Summary: Economic analysis of the enterprise. Financial ratios are used: to compare indicators of financial condition; to identify the dynamics of the development of indicators and trends in the financial condition of the enterprise; to determine normal

Instructions

Remember that when analyzing the activities of an enterprise, the principle of economic efficiency is used, which assumes the achievement of the greatest result when least cost... The most generalized indicator of efficiency is profitability. Its particular indicators include:
- the efficiency of the use of labor resources (profitability of personnel, labor productivity), the main production assets(capital intensity, return on assets), material resources (material intensity, material return);
- the efficiency of the investment activity of the enterprise (payback);
- the effectiveness of the use of assets (indicators of turnover);
- the efficiency of capital use.

After calculating the system of coefficients of the financial and economic activity of the enterprise, compare them with the planned, regulatory and industry indicators. This will lead to a conclusion about the effectiveness of the organization and its place in the market.

To draw a general conclusion about the efficiency of the enterprise, calculate the level of profitability, which is the ratio of the enterprise's profit to the value of fixed assets and working capital. This indicator combines whole line coefficients (return on equity, sales, goods, etc.). Profitability is an integral indicator. It shows the measure, its attractiveness for investors.

When analyzing the activities of an enterprise, keep in mind that for a more detailed study of its state, it is necessary to carry out a factor analysis of the results obtained. After all, each indicator reflecting the use of production resources is influenced by other indicators.

note

The activities of the organization as a whole are influenced by many factors:
- the general economic situation in the country and on the market;
- natural and geographical location of the enterprise;
- industry affiliation;
- factors due to the functioning of the enterprise (price and sales policy, the degree of use of production resources, the identification and use of on-farm reserves, etc.).

Entrepreneurial activity requires constant planning and analysis of the financial performance of the company. This is the basis for effective management of all stages of production and the development of methods for obtaining the greatest profit.

Instructions

To determine the stability of the financial condition of the enterprise, changes in the structure of capital, the sources of its formation and the direction of placement, the efficiency and intensity of the use of capital, the solvency and creditworthiness of the organization, the margin of its financial strength.

When conducting financial analysis determine the absolute and changes in indicators. The latter make it possible for them with generally accepted standards to assess the risk of bankruptcy, with the indicators of other enterprises to identify its strengths and weaknesses, place in the market, as well as with similar periods of previous years, in order to identify trends in the development of the company.

Then a selection of indicators is carried out that a financial enterprise: financial stability (coefficient of financial stability, autonomy, the proportion of accounts receivable,), solvency and liquidity, business activity (the ratio of inventory turnover, equity, etc.), profitability.

After that, a general scheme of the system is drawn up, its main components, functions, relationships are highlighted, subordinate elements that give qualitative and quantitative characteristics are determined. Then they receive specific data on the work of the enterprise in numerical terms, evaluate the results of its activities, and identify reserves for increasing production efficiency.

One of the company's goals is to survive in a competitive environment. From this point of view, under analysis market I mean the collection and analysis of information that helps to develop a strategy for survival. Michael Porter's theory of five forces can be used to account for competitive threats.

Instructions

Analyze the threat of new competitors. It is necessary to assess how easy or difficult it is for them to acquire the necessary equipment, skills, etc., so that they can. If the barriers to entry into an industry are low, competition can intensify. In this case, the management of the company must decide in advance whether there is a chance of winning the price wars.

Understand the threat of substitute products. If the company is making tinplate packaging, customers can switch to cheap plastic packaging. A decrease in the demand for tin is possible, then the competition between manufacturers will increase in proportion to the demand. By analogy, analyze the conditions in which the company is.

Analyze the rivalry between existing firms. The severity of the rivalry depends on the forces analyzed in the 4 previous steps.

Choose the right development strategy. If the 5 forces in the industry indicate strong competition, the company should be prepared for a low-cost manufacturing option and additional problem-solving customers.

Consider options for imposing hard-and-fast rules. A company may lobby for laws that competitors find it difficult to comply with. Then 5 forces acting in the market will change the degree of influence on each other.

Helpful advice

The theory of five forces is described in detail in Stephen Silbiger's book "MBA in 10 days", 2002, in the section "Strategy". Notice the determinants of the five forces. They allow you to think in the right direction in order to find opportunities to gain a competitive advantage.

The main activity of the enterprise is the main source of profit. The nature of the activity is determined by the industry specificity of the enterprise, the basis of which is the production and commercial activity, but supplemented by investment and financial activities. The profit received from the sale of manufactured products, services and works is determined by the difference between revenue and cost, net of taxes and other mandatory payments.

Instructions

Neutral - without benefit to any one group;

Understandable - easily perceived without special training;

Comparable, for example, with information from other organizations;

Rational, the selection of which would be carried out at minimal cost;

Confidential - i.e. does not contain data that could harm the company and its strong positions.

Carry out analytical processing of data with the preparation of analytical tables and balance sheets, where the articles are brought together into enlarged groups with the same economic content. Such a balance is convenient for reading and conducting qualitative economic analysis.

Based on the groups received, calculate the main indicators of the financial condition of the enterprise - liquidity, financial stability, turnover, etc. Please note that with such a transformation of the balance, the balance is maintained - the equality of the asset and liability.

Conduct vertical and horizontal balance sheet analyzes. In a vertical analysis, take the total of assets and revenues as 100% and divide the percentages by items according to the figures presented. In a horizontal analysis, compare the main balance sheet items with previous years, placing them in adjacent columns.

Compare all metrics to industry benchmarks.

Summarize the results of the economic analysis. Based on the information received, give an objective assessment of the activities of the enterprise, make proposals for identifying reserves to improve the efficiency of the enterprise.

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Introduction

The economic analysis always was given big meaning. It allows define efficiency how an individual enterprise, a group of enterprises, So and v the final account, the whole the economy v the whole. But with the transition to the market development path, with the creation of a market economy, with the emergence of a huge number of independent independent enterprises and organizations, economic analysis becomes even more important.

Tasks economic analysis financial fortunes are: an objective assessment of the use of financial resources on enterprise, identifying on-farm reserves strengthening financial provisions, as well as improvement relations between enterprises and external financial, credit, control bodies, etc.

Financial analysis is a method of assessment and forecasting the financial condition of the enterprise based on its accounting statements.

Financial Analysis Target - assessment of the financial condition and identification of opportunities to improve the efficiency of the functioning of an economic entity with the help of a rational financial policy [7].

The financial condition of the enterprise is characterized by a set of indicators, reflecting the process of formation and use of its financial resources. V market economy the financial condition of the enterprise, in fact, reflects the final results of its activities. It is the final results of the enterprise that are of interest to the owners (shareholders) enterprises, his business partners, tax authorities.

The financial condition of enterprises characterizes the location and use of enterprise funds. It is due to the degree of fulfillment of the financial plan and the measure of replenishment of own funds from profit and other sources, if they are provided for in the plan, as well as the rate of turnover of production assets and working capital. Since the fulfillment of the financial plan is mainly dependent on the results production activities, the financial condition determined by the totality of economic factors, is the most generalizing indicator.

The financial condition is manifested in the solvency of enterprises, in the ability to timely meet the payment requirements of suppliers of equipment and materials in accordance with business contracts, repay loans, pay wages to workers and employees, make payments to the budget.

The main indicators of the financial condition are: provision with own circulating assets; conformity of actual stocks of material funds to the standard; security stocks intended for them sources of funds; immobilization of working capital; solvency of an enterprise [ 2 ]

Diploma Work devoted to analysis financial provisions CJSC "A-TRAVEL" based on the results of work for 2004, 2005 and 2006.

This analysis consists of several stages: property analysis, research of indicators of the financial stability of the enterprise, the analysis of the liquidity of the balance sheet of the enterprise is carried out and special indicators of the liquidity of the enterprise as a whole are calculated. After general characteristics financial condition and changes during the reporting period the next important task of the analysis of financial condition is the analysis of the main results of the profitability of the enterprise and the factor analysis of the profit of the enterprise - in the structural aspect and in dynamics.

Financial ratios are used as a tool for financial analysis. These are relative indicators of the financial condition of the enterprise, which express the ratio of some absolute financial indicators to others.

Financial ratios are used: to compare indicators of financial condition; to identify the dynamics of the development of indicators and trends in the financial condition of the enterprise; to determine the normal limits and criteria for various aspects of the financial condition.

The system of financial coefficients in terms of economic meaning can be subdivided into a number characteristic groups: indicators for assessing the profitability of the enterprise; indicators for assessing the effectiveness of management or profitability of products; indicators for assessing business activity or capital return; indicators for assessing the liquidity of balance sheet assets as the basis of solvency.

Based on the calculated individual indicators and ratios, characterizing the financial condition of the company, it is possible to draw more detailed conclusions about the financial position of the enterprise and identify reserves for increasing the efficiency of the economic activity of the enterprise, prepare proposals for improving the work of A-TRAVEL CJSC.

Analysis (from Greek analysis - decomposition ) - method of scientific research of phenomena and processes, based on the study component parts, elements of the system under study [ 11 ] .

At the present stage, one of the main tasks is to improve the management of the national economy as a whole and all its branches, as well as individual enterprises.

The activity of any company is purposeful, that is, it is assumed that a certain result will be obtained, resource dependent, at the disposal of the enterprise, the degree of consideration of risk factors, state of external and internal Wednesday firms, conditions in external environment.

As a result of the influence of many factors of a socio-economic and political nature, problematic situations, when the results obtained differ from the expected ones.

In this regard, a number of questions arise, the solution of which is simply impossible without analysis: the reasons for the current situation, choice among many alternatives, appropriate use of the firm's resources.

Based on the above, we can conclude that analysis in enterprise management is very important and is an important stage in the course of making any management decision.

Analysis as an essence, studied by many sciences. But analysis of the economy, analysis of financial and economic activity and its final results - the area of exclusively economic analysis. Analysis in a broader sense deals with the theory of economic analysis, in the professional - economic analysis of financial and economic activities in the relevant industries.

Economic analysis is closely related to planning.

The instability and uncertainty of the future has led to the fact that that planning from the past to the future, widely practiced in our country earlier, has become ineffective. Hence, it became quite obvious that it was impossible to make a decision without first defining a strategic plan for the future.

Strategic planning is the process of choosing the goals of its development, substantiation of the strategy for their implementation, subject to the social mission of the enterprise.

A financial strategy is a master plan of action to provide an enterprise with cash [15].

The number of stages of strategic planning, the content and their sequence may vary depending on the size of the enterprise, forms of ownership, scale of activity and other factors. But analysis is a necessary and obligatory stage of strategic planning, regardless of the above factors.

Making optimal management decisions has now become an important problem, to solve which the study of the theory of managerial decision-making helps. The theory of making managerial decisions is based on multivariate, uncertainties, influence of additional factors on each separately taken option.

The choice of the best option requires the development of possible courses of action and their justification by conducting an economic analysis of various management options [ 2 ].

Free market economy, organization and management are impossible without the use of marketing principles, without developing a well-founded marketing program.

Marketing programs and control over their implementation are impossible without analyzing the impact of the external and internal Environment on the economy of the enterprise, market analysis, analysis of the competitive environment, analysis of market prices and the formation of your own pricing tactics, analysis final financial results.

Economic analysis, hence, is one of the important components of scientifically based planning, regulation, management.

Under subject economic analysis are understood business processes enterprises, associations, socio - economic efficiency and the final financial results of their activities, folding under impact objective and subjective factors, reflected across economic information system. That is, economic analysis deals with the economic processes of enterprises, associations, other divisions and the final production and financial results of their activities [ 2 ] .

V quality information base economic analysis uses planned and forecast information, enterprise reporting data (accounting, statistical), some given economic options (tax and interest rates, insurance payments, sectoral profitability levels and others).

Analysis allows install and quantitatively to express the relationship between the end results of the enterprise and production resources ( material, financial, human, informational, temporary), which she has in order to carry out the current activities and development of the enterprise.

In the process economic analysis put row tasks, the most important of which are the following:

increasing the scientific and economic feasibility of business plans and standards (in the process of their development). In general, the business plan is a serious analytical document. It consists of a number of sections, each of which includes a certain the system indicators.

Enhancement scientific and economic validity business plans and standards are achieved first queue implementation detailed retrospective analysis economic activities. Building time series for a significant period allows install certain economic patterns v economic development. Further, the main factors are identified, who have provided in the past and can provide in the future essential influence on financial and economic the activities of this enterprise.

Retrospective and ongoing analysis ends promising (forecast), which gives a direct access to the planned - tentative indicators.

In all cases, methods of comparative analysis of the final production and financial results are used, indicators socio - economic efficiency enterprises and organizations. So way, business plans are justified by the necessary economic calculations;

objective and comprehensive study on data accounting and reporting, implementation of established business plan and compliance quantity standards, structure and quality issued products, works and services performed;

control for implementation of the requirements of commercial calculation and assessment of the final financial results;

definition economic efficiency use of labor, material and financial resources;

identification and measurement of internal reserves at all stages of production process. Valid utility economic analysis consists and v identification of unused reserves at all stages of the production process;

justification and examination optimality managerial solutions.

Make the right management decision, its rationality and efficiency can be revealed only on the basis of economic analysis.

Thus, essence of economic analysis - complex study of the enterprise v conformity with delivered goals, presented through the economic information system

1. Theoretical part

1.1 Information and its role in economic analysis

Economic information is information about the processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods.

Information becomes economic information in cases when:

1) the recipient solves a specific problem;

2) information reduces the level of uncertainty in the conditions of the problem.

The content of economic information can be classified according to:

1) reproduction processes: for example, information about production, exchange, about individual processes at the enterprise;

2) factors of reproduction: for example, by types of resources, products and services, types of funds;

3) displayed structural units: for example, economic regions, enterprises and organizations, according to their structural units and individual subsystems.

According to its purpose, in the process of management, economic information is divided into management and informing. The purpose of the control information is to inform the executors of the decisions to be carried out. The purpose of whistleblowing information is the implementation of feedback in the control system. Economic information is also classified according to the function of management - accounting and statistical, planning, normative and others.

By the nature of the sources, information is divided into two types - primary and secondary.

Primary economic information is obtained by researching a specific problem. The collection of information is carried out through measurements. Typically, measurements are taken of a sample - a portion of objects from a general population, i.e. set of studied objects.

Secondary economic information is data previously collected for purposes other than the purposes of this analysis being performed.

Secondary information in organizations is contained in internal sources of information. These are accounting and control data, accounting, financial, statistical and other reports, plans, databases and data banks in information systems of electronic offices and computer centers. The information contains minutes of meetings, reviews of customer complaints, business correspondence.

Secondary information in the economic environment is extensive and scattered in many sources. Secondary information contains: statistical yearbooks; census data; annual financial statements of enterprises; results of competitions; industry newsletters of exchanges, banks; statistical reports; tables of stock prices; court decisions.

The main advantages of secondary information are the speed of obtaining, low cost, and ease of use. The collection of secondary information precedes the collection of primary information. Disadvantages of secondary information are the possible inconsistency of units of measurement, the use of different definitions and classification systems, varying degrees novelty, difficulty in assessing reliability.

Economic information is system of indicators characterizing the object of economic analysis.

The system of indicators characterizing a certain object or phenomenon is understood as a set of interrelated values that comprehensively reflect the state and development of a given object or phenomenon.

Any system of indicators characterizing an economic object consists of the following groups: natural (technical), economic, technical and economic, statistical indicators.

Natural (technical) indicators reflect, in absolute or relative terms, individual constructive, technological or operational characteristics of resources and the result of an enterprise's activities (indicators of technical use and movement of fixed assets, indicators of material consumption of products, etc.). The advantages of natural indicators are the invariability and constancy of the scale of units for measuring the value. The disadvantage of indicators is that they do not give an answer to the question of the comparative effectiveness of decisions, if indicators that characterize various resources and results of the enterprise's activity are involved in the assessment.

Economic indicators are universal, since they reduce to a monetary value heterogeneous indicators characterizing the state and development of the analyzed subject. A prerequisite the use of economic indicators is to ensure their comparability, which is achieved by observing the following requirements:

1) the unity of volumetric, structural, quality and cost factors;

2) taking into account the time factor;

3) comparability of the initial state (technical, natural,
4) climatic and other conditions);

5) the unity of the methodology for calculating indicators and their composition.

Technical and economic indicators characterize the object or phenomenon under study, both from the economic and from the technical side (for example, the removal of products from the production area, operating costs per 100 km of track, etc.).

With the help of statistical indicators, a quantitative and qualitative characteristic of economic processes is carried out. Statistical indicators are divided into groups according to the following criteria:

1) by the essence of the studied indicators: into volumetric (quantitative), qualitative, reflecting the typical properties of the studied populations;

2) according to the degree of aggregation of phenomena: into individual and generalized;

3) depending on the nature of the studied phenomena: into stochastic and deterministic;

4) depending on the consideration of the time factor: for interval and moment.

Static indicators are expressed in the form of absolute, relative, average values, etc. To analyze the collected information and characterize the features of the processes under study, analytical indicators are used: indicators of variation and dynamics, tightness of communication, etc.

When constructing a system of indicators for the purposes of a specific analysis, it is necessary to be guided by a number of principles:

The principle of the tree structure is associated with the requirement of interconnection and interchangeability of indicators. The system assumes the presence of private and generalized indicators of varying degrees of integration, which should be linked by both logical and formal relationships. In this case, the set of particular indicators by means of mathematical operations should be reduced to one or several generalizing indicators (for example, the formation of the cost price from the estimated cost items). The possibility of integrating particular indicators allows one to give a comprehensive, generalized description of the phenomenon under study. As examples, we can also name the indicator of the organizational and technical level of production, the indicator of production efficiency, etc. It should be borne in mind that integral indicators should not be considered in isolation, but only in a system with quotients.

The principle of observability presupposes the presence of such a set of indicators that would cover all the essential aspects of the object or phenomenon under study. In this case, the indicators should mutually complement, and not duplicate each other, be significant and slightly correlated with each other, i.e. meet the principle of permissible multicollinearity.

The main purpose of indicators is to assess and compare various processes, which implies the use of relative and specific indicators along with absolute values. The prevalence of relative indicators is due to their certain advantages over absolute - they make it possible to compare processes that are incomparable in absolute values, are more stable in space and time, i.e. characterize more homogeneous series of variations, etc. The transition from absolute to relative and specific values "improves" the statistical properties of indicators (in the sense of their belonging to a distribution law close to normal), which is important for correct data processing using statistical methods.

The principle of informality means that the system of indicators should provide the ability to assess the current state of the enterprise and the prospects for its development, as well as be suitable for making management decisions. The calculation of indicators should be made according to an unambiguous algorithm.

1.2 Comparison method in economic analysis

Assessment in economic analysis is aimed at identifying the size and dynamics of the analyzed indicators. The assessment technology includes the following stages:

1) determination of the purpose of the assessment,

2) selection of criteria and comparison base,

3) determination of the analyzed and basic values of the indicators of the enterprise's activity,

4) checking the accuracy of information,

5) ensuring its comparability,

6) the choice of assessment techniques,

7) calculation of assessment indicators,

8) registration of the assessment results,

9) formulation of conclusions.

The main way of evaluating in economic analysis is the way of comparison. Comparison of data and determination of the dynamics and structure of indicators is carried out when preparing information for analysis. Comparison of indicators characterizing the state of the object at the time of analysis precedes the grouping of data, their graphic interpretation and is carried out at the initial stage of the analysis. At the same time, comparison of indicators is an integral element of almost any method of economic analysis. In economic analysis, all possible types of comparisons are used, the most common of which are the following:

1) comparison of an indicator or system of indicators with basic values;

2) comparison of the dynamics of factorial and resulting indicators;

3) comparison of parallel rows;

4) comparison of time series;

5) comparison of individual parts (elements) of the aggregate with indicators characterizing the aggregate as a whole.

Let's consider these types of comparisons.

1.2.1 Comparison with baseline values

Comparison with baseline values allows you to solve a wide range of analytical problems, using as a comparison base: planned, normative and limit values of the studied indicators, actual values of indicators for past periods, average statistical values of the studied indicators, performance indicators of competitors, the optimal value of the indicator.

Comparison with planned data is carried out in the process of operational and retrospective analysis. In the first case, comparison is used to control the progress of the plan, in the second - to assess the work of the enterprise over the past period. As a result of comparing the actual volume of production with the planned target on-line for each day or decade, an assessment of the rhythm of the plan is given based on the calculated indicators - the rhythm coefficient, the arrhythmia coefficient, the coefficient of variation.

In the practice of retrospective analysis, two types of relative indicators of plan performance are determined. In the first case, the actual and planned values of the indicators are compared, as a result of which the following are calculated: the absolute deviation from the plan, the relative value of the plan fulfillment and the relative deviation from the plan. In the second case, the planned target is set as the absolute value of the increase or decrease in the indicator, and on the basis of actual data, the degree of fulfillment is checked by the magnitude of the increase or decrease in the value of this indicator.

For example, according to the plan, it was supposed to reduce the cost per unit of production by 35 rubles, and the actual decrease was 28 rubles. The fulfillment of the planned target for cost reduction is calculated as the ratio 28/35 = 0.80, i.e. the plan was fulfilled by 80%. In this case, the rate of fulfillment of the plan at the level of cost price will be higher than 100%, i.e. if the actual level of the unit cost was 479 rubles. with the planned level of 472 rubles, then the percentage of the plan will be 101.5%.

Comparison of actual data with planned data can also be used to check the validity of planned targets. Suppose the average growth rate, characterizing the dynamics of the actual indicators of product sales for a number of previous years, is more than 100%, but the implementation plan for the coming period is determined with a decrease in comparison with the previous period, then it becomes obvious that the plan is unreasonable.

Comparison with guideline and limit values is used in assessing reserves and building a diagram of the enterprise life cycle.

Comparison with the indicators of the previous period allows us to identify trends, patterns of development of the economic phenomenon. The results of such a comparison are absolute and relative indicators of dynamics, for example, absolute deviation, growth rate, growth rate, as well as the average absolute deviation, average growth rate.

Comparison of the main indicators of the enterprise with the average values allows you to determine competitive positions of this enterprise, motivates the search for reserves for the growth of output and sales of products, more efficient use of resources and cost reduction.

Comparison with the performance of competitors plays a similar role. This type of comparison is important when positioning an enterprise in the market, developing a competitive strategy, rating, assessing the likelihood of bankruptcy. The methodology of a comprehensive comparative assessment involves a comparison of the system of parameters (indicators) of the financial and production activities of an enterprise, therefore this type of comparison is classified as a multidimensional comparative analysis.

Parameter matching is important to the enterprise economic condition with indicators of industry and world leaders. The use of this type of comparison is constrained by the lack of sufficient and adequate information.

The optimal values as a comparison base are used to identify reserves for reducing the cost of production, search for reserves for increasing the volume of output and profits. For example, comparing the actual delivery quantity with optimal size one batch allows you to make adjustments to the delivery plan and thereby reduce the cost of transportation and storage of goods.

1.2.2 Comparison of the dynamics of indicators

Comparison of the dynamics of indicators and the implementation of the plan for factorial and performance indicators allows one to give an expert and quantitative assessment of the influence of each factor on the aggregate indicator based on knowledge of the model of the relationship between indicators.

Let's say the growth rate of the output volume was 105.8%, while the number of personnel increased by 2.65% (growth rate 102.6%), labor productivity increased by 3.1% (growth rate 103.1%). An expert assessment of the growth rates allows us to conclude that the increase in production is ensured by the attraction of additional personnel and an increase in the production of workers, and the growth in production due to the influence of the quality factor is higher. An estimate of the proportion of the influence of a quantitative factor can be obtained by dividing the indicator of the growth rate of this factor per the indicator of the growth rate of the resulting indicator. Share gain volume release v the result of the change numbers staff (quantitative factor) is 2.6 / 5.8 * 100% = 44.83%. An estimate of the share of the influence of the qualitative factor can be obtained by subtracting the share of the quantitative factor from the sum of the shares of the influence of the two factors, i.e. 100%. The share of the increase in the volume of output due to the growth of labor productivity will be: 100 - 44.83 = 55.17%.

If the absolute deviation of the resulting indicator is multiplied by the share of the influence of each factor, we obtain the absolute size of the influence of factor signs on the result.

Let's say the absolute increase in output is 200 thousand rubles. Then the influence of the number on the change in the volume of output will be expressed in the amount 89.66 thousand rubles (200 * 0.4483), and the impact of labor productivity - in the amount of 110.34 thousand. rub. (200 * 0.5517). The cumulative influence of factors is: 89.66 + 110.34 = 200 thousand rubles.

1.2.3 Comparison of parallel rows

Comparison of parallel series is used to identify the relationship between indicators and to identify the form of relationship (direct or inverse, linear or non-linear). To explore parallel rows numerical values, identified in the process of statistical observation for one of the indicators, are presented in the form of a ranged distribution series. Ranking a series according to one of the signs makes it possible to assess the presence of a connection. Comparison of the signs of deviations from the mean of each and the signs of a parallel series gives additional information about the presence of a connection. On the principle of comparing the signs of deviations of signs, the Fechner coefficient (Kf) is built, which is determined by the formula:

Kf = (C - H) / (C + H) = (C - H) / n ,

where С - the number of cases of coincidence of signs of deviation of signs from the average magnitudes;

H is the number of cases of mismatch of signs of deviations of signs from average size.

The absolute value of the Fechner coefficient does not exceed 1.

A negative value of the indicator indicates the presence of feedback.

Fechner coefficient calculation is the most in a simple way identifying the relationship between indicators. Any other method, for example, calculating the correlation coefficient, Kendall coefficient, Spearman's rank coefficient, requires additional calculations.

1.2.4 Time series comparison

Comparison of time series, as well as comparison of parallel series, makes it possible to reveal the presence of a relationship between the studied quantities and the direction of the relationship, i.e. to answer the question, what relationship exists between the indicators - direct or inverse.

Time series, depending on the way of expressing the levels of the series, can be represented by absolute, relative and average values. Absolute values in terms of value are measured at current or comparable prices. Comparison of the series of dynamics, the levels of which are measured in current prices, and a number of indicators in physical terms, allows you to describe the dynamics and discover the influence of the price factor on the change in the value indicator. Let us consider as the objects of research the dynamic series of the volume of marketable products, output and sales volume in physical terms for an automobile company over 6 years.

table 2 Dynamics of the main indicators of the automotive enterprise for 6 years

Despite the growth in production over 1-6 years, the volume of sales of products is declining, which is explained by a decrease in demand for cars, strengthening of competitors' positions, low product quality, etc. The outstripping growth in production output in comparison with the growth in sales leads to the accumulation of finished goods stocks. This forces the enterprise to drastically reduce production in the 4th year. As a result of the involvement of finished product balances into the turnover, the rate of decline in sales volumes is lower than the rate of decline in product output.

1.2.5 Comparison of population elements

Comparison individual elements the aggregate with indicators characterizing the aggregate as a whole provides a solution to a number of analytical problems, namely: determining the influence of changes in each element of the aggregate on the change in the aggregate as a whole; assessment of structural changes in the aggregate.

To solve the first problem, horizontal comparative analysis is used, to solve the second problem, vertical comparative analysis.

Horizontal analysis is aimed at determining the absolute and relative deviations of the actual level of the investigated object from the baseline value. The ratio of the absolute and relative deviation of an element of the population and the corresponding deviation of the indicator characterizing the population makes it possible to determine the influence of each element on the change in the population as a whole. The ratio of the indices of the dynamics of a separate part of the population and the population as a whole characterizes the ongoing structural changes. If the index of the dynamics of a separate part of the population exceeds the index of the dynamics of the total, then the share of this part increases, and vice versa.

Vertical analysis is aimed at studying the structure of the population and is the study of changes in the shares or specific weights of each unit of the population. It is carried out by determining the absolute deviation of the indicator characterizing the aggregate, deviations occurring under the influence of development trends, and deviations under the influence of structural changes.

1.2.6 Multivariate comparisons

Multivariate (multicriteria) comparisons are necessary for a comprehensive assessment of business results.

A comprehensive assessment involves the study of a set of indicators that give a multilateral characteristic of the studied phenomenon or object (complex of phenomena or objects). Comprehensive assessment is used to analyze the majority of economic processes, to study generalized data on the results of the enterprise.

When performing multivariate comparisons during a comprehensive assessment such techniques as construction of multi-axis charts of indicators, matrix analysis, analysis of hierarchies, etc. are used.

2. Practical part

2.1 General information of CJSC "A - TRAVEL" and the main economic indicators of its activities

CJSC "A - TRAVEL" is located in Moscow.

It is one of the largest non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises in the world. The products of A - TRAVEL CJSC are in demand not only in Russia, but also abroad.

However, in modern conditions, when Russia is in a difficult economic situation, the situation in ZAO A-TRAVEL, as in many other enterprises in Russia, is deplorable.

The transition to a market system required a complete change in the system of relationships, especially at such large enterprises as A-TRAVEL CJSC.

The collapse of the command and control system in Russia led to a breakdown of the enterprise management system. Many external connections were lost. All this had an extremely negative effect on the economic performance of A - TRAVEL CJSC. Unfortunately, the issue of management has not been finally resolved until now.

The change of ownership was the reason for the introduction of some innovations.

The management structure of the enterprise has been completely changed (the management structure of the plant as of 2006 is given in the Appendices).

During 2004-2006. was cut 504 employees. Further reductions are also planned. However, along with this, the administrative staff has significantly increased. Separately, the problem of theft in an enterprise should be highlighted, which for last years took on rampant proportions. This speaks not so much about the moral decay of society as about ineffective management system that needs partial reorganization.

In recent years, following the change of ownership, there have been some useful changes. For example, at the moment JSC "A - TRAVEL" is preparing for the transition to the international quality system ISO-9000, which involves revising not only the product quality system, but also the production and management system.

ISO-9000 is a quality system recognized all over the world, the transition to which makes it possible to look to the future with greater confidence, especially for such an enterprise as A-TRAVEL CJSC, since 80% of the organization's products are exported. Perhaps this will give a new impetus to its development.

But in order to realistically assess the perspective of A-TRAVEL CJSC, it is necessary to analyze its current situation.

2.2 Basic economic information

The volume of revenue decreased in 2005 and increased sharply in 2006.

The decrease in revenue in the 2nd period led to the fact that the profit was minimal.

Despite the fact that in the 3rd period there was a reduction in the number of employees, the revenue increased sharply. Production products on per employee for 1 year increased by 2 times, which indicates some positive results of restructuring.

In addition, the cost of wages each period increased by an average of 20%, which exceeded the rise in inflation in 2004-2005.

As you can see from the diagram, the profit from sales is an order of magnitude different from the volume of revenue. This is due to the very high cost of production. Moreover, the bulk of the cost is material costs.

This is evidenced by the indicators of material consumption and material efficiency.

Tab. 1 Indicators of material consumption t material recovery

The non-ferrous metallurgy industry is itself material-intensive, but all enterprises in this industry in the world at the present stage, special efforts are made to reduce the cost, because in the world market in recent years, there has been a tendency towards a decrease in prices for non-ferrous metals, in particular nickel.

High cost is the reason for low profit. This emphasizes the cost per 1 ruble products sold. CJSC "A - TRAVEL" costs 97 kopecks per 1 ruble of production on average for the analyzed period.

The table below shows the cost and profit data of A-TRAVEL CJSC.

Tab. 2 Cost and profit data

Particular attention should be paid to the fact that in 2005 JSC "A - TRAVEL" had a negative balance sheet profit, as a result of which the company did not pay income tax. This is primarily due to the fact that this year A-TRAVEL CJSC had very low revenue.

Perhaps this is the result of interruptions in the supply of raw materials from Norilsk, as a result of which A-TRAVEL CJSC did not work at full capacity, i.e. fixed costs remained the same (at a high level), and variables decreased in proportion to output, which affected the increase in unit cost. Also during this period, the maximum amount of depreciation is observed.

The financial position of an enterprise is directly dependent on how quickly the funds invested in assets turn into real money.

The indicators of the turnover of current assets are presented below:

Tab. 3 Indicators of turnover of current assets

A slight decrease in the turnover ratio is noticeable, i.e. increase in the duration of one revolution. Thus, the money invested in assets turns into real money very slowly, which further complicates the difficult financial situation of the enterprise.

However, there are several objective factors affecting the long duration of the turnover:

1) the specifics of production (labor-intensive and material-intensive);

2) the products of the plant are purchased only in large batches and remain in the warehouse for a long time;

3) a limited number of direct buyers of products.

Despite this, it is necessary to increase the turnover of current assets in order to improve the financial condition of the enterprise.

An interesting situation is observed in the movement of own funds. In 2005, the amount of own funds decreased more than 40%. At the same time, 50% was spent additional capital. Perhaps this is due to the overestimation of funds. At the same time, the sum of basic industrial production assets in each period decreased by an average of 0.2%.

In addition, it should be noted that by the end of 2006, A-TRAVEL CJSC had no overdue debts. The point is that this year the organization received the maximum net profit for the entire analyzed period.

There is and is used a system of performance indicators, including profitability ratios.

These coefficients show what profit the company receives from each ruble invested in a particular assessed indicator.

Thus, any profitability is directly proportional to the net profit. In 2005-2006, the net profit of A-TRAVEL CJSC was low, which directly influenced the profitability indicators presented below. In 2006, the net profit increased by 4 times compared to 2005, which was the reason, as can be seen from the table, high growth rates of profitability indicators.

Tab. 4 Indicators of profitability of CJSC "A-TRAVEL"

The profitability of fixed assets increased especially noticeably (9 times), since along with an increase in net profit, a decrease in fixed assets is observed, although the absolute indicator remains rather low.

Further, as can be seen from the table below, the current liabilities of A - TRAVEL CJSC are not comparatively more than cash. Moreover, the funds from CJSC "A - TRAVEL" in 2006 it decreased by 19%, while current liabilities increased by 36%. This confirms the deteriorating liquidity of the enterprise.

Tab. 5 Liquidity of A-TRAVEL CJSC

Thus, at the end of the analyzed period a large-scale change in many basic economic indicators is observed at A-TRAVEL CJSC, which is probably a consequence of the restructuring of economic relations.

In order to more deeply assess the general economic situation of A-TRAVEL CJSC, it is necessary to conduct a more detailed analysis of the balance sheet structure.

2.3 Analysis of the balance sheet structure

The analysis of the balance sheet structure is carried out to assess the presence of signs of bankruptcy of the enterprise. For this, it is necessary to adhere to a certain system of criteria for establishing an unsatisfactory balance sheet structure.

Below are the coefficients on the basis of which it is possible to draw general conclusions about the state of the structure of the balance sheet of A - TRAVEL CJSC.

Tab. 6 Coefficients of CJSC "A-TRAVEL"

The ability of an enterprise to pay its short-term obligations is called liquidity. In other words, an enterprise is considered liquid if it is able to fulfill its short-term obligations by realizing its current assets.

So, CJSC "A - TRAVEL" is not liquid during the entire analyzed period, since the current liquidity ratio does not even exceed 1 for all 3 periods. This suggests that short-term liabilities - sources of current funds of the enterprise are not able to provide turnover - the current assets of CJSC "A - TRAVEL".

There is also a strong deviation from the norm of the ratio of the provision of reserves with own sources of financing.

The solvency recovery ratio is also much lower than the norm for all analyzed periods, which means that A - TRAVEL CJSC is not able to become solvent in the near future.

Thus, the structure of the balance sheet of A-TRAVEL CJSC follows considered unsatisfactory. Moreover, its solvency cannot be restored, at least within the next year, since the coefficient of restoring solvency is even less than 0.5.

In real prevailing economic conditions it is impossible to restore the solvency of A-TRAVEL CJSC.

But for the most objective assessment it is necessary to analyze the financial condition of A - TRAVEL CJSC according to the balance sheet data.

Analysis of the financial condition of CJSC "A - TRAVEL" according to the aggregated balance sheet.

When analyzing the dynamics of the aggregate balance, it is advisable to use graphical methods.

It follows from these graphs that the value of permanent assets is directly proportional to the value of the enterprise's funds.

The fact is that more than half of all fixed assets are fixed assets of the enterprise used in the production process. And in the liability, they are reflected as own funds, which were reduced (possibly overrated) in 2006. This resulted in a sharp decrease in the authorized capital of A - TRAVEL CJSC.

In current assets, in 2006 there is a sharp increase in accounts receivable, namely the item "Buyers and customers" in the first form.

Thus, high accounts receivable contributed to the increase in total assets (in 2006, the largest balance sheet currency), current assets, which also influenced the growth of net working capital.

In liabilities, there is a gradual decrease in the share of own funds in the balance sheet total. Moreover, before the revaluation in 2006 authorized capital accounted for about 100% of its own funds, and after revaluation - already more than 150%.

This suggests that the losses of A-TRAVEL CJSC began to exceed the amounts allocated to the accumulation fund, social fund, etc. A sharp increase in the company's losses by the end of 2006 confirms its insolvency and solvency. It is likely that this is why A-TRAVEL CJSC for the first time in 2006 for the entire analyzed period long-term accounts receivable appeared in the amount of 448 million rubles.

In addition, in 2005-2006, the debt increased sharply:

before the budget (9 times),

on wages (4 times).

debt to suppliers (2 times).

It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that by 2006 the amount of short-term loans has significantly decreased (by 6 times). And in 2006, as already mentioned, a large long-term loan was taken.

1. The most important blocks comprehensive economic analysis

The purpose of assessing economic activity is to analyze the production and financial activities of enterprises, both in general and its individual parts, to identify reserves in the activities of the enterprise and proposals for their rational use.

Economic analysis includes the following blocks:

Analysis of production volumes and product sales;

The analysis of the production and economic activities of enterprises begins with a study of the indicators of output. The purpose of the analysis is to identify the causes and factors that positively and negatively affect the volume of production, to find reserves for the growth of production, to determine the most effective ways to increase the volume of production and improve its quality.

The objectives of the analysis of the use of fixed assets are: study of the composition and movement of fixed assets; identification of the influence of the use of means of labor on the volume of production; determination of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets; identification of reserves for increasing the efficiency of the use of fixed assets.

The tasks of analyzing the security and use of material resources are: assessment of the reality of plans for material and technical supply, the degree of their implementation and the impact on the volume of production, its cost and other indicators; assessment of the level of efficiency in the use of material resources; identification of intra-production reserves for saving material resources and the development of specific measures for their use.

The analysis of the cost of production by item and cost element is carried out by comparing the amounts by item of cost for a number of years and determining the amounts of deviations in absolute and relative terms. Based on such data, it is possible to draw a conclusion about the existing trends in the enterprise.

The subject of financial analysis is financial resources and their flows. The content and the main goal of the financial analysis of an enterprise is to assess the financial condition and identify opportunities to improve the efficiency of the functioning of an economic entity with the help of a rational financial policy.

The detailing of the procedural side of the methodology for analyzing the financial condition depends on the goals set, as well as various factors of information, temporary, methodological, personnel and technical support. The logic of analytical work assumes its organization in the form of a two-module structure:

Express analysis of the financial condition;

Detailed analysis of the financial condition.

The purpose of the express analysis is a clear and simple assessment of the financial well-being and dynamics of development of an economic entity. In the process of analysis, various indicators are calculated for assessing the financial activities of the enterprise. It is advisable to perform express analysis in three stages: preparatory stage, preliminary review of financial statements, economic reading and analysis of statements.

The meaning of the express analysis is the selection of a small number of the most significant and relatively simple in terms of indicators and constant monitoring of their dynamics.

The purpose of a detailed analysis of the financial condition is a more detailed description of the property and financial situation of an economic entity, the results of its activities in the past reporting period, as well as the prospects for the development of the entity. It concretizes, supplements and expands individual express analysis procedures. Moreover, the degree of detail depends on the analyst's desire.

Comprehensive analysis of the state of the enterprise is a system of targeted economic and financial analysis aimed at identifying the parameters of enterprise development, carried out on the basis of financial accounting data according to standard analysis algorithms. In conditions when the majority of Russian enterprises are in an unstable financial condition, the analysis allows us to accurately determine the bottlenecks and opportunities for improving the financial condition of the enterprise.

In fig. 1 presents an algorithm for conducting a comprehensive economic analysis of the state of the enterprise. Block 1 of this scheme is a traditional financial analysis.

Financial analysis is a way of accumulating, transforming and using information of a financial nature, with the aim of: assessing the current and future financial condition of the enterprise; to assess the possible and expedient rates of development of the enterprise from the standpoint of their financial support.

In the traditional sense, financial analysis is a method of assessing and forecasting the financial condition of an enterprise based on its financial statements. This kind of analysis can be performed both by the management personnel of a given enterprise and by any external analyst, since it is mainly based on publicly available information.

The financial condition of an enterprise is a set of indicators that reflect its ability to repay its debt obligations. Financial activity covers the processes of formation, movement and ensuring the safety of the property of the enterprise, control over its use.

Rice. 1. Algorithm for a comprehensive analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise

In the second block of complex analysis, after analyzing the production, economic and financial activities of the enterprise according to Fig. 5, rating and comprehensive assessments of the financial condition of the enterprise are carried out.

In the third block, a conclusion is prepared on the financial condition of the enterprise based on sustainability criteria, recommendations are developed for improving (stabilizing) its activities.

When performing a comprehensive assessment of financial and economic activities:

1) the objects, the purpose and objectives of the analysis are specified, a plan for the analytical work is drawn up.

2) a system of synthetic and analytical indicators is being developed, with the help of which the object of analysis is characterized.

3) the necessary information is collected and prepared for analysis (its accuracy is checked, presented in a comparable form, etc.).

4) a comparison of the actual results of management with the indicators of the plan of the reporting year, actual data of previous years, with the achievements of leading enterprises, the industry as a whole, etc. is carried out.

5) factor analysis is performed: factors are identified, and their influence on the result is determined.

6) unused and promising reserves for increasing production efficiency are revealed.

7) an assessment of the results of management takes place, taking into account the action of various factors and the revealed unused reserves, measures are developed for their use.

This sequence of analytical research is the most appropriate from the point of view of theory and practice of analysis of financial and economic activities.

2. Concepts and classification of factors and reserves for increasing production efficiency

Factors are elements, causes, affecting a given indicator or a set of indicators. In this understanding, economic factors, like economic categories reflected by indicators, are objective. From the point of view of the influence of factors on a given phenomenon or indicator, factors of the first, second and so on orders should be distinguished. The difference between the concepts of indicator and factor is conditional, since almost every indicator can be considered as a factor of another indicator of a higher order and vice versa.

Subjective ways of influencing the indicators should be distinguished from objectively determined factors, that is, possible organizational and technological solutions with the help of which it is possible to influence the factors that determine this indicator.

Factors in economic analysis can be classified according to various criteria. So, factors can be general, that is, affecting a number of indicators, or private, specific to a given indicator. The generalizing nature of many factors is explained by the relationship and interdependence that exist between the individual indicators.

Based on the tasks of analyzing the effectiveness of activities, it is important to classify factors, dividing them into internal (which, in turn, are subdivided into basic and non-basic) and external.

Internal main factors are called the factors that determine the results of the enterprise. Internal non-main factors, although they determine the work of the production team, are not directly related to the essence of the indicator under consideration; these are structural changes in the composition of products, violations of economic and technological discipline. External factors are those that do not depend on the activities of the production team, since they enter the planning orbit social development enterprises. The same applies to natural and external economic conditions.

The classification of factors, based on the tasks of analyzing the activities of the enterprise as an economic object, and the improvement of the methodology for their analysis, allow us to solve an important problem - to clear the main indicators from the influence of external and secondary factors so that the indicators adopted to assess the efficiency of the enterprise and determine the level of material incentives, better reflect their own achievements of the labor collective of the enterprise.

The value of the complex classification of factors lies in the fact that it is not on its basis that it is possible to model economic activity, to carry out a comprehensive search for on-farm reserves in order to increase production efficiency. Mathematical modeling of the factorial system of economic activity is based on certain economic criteria for identifying factors as elements of the factorial system of causality, sufficient specificity, independence of existence, the possibility of accounting and quantitative measurement.

The classification of factors that determine economic categories and indicators is the basis for the classification of reserves.

In a market economy, a variety of factors affect the efficiency of an enterprise. They can be classified according to a variety of criteria.

Depending on the direction of the action, all factors can be combined into two groups: positive and negative. Positive - these are factors that have a beneficial effect on the activities of the enterprise, and negative - on the contrary.

Depending on the place of origin, all factors can be classified into internal and external. Internal factors depend on the activities of the enterprise itself. For example, the company has developed and implemented a good system of material incentives, which significantly increased the motivation of employees, which contributed to an increase in production efficiency. Another example. At the enterprise with harmful working conditions, no measures were taken to improve them, as a result, the fatigue and sickness rate of workers sharply increased, which ultimately led to a significant rejection of products and a decrease in the volume of its sales. In the first case, the internal factor played a positive role, in the second - a negative one.

Internal factors are so diverse that for a better understanding, accounting, analysis and identification of production reserves, it is also advisable to combine them into the following groups:

1) related to the personality of the manager and the ability of his team to manage the enterprise in market conditions;

2) associated with the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, with the innovation policy of the enterprise;

3) related to the improvement of the organization of production and labor, enterprise management;

4) associated with the organizational and legal form of management;

5) associated with the creation of a favorable socio-psychological climate in the team;

6) related to the specifics of production and industry;

7) related to the quality and competitiveness of products, with cost management and pricing policy;

8) related to investment policy.

This classification is purely arbitrary, and it does not reflect the entire variety of factors, but allows a more detailed presentation of internal factors and their impact on production efficiency.

In addition, all internal factors can be divided into objective and subjective. Objective factors are such factors, the occurrence of which does not depend on the subject of management, for example, natural disasters. Subjective factors, and they constitute the absolute majority, completely depend on the subject of management, and they should always be in the field of vision and analysis.

The efficiency of an enterprise in a market environment largely depends on external factors, which can be classified into the following groups:

1) associated with changes in the conditions of the domestic and world markets, mainly, this is manifested in changes in supply and demand, as well as in price fluctuations;

2) associated with changes in the political situation both within the country and on a more global scale;

3) associated with inflationary processes;

4) related to the activities of the state.

In modern conditions, it is on the state that the efficiency of the activities of Russian enterprises largely depends, first of all, the creation of a civilized market and the rules of the game in this market, i.e. creation of a legal basis, ensuring proper law and order in the country and its national security; stabilization of the economy; provision of social protection and social guarantees ;, protection of competition; development, adoption and organization of the implementation of economic legislation.

In economics, there are two concepts of reserves. First, reserve stocks (for example, raw materials, materials), the availability of which is necessary for the continuous planned development of the economy. Secondly, reserves, as yet unused opportunities to increase production, improve its quality indicators.

In the economic literature, reserves are often understood as reducing losses in the use of resources. It is more correct to understand reserves as unused opportunities to reduce the current and advanced costs of material, labor and financial resources at a given level of development of production forces and production relations. Eliminating all kinds of waste and waste is one way to use reserves. Another way is associated with great opportunities for accelerating scientific and technological progress as the main lever for increasing the intensification and efficiency of production. Thus, the reserves in full can be measured by the gap between the achieved level of resource use and the possible level based on the accumulated production potential of the enterprise.

Reserves can be classified according to various criteria, but any classification should facilitate the search for reserves. Consider the most important principles for the classification of reserves.

The basic principle of the classification of production reserves is based on the sources of production efficiency, which are reduced to three main groups (simple moments of the labor process): expedient activity, or labor, subject of labor, means of labor. This means that in the production process one should distinguish between material factors, or means of production, and a personal factor, or labor power.

The scientifically grounded organization of the production process requires a proportional availability and use of material (means of labor and objects of labor) and labor resources. The volume of production is limited by those factors or resources, the availability of which is minimal. Here we are talking about both consumed and applied resources. At the majority of enterprises, the means of production were the limiting group of resources that determined the production capabilities of the enterprise. In the process of technical and economic planning, the production capacities of the shops and the enterprise as a whole were calculated, and then the needs for labor and objects of labor were determined. In modern economic conditions, such a role in the development of production was given to labor and especially material resources.

The production potential of an enterprise is understood as the maximum possible output of products in terms of quality and quantity under conditions of effective use of all means of production and labor at the disposal of the enterprise. the maximum possible - this means with the achieved and planned level of technology, technology, with the full use of equipment, with advanced forms of organization of production and labor, management and incentives. In contrast to production capacity, production potential is characterized by the optimal use of all production resources as used in the given conditions of scientific and technological progress. and consumed. The aggregate reserve for increasing production efficiency in enterprises, therefore, is characterized by the difference between the production potential and the achieved level of output.

From the standpoint of the enterprise and depending on the source of education, external and internal production reserves are distinguished. External reserves are understood as general national economic, as well as sectoral and regional reserves. An example of the use of such reserves in the national economy is the concept of investment in those industries that provide the greatest economic effect (for example, chemical production) or ensure the acceleration of the pace of scientific and technological progress (machine tool construction, instrument making, etc.). The use of external reserves undoubtedly affects the level of economic indicators of the enterprise, but the main source of savings at enterprises, as a rule, are internal production reserves.

The use of production and financial resources of the enterprise can be used as extensive. so and intense. Extensive use of resources and extensive development are guided by the involvement of additional resources in production. The intensification of the economy consists primarily in the fact that the results of production grow faster than the costs of it, so that by involving comparatively fewer resources in production, greater results can be achieved. The basis for intensive development is scientific and technological progress. Analysis of the intensification of production - the basis of efficiency, requires a classification of factors and reserves of extensive and intensive development.

In reality, a purely intensive or purely extensive type of development is sufficient long time it cannot be, so it would be more correct to speak not about intensive or extensive types of development, but about predominantly intensive or predominantly extensive. A certain increase in efficiency can also take place with a predominantly extensive type of reproduction. But the opportunity to ensure a fairly high rate of steady growth in the economic efficiency of production is provided only by the transition to a predominantly intensive type of development. The difference between the concepts of "intensification" and "efficiency" is that the first of them is the cause, and the second is the effect.

For the practice of searching for reserves, it is important to classify them according to factors and conditions for intensifying and increasing the efficiency of economic activity. The scientific and technical level of production and products includes reserves for increasing the progressiveness and quality of products and equipment used, the degree of mechanization and automation of production, technical equipment of labor, accelerating the introduction of new technology and measures of scientific and technological development.

The structure and organization of production and labor includes such reserves as increasing the level of concentration, specialization and cooperation, reducing the duration of the production cycle, ensuring the rhythm of production and other principles of scientific organization of production; reduction and complete elimination of manufacturing defects; ensuring the principles of the scientific organization of labor; improving the qualifications of the workforce and its compliance with the technical level of production.

In accordance with the classification of reserves according to the most important factors for increasing the intensification and efficiency of production, enterprises plan ways to find and mobilize reserves, that is, they make plans for organizational and technical measures to identify and use reserves. Reserves are classified according to the end results for which these reserves act. The following reserves are distinguished:

Increasing the volume of products, improving the structure and range of products;

Quality improvements;

Reducing the cost of production by cost items, or by cost items, or by centers of responsibility;

Increase the profitability of products, strengthen the financial position and, finally, increase the level of profitability.

In the consolidated calculation of reserves, it is important to exclude duplication and double counting, for which it is necessary to strictly adhere to certain principles of classification of reserves. For example. reserves for increasing the volume and improving the quality of products. as well as reserves for cost reduction are simultaneously reserves for increasing profits and the level of profitability of the business.

For the rational organization of the search for reserves, it is important to group them by stages of the production process (supply, production and sale of products), as well as by stages of creation and operation of products (pre-production stage - design, technological preparation of production; production stage - development of new products and new technologies in production; the operational stage is the consumption of the product).

Based on the term of use, reserves are divided into current (realized during a given year) and prospective (which can be realized in the longer term, for example, within five years). According to the methods of identification, reserves are divided into explicit (liquidation of obvious losses and cost overruns) and hidden ones, which can be revealed through deep economic analysis, the use of its special methods, for example, comparative inter-farm analysis, functional cost analysis and other methods.

Other principles of classification of reserves are also possible, their need is determined by the specific conditions and tasks of each enterprise.

3. The mechanism of searching for internal production reserves

The word "reserve" comes either from the French "reserve", which in translation into Russian means "reserve", or from the Latin "reservere" - "to save", "to save". In this regard, in the specialized literature and practice of the analysis of economic activity, the term "reserves" is used in a double meaning.

First, reserves are considered reserves of resources (raw materials, materials, equipment, fuel, etc.), which are necessary for the smooth operation of the enterprise. They are created in case of additional need for them.

Second, reserves are considered to be opportunities to improve production efficiency.

It follows that reserves as reserves and as opportunities for increasing production efficiency are completely different concepts and the lack of a clear distinction between them often leads to terminological confusion.

The economic essence of reserves and their objective nature can be correctly disclosed on the basis of the general law of saving time. Saving time from a social point of view is expressed in reducing the costs of living and materialized labor, i.e. in a more rational use of material and labor resources.

The constant saving of working time as an objective process in the development of social production is the nature of the emergence of reserves. This is the main source of reserves in a highly developed society, which carries out expanded reproduction on an intensive basis.

With the development of scientific and technological progress there are more and more new opportunities for increasing labor productivity, economical use of raw materials, materials and other resources, i.e. the sources of reserves are inexhaustible. Just as it is impossible to stop the scientific and technological progress, so it is impossible to use all the reserves.

Thus, the economic essence of the reserves for increasing production efficiency consists in the most complete and rational use of the ever-increasing potential for the sake of obtaining more high-quality products at the lowest cost of living and materialized labor per unit of production.

For a better understanding, more complete identification and use of economic reserves are classified according to various criteria.

On the basis of time, reserves are divided into unused, current and prospective.

Untapped reserves are missed opportunities to improve production efficiency in relation to the plan or achievements of science and advanced experience over the past periods of time.

Current reserves are understood as opportunities for improving the results of economic activities that can be realized over the next period (month, quarter, year).

Prospective reserves are usually calculated for a long time. Their use is associated with significant investments, the introduction of the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress, the restructuring of production, a change in production technology, specialization, etc.

As a rule, current reserves should be complete, i.e. balanced in all three points of labor. For example, the found reserve for increasing production by expanding the production capacity of the enterprise must be provided with reserves for increasing the number of employees or increasing labor productivity. Additional stocks of raw materials, materials, etc. are required. Only under this condition can the reserves be utilized in the current period. If there is no such balance of resources, then the reserve for increasing production by increasing production capacity cannot be fully used. Part of it must be classified as promising.

Of great importance for organizing the search for reserves is their grouping according to the stages of the product life cycle. On this basis, reserves are at the stages of pre-production, production, operation and disposal of the product.

At the pre-production stage, the need for a product is studied, the properties that it possesses, the design of the product, the technology for its production are developed, and preparation for production is carried out. Here, reserves can be identified for increasing production efficiency by improving the design of the product, improving the technology of its production, using cheaper raw materials, etc. It is at this stage that the largest reserves for reducing the cost of production are objectively contained. And the more fully they are revealed at this stage, the higher the effectiveness of this product in general.

At the production stage, the development of new products takes place, new technology and then the product is mass-produced. At this stage, the amount of reserves decreases due to the fact that work has already been carried out to create production facilities, purchase the necessary equipment and tools, and establish the production process. And a radical "change in this process is no longer possible without great losses. Therefore, at this stage of the product life cycle, those unnecessary resource costs that do not affect the production process are identified and used as reserves. These reserves are associated with improving the organization of labor, increasing its intensity, reducing downtime equipment, economy and rational use of raw materials and materials.

The operational stage is divided into the warranty period, when the contractor is obliged to eliminate the problems identified by the consumer, and the post-warranty period. At the stage of facility operation, reserves for its more efficient use and cost reduction (saving electricity, fuel, spare parts, etc.) depend mainly on the quality of work performed at the first two stages.

This means that in order to obtain a greater effect, it is necessary to search for reserves continuously and systematically at all stages of the product's life cycle, and especially at its first, earlier stages, where the most significant reserves are hidden.

According to the stages of the reproduction process, reserves are in the sphere of production and in the sphere of circulation. The main reserves are, as a rule, in the sphere of production, but there are many of them also in the sphere of circulation (prevention of various losses of products on the way from the manufacturer to the consumer, as well as reducing the costs associated with storage, transportation, sale of finished products and the acquisition of inventories ).

Of great importance in the analysis of economic activity is the grouping of reserves according to the three main points of the labor process. Separately, the reserves are considered, which are associated with the most complete and efficient use of fixed assets of production, objects of labor and labor resources. Such a classification of reserves is necessary to balance them across all types of resources. For example, a reserve has been identified for increasing production output due to more efficient use of labor resources. But in order to master them, it is necessary in the same amount to reveal the reserves for increasing the production of goods through better use of the means of labor and objects of labor. If there are not enough reserves for any resource, then the smallest amount of reserves identified for one of them is taken into account.

By their economic nature and the nature of the impact on the results of production, intra-production reserves are divided into extensive and intensive (Fig. 2). Reserves of an extensive nature include those associated with the use of additional resources (material, labor, land, etc.) in production. Intensive reserves are considered reserves associated with the most complete and rational use of the available production potential. With the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, the role of extensive reserves is weakening and the search for reserves for intensifying production intensifies.

Rice. 2. Classification of reserves of extensive and intensive nature

According to the methods of identification, intra-production reserves are divided into explicit and hidden ones. Explicit reserves include those that can be easily identified from accounting and reporting materials. They, in turn, can be unconditional and conditional. The unconditional reserves are those related to the prevention of unconditional losses of raw materials and working time and are reflected in the financial statements. This is a shortage and damage to products and materials in warehouses, manufacturing defects, losses from writing off debts, paid fines, etc. Such losses are the result of mismanagement, waste, non-fulfillment of obligations under contracts, and sometimes theft. To prevent such losses, it is necessary to put things in order in the storage and transportation of material assets, organize effective accounting and control, ensure the fulfillment of obligations to buyers and suppliers, strictly comply with financial and settlement discipline, etc.

Conditional losses include overspending of all types of resources in comparison with current regulations at the enterprise. They are considered conditional because the norms that serve as the basis for comparison are not always optimal. If the rate of expenditure of resources per unit of output is increased, then the overexpenditure of resources will decrease or instead of overexpenditure there may be savings, and, conversely, if the rate is lowered, then the overexpenditure of funds will increase.

If we assume that the norms are optimal, then the conditional losses that are reflected in the reporting indicate that the actual organizational and technical level of the enterprise has not reached the planned one. Such losses are caused by the unsatisfactory condition of the equipment, insufficient qualifications of workers, a low level of organization of production, disruption of technological processes, failure to fulfill the plan of organizational and technical measures, etc. As a result of this, over-planned losses of working time are possible, insufficient use of equipment, excessive consumption of raw materials and materials. To eliminate such cost overruns, it is necessary to carry out those measures to improve equipment, technology and organization of production that were planned.

Latent reserves include those associated with the implementation of scientific and technical progress and best practices and which were not envisaged by the plan. To identify them, it is necessary to make a comparative in-house analysis (with the achievements of advanced sections, teams, workers), inter-farm (with the achievements of the leading enterprises in the industry), and in some cases - international comparisons. And although these reserves are not reflected in the reporting in the form of resource overruns in comparison with the existing capabilities of domestic and foreign practice, the delay in identifying and using these reserves from time to time entails a loss of efficiency that is much greater than the overrun of resources relative to the planned level.

An important feature in the classification of reserves is the time of their occurrence. On this basis, they can be divided into reserves that were not taken into account in the development of plans, and reserves that arose after the approval of the plan. The first type of reserves is the missed opportunities to improve production efficiency that existed at the time the plans were developed, but were not taken into account, which is a sign of insufficient justification and tension of plans. Another type of reserves are opportunities that arise after the development and approval of plans. The presence of such reserves is due to the rapid pace of scientific and technological progress, the emergence of new solutions, new opportunities.

Thus, the classification of reserves allows you to more deeply understand the essence and organize their search in a complex and purposeful manner.

When searching for reserves, one should be guided by the following principles.

1. The search for reserves should be scientific in nature: based on the provisions of the dialectical theory of knowledge, knowledge of economic laws, scientific achievements and advanced practice. At the same time, it is necessary to know well the economic essence and nature of economic reserves, the sources “the main directions of their search, as well as the methodology and technique for their calculation and generalization.

2. The search for reserves should be comprehensive and systematic. An integrated approach requires a comprehensive identification of reserves in all areas of economic activity with their subsequent generalization. Systems approach to search for reserves means the ability to identify and generalize reserves, taking into account the relationship and subordination of the phenomena under study. This allows, on the one hand, to more fully identify reserves, and on the other, to avoid their repeated counting.

3. The principle of preventing the re-counting of reserves follows directly from the previous one. Re-counting of reserves arises when they are generalized, when the interaction of various factors on which the results of economic activity depend is not taken into account. So, when calculating the reserves for reducing the cost of production, they can be re-counted if the reserves are separately determined by increasing the volume of production and by avoiding overspending for each cost item, without taking into account the impact of the first factor on the second. It is known that with an increase in the volume of production, only the amounts of conditionally variable costs increase proportionally, while the value of conditionally constant costs does not change. As a result of an increase in the volume of production, cost overruns on production will decrease in many cost items, and for some, instead of cost overruns, there may be savings. If this is not taken into account, then the amount of reserves for reducing the cost of production will be overestimated.

In some cases, re-counting of reserves is allowed if they are determined from related sources. For example, it is impossible to sum up the reserves for increasing the production of products due to the fuller use of labor resources, means of labor and objects of labor, since all these factors act simultaneously and interconnected. This means that in order to avoid repeated counting of reserves, it is necessary to have a good idea of the relationship, interaction and subordination of all the studied indicators on which the identification of reserves is based.

4. One of the requirements for the search for reserves is to ensure their completeness, i. E. balance in the three main points of the labor process (means of labor, objects of labor and labor resources). The largest reserve identified for one of the resources cannot be realized if there are not enough reserves for other resources. Therefore, it becomes necessary to check the completeness of reserves. The reserve will be complete when it is provided with all the necessary resources and not only in terms of value, but also in terms of the natural-material composition. For example, there were revealed reserves of machine time for lathes, but there is not enough capacity for milling. Only after reaching the necessary ratios of resources, in natural-material form, the identified reserves can be considered complete and real.

5. The reserves must be economically justified, i.e. when calculating them, it is necessary to take into account the real capabilities of the enterprise, and the estimated value of these reserves must be supported by appropriate measures.

6. The search for reserves must be prompt. The faster the search for reserves is carried out, the more effective this process is. Reducing the time between identifying and developing reserves is particularly important.

7. The search for reserves should not be discrete. It must be done systematically, systematically, daily.

8. Reserves are revealed the more fully, the greater the number of workers of different professions and specialties involved in their search. This gives rise to the principle of massive search for reserves, i.e. involvement of all workers in this process, development and improvement of social forms of economic analysis.

9. When preliminary determining the directions of the search for reserves, it is necessary to highlight the "leading links" or "bottlenecks" in increasing production efficiency. According to this principle, production areas are distinguished where plans are not systematically fulfilled, or there are large losses of raw materials, production defects, equipment downtime, etc. are allowed.

Thus, the main directions in which the search for reserves should be carried out in the first place are determined. Determination of reserve-intensive directions significantly increases the efficiency of the search for reserves.

In order for the amount of identified reserves to be real, the calculation of intra-production reserves should be as accurate and reasonable as possible.

The methodology for calculating reserves depends on the nature of reserves (intensive or extensive), how they are identified (explicit or hidden) and how they are determined (formal or informal). In a formal approach, the amount of reserves is determined without reference to specific measures for their development. An informal approach (identifying reserves in essence) is based on specific organizational measures.

To calculate the amount of reserves in the analysis of economic activity, a number of methods are used: direct counting, comparison, deterministic factor analysis, stochastic factor analysis, functional cost analysis, margin analysis, mathematical programming, etc.

The direct counting method is used to calculate extensive reserves when the amount of additional attraction or the amount of unconditional loss of resources is known.

In the mechanism for searching for intra-production reserves, it is also possible to formulate the conditions for rationalizing their identification and mobilization:

The massive nature of the search for reserves, that is, the need to involve all workers in the search for reserves in the order of their performance of their official duties, the deployment of competition and the dissemination of social forms of economic analysis;

Determination of the leading link in increasing production efficiency, that is, identifying those costs that make up the bulk of the cost of production and which can give the greatest savings;

Identification of "bottlenecks" in production, which limit the rate of production growth and reduce the cost of production;

Accounting for the type of production: in mass production the analysis of reserves is recommended to be carried out in the sequence - unit - detail - operation, in a single production - according to individual operations of the production cycle;

Simultaneous search for reserves at all stages of the life cycle of an object or product;

Determination of the completeness of reserves so that savings in materials, for example, are accompanied by savings in labor and time of using equipment, only in this case it is possible to release additional products.

4.

In the scientific system of planned management of the economic and social development of the enterprise, the analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise is of great importance. It occupies an intermediate place between the collection and processing of economic information and the adoption of management decisions, both strategic, expressed in the preparation of plans, and tactical for the operational regulation of the course of production necessary to achieve the planned goals.

The analysis contributes to the mobilization of reserves already at the stage of developing plans, giving an assessment of the tension of the plan targets. For this purpose, the planned indicators are compared with their standard values, with those actually achieved in previous periods by this enterprise, as well as with the production, scientific and technical potential of the analyzed object.

By identifying internal reserves and indicating the ways of their use, the analysis helps to increase the efficiency of management, both in drawing up plans and in the process of their implementation.

The purpose of the analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise is to identify reserves in the activities of the enterprise, develop proposals for their rational use, as well as determine the prospects for the development of the organization.

In accordance with this goal, the following main tasks are set:

Analysis of production and sales volumes;

Analysis of the provision of the enterprise with material and labor resources;

Analysis of the use of fixed assets;

Analysis of production costs;

Analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise.

Achievement of these tasks is carried out using the methods of economic analysis (can be used as classical methods analysis of economic activity and financial analysis, as well as traditional methods of economic statistics).

Thus, the purpose of assessing economic activity is to analyze the production and financial activities of enterprises, both in general and its individual parts, to identify reserves in the activities of an enterprise and proposals for their rational use. This analysis includes an analysis of production and sales volumes; analysis of the provision of the enterprise with material and labor resources; analysis of the use of fixed assets; analysis of production costs.

Analysis of the work of enterprises begins with the study of indicators of output.

The purpose of the analysis is to identify the causes and factors that positively and negatively affect the volume of production, to find reserves for the growth of production, to determine the most effective ways to increase the volume of production and improve its quality. Its main tasks are:

Assessment of the degree of implementation of the plan and the dynamics of production and sales of products;

Determination of the influence of factors on the change in the value of these indicators;

Identification of on-farm reserves for increasing the output and sales of products and the development of measures for their development.

In the process of analysis, it is necessary to study changes not only in the volume of production of marketable products, but also in the volume of their sales, on which the financial position and solvency of the enterprise depend.

Sources of information for the analysis of production and sales of products are plans for the economic and social development of the enterprise, operational plans - schedules, reporting form 1-p "Enterprise report on products", etc.

The personnel of the enterprise is divided into two groups: industrial production personnel and non-industrial personnel.

Industrial production personnel (PPP) include workers who are directly involved in the production of products.

Non-industrial personnel are workers serving non-industrial farms and industry organizations. PPP, depending on the industry, is divided into workers, specialists, employees.

Admission and departure of employees is reflected in the form No. 2-t "Information on the number, wages and movement of employees."

To characterize the movement of labor, the dynamics of the following indicators is calculated and analyzed:

The coefficient of turnover for the reception of workers (to pr):

Number of staff recruited

Disposal turnover ratio (kv):

Number of employees who quit

Average headcount

Employee turnover rate (kt):

The number of people who quit voluntarily

and for violation of labor discipline

Average headcount

Personnel constancy coefficient of the enterprise (k ps):

Number of employees who have worked all year

Average headcount

The completeness of the use of labor resources can be assessed by the number of days and hours worked by one employee for the analyzed period of time, as well as by the degree of use of the working time fund. Such an analysis is carried out for each category of workers, for each division and for the enterprise as a whole.

One of the most important factors in increasing the efficiency of production at enterprises is the provision of their fixed assets in the required amount and composition and their fuller use. Fixed assets (funds) are a set of material and material objects and values, acting in unchanged natural form for a long period. Fixed assets create the material and technical basis and conditions for the production and economic activities of the enterprise, have a direct impact on the efficiency of production, the quality of work and the results of all financial and economic activities of the enterprise.

The tasks of analyzing the use of fixed assets are:

Study of the composition and movement of fixed assets;

Revealing the influence of the use of means of labor on the volume of production;

Determination of the efficiency of using fixed assets;

Identification of reserves for increasing the efficiency of the use of fixed assets.

The following reporting forms are used as sources of information in the analysis: 1) Form No. 11 "Information on the availability and movement of fixed assets (funds) and other non-financial assets"

2) form No. 1-p (annual) "Information on the production of industrial products"

3) operational data of accounting.

The structure of fixed assets is determined by the specifics of the industry and reflects the production and technical characteristics of enterprises associated with unequal levels of concentration, specialization, forms and methods of organizing production.

Material resources are understood as various material elements of production used as objects of labor in the production process. They are entirely consumed in each production cycle and completely transfer their value to the value of the products produced. A necessary condition for fulfilling the plan for the production of products, reducing its cost, increasing profits, profitability is the full and timely provision of the enterprise with raw materials and materials of the required range and quality. The growth of the enterprise's need for material resources can be satisfied extensively (by purchasing or manufacturing more materials and energy) or by intensive (more economical use of available stocks in the production process).

The tasks of analyzing the security and use of material resources:

Assessment of the reality of plans for material and technical supply, the degree of their implementation and the impact on the volume of production, its cost and other indicators;

Assessment of the level of efficiency in the use of material resources;

Identification of intra-production reserves for saving material resources and the development of specific measures for their use.

The efficiency of using material resources as a whole for the enterprise is determined by the following indicators: material consumption of marketable products and material efficiency. Material efficiency is determined by dividing the value of the products produced by the amount of material costs. This indicator characterizes the return on materials, that is, how many products are produced from each ruble of consumed material resources (raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, etc.). Material consumption of products is calculated by the ratio of the amount of material costs to the value of the products produced. It shows how much material costs must be made or actually accounted for by the production of a unit of output.

The cost of production is expressed in monetary terms, the current costs of the enterprise for the production and sale of products. Reducing these costs is the main source of increasing the profit of the enterprise, increasing production efficiency.

The analysis of the cost of production by item and cost element is carried out by comparing the amounts by item of cost for a number of years and determining the amounts of deviations in absolute and relative terms. Based on such data, one can draw a conclusion about the existing trends in this enterprise.

Analysis involves the collection and accumulation of information from various official and unofficial sources. As a basis for the analysis, reports on the activities of the enterprise are used, containing information for various users.

The main information base of the analysis is the balance sheet of the enterprise, as well as all forms of statistical reporting. The ability to perform analytical calculations is associated with the amount and quality of data at the analyst's disposal: the more extensive and high-quality the reporting material, the more varied the tasks solved in the analysis process, the deeper the analysis itself. The analysis makes it possible to obtain new information about the object of interest by considering its constituent parts, comparing it with similar objects, as well as identifying its advantages and disadvantages.

5. Analysis of the composition and dynamics of balance sheet profit, factor analysis of profit from product sales

Profit is used as a calculated and analytical indicator for the purpose of in-depth analysis of the effectiveness of the organization of its divisions. It forms the basis of the economic development of the enterprise. Making a profit is the main goal of any enterprise.

Profit growth creates a financial basis for self-financing, implementation of expanded reproduction and meeting the growing social and material needs of labor collectives. In the practice of economic activity, various indicators of profit are used (balance sheet, profit from sales, net).

Profit is a part of the net income created in the production process and realized in the sphere of circulation, which is directly received by enterprises. Only after the sale of the product does net income take the form of profit. Quantitatively, it is the difference between revenue (after payment of value added tax, excise tax and other deductions from revenue to budgetary and non-budgetary funds) and the total cost of goods sold. This means that the more the company sells profitable products, the more profit it will receive, the better its financial condition. Therefore, the financial results of activities should be studied in close connection with the use and sale of products.

Profit as the main result of entrepreneurial activity meets the needs of the enterprise and the state as a whole. Therefore, first of all, it is important to determine the composition of the company's profit. The total profit of the enterprise is the gross profit. The amount of gross profit is influenced by a combination of many factors that depend and do not depend on entrepreneurial activity.

Important factors in the growth of profits, depending on the activities of enterprises, are: growth in the volume of products produced in accordance with the contractual terms; reducing its cost; quality improvement; improvement of the assortment; increasing the efficiency of using production assets; growth of labor productivity.

Factors that do not depend on the activities of enterprises include: changes in state regulated prices for products sold; the influence of natural, geographical, transport and technical conditions on the production and sale of products, etc.

Under the influence of both those and other factors, the gross profit of enterprises is formed.

Gross profit includes profit from all activities. First of all, gross profit includes profit from the sale of commercial products, calculated by deducting from the total proceeds from the sale of these products (works, services) value added tax, excise taxes and production and sales costs included in the cost price. Profit from the sale of commercial products is the main part of the gross profit. Secondly, the gross profit includes the profit from the sale of other products and services of a non-commodity nature, i.e. profit (loss) of subsidiary farms, auto farms, logging and other farms on the balance sheet of the main enterprise.

The gross profit also includes profit from the sale of fixed assets and other property.

Finally, non-operating income and expenses are reflected in the gross profit, i.e. results of non-operating transactions.

Due to the fact that the overwhelming part of the gross profit (95-97%) of enterprises receive from the sale of commercial products, this part of the profit should be given the main attention. The factors noted above, which depend and do not depend on the activities of the enterprise, affect mainly the profit from the sale of products. The main of these factors are subject to detailed study and analysis.

Rice. 3. The structure of the financial result

The difference between the proceeds from the sale of products (works, services), excluding value added taxes, excise taxes, and the cost of producing goods (works, services) sold is called gross profit from sales.

The total financial result (profit, loss) at the reporting date is called the balance sheet profit. It is obtained by calculating the total amount of all profits and all losses from the main and non-main activities of the enterprise.

The balance sheet profit includes profit (loss) from the sale of products, works, services, goods, working capital and other assets. It also includes profit (loss) from the sale and other disposal of fixed assets, income and losses from foreign exchange exchange rate differences, income from valuable papers and other long-term financial investments, including investments in the property of other enterprises, expenses and losses associated with financial transactions, non-operating income (losses). Balance sheet profit net of taxes (mandatory payments) is called net profit.

Thus, the final financial result of an enterprise's activities is a balance sheet profit or loss, which is the algebraic sum of the result from the sale of products (works, services); from the result from other sales; balance of income and expenses from non-operating transactions. The formalized calculation of the balance sheet profit is presented below:

Рб = Рр + Рпр + Рвн,

where: Рб - balance profit or loss;

Рр - result (profit or loss) from the sale of products (works, services);

Рпр - result from other realization;

Рвн - the balance of income and expenses from non-operating transactions.

The structure of income (expenses) from non-sale transactions includes:

Income from equity participation in joint ventures;

From renting out property;

Income from shares, bonds and other securities owned by the company;

Amounts received and paid in the form economic sanctions and damages;

Other income and expenses from operations not directly related to the production and sale of products.

Rr = Bp - Zr - Rnds - Ra,

where: Вр - proceeds from the sale of products (works, services);

Зр - the costs of production and sales of products included in the cost price;

Rnds - the amount of value added tax;

Ra is the amount of excise taxes.

The starting point in calculating profit indicators is the turnover of the enterprise for the sale of products. The proceeds from the sale of products (works, services) characterize the completion of the production cycle of the enterprise, the return of the funds advanced for the production of the enterprise in monetary form and the beginning of a new round in the turnover of all funds. Changes in the volume of sales of products have the most sensitive impact on the financial results of the enterprise, therefore financial department must organize daily operational control over the process of shipment and sale of products.

The analysis of the balance sheet profit begins with a study of its dynamics, both in terms of the total amount and in the amount of its constituent elements. This is the so-called horizontal analysis. In this case, each financial statement item is compared with the same indicator of the base period. Then a vertical analysis is carried out, which reveals structural changes in the composition of gross profit and the impact of each reporting item on the result as a whole.

In the process of analysis, it is necessary to study the composition of the balance sheet profit, its structure, dynamics and implementation of the plan for the reporting year. When studying the dynamics of profit, one should take into account the inflationary factors of changes in its amount. To do this, the proceeds are adjusted for the weighted average index of growth in prices for the company's products on average in the industry, and the costs of sold products are reduced by their growth as a result of the increase in prices for consumed resources for the analyzed period.

To analyze and assess the level and dynamics of indicators of the financial results of the enterprise, a table is drawn up (Table 1) in which the reporting data of the enterprise from f. # 2.

Further analysis should specify the reasons for the change in profits from sales of products for each factor.

Table 1

Analysis of the level and dynamics of indicators of the financial results of the enterprise

In a general assessment of the dynamics of the balance sheet profit, its amount obtained in the reporting period is compared with the balance sheet profit for the corresponding base period and the absolute deviation is found.

Comparison of the rate of change of such constituent elements of the balance sheet profit as profit from the sale of products, profit from financial and economic activities is very important. It allows you to determine the factors that had a greater or lesser impact on the final financial result - balance sheet profit.

To predict the size of profit, to manage it, an objective systematic analysis of the formation, distribution and use of profit is needed in order to identify the reserves of its growth. Such an analysis is important for both internal and external partner groups, since profit growth determines the growth of the potential of the enterprise, increases the degree of its business activity, increases the income of founders and owners, and characterizes the financial health of the enterprise.

Factor analysis is understood as a method of complex and systematic study and measurement of the impact of factors on the value of effective indicators.

The main part of the profit of the enterprise is received from the sale of products and services. In the process of analysis, the dynamics are studied, the fulfillment of the profit plan from the sale of products and the factors of change in its amount are determined. Profit from the sale of products as a whole for the enterprise depends on four factors of the first level of subordination:

the volume of sales of products (URP); its structure (UD1); cost (a) and the level of average selling prices (C1).

The volume of sales of products can have a positive and negative impact on the amount of profit. An increase in sales of profitable products leads to a proportional increase in profits. If the product is unprofitable, then with an increase in the volume of sales, the amount of profit decreases.

The structure of marketable products can have both positive and negative effects on the amount of profit. If the share of more profitable types of products in the total volume of their sales increases, then the amount of profit will increase, and vice versa, with an increase in the share of low-profit or unprofitable products, the total amount of profit will decrease.

The cost of production and profit are in the back proportional relationship: a decrease in cost leads to a corresponding increase in the amount of profit and vice versa. Change in the level of average selling prices and the amount of profit are in direct proportion; with an increase in the price level, the amount of profit increases and vice versa. The calculation of the influence of these factors on the amount of profit can be performed by the method of chain substitutions using the data given in table. 2.

Table 2 Initial data for factor analysis of profit from product sales.

To find the effect of only the volume of sales, it is necessary to multiply the planned profit by the percentage of overfulfillment (underperformance) of the plan for sales of products in the estimate at the planned cost or in conditional terms and the result is divided by 100. Then you can determine the influence of the structural factor (from the first result you need to subtract second).

Impact of change full cost the amount of profit is established by comparing the actual amount of costs with the planned, converted to the actual volume of sales.

The change in the amount of profit due to selling prices for products is established by comparing the actual revenue with the conditional one that the company would receive for the actual volume of sales of products at planned prices.

The same results can be obtained by the method of chain substitution, successively replacing the planned value of each factor with the actual one).

First, you need to find the amount of profit with the actual sales volume and the planned value of the remaining factors. To do this, calculate the percentage of the plan for product sales, and then adjust the planned amount of profit by this percentage.

The implementation of the implementation plan is calculated by comparing the actual volume of sales with the planned in kind (if the products are homogeneous), conditionally in kind and in value terms (if the products are heterogeneous in their composition), for which it is desirable to use the base (planned) level of the cost of individual products, since the cost price is less influenced by the structural factor than the revenue.

7. Makarova L.V., Kiseleva L.I., Makarov K.S. Economic analysis in the financial management of a firm. –M .: EKMOS, 2000. - 411 p.

8. Savitskaya G.V. Analysis of economic activities: 5th edition, revised and enlarged. Minsk: FE "Ecoperspektiva", 2002. - p. 498.

9. Savitskaya G. Analysis of the economic activity of the agro-industrial complex: Textbook. - Minsk: IP “Ecoperspectiva”, 1998. - pp. 365-381.

10. Sergeev I.V. Enterprise Economics: Uch. allowance. - M .: Finance and statistics, 2004. - 304s.

11. Economics: Textbook / Ed. Assoc. A.S. Bulatov. 2nd ed., Revised. And add. - M .: Publishing house BEK, 1999. - 816s.

12. Economics and statistics of firms: Textbook / Ed. Dr. econ. Sciences, prof. S.D. Ilyenkova. - M .: Finance and statistics, 1998. - 240p.

13. Economy of the enterprise: Textbook for universities / V.Ya. Gorfinkel, E.M. Kupryakov and others - M .: Banks and stock exchanges, UNITI, 1996. - 367p.

The financial results of the enterprise are characterized by the amount of profit and the level of profitability. Enterprises receive profits mainly from the sale of products, as well as from other types of activities (leasing of fixed assets, commercial activities on financial and currency exchanges, etc.).

Profit is a part of the net income, which is directly received by business entities after the sale of products. Only after the sale of the product does net income take the form of profit. Quantitatively, it is the difference between net revenue (after payment of value added tax, excise tax and other deductions from revenue to budgetary and non-budgetary funds) and the total cost of goods sold. This means that the more the company sells profitable products, the more profit it will receive, the better its financial condition. Therefore, the financial results of activities should be studied in close connection with the use and sale of products.

The volume of sales and the amount of profit, the level of profitability depend on the production, supply, marketing and financial activities of the enterprise, in other words, these indicators characterize all aspects of management.

The main tasks of the analysis financial performance results are:.

systematic control over the implementation of plans for the sale of products and profit;

determination of the influence of both objective and subjective factors on financial results;

identification of reserves for increasing the amount of profit and profitability;

assessment of the company's work on the use of opportunities to increase profits and profitability;

development of measures for the use of identified reserves.

The main sources of information in the analysis of financial results of profit are invoices for the shipment of products, analytical accounting data for accounts 46, 47, 48 and 80, financial statements form 2 "Profit and Loss Statement", as well as the corresponding tables of the business plan of the enterprise.

20.2. Analysis of the composition and dynamics of balance sheet profit

Profit indicators used in AHD. Analysis of the composition, dynamics and implementation of the balance sheet profit plan. Factors that form the balance sheet profit of the enterprise. Neutralization of the inflationary factor in the analysis of financial results. Influence accounting policies enterprises by the amount of profit.

In the process of analyzing economic activities, the following profit indicators are used: balance sheet profit, profit from the sale of products, works and services, profit from other sales, financial results from non-sales transactions, taxable profit, net profit.

Balance sheet profit includes financial results from the sale of products, works and services, from other sales, income and expenses from non-sales transactions (Fig. 20.1).

Taxable profit - it is the difference between the carrying profit and the amount of income taxable on income (on securities and from equity participation in joint ventures), as well as the amount of income tax benefits in accordance with tax legislation which changes periodically.

Net profit - this is the profit that remains at the disposal of the enterprise after all taxes, economic sanctions and contributions to charitable foundations have been paid.

It is necessary to analyze the composition of the balance sheet profit, its structure, dynamics and implementation of the plan for the reporting year. When studying the dynamics of profit, one should take into account the inflationary factors of changes in its amount. To do this, the proceeds are adjusted for the weighted average index of growth in prices for the company's products on average in the industry, and the costs of sold products are reduced by their growth as a result of the increase in prices for consumed resources for the analyzed period.

As you can see from the table. 20.1, the plan for balance sheet profit was exceeded by 11.73%. Its growth rate compared to last year in comparable prices is 6.66%. The largest share in the balance sheet profit is profit from product sales (96.48%), the share of non-operating financial results is only 3.52%, but with the development of market relations, it can be much larger.

The amount of balance sheet, taxable and net profit depends on numerous factors(fig.20.1). In addition, it should be borne in mind that the amount of profit largely depends on the accounting policy applied at the analyzed enterprise. The Accounting Law and other regulatory documents provide the right to business entities to independently choose some accounting methods that can significantly affect the formation of financial results.

The current regulations allow the following methods of profit regulation by a business entity.

1.Change in the cost boundaries of classifying property as fixed assets or low-value and wearing out items, which entails a change in the amount of operating costs and profits due to different methods of depreciation for fixed assets and for MBE.

2.Changing the method of depreciation for low-value and fast-wearing items.

3. The use of the accelerated depreciation method for the active part of fixed assets also leads to an increase in the cost of production and a decrease in the amount of profit, and, consequently, in income taxes.

4. Application of various methods for evaluating intangible assets and methods of calculating depreciation on them.

5. The choice of the method for assessing the consumed production stocks (NIFO, FIFO, LIFO).

6. Changing the procedure for writing off the costs of repairing fixed assets to the cost of production (at actual costs or in equal parts at the expense of the created repair fund).

7. Changing the maturity of deferred expenses, the reduction of which leads to an increase in the cost of production of the reporting period.

8.Changing the method for determining the profit from the sale of products (at the time of shipment of products or the time of payment).

Thus, the accounting policy formed by the administration opens up a lot of scope for the choice of methodological techniques that can radically change the whole picture of the financial results and financial condition of the enterprise.

Therefore, in the process of analysis, it is necessary to establish the compliance of the adopted accounting policy of the enterprise with the current regulatory provisions for accounting and determine the impact of changes in accounting policy on the amount of balance sheet, taxable and net profit, as well as on the amount of taxes, the amount of deductions to the funds of the enterprise and the amount of dividends paid to shareholders. ... For this, according to N.A. Rusak, the level of the listed indicators should be reflected in a special table before and after changing each method of accounting policy of a business entity.

20.3. Analysis of financial results from the sale of products, works and services

Sequence of analysis. The method of factor analysis of profits from the sale of products in general and its individual types.

Profit from product sales as a whole for the enterprise depends on four factors of the first level of subordination: the volume of product sales (VPNS); its structure ( UDi); cost ( WITHi) and the level of average selling prices ( Ci).

Sales volume can have a positive and negative effect on the amount of profit. An increase in sales of profitable products leads to a proportional increase in profits. If the product is unprofitable, then with an increase in the volume of sales, the amount of profit decreases.

Structure of marketable products can have both positive and negative impact on the amount of profit. If the share of more profitable types of products in the total volume of their sales increases, then the amount of profit will increase and, conversely, with an increase in the share of low-profit or unprofitable products, the total amount of profit will decrease.

Production cost and profit are in inversely proportional relationship: a decrease in cost leads to a corresponding increase in the amount of profit, and vice versa.

Change in the level of average selling prices and the amount of profit are in direct proportional relationship: with an increase in the price level, the amount of profit increases, and vice versa.

The calculation of the influence of these factors on the amount of profit can be determined using the data in Table. 20.2.

The plan for the amount of profit from the sale of products in the reporting year was exceeded by 1,396 million rubles. (19 296-17 900), or 7.8%.

If we compare the amount of the planned profit and the conditional profit calculated on the basis of the actual volume and range of products, but with the planned prices and the planned production cost, we will find out how much it has changed due to the volume and structure of products sold:

P (vрп, beats) = 18 278 - 17 900 = +378 million rubles.

To find the impact of sales volume only, it is necessary to multiply the planned profit by the percentage of overfulfillment (underfulfillment) of the plan for the sale of products in the estimate at the planned cost or in physical conditional terms (15 760/15 900 x 100 - 100 = -0.88%) and divide the result by 100:

Then one can define influence of the structural factor(subtract the second from the first result):

Impact of changes in total cost the amount of profit is established by comparing the actual amount of costs with the planned, converted to the actual volume of sales:

Change in the amount of profit due to selling prices for products is determined by comparing the actual revenue with the conditional one that the company would have received for the actual volume of sales of products at planned prices:

The same results can be obtained by the method of chain substitution, successively replacing the planned value of each factorial indicator with the actual one (Table 20.3).

First, you need to find the amount of profit with the actual sales volume and the planned value of the remaining factors. To do this, calculate the rate of implementation of the plan for the sale of products (Krp), and then adjust the planned amount of profit by this factor.

The implementation of the plan for implementation is calculated by comparing the actual volume of sales with the planned in kind (if the products are homogeneous), conditionally in kind (in this example thousands of conventional cans) and value terms (if the products are heterogeneous in their composition), for which it is advisable to use the base (planned) level of the cost of individual products, since the cost is less influenced by the structural factor than the proceeds. At this enterprise, the implementation of the implementation plan is:

If the value of other factors had not changed, the amount of profit would have had to decrease by 0.88% and amount to 17,742 million rubles. (17,900 x 0.9912).

Then you should determine the amount of profit at the actual volume and structure of products sold, but at the planned cost and planned prices. To do this, deduct the notional amount of costs from the notional revenue:. Profit under such conditions will amount to 18,278 million rubles. (96 600 - 78 322).

It is also necessary to calculate how much profit the enterprise could receive with the actual volume of sales, structure and prices, but with the planned cost of production. To do this, deduct the notional amount of costs from the actual amount of revenue:. The amount of profit in this case will be RUB 21,613 million. (99 935 - 78 322).

According to the table. 20.3 it is possible to establish how the amount of profit has changed due to each factor.

Change in the amount of profit due to:

sales volume

The calculation results show that the profit plan was exceeded mainly due to the increase in average selling prices. In connection with an increase in the cost of production, the amount of profit decreased by 2,317 million rubles, including due to an increase in prices for resources by 2,118 million rubles. and increasing the resource intensity of products - by 199 million rubles.

From the above data, it can be concluded that the growth rate of prices for the company's products is higher than the growth rate of prices for consumed resources. The ratio of the price growth index for products and the price growth index for resources is usually called the price deflator, which characterizes financial productivity, i.e. a measure of compensation for the growth of prices for resources in the price of products sold. At this enterprise, the price index for products is 1.034524 (99 935/96 600), and for resources - 1.02704 (80 639 - 199) / 78 322). This means that the price deflator is positive. Its value is 1.007285 (1.035 / / 1.027). This contributed to an increase in profit by RUB 1,217 million (3,335 - 2,118).

* See data in paragraph 19.1, page 473.

It should also be analyzed fulfillment of the plan and dynamics of profit from the sale of certain types of products, the value of which depends on three factors of the first order: the volume of sales of products ( VRPi), cost (WITHi) and average selling prices (Tsi). The factor model of profit from the sale of certain types of products has the form

Calculation of the influence of factors on the change in the amount of profit for certain types of products will produce chain substitution method:

Methodology for calculating the influence of factors in a way of absolute differences:

Similar calculations are carried out for each type of product.

The data given in table. 20.4, show for which types of products the plan for the amount of profit is overfulfilled, and for which it is underfulfilled, and which factors had a positive impact, and which ones were negative, and to what extent. Then it is necessary to study in detail the reasons for the change in sales volume, prices and costs for each type of product.

20.4. Assortment policy of the enterprise and its influence on the formation of profits

Methodology for calculating the influence of the sales structure on the change in the amount of profit in cases of homogeneous and heterogeneous products.

To assess the assortment policy of an enterprise, as already indicated, a whole system of indicators is used, including getting the maximum profit. At the analyzed enterprise, the change in the structure of sales of products contributed to an increase in the amount of profit by 536 million rubles, since the share of highly profitable types of products in the total sales increased. To establish what specific changes have taken place in the assortment policy of the enterprise, it is necessary to conduct a more detailed analysis of the sales structure, taking into account the level of profitability of certain types of products.

From table. 20.5 shows that the more profitable types of products are C and D. An increase in their share in total sales contributed to an increase in profits. The influence of the structural factor on the change in the amount of profit can be calculated using the admission of absolute differences:

where P 1 pl - the amount of profit per conventional unit of production or one standard hour for the production of a unit i-th type of product;

VRP general f - the actual total volume of products sold in conditional-in-kind terms or in standard hours; UDi specific gravity i-th type of product in the total volume of sales in conditional-natural terms or in standard hours,%.

Due to the increase in the proportion of products C and D, which have a higher level of profit per unit of production, average value the latter increased by 34 thousand rubles, and the amount of profit - by 536 million rubles. (34 thousand rubles. X 15,760 tubes), which corresponds to the calculations given in paragraph 20.3.

If the company produces heterogeneous types of products, then the structure of products sold is determined by the ratio of each type of product in the assessment at the planned cost to the total volume of sales of products in the same assessment. In this case, to calculate the influence of the structural factor on the change in the total amount of profit, the model is used

where Ripl - planned profitability i-x types of products (the ratio of the amount of profit to the total cost of goods sold); (VPNSif, NS WITHipl) - the cost of the actual volume of sales as a whole for the enterprise assessed at the planned cost of production.

It should be borne in mind that the calculation results in this case will not be entirely accurate, since the cost of goods sold is also influenced by the structural factor. According to this method, due to a change in the structure of sales, the profit at the enterprise increased only by 125 million rubles.

20.5. Analysis of the level of average selling prices

Dependence of the average level of selling prices on the quality of the products sold, sales markets, terms of sale, the level of inflation, etc. Methodology for calculating the impact these factors on the change in the average price level.

Average selling price per unit of production - the ratio of proceeds from the sale of the corresponding type of product to the volume of its sales. The change in its level is influenced by such factors as the quality of the products sold, their markets, market conditions, and inflationary processes.

The quality of marketable products - one of the main factors on which the level of the average selling price depends. For more high quality products are priced higher and vice versa.

The change in the average price level of a product due to its quality can be determined by the formula:

where C n and C p- accordingly, the price of a product of new and old quality; VRP n - the volume of sales of new quality products; VRP total - total volume of products sold i-th type for the reporting period.

The calculation of the influence of the product grade on the average price change can be performed in two ways.

The first method is based on the principle of chain substitution: compares the amount of proceeds for the total volume of actually sold products with its actual and planned varietal composition (Table 20.6). If the resulting difference is divided by the total amount of actually sold products, we will find out how the average price due to its quality. The algorithm for this calculation can be written as follows:

The second method of calculation is based on the reception of absolute differences: the deviation of the actual specific weight from the planned one for each grade is multiplied by the planned unit price of the corresponding grade, the results are summed up and divided by 100:

The data obtained indicate that as a result of the improvement in product quality, i.e. an increase in the share of grade I products and a decrease in grade II, the proceeds from its sale increased by 114.375 million rubles, and the average price of 1 tube - by 37.5 thousand rubles.

The same methodology is used to calculate change in the average selling price depending on markets and distribution channels(table 20.7). Due to the change in sales channels, the average price level for 1 tube increased by 40 thousand rubles, and the amount of profit - by 122 million rubles. (40 thousand rubles x 3050 tubes).

If during the year it happened change in selling prices for products in comparison with planned ones due to inflation, then the price change for each type of product is multiplied by the volume of its sales at new prices and divided by the total amount of products sold for the reporting period.

In conclusion, the results of the analysis are summarized for each type of product (Table 20.8).

20.6. Analysis of non-operating financial results

Composition of non-operating financial results. Methodology for their analysis. Factors of changes in their magnitude.

The fulfillment of the profit plan largely depends on the financial results of activities, not related to the sale of products. This is the profit or loss of previous years, identified in the reporting year; profit from the lease of land and fixed assets; received and paid penalties, fines and penalties; losses from writing off bad accounts receivable for which the limitation period has expired; losses from natural disasters; income from shares, bonds, deposits; income and losses from foreign exchange transactions; losses from markdowns of finished goods and inventories, etc.

In the process of analysis, the composition, dynamics, implementation of the plan and the factors of change in the amount of losses and profits for each source of non-operating results are studied (Table 20.9).

The main types of securities are stocks, bonds of domestic government and local loans, bonds of business entities (joint-stock companies, commercial banks), certificates of deposit, treasury, bank and commercial bills, etc.

Shareholder income consists of the amount of dividend and capital gains invested in shares due to an increase in their price. The amount of the dividend depends on the number of shares and the level of dividend per share, the value of which is determined by the level of profitability of the joint-stock company, its dividend policy, the level interest rate for a loan, tax and depreciation policy of the state, etc. In the process of analysis, the dynamics of dividends, stock prices, net profit per share is studied, the rates of their growth or decline are established.

Income from other securities(bonds, certificates of deposit, bills of exchange) depends on their quantity, value and level of interest rates.

In the process of analysis, the dynamics and structure of income for each type of securities are studied, the influence of factors on the change in their value is determined (Table 20.10).

Income from shares in the reporting year increased by 132 million rubles, including 105 million rubles. by increasing their number and by 27 million rubles. due to the level of dividend per share. Income from 10% bonds decreased due to a decrease in their number, since they bring the company less income per ruble of invested capital.

Income from the lease of fixed assets and land depend on the number of leased objects or on the size of the land area and the level of rent. At this enterprise, the amount of income received from the lease of fixed assets increased due to an increase in the level of rent due to inflation.

Losses from payment of fines arise in connection with the violation by individual services of contracts with other enterprises, organizations and institutions. The analysis identifies the reasons for non-fulfillment of obligations, and takes measures to prevent violations.

Change in the amount of fines received can occur not only as a result of violation of contractual obligations by suppliers and contractors, but also due to the weakening of financial control on the part of the enterprise in relation to them. Therefore, when analyzing this indicator, it should be checked whether in all cases of breach of contractual obligations, suppliers have been imposed appropriate sanctions.

Losses from writing off unclaimed receivables usually arise in those enterprises where the setting of accounting and control over the state of settlements is at a low level, as well as due to bankruptcy of customers. Profits (losses) of previous years, revealed in the current year, also indicate deficiencies in accounting.

In conclusion, the analysis develops specific measures aimed at preventing and reducing losses and losses from non-operating transactions and increasing profits from long-term and short-term financial investments.

20.7. Analysis of the profitability of the enterprise

Profitability indicators. The order of their calculation and analysis. Methodology for factor analysis of the profitability of industrial and entrepreneurial activities. Analysis of the return on equity.

Profitability indicators characterize the efficiency of the enterprise as a whole, the profitability of various activities (production, business, investment), cost recovery, etc. They more fully than profit, reflect the final results of the management, because their value shows the ratio of the effect to the available or used resources. They are used to assess the performance of an enterprise and as a tool in investment policy and pricing.

Profitability indicators can be grouped into several groups:

1) indicators characterizing the payback of production costs and investment projects;

2) indicators characterizing the profitability of sales;

3) indicators characterizing the return on capital and its parts.

All indicators can be calculated based on balance sheet profit, profit from product sales and net profit.

Profitability of production activities (cost recovery) - gross ratio ( Prp) or net profit (PE) to the amount of costs for products sold (Zrp):

It shows how much the company has profit from each ruble spent on the production and sale of products. It can be calculated as a whole for the enterprise, its individual divisions and types of products.

The payback of investment projects is determined in a similar way: the received or expected amount of profit from the project refers to the amount of investment in this project.

Return on sales (turnover) - the ratio of profit from the sale of products, works and services or net profit to the amount of proceeds received (V):

It characterizes the efficiency of entrepreneurial activity: how much profit does the company have from the ruble of sales. This indicator is widely used in a market economy. It is calculated as a whole for the enterprise and for individual types of products.

Return on equity (return) - the ratio of the book (gross, net) profit to the average annual cost of all invested capital (KL) or its individual components: own (joint-stock), borrowed, permanent, fixed, circulating, production capital, etc .:

In the process of analysis, one should study the dynamics of the listed profitability indicators, fulfillment of the plan for their level and conduct inter-farm comparisons with competing enterprises.

The level of profitability of production activities (cost recovery), calculated as a whole for the enterprise, depends on three main factors of the first order: changes in the structure of products sold, their cost and average selling prices.

The factor model of this indicator has a pitchfork

The calculation of the influence of factors of the first order on the change in the level of profitability as a whole for the enterprise can be performed by the method of chain substitution, using the data in Table. 20.2. 20.3:

including:

The results obtained indicate that the plan for the level of profitability has been exceeded due to an increase in the average level of prices and the share of more profitable types of products in the total volume of sales. Increase in the cost of goods sold by RUB 2,317 mln. caused a decrease in the level of profitability by 3.67%.

Then you need to do factor analysis of profitability for each type of product. The level of profitability of certain types of products depends on changes in average selling prices and unit cost:

The calculation of the influence of these factors on the change in the level of profitability of product A will be performed by the method of chain substitution, using the data in Table. 20.4:

The plan for the level of profitability of product A was not fulfilled in general by 9.45% (15.55-25). Due to the increase in prices, it increased by 5% (30-20), and due to the increase in the cost of production, it decreased by 14.45% (15.55-30). Similar calculations are made for each type of marketable product.

From table. 20.11 shows which types of products at the enterprise are more profitable, how the plan for the level of profitability was fulfilled and what factors influenced this.

It is also necessary to study in more detail the reasons for the change in the average price level and by the method of proportional division to calculate their impact on the level of profitability. Using the data in the table. 20.8, we will make this calculation for product A (table 20.12).

Then you need to install, due to what factors changed the cost of a unit of production and similarly determine their impact on the level of profitability. Such calculations are made for each type of marketable product, which makes it possible to more accurately assess the work of a business entity and more fully identify on-farm reserves for profitability growth at the analyzed enterprise.

Approximately also produced factor analysis of profitability of sales. The deterministic factor model of this indicator, calculated as a whole for the enterprise, has the following form:

Calculation of the influence of these factors by the method of chain substitution:

including:

The level of profitability of sales of certain types of products depends on the average price level and the cost of the product:

According to the table. 20.4 let's calculate their influence on the change in the level of profitability for product A:

Similarly carried out factor analysis of the return on total capital . The balance sheet amount of profit depends on the volume of products sold ( VRP), its structure (UDi), cost ( WITHi), average price level (Qi) and financial results from other activities not related to the sale of products and services (VFR).

Average annual amount of fixed and working capital (KL) depends on the volume of sales and the capital turnover ratio (Cob), which is determined by the ratio of revenue to the average annual amount of fixed and working capital. The faster the capital turns around in the enterprise, the less it is required to ensure the planned sales volume. Conversely, a slowdown in capital turnover requires additional funds to be raised to ensure the same volume of production and sales of products. In this case, it is assumed that the volume of sales in itself does not affect the level of profitability, since with its change, the amount of profit and the amount of fixed and working capital proportionally increase or decrease, provided that the remaining factors remain unchanged.

The relationship of these factors with the level of return on capital can be represented as

To calculate the influence of factors on the level of profitability, you need to have the following similar data:

Using these data and data table. 20.3, we will calculate the influence of factors on the change in the level of return on capital using the method of chain substitution:

The general deviation from the plan in terms of profitability is:

including due to:

Thus, the plan for the level of profitability was exceeded mainly due to the increase in prices. Shifts in the structure of commodity output, non-operating results and accelerated capital turnover also had a positive effect. As a result of the increase in the cost of production, the return on equity decreased by 4.5%.

With an in-depth analysis, it is necessary to study the influence of factors of the second level, on which the change in average selling prices, production costs and non-operating results depends.

For analysis profitability of production capital, defined as the ratio of the balance sheet profit to the average annual cost of fixed assets and material revolving funds, you can use the factor model proposed by M.I. Bananov and A.D. Sheremet:

where R - balance sheet profit; F - average cost of fixed assets; E - average balances of material circulating assets; N - proceeds from the sale of products; P / N - profitability of sales; F/ N+ E / N - capital intensity of products (inverse indicator of the turnover ratio); S/ N - costs per ruble of products; U/ N, M/ N, A/ N - respectively, pay-per-use, material-intensity and capital-intensity of production.

By gradually replacing the base level of each factor with the actual one, it is possible to determine how much the level of profitability of production capital has changed due to wage intensity, material consumption, capital intensity, capital intensity of production, i.e. due to production intensification factors.

20.8. Methodology for calculating reserves for increasing the amount of profit and profitability

The main sources of reserves for growth in profit and profitability. Methodology for calculating them.

The reserves for increasing the amount of profit are determined for each type of marketable product. Their main sources are an increase in the volume of sales of products, a decrease in its cost price, an increase in the quality of marketable products, their sale on more profitable sales markets, etc. (fig.20.2).

To determine the reserves of profit growth for the first source(Table 20.13) it is necessary to multiply the previously identified reserve for the growth of the volume of sales of products by the actual profit per unit of product of the corresponding type:

Calculation of reserves for increasing profits by reducing the cost of commodity products and services is carried out as follows: the previously identified reserve for reducing the cost of each type of product is multiplied by the possible volume of its sales, taking into account the reserves for its growth (Table 20.14);

A significant reserve for profit growth is improving the quality of marketable products. It is calculated as follows: the change in the specific weight of each grade (condition) is multiplied by the selling price of the corresponding grade, the results are summed up and the resulting change in the average price is multiplied by the possible sales volume (Table 20.15):

Due to an increase in the share of premium products and a decrease in the share of II grade, the average selling price of product D will increase by 200 thousand rubles, and the amount of profit for a possible sales volume - by 533 million rubles.

R P =+200 thousand rubles. x 2665 = 533 million rubles.

The reserves of profit growth due to changes in sales markets are calculated in a similar way.

In conclusion of the analysis, it is necessary to summarize all the identified reserves of profit growth (Table 20.16).

The main sources of reserves for increasing the level of profitability of products are the increase in the amount of profit from the sale of products ( RNS) and reducing the cost of marketable products ( P S). The following formula can be used to calculate reserves:

where RR- reserve for profitability growth; Rv - possible profitability; Rf- actual profitability; P f - the actual amount of profit; RNS- the reserve for the growth of profit from the sale of products; VRP in - the possible volume of product sales, taking into account the identified reserves for its growth; WITHiv- possible cost level i-x types of products, taking into account the identified reserves of reduction; З f - the actual amount of costs for products sold.

Reserve for increasing the level of profitability for product A:

The reserve for increasing the level of return on equity can be calculated using the formula:

where BP - balance sheet amount of profit; RBP- reserve for increasing the balance sheet amount of profit; TOLf - the actual average annual amount of fixed and working capital; PKL - a reserve for reducing the amount of capital by accelerating its turnover; KLd - an additional amount of fixed and working capital required for the development of reserves for profit growth.

The development of reserves for profit growth at existing production facilities without additional capital investments, and therefore without increasing the amount of fixed costs, will increase not only the profitability of the enterprise, but also the margin of its financial strength.

The proceeds from the sale of products will increase due to the sales volume by 4,396 million rubles. and by improving product quality - by 691 million rubles, for a total of 5,087 million rubles.

The company also plans to reduce the cost of production by RUB 2,339 million, including fixed costs by RUB 615 million.

Due to price increases due to improved product quality and a decrease in the level of variable costs per unit of production, the average share of marginal income in revenue will be 0.467.

As a result of all these changes, the break-even sales volume will amount to 55,400 million rubles, which is 2,413 million rubles. (55 400-57 813) is less than the reported value (see table. 24.9).

The financial stability margin (safety zone) will be

which is 5.1% higher than the reported level (see table. 24.9).

At the conclusion of the analysis of financial results, specific measures for the development of the identified reserves and a monitoring system should be developed.

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Summary: Economic analysis of the enterprise. Financial ratios are used: to compare indicators of financial condition; to identify the dynamics of the development of indicators and trends in the financial condition of the enterprise; to determine normal

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Introduction

Tasks economic analysis financial fortunes are: an objective assessment of the use of financial resources on enterprise, identifying on-farm reserves strengthening financial provisions, as well as improvement relations between enterprises and external financial, credit, control bodies, etc.

Financial analysis is a method of assessment and forecasting the financial condition of the enterprise based on its accounting statements.

Financial Analysis Target - assessment of the financial condition and identification of opportunities to improve the efficiency of the functioning of an economic entity with the help of a rational financial policy [7].

The financial condition is manifested in the solvency of enterprises, in the ability to timely meet the payment requirements of suppliers of equipment and materials in accordance with business contracts, repay loans, pay wages to workers and employees, make payments to the budget.

The main indicators of the financial condition are: provision with own circulating assets; conformity of actual stocks of material funds to the standard; security stocks intended for them sources of funds; immobilization of working capital; solvency of an enterprise [ 2 ]

Diploma Work devoted to analysis financial provisions CJSC "A-TRAVEL" based on the results of work for 2004, 2005 and 2006.

Financial ratios are used as a tool for financial analysis. These are relative indicators of the financial condition of the enterprise, which express the ratio of some absolute financial indicators to others.

Financial ratios are used: to compare indicators of financial condition; to identify the dynamics of the development of indicators and trends in the financial condition of the enterprise; to determine the normal limits and criteria for various aspects of the financial condition.

Analysis (from Greek analysis - decomposition ) - method of scientific research of phenomena and processes, based on the study component parts, elements of the system under study [ 11 ] .

At the present stage, one of the main tasks is to improve the management of the national economy as a whole and all its branches, as well as individual enterprises.

The activity of any company is purposeful, that is, it is assumed that a certain result will be obtained, resource dependent, at the disposal of the enterprise, the degree of consideration of risk factors, state of external and internal Wednesday firms, conditions in external environment.

As a result of the influence of many factors of a socio-economic and political nature, problematic situations, when the results obtained differ from the expected ones.

In this regard, a number of questions arise, the solution of which is simply impossible without analysis: the reasons for the current situation, choice among many alternatives, appropriate use of the firm's resources.

Based on the above, we can conclude that analysis in enterprise management is very important and is an important stage in the course of making any management decision.

Economic analysis is closely related to planning.

Strategic planning is the process of choosing the goals of its development, substantiation of the strategy for their implementation, subject to the social mission of the enterprise.

A financial strategy is a master plan of action to provide an enterprise with cash [15].

The number of stages of strategic planning, the content and their sequence may vary depending on the size of the enterprise, forms of ownership, scale of activity and other factors. But analysis is a necessary and obligatory stage of strategic planning, regardless of the above factors.

Making optimal management decisions has now become an important problem, to solve which the study of the theory of managerial decision-making helps. The theory of making managerial decisions is based on multivariate, uncertainties, influence of additional factors on each separately taken option.

The choice of the best option requires the development of possible courses of action and their justification by conducting an economic analysis of various management options [ 2 ].

Free market economy, organization and management are impossible without the use of marketing principles, without developing a well-founded marketing program.

Economic analysis, hence, is one of the important components of scientifically based planning, regulation, management.

V quality information base economic analysis uses planned and forecast information, enterprise reporting data (accounting, statistical), some given economic options (tax and interest rates, insurance payments, sectoral profitability levels and others).

Analysis allows install and quantitatively to express the relationship between the end results of the enterprise and production resources ( material, financial, human, informational, temporary), which she has in order to carry out the current activities and development of the enterprise.

In the process economic analysis put row tasks, the most important of which are the following:

increasing the scientific and economic feasibility of business plans and standards (in the process of their development). In general, the business plan is a serious analytical document. It consists of a number of sections, each of which includes a certain the system indicators.

Retrospective and ongoing analysis ends promising (forecast), which gives a direct access to the planned - tentative indicators.

In all cases, methods of comparative analysis of the final production and financial results are used, indicators socio - economic efficiency enterprises and organizations. So way, business plans are justified by the necessary economic calculations;

objective and comprehensive study on data accounting and reporting, implementation of established business plan and compliance quantity standards, structure and quality issued products, works and services performed;

control for implementation of the requirements of commercial calculation and assessment of the final financial results;

definition economic efficiency use of labor, material and financial resources;

identification and measurement of internal reserves at all stages of production process. Valid utility economic analysis consists and v identification of unused reserves at all stages of the production process;

justification and examination optimality managerial solutions.

Make the right management decision, its rationality and efficiency can be revealed only on the basis of economic analysis.

Thus, essence of economic analysis - complex study of the enterprise v conformity with delivered goals, presented through the economic information system

1. Theoretical part

1.1 Information and its role in economic analysis

Economic information is information about the processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods.

Information becomes economic information in cases when:

1) the recipient solves a specific problem;

2) information reduces the level of uncertainty in the conditions of the problem.

The content of economic information can be classified according to:

1) reproduction processes: for example, information about production, exchange, about individual processes at the enterprise;

2) factors of reproduction: for example, by types of resources, products and services, types of funds;

3) displayed structural units: for example, economic regions, enterprises and organizations, according to their structural units and individual subsystems.

By the nature of the sources, information is divided into two types - primary and secondary.

Primary economic information is obtained by researching a specific problem. The collection of information is carried out through measurements. Typically, measurements are taken of a sample - a portion of objects from a general population, i.e. set of studied objects.

Secondary economic information is data previously collected for purposes other than the purposes of this analysis being performed.

Economic information is system of indicators characterizing the object of economic analysis.

The system of indicators characterizing a certain object or phenomenon is understood as a set of interrelated values ​​that comprehensively reflect the state and development of a given object or phenomenon.

Any system of indicators characterizing an economic object consists of the following groups: natural (technical), economic, technical and economic, statistical indicators.

1) the unity of volumetric, structural, quality and cost factors;

2) taking into account the time factor;

3) comparability of the initial state (technical, natural, 4) climatic and other conditions);

5) the unity of the methodology for calculating indicators and their composition.

Technical and economic indicators characterize the object or phenomenon under study, both from the economic and from the technical side (for example, the removal of products from the production area, operating costs per 100 km of track, etc.).

With the help of statistical indicators, a quantitative and qualitative characteristic of economic processes is carried out. Statistical indicators are divided into groups according to the following criteria:

1) by the essence of the studied indicators: into volumetric (quantitative), qualitative, reflecting the typical properties of the studied populations;

2) according to the degree of aggregation of phenomena: into individual and generalized;

3) depending on the nature of the studied phenomena: into stochastic and deterministic;

4) depending on the consideration of the time factor: for interval and moment.

Static indicators are expressed in the form of absolute, relative, average values, etc. To analyze the collected information and characterize the features of the processes under study, analytical indicators are used: indicators of variation and dynamics, tightness of communication, etc.

When constructing a system of indicators for the purposes of a specific analysis, it is necessary to be guided by a number of principles:

1.2 Comparison method in economic analysis

Assessment in economic analysis is aimed at identifying the size and dynamics of the analyzed indicators. The assessment technology includes the following stages:

1) determination of the purpose of the assessment,

2) selection of criteria and comparison base,

3) determination of the analyzed and basic values ​​of the indicators of the enterprise's activity,

4) checking the accuracy of information,

5) ensuring its comparability,

6) the choice of assessment techniques,

7) calculation of assessment indicators,

8) registration of the assessment results,

9) formulation of conclusions.

1) comparison of an indicator or system of indicators with basic values;

2) comparison of the dynamics of factorial and resulting indicators;

3) comparison of parallel rows;

The system of indicators characterizing a certain object or phenomenon is understood as a set of interrelated values that comprehensively reflect the state and development of a given object or phenomenon.

3) comparability of the initial state (technical, natural,
4) climatic and other conditions);

3) determination of the analyzed and basic values of the indicators of the enterprise's activity,

Comparison with guideline and limit values is used in assessing reserves and building a diagram of the enterprise life cycle.

Comparison of the main indicators of the enterprise with the average values allows you to determine competitive positions of this enterprise, motivates the search for reserves for the growth of output and sales of products, more efficient use of resources and cost reduction.