Linden is a fairly well-known ornamental tree, sometimes in the form of a tall shrub. The linden tree (photo on the left and at the bottom of the page) is valued not only for its decorative and medicinal properties, but it is also a wonderful melliferous plant. Linden honey is one of the best, and due to the high nectar content in linden flowers, the linden plant has long been considered the queen of melliferous plants. The value of linden wood, which is widely used as a building and ornamental material, cannot be ignored.
Basic description of the linden tree ... There are many natural species of linden (about 50) and over 100 hybrids, among which the most famous are small-leaved linden, large-leaved linden, felt linden, European linden, American linden. Height decorative trees on average it ranges from 15 to 25 m (maximum up to 40 m). The bark in young specimens is gray-brown and smooth, and in old linden trees - in deep cracks... In culture, a conical or spherical crown shape is usually found. Leaves are cordate, petiolate. The shape and color of the leaves differs slightly from species to species. For example: leaves at the American linden(photo below) have big size(up to 15 cm long and up to 25 cm wide), broadly ovate with a serrated edge; leaves small-leaved linden(photo below) pointed - cordate, green above and slightly bluish below. Leaves by the European linden large, smooth below, heart-shaped. European linden is also called heart-leaved linden and common linden. By itself, it is a hybrid of two types of linden: large-leaved and small-leaved (heart-shaped). By the felt linden(fluffy) not only the leaves on the underside are pubescent, but also young shoots. As for the top of the sheet, it is smooth. Large-leaved linden there are whitish hairs along the veins at the bottom of the leaf.
Linden is a tree that is invariably used in urban and park landscaping. It is also used in landscaping private gardens, and in the creation of linden alleys, trellis plantings and even hedges. Group and single plantings of linden can be especially often found on the territory of former landowners' estates, which indicates a long-standing respect for this durable tree, which does not lose its decorativeness and harmony over the years. For example, images different parts lindens can be found in Czech and Russian coats of arms, Czech coins and medals. In Belarus, one of the months of the year is called Lipenem (July) - the month when the linden blossoms.
How long does linden live. The average lifespan of a linden is 300 - 500 years (depending on growing conditions and species). However, there are known examples that are more than 1000 years old.
Linden varieties. There are many varieties of this tree, although its various types are considered decorative in themselves. Various varieties differ not only in the shape of the crown (ovoid, spherical, pyramidal, columnar, narrowly ovoid), but in the shape of the shoots (vertical, drooping), the color of the foliage (dark green, silvery, purple in spring), compactness of plants (for large and small parks, squares, gardens), the size of the leaves, etc. In specialized nurseries, you can also find plants grafted on a bole. Photos of linden varieties can be viewed not only on this page, but also on the pages dedicated to it different types... Most varieties are resistant to urban conditions.
Linden planting and cultivation. The best seasons for planting linden are autumn and spring. It is better to choose a sunny place for planting, but partial shade is also suitable, since the plant is shade-tolerant. It is believed that when planting linden, saline soils should be avoided. If you plant a plant in fertile soil rich in humus, with an acidity index in the range of 5.5 - 7.5 and at the same time sufficiently moist, this will be perfect place for the growth of linden. Loam is also considered an excellent soil. However, linden is unpretentious plant, therefore it develops well on soils of various compositions. In one of the nurseries, I saw a beautiful linden tree growing on sandy loam soil and at the same time it tolerated arid summer period... This is not surprising, since the tree has good drought tolerance. It should also be noted that the plant is resistant not only to low, but also high temperatures environment.
The principle of planting a linden tree is similar to planting others. deciduous plants... First, we prepare the landing pit. It should be twice as wide in size as a clod of earth or root system tree (if you purchased a plant with bare roots). Such an increase is done in order to add fertile soil and organic fertilizer, with which a clod of earth will be covered, which means that the roots of the tree will better take root in a new place. Organic fertilization is optional, but it is recommended by experts when planting linden. The depth of the planting hole should correspond to the previous growth depth of the tree. Exceeding the level of penetration leads to a worse survival rate, and an insufficient level of it leads to unstable growth and a decrease in drought resistance. If you purchased a plant with a closed root system (with a lump of earth), then the earthen lump itself must be very well shed with water while it is still in the package. This must be done so that the lump does not subsequently crumble when removed from the container or immersed in the landing pit. If a clod of earth is packed in burlap, you can safely bury it in the ground as it is, without removing the fabric at all. In this case, you can cut it, but not necessarily. Do not be afraid, the plant will take root perfectly. If you are planting a linden tree with bare roots (open root system), they must be dipped in a container of water for 3 to 5 hours before planting. During this time, the roots will restore the lost moisture. After soaking in water, the damaged parts of the roots should be removed and the remaining healthy parts should be slightly shortened. This method will stimulate the formation of new roots, as well as allow the plant to take root faster and better. The immersion of a clod of earth in the planting hole must be carried out very carefully so as not to destroy its integrity. After transplanting, linden needs abundant watering. In general, the plant tolerates transplanting well.
Subsequent care for a linden tree is simple. Linden can form any crown shape due to the fact that it tolerates pruning well. By the way, linden pruning is not at all necessary, since the tree is decorative in itself. In addition, there are linden varieties with beautiful crown shapes that form independently, without additional intervention. By the way, foliage fallen from linden quickly decomposes, improving the properties of the soil and its fertility. An important aspect Linden care is the removal of overgrowth at the base of the trunk, as well as damaged, ugly or dry branches. There is no need to water the plant; water it only after transplanting.
On the territory of Russia, the most common tree small-leaved linden, or heart-shaped. The trunk is slender, up to 30 m in height, with a spreading dense crown. The bark is dark, sometimes almost black, on young branches it is dark gray.
Leaves alternate on long cuttings, cordate, with a pointed apex, smooth above, dark green, grayish green below, with tufts of brownish hairs in the vein corners, with paired pink stipules falling in spring.
Small flowers, yellowish-white and creamy-yellow, collected in inflorescences of 5 - 15 pieces, with a light yellow or greenish-yellow bracts of an oblong-lanceolate shape with a rounded apex, the bracts hanging down from the middle of the base of the inflorescence, like a sail. Leaves bloom in May, flowering begins from late June to July and usually lasts about two weeks. At this time, the surrounding air is filled with a delicate honey aroma.
Linden fruit are rounded small single-seed nuts with leathery pericarp.
Is growing linden in deciduous and mixed forests, usually in the form of an admixture, in some places forms linden groves. In urban parks, linden is considered one of the best ornamental trees.
Collection and drying
Linden blossom is harvested when most of flowers have blossomed, and the smaller one is still in the buds. The inflorescences are cut off by hand along with the bracts or small branches with abundant flowers are cut off with secateurs. Then, in a shaded place, the flowers are cut off and dried in a well-ventilated room at a temperature not exceeding 25 ... 30 ° C. Drying in the sun is unacceptable, since under the influence of direct sunlight, the flowers change color, the bracts turn red. Dried inflorescences consist of 5 ... 15 light yellow or yellow flowers; full-bloom flowers should prevail, but buds and single unripe fruits may occur. Bracts are light or yellow-green. The smell is aromatic, the taste is sweetish, slightly astringent. Linden blossom is packed in boxes and jars with tightly ground lids. Store in a dry place for up to 2 years.
Linden composition
Linden blossom is a valuable medicinal raw material, which contains sugars, essential oils (0.05%), tannins, glycosides hesperidin and tiliacin, vitamin C, carotene, saponins.
The use and beneficial properties of linden
Linden tea is one of the most common remedies for home treatment colds: a tablespoon of linden flowers is brewed in a glass of boiling water, before use, the infusion is kept under a napkin for 20 minutes. The infusion should be colored golden, with a pleasant taste and aroma. To sweat well, you need to drink at least two glasses, or even better, add an equal amount of dried raspberries to the linden blossom, which also contains a strong diaphoretic substance - salicylic acid.
Linden infusions help to treat angina, relieve headaches. Herbal medicine doctors give children linden decoctions as an analgesic and sedative for mumps and measles, for adults - for nervous diseases and seizures. It is recommended to drink the broth hot (a tablespoon of flowers in a glass of water, boil for 10 minutes). For a more effective action, you can drink 2 ... 3 glasses of hot broth before going to bed.
The inflorescences and stipules contain mucus. When the brewed linden tea is infused and cooled, a gelatinous viscous mass is formed, which is used in the form of lotions to treat burns, ulcers, hemorrhoids, inflammation of the joints, gout and rheumatism. For the same purpose, young bark is used, the bark of which is especially rich in mucus.
Decoctions of linden leaves are taken to remove sand with cuts in the urethra. Compresses on broth relieve headaches.
Coal obtained by burning wood, due to its adsorptive properties, is taken orally for dysentery, swelling of the intestines and diarrhea (in some areas, by stripping water vapor from wood infusion, a disinfectant liquid was obtained, which was sprayed into rooms where infectious patients lay).
Modern pharmacology suggests that linden inflorescences are due to a complex of biologically active substances. Herbal preparations in the form of infusions, decoctions of linden blossom, in addition to diaphoretic action, increase the secretion of gastric juice and facilitate the flow of bile into the duodenum. In addition, linden inflorescences have a beneficial effect on the central nervous system, therefore, their infusions are recommended to be taken as a sedative for increased nervous excitability. The extract from the inflorescences is used for mild disorders of digestion and metabolic processes.
In pharmacies, linden blossom is sold in packs of 100 g and in the form of briquettes (a slice of a briquette is brewed in a glass of boiling water, boiled for 10 minutes, filtered and drunk like tea);
Young leaves can be used for food, which are added to spring prefabricated salads, increasing their vitamin content. During the war years, linden leaves were added to soups, mashed potatoes; crushing the leaves into powder, mixing them with a small amount of flour and baking cakes from this mixture.
Fruit are a raw material for obtaining a fatty oil characterized by a light yellow color and a weak linden blossom odor. Linden oil is considered one of the best as a confectionery fat, and the cake left after pressing the oil is used for livestock feed.
In addition to the small-leaved linden, the large-leaved linden is widely cultivated in city gardens and parks.
Contraindications to the use of linden blossom and tea
Linden blossom decoctions should be drunk with short interruptions and in reasonable quantities, otherwise vision may severely drop, and quite unexpectedly and rather quickly. But this does not mean at all that you can go blind if you drink linden tea every day. It is about a very long-term admission, without measure and without interruption, which, in addition to weakening of vision, can provoke insomnia, irritability, increased pressure, pain in the heart. We drank tea for several days, one cup at a time, take a break for a week - and everything will be fine.
Linden is a tree known to everyone, the aroma of inflorescences of which is clearly felt in June-July. The tree tolerates winter frosts, blooms and gives seeds even in the absence of proper care. On the garden plots you can often find heart-shaped linden with leaves beautiful shape... Read more about tree care below.
Linden trees.
What a linden tree looks like, everyone knows for sure. After all, this perennial tree grows in almost all regions of Russia. Wild varieties can be as large as shrubs, and the house linden is a full-fledged tree if the rules of care are followed. The European heart-shaped linden reaches a height of 30 m.
The crown is round, oval or pyramidal in shape. There are several trunks. Linden usually has a lifespan of 120-150 years. Although there are specimens 800-1000 years old. A young tree reaches full strength by the age of 20-30, at the same time it begins to bloom more abundantly.
Heart-shaped linden (Tilia cordata) - one of the garden varieties, of which there are about 30 in the world. It is small-leaved, it tolerates frost especially well, it is cultivated even in Western Siberia... Bare leaves from the inside have a bluish tint, surrounded in the corners by a bunch of red villi. The inflorescences are directed upwards, they consist of 5-11 flowers. Fruits with indistinct ribs, thin-walled.
Beneficial features
All parts of the tree are used in medicine. Linden is a honey plant, honey is obtained from the inflorescences, which is useful in the treatment of diseases. A bee colony can collect up to 5 kg of product from one tree. Flowers, leaves, linden wood are used for the preparation of medical powders and tinctures that have wide range actions.
All parts of the linden tree are used in medicine.
The flowers contain essential oil, which contains carotene, vitamin C, tannins and other useful substances. Linden leaves contain protein, carotene and vitamin C. The fruits contain about 60% oil, similar in quality to Provencal, in taste - to almond and peach.
Linden wood charcoal is used for stomach pains as well as for wound healing. A decoction of flowers is used as a diaphoretic for colds. Infusions of leaves and buds have anti-inflammatory, analgesic effects. In the old days, bast shoes, shields, quivers for arrows were made from linden bark. Wood was used for buildings, and now tar is produced from it. It is used to treat eczema, respiratory diseases.
Growing in the garden
The heart-shaped linden is unpretentious, therefore it grows well anywhere. For abundant flowering it is necessary to carry out pruning in a timely manner, feed the tree with minerals and examine for the absence of pests. Small-leaved heart-shaped linden is suitable for creating hedges.
Choosing a landing site
The European linden tree adapts to any habitat. Under the forest canopy, it will grow in the form of a bush, on open area- a spreading tree. Therefore, it is not so important - in the shady or sunny place linden will grow on your site.
For planting, it is better to choose linden seedlings older than 2 years.
The tree grows well in any soil. But it is preferable to plant linden in sandstone fertilized with humus. The optimum acidity of the soil for linden is 6.5-7.5 pH. For planting in a permanent place, 2-year-old seedlings are taken. In the first years, linden grows slowly, after reaching 4 years, growth accelerates. When the tree reaches 60 years of age, growth slows down again, and stops completely at 130-150 years.
Planting seedlings
Standard linden seedlings reach a height of 50-70 cm. For them, you need to dig a hole 50 cm deep and the same in diameter. Its bottom is filled with drainage by 15 cm. To do this, use pebbles, broken brick, crushed stone. Pour humus mixed with superphosphate on top (50-60 g in each hole).
The seedling is placed in the hole so that the root collar is flush with the soil. Slight deepening is allowed. The tree is covered with an earthen mixture consisting of 2 parts of humus, the same amount of sand, 1 part of turf soil. Immediately after planting, the plant is watered. Loosening is carried out 2-3 times per season trunk circle remove weeds.
Watering frequency
In the future, young linden is watered once a week at the rate of 20 liters per square meter crown projection. After heavy rainfall, watering is not carried out. Adult lindens do not need additional moisture, watering is permissible only when the soil is very dry.
Top dressing
The tree is fed twice a year. The first time in the spring, the second - in the fall. IN spring a solution is introduced into the soil. It is prepared from 10 liters of water, 1 kg of manure, 20 g of urea and 25 g of ammonium nitrate. In autumn, the soil is fertilized with 20 g of nitroammofoska diluted in 10 liters of water.
Pruning
The formation of the crown is carried out in the spring, before bud break, and in the fall. Pruning is necessary for a tree after the first year of life. In this case, the branches are shortened by 1/3, no more.
Linden crown lends itself to shaping.
Preparing for winter
The frost resistance of linden increases with age, but you still need to properly prepare for wintering. Preparatory procedures are best carried out in late October and early November. They are as follows:
- Fallen leaves must be burned, some of them can be left for mulching young trees. Lindens should be inspected for frost damage. If there are such formations, they need to be treated with an antiseptic.
- The near-stem circle is mulched with fallen leaves, peat or sawdust so that the trunk is covered by 10-12 cm.
- In the first years of life, seedlings cover the crown with dense material.
- In late autumn, fertilizing is carried out so that the trees are stocked nutrients for winter.
All these activities can be done in 1-2 days.
Flowering period
Lindens bloom in June-July, depending on the variety. The heart-shaped linden blooms from the end of June. White fragrant flowers with a diameter of about 10 mm are collected in half-umbrellas of 5-15 pieces. Each inflorescence has a thin, light, elongated bracts, up to 6 cm in size.
The flowering period lasts 2-3 weeks, less in the heat. Flowers are pollinated by insects, mainly bees. Linden fruit is a one-seeded nut. It falls from the tree in winter. Please note that linden blossom pollen can cause allergies.
Linden flowers are best picked when some of them are still budding.
The use of linden inflorescences
Linden flowers are used for the preparation of decoctions, infusions, teas. They help with colds, have anti-inflammatory, diaphoretic action. They are harvested when half of the flowers have opened, and the second is still in buds. The inflorescences are plucked from the branches in dry weather, after which they are laid out in a ventilated room with a layer of 3-5 cm and dried.
The fact that the inflorescences are dry enough can be judged by the fragility of the peduncles. Store raw materials in a cloth bag, protected from light and ventilated. If the flowers are stored correctly, they will not lose their properties for 3 years.
Growing difficulties
The European linden is easily infected with infections from the trees growing in the vicinity. Sometimes it is attacked by rodents, which weaken the linden and make it vulnerable to pests.
Linden disease
Actellik solution is used to fight diseases. As a prophylaxis, linden can be treated once a season with Fitosporin solution.
Pests
Most often, linden is affected by:
To combat pests, the periosteal circle is loosened, processed soapy water... The crown and trunk are sprayed with insecticidal preparations, which are selected based on who infects the tree.
Annual pruning is a good prevention. In the process, the buds are cut, in which the pests hibernate. Cut branches are burned to precisely kill insects.
Reproduction
The heart-shaped linden is propagated by seeds and stem layers. The first method is laborious, since the seeds need stratification (keeping in the cold) for germination. In addition, it can take 10-12 years from the moment of planting the seeds to obtaining a young tree. However, some people practice it as well.
Seed stratification and sowing
Seeds in the fall should be placed in a container with wet sand or sawdust. For 3 parts of the soil, take 1 part of the seeds. For 5-6 months, the container is placed in a dry, dark, cold place (7-10 degrees) and periodically moistened. You can use peat with sand mixed in equal amounts. In such soil, the seeds should be buried 2-3 cm.
European linden seeds.
In the spring, seeds are removed and sown in open ground. The strongest will sprout, and when they get stronger, it will be possible to plant them in a permanent place. Young sprouts must be carefully looked after, be sure to cover for the winter. Instead of sowing seeds in the garden, you can grow in a container to a relatively large size. Then, in any case, they need to be transplanted into open ground.
Planting stem layers
For reproduction in this way, a tree is needed, the branches of which can be bent to the ground itself. Previously, a small trench is dug in the ground, into which a branch inclined to the ground is placed. It needs to be fixed with a bracket and dug in a little. After a while, the layers will take root and a young tree will grow. When it grows up, you can carefully dig it up and plant it in a permanent place.
Growing linden from scratch is a long process. It is easier to purchase an adult seedling in the plant nursery and plant it in the garden. The price of a seedling with a height of 35-40 cm is 15,000 rubles, and for a European linden with a height of 50-60 cm you need to pay 25,000-30,000 rubles.
An adult tree is unpretentious, but after planting young seedlings, you will have to work hard with care. But in return you will receive a tree with amazing fragrant and healthy flowers.
Linden blossom begins when fruit trees for the most part it has already ended - in mid or late June. Many are looking forward to this event. The air during this period is filled with a unique delicate fragrance. Linden, the flowering of which is so short, is a valuable medicinal raw material. You can stock up on its flowers at this time for a whole year.
Linden: flowering and tree features
The crown of the tree becomes a solid golden ball, exuding a honey aroma. Each inflorescence consists of 10-15 flowers. They have five petals and many stamens. Flowering is so abundant that the branches bend under their weight. growing in most regions of Russia, has a spreading wide crown. Sometimes these are separate, but more often - together with maple, oak and ash, as well as other tree species. At first, the linden tree, which only begins to bloom between ten and twenty years old, grows very slowly. The process speeds up slightly if the tree is in an open area.
Linden: flowering and value as a honey plant
It is estimated that a hectare of forest, consisting entirely of these middle-aged trees, can release about a ton of sweet nectar in two weeks. For bees, this is a real paradise. possesses a number healing properties for which it is highly regarded. Scientists have noticed that linden trees in last years reduced the production of nectar. You can fight this by planting different varieties at a short distance from each other. Small-leaved and large-leaved (European, Manchurian and others) lindens have different time flowering. By simultaneously growing trees of different varieties on the same plot, you can increase the amount of nectar that bees will collect. The flowering time of the large-leaved linden begins five or eight days earlier than the Amur and Manchurian. Gathering different varieties these trees in one area, you can increase the period during which the bees are able to collect nectar from them, from two weeks to four. Thus, apiaries located close to linden plantations can be guaranteed annually with honey, even if one particular variety, due to temperature fluctuations in one year, cannot bloom and ensure nectar production.
Lipa in cities and towns
Previously, this tree was loved for its flowering, aroma, frost resistance and beauty. Nowadays, linden, planted in cities, helps to fight gas pollution. Lush foliage absorbs dust and carbon dioxide. Hundreds of cubic meters of oxygen, which is released by linden trees, enliven the urban atmosphere. If you plant in parks and gardens different types linden trees, different growing seasons will provide vibrant greens for most of the year. After all, some of them begin to shed their leaves only at the end of October. Widely known medicinal properties But they will appear only if the raw materials are harvested in an ecologically clean area. Therefore, it is not recommended to collect lime blossom in cities and along highways.
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