for the location of enterprises in the industry

Rational placement of enterprises in industries predetermines the success of their further activities and the efficiency of the industry as a whole.

All food industry enterprises, based on the principles of their location, are divided into three groups.

The first group includes enterprises that process transportable raw materials and produce non-transportable or perishable products. These are mainly enterprises engaged in secondary processing of raw materials (bakeries, confectionery factories, secondary wine factories, beer and non-alcoholic, pasta factories, tea packing, tobacco factories, etc.).

It is advisable to locate such enterprises in places of consumption of products.

The second group includes enterprises that process non-transportable or perishable raw materials and produce transportable products. These are enterprises engaged in the primary processing of agricultural raw materials (sugar-grinding, alcohol, oil-extraction plants, primary wine-making plants, enterprises for the fermentation of tobacco and tea leaves, etc.), as well as the salt industry, the production of mineral waters and the extraction of fish.

The raw materials processed at these enterprises are perishable, subject to active biological processes and non-transportable.

It is advisable to locate such enterprises in the places where raw materials are produced.

The third group includes enterprises that process transportable raw materials and produce transportable products (for example, flour mills, cereals enterprises) or enterprises that process non-transportable raw materials and produce non-transportable products (for example, canneries, meat processing plants). Such enterprises can be located both in places of consumption of products, the greatest concentration of the population, or, if the population is dispersed, its density is low, in places of production of raw materials. For example, mills operate both in large cities and in places of grain production.

From correct decision the placement of enterprises largely depends on the efficiency of their operation.

The most important principle of the location of enterprises industrial sector is the approximation of production to the sources of raw materials, to the regions of consumption, subject to the production of the necessary products with the minimum cost of social labor. The location of industry is greatly influenced by the distribution of labor resources across the country. The labor force factor is important literally for all industries, but its influence decreases as the labor intensity of production decreases: the greater the labor intensity of production and the share of wages in the cost of production, the stronger the dependence of the location of production on the geography of labor resources and vice versa. In this case, one should take into account the structure and qualifications of the labor force in individual regions of the country.

3. Basic methods of industry business case location of production

Modern industries are characterized by a high level of specialization. As a result of the deepening of the social division of labor, many branches, sub-branches and types of production have arisen, which together form the sectoral structure of industry. The branches of specialization also determine the economic profile of the regions. Not a single work that studies the economy of a region is complete without the definition of specialized industries. To do this, one should use theoretically grounded indicators closely related to other indicators of the territorial division of labor. Since market specialization is based on the territorial division of social labor, then the definition of specialized industries should be based on identifying the share of the district's participation in the social division of labor.

For quantifying level of specialization economic regions use such indicators as the coefficient of localization, the coefficient of per capita production and the coefficient of interdistrict marketability.

The coefficient of localization of this production on the territory of the district Kl is calculated by the ratio of the specific weight of this industry in the structure of production of the district to the specific weight of the same industry in the country. Calculations are made for gross marketable output, fixed industrial assets and the number of industrial and production personnel.

The per capita production coefficient KD is calculated by the ratio of the specific weight of the sector of the economy of the region in the corresponding structure of the sector of the country to the specific weight of the population of the region in the population of the country.

The coefficient of interdistrict marketability Kmt is calculated as the ratio of the export of a given product from the region to its regional production.

One of the main criteria for the location of industries in a certain area is the indicator of their economic efficiency. As the efficiency of the location of production, the indicator "obtaining the target volumes of production with the lowest total national economic costs" was adopted. As recommended indicators of the efficiency of the location of enterprises, the following are established: the cost of production (taking into account its delivery to the consumer), specific capital investments (per unit of capacity) and profit.

Along with the indicated indicators, a system of technical and economic indicators for its location is being developed for each industry. It includes:

a) unit costs of the main types of raw materials, fuel, heat and electric energy, water per unit of finished products;

b) the output of industrial waste (per unit of production) and their characteristics;

c) labor costs per unit of production;

d) unit costs of fixed assets.

On the basis of these primary indicators, a number of other indicators are developed that play an important role in justifying the location of production: the provision of workers with basic production assets, power supply and so on.

The use of efficiency indicators for rational allocation contributes to the establishment of optimal proportions between industries and industries.

When choosing the most the best option location of an industrial enterprise, it is necessary to take into account the influence of a number of factors:

material consumption;
transport factor;
consumer.

Conclusion

The process of locating an enterprise in an industry always raises the problem of balancing various groups of public interests. These include, for example, in addition to the interests of the owners of enterprises, the interests of the regions, the state, specific groups of the population, society as a whole. The state should play an important role in ensuring a balance of interests in the location of enterprises. It is obliged to create a legal basis for the location of enterprises and monitor its observance.

Rational placement of enterprises in industries predetermines the success of their future activities and the efficiency of the industry as a whole.

Literature

1. Gusev V.V., Dashkova N.I., Kozlovskikh L.A., Kostenyukova G.A., Savina Yu.I. Economics and organization of production: Educational and practical manual.-Moscow, 2014.

2. G ranberg A.G. Fundamentals of regional economics: Textbook for universities. M .: GU HSE, 2000.

3. Oreshin VP, Potapov LV Management of the regional economy. M .: TEIS, 2003.

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Light industry is a branch for the production of consumer goods, which must meet the needs of the country's population. The main task of light industry is to meet the growing needs of all segments of the population.

Light industry is one of the branches of the complex producing consumer goods. This industry is manufacturing and produces products for the population: fabrics, clothing, footwear, knitwear, hosiery and fur products, hats, textile and leather haberdashery.

Factors for the location of light industry enterprises are diverse and for each industry have their own characteristics, however, the following main ones can be distinguished:

Labor resources. This factor provides for a large number of people and highly qualified specialists.
Raw material factor. This factor mainly affects the location of enterprises for the primary processing of raw materials.

Factors determining the location of enterprises in the industry

For example, enterprises for the primary processing of leather are located near large meat processing plants.

The consumer factor. Finished products of the garment industry are less transportable than raw materials. For example, fabrics are more economically transportable than finished goods... In the textile industry, on the contrary, finished products are more transportable than raw materials. For example, washing the wool will make the wool 70% lighter.

The main component of the entire agro-industrial complex of Russia is the food industry, which is characterized by a complex structure. It includes over two dozen industries with numerous specialized industries. The location of the food industry is based on two factors: raw materials and consumer. The focus on raw materials is due to the consumption of materials in the food industry. In most of its industries, the consumption of raw materials far exceeds the weight of the finished product. Agricultural products quickly deteriorate when transported to long distance, its quality deteriorates, so some food enterprises are located in close proximity to production sites.

Depending on the degree of merger of raw materials and consumer factors, the food industry is divided into three groups:

- industries focused on sources of raw materials - canned milk, starch and syrup, sugar, fat and oil, etc.;

- branches of the food industry focused on the places of consumption of finished products - dairy, bakery, etc .;

- branches of the food industry, oriented both to raw materials and to the consumer - flour milling, meat and others. The proximity of the food industry to raw material bases and to places of consumption is achieved by specializing enterprises according to the stages of the technological process, when primary processing raw materials are carried out close to its sources, and the production of finished products - in the places of its consumption. Among the branches of the food industry, influenced by both raw materials and consumer factors, the meat industry can be noted.

Date of publication: 2014-12-30; Read: 380 | Page copyright infringement

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Food industry.

Main purpose Food Industry -production of food products. Its development makes it possible to eliminate the differences in food supply to the population associated with unequal natural conditions districts. Food concentrates, canned food, frozen vegetables and fruits do not deteriorate during transportation and long-term storage.

help with geography! what factor determines the location of a dairy?

Their production contributes to the development of more and more territories with natural conditions unfavorable for agriculture.

The food industry is closely related to agriculture. By the nature of the raw materials used, the industries that make up it are subdivided into two groups.

V first group includes industries that use unprocessed raw materials: cereals, butter, sugar, tea, canning, fish.

In second group includes such industries using processed raw materials as tea packing, confectionery, bakery, macaroni.

The food industry is found almost everywhere where people constantly live. This is facilitated by the widespread use of raw materials and the widespread consumption of food products. Nevertheless, there are certain patterns in the location of the food industry.

The location of food industry enterprises is based on taking into account their specific features:

1) enterprises producing perishable and non-transportable products are placed in the regions of their consumption;

2) enterprises processing nontransportable and not withstanding long-term storage raw materials are placed in the production zones of these raw materials (enterprises of canning, dairy, wine-making, fish and other industries);

3) in the areas of raw material bases, enterprises are also located, which are distinguished by a special raw material intensity of production. These include sugar factories, oil mills.

The industries of the first group tend to the areas of production of agricultural raw materials. The weight of their finished products is less than that of the initial raw materials. This is due to its dehydration (drying tea, fruits) and the generation of significant waste during processing. In addition, the products used deteriorate during long-term transportation and storage (milk, fruits, etc.). Therefore, raw materials should be processed more quickly and transported no further than 50-60 km. An excess of raw materials leads to losses, a shortage - to downtime of expensive equipment. Thus, the geography of the industries under consideration depends not only on the availability of raw materials in certain regions, but also on the size of the raw material base.

Industries of the second group gravitate towards the places of consumption of finished products. The raw materials used by them have already passed the primary processing. It is more profitable to transport it than finished products.

Some food industries are both raw material and consumer oriented.

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Food industry location factors. Taking into account the specifics of placement, 3 groups of industries can be distinguished: industries focused on sources of raw materials (with high standards its consumption): sugar, butter and cheese, milk canning, fat and oil, fruit and vegetable, fish canning, etc.; industries gravitating towards markets for the consumption of finished products (when the weight of the finished product coincides or exceeds the weight of the feedstock or in the production perishable food): bakery, brewing, confectionery, pasta, dairy, etc. These industries are located fairly evenly throughout the country; Industries that are simultaneously focused on the raw material base and on the consumer: meat, flour milling, tobacco, etc.

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In total, there are 16 presentations on the topic "Economics Grade 9"

5klass.net > Economy grade 9 > Light and food industry in Russia > Slide 20

Questions and tasks

1. Prove the special importance of the light and food industries, and hence the agro-industrial complex in the life of each of us.

The food and light industries provide people with food, clothing, and footwear. Both food and light industries are closely related to agriculture, as they process agricultural raw materials. Therefore, both of these industries are part of the agro-industrial complex (AIC). The main purpose of the food industry is food production. Virtually all food consumed by humans is processed industrially. Therefore, the role of the food industry is constantly growing. Its development makes it possible to sustainably provide people with food throughout the year. Light industry products also directly affect people's living standards.

2. What are the factors of the location of enterprises in the light and food industries.

The branches of the first group of the food industry gravitate towards the regions of production of agricultural raw materials. With many types of products, the weight of the feedstock is greatly reduced. This is due to either its dehydration (drying fruit, tea), or the generation of significant waste during processing. Branches of the second group of the food industry gravitate towards consumers of finished products. The raw materials used by them have already passed the primary processing. It is more profitable to transport it than finished products (for example, only 40 tons of pasta can fit into a sixty-ton carriage, and it can be fully loaded with flour used to make them). Enterprises of this group are set up directly in cities and large rural settlements. Some food industries are both raw material and consumer oriented.

Correct placement of light industry enterprises allows solving a number of important tasks: 1) to meet the material needs of people, taking into account the specifics of demand in certain parts of the country; 2) expand the scope of female labor, which is especially important in areas of heavy industry; 3) build industrial enterprises in areas that do not have large energy, water and other resources.

3. Name the leading regions for the production of: 1) food products; 2) light industry products. Explain the leadership of each of these areas.

Although food products are produced in all regions of the country, there are clear leading regions among them: Central Russia (40%), the European North-West (15%) and the European South (over 10%). A significant part of light industry products are produced in Central Russia (55%). The Urals and the European South are significantly inferior to it (about 10% each). The leadership of these regions is explained by the highest density of their population in comparison with other regions of the country.

4. What are the environmental impacts of the light and food industries that people living near their factories feel or might feel?

By the degree of intensity of the negative impact of light and food industries on facilities environment the first place is occupied by water resources. In terms of water consumption per unit of output, the food industry takes one of the first places among the branches of the national economy. High level consumption determines a large amount of education Wastewater at enterprises, while they have a high degree of pollution and pose a threat to the environment.

Most harmful substances entering the atmosphere from food industry enterprises - organic dust, carbon dioxide, gasoline and other hydrocarbons, emissions from fuel combustion. The problem of atmospheric air protection for processing enterprises is also urgent. For example, in textile factories, the main pollutant is cotton dust, which causes respiratory diseases (bronchitis), pneumoconiosis (bisinosis).

Final assignments on the topic

1. What industries form the secondary sector of the economy?

The secondary sector unites enterprises in industries related to the production of finished goods. The secondary sector includes manufacturing enterprises and construction enterprises. This sector takes the products of the main sector and produces finished products or where they are suitable for use by other firms, for export, or for sale to domestic consumers. This sector is often divided into light industry and heavy industry. Many of these industries consume large quantities energy and require factories and machinery to convert raw materials into goods and products. They also produce waste materials and waste high fever that can pose environmental problems or cause pollution.

2. Based on the materials of the textbook and the atlas, make a comprehensive description of the fuel and energy complex of Western Siberia.

The West Siberian fuel and energy complex is located in the Tomsk and Tyumen regions, which includes the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous districts. The complex was formed due to the presence on this territory of various minerals (primarily fuel - oil and gas) and other natural resources (forest and water).

In terms of reserves and production of oil and natural gas, this region is the leader in Russia. The largest oil fields are: Samotlorskoye, Ust-Balykskoye, Surgutskoye, Megionskoye, etc .; as well as gas: Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Medvezhye, etc. Oil and gas of this region are distinguished by high quality indicators... Hydrocarbon resources are unique in scale and high economic efficiency.

However, most of the territory of the complex is located in the Tundra and Taiga zones and is distinguished by severe natural and climatic conditions. This leads to increased costs for the settlement of the population and high costs of capital construction. The infrastructure is poorly developed, especially the transport network.

3. Suggest options for creating enterprises of ferrous metallurgy in the Far East, taking into account the specifics of its nature, the location of the population and transport networks.

Construction of a metallurgical plant on the Amuro-Zeya Plain on the Trans-Siberian Railway ( southeastern part Amur region) is the most rational option, based on the location of the explored deposits of iron ore and auxiliary raw materials, the existing transport network and the greatest preference for attracting the population. With a low population density in the Far East region, the highest population density is observed along the Trans-Siberian Railway.

4. Think about how the geography of the food industry will change with the expansion of the production of new generation food products: frozen bread, second and dessert groups, etc.

I think that the geography of the food industry with such components would expand in regions with a small share of agriculture and animal husbandry, because these factors provide:

1) Long-term storage;

2) Preservation of the value and quality of the product;

3) Least cost etc.

5. Name the problems typical for the secondary sector of the Russian economy.

The need for competent logistics - i.e. transportation with a minimum of costs.

The remoteness of the consumer and the raw material base.

Risk of occurrence environmental issues(for example, when crude oil is transported to a refinery, a spill may occur).

Some scholars, in relation to the Russian economy, also highlight the corruption component. Basically, this concerns quality control of primary products, when for their admission to the secondary sector it is necessary to collect a lot of "papers" confirming their safety, suitability, etc. All these documents are issued by specialized state. bodies where there is a temptation to bribe the relevant official to speed up the process.

6. Describe the impact of industries in the secondary sector of the economy on the environment.

A high level of anthropogenic impact on natural environment characterized by enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and oil refining industries, pulp and paper mills, all types of power plants, transport.

The problems of all industrial enterprises are the formation of a large amount of waste:

1) emissions into atmospheric air;

2) waste water and solid production waste.

Also, industrial enterprises pollute the natural environment with radioactive substances. A special kind pollution is noise and vibration from industrial installations and transport.

It is possible to reduce the level of anthropogenic impact on the natural environment if it is strictly observed environmental legislation, invest financial resources in the development of the industry of processing and disposal of industrial waste, improvement of technologies.

RESEARCH

The impact of an industrial or agricultural enterprise in my community on the environment.

PROJECT WORK

>> Food and light industry

Section 30. Food and light industry

The third link in the agro-industrial complex is the food and light industry.

Food industry. The main purpose of the food industry is food production. Virtually all food consumed by humans is processed industrially. Therefore, the role of food industry is constantly increasing. Its development makes it possible to sustainably provide people with food throughout the year. Food concentrates, canned food, frozen vegetables and fruits do not deteriorate during transportation and long-term storage. Without their production, the development of territories with difficult natural conditions unfavorable for Agriculture, it would be impossible. All this is especially important for Russia, where the production of many types of agricultural products is seasonal.
The food industry is closely related to agriculture. The branches included in its structure are divided into two groups according to the nature of the raw materials used (Fig. 57).

The food industry is found almost everywhere people live. This is facilitated by the variety of raw materials used and the widespread consumption of food. Nevertheless, there are certain patterns in the location of the food industry.

The branches of the first group tend to the areas of production of agricultural raw materials. With many types of products, the weight of the feedstock is greatly reduced. This is due to either its dehydration (drying fruit, tea), or the generation of significant waste during processing. For example, to obtain 1 ton of sugar, it is necessary to process 7 tons of sugar beet. In addition, many agricultural products deteriorate with prolonged transportation(milk, fruits, etc.). Therefore, raw materials must be processed as soon as possible and transported at a distance of no more than 50-60 km. But at the same time, it is still necessary that the amount of raw materials obtained from the surrounding territory corresponds to the capacity of the equipment installed at the processing plants. An excess of raw materials leads to its losses, a shortage - to downtime of expensive equipment. Thus, the geography of the industries under consideration depends not only on the availability of raw materials in certain regions, but also on the size of the raw material base.

The fishing industry occupies a special place among the industries of the first group. It includes the catch of fish, seafood, sea animals and their processing.

90% of the fish catch falls on the marine fishery (10% - on the river and lake). Over the past 25 years, the fish catch has decreased from 5 to 3.5 million tons. Marine fishing is carried out by the fleet special courts(trawlers, seiners), the number of which is constantly decreasing. In addition, fishing areas are increasingly moving away from the coast. Fish stocks per 200 mile economic zone Russia is unable to meet its needs. About 70% of fish and seafood comes from the Far East, 3/4 of them goes abroad. Therefore, Russia is increasing the catch of fish in the zones of foreign states with which it has corresponding agreements. Moreover, most of the fish processing enterprises are located on land (Pacific coast, Murmansk, Kaliningrad).

Industries of the second group food industry gravitate towards consumers of finished products. The raw materials used by them have already passed the primary processing. It is more profitable to transport it than finished products (for example, only 40 tons of pasta can fit into a sixty-ton carriage, and it can be fully loaded with flour used to make them). Enterprises of this group are set up directly in cities and large rural settlements.

? Give examples of such businesses that exist in your locality.

Some food industries are both raw material and consumer oriented. Meat processing plants located in Siberia, the Volga region, and the European South produce canned meat and freeze meat. Meat products are also produced in consumption areas. The location of the dairy and flour-grinding industries is characterized by the same duality.

Although food products are produced in all regions of the country, among them one can distinguish obvious leaders: Central region (B / b) »Ural, Povolzhsky, North Caucasus (1/10 each).

Light industry. Geographic problems development of easy industry are associated with some of its features. Firstly, light industry products directly affect people's living standards, but they are also widely used in other industries: chemical, electrical, aerospace, etc. Secondly, it is a labor-intensive industry in which women are predominantly employed (75% of all working). Third, light industry enterprises are generally small and do not require a lot of energy and water.

According to the peculiarities of location, all branches of light industry can be grouped into three groups (Fig. 58).

One of the main industries is the textile industry. It uses mainly agricultural raw materials. But the increasingly widespread use of synthetic dyes and chemical fibers reduces the cost and accelerates the production of fabrics and weakens the dependence of light industry on agriculture. Most of cotton, silk, woolen, and linen fabrics are made with the addition of chemical fibers.

The fabric manufacturing process consists of several stages. It is rational to locate enterprises of primary processing of raw materials closer to their sources, since processing waste reaches 80% for flax, and for wool - 50% of the initial weight. Wool-washing factories were built in the North Caucasus, and flax-processing factories in the North-West of Russia. The final finishing stages are especially important. The demand for fabrics among the population depends on them. These stages gravitate towards the centers of high artistic culture, which have a cadre of qualified artists (Moscow, St. Petersburg).

The products of the textile industry are used in the garment industry, the enterprises of which are located in almost every major city.

Questions and tasks

1. Name the factors of location of food and light industries.
2. What factors influence the territorial organization of the third link of the agro-industrial complex?
3. Using the atlas map, determine the main areas for the location of enterprises for the primary processing of wool and flax. How does their geography compare with the geography of the respective agricultural sectors?
4. Think about how the geography of the food industry will change with the expansion of food production of a new generation: frozen bread, second and dessert dishes, etc.

Attention! Problem!

1. The consumption of some food products in Russia has dropped sharply (Table 30) for many reasons. Russia has moved from a state of partial food dependence to a practical loss of food independence.

2. Long time the domestic light industry developed in a closed economy, which negatively affected both its equipment and the quality of its products. The products of the Russian light industry, as a rule, are not competitive due to their low quality and high cost. In this regard, as well as due to a decrease in the standard of living and effective demand of the population, the production of the main types of light industry products has sharply decreased.

3. In the light industry of Russia, there are serious problems with the security of raw materials. At the expense of its own resources, 90-95% can satisfy the need for wool and flax fiber, artificial fibers, leather and fur raw materials. However, the quality of a significant part of domestic raw materials is low. Russia imports all the cotton it consumes, 50% synthetic fibers and 25% man-made threads.

Geography of Russia. Population and economy. 9th grade: textbook. for general education. institutions / V.P. Dronov, V. Ya. Rum. - 17th ed., Stereotype. - M .: Bustard, 2010 .-- 285 p .: ill., Maps.

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