Mineral fertilizers: classification, specific types, which, when and for what is better? Mineral fertilizers for plants and their types.

Every summer resident knows that without fertilizers it is impossible to get stable rich harvests. Fertilizers help plants ripen much faster, make the fruits juicy and healthy, and contribute to accelerated soil recovery. There are many types of mixtures, each of which differs in its composition and specificity of application. In this article, we will look at the main types of fertilizers, their advantages and features of use.

Whether you grow plants on your windowsill or have your own garden and garden plot, using fertilizers is an integral part of the process. To increase soil fertility, many substances are used, which are determined by the initial composition of the soil, the type of plant you are going to grow, climatic conditions and your financial capabilities.

The main task of all fertilizers is to replenish the stock of missing substances in the soil for the growth of crops and the ripening of the crop. Often the land needs several important elements, therefore, special nutritional complexes are created, aimed at comprehensive enrichment.

There are two main groups of fertilizers:

1. Mineral.
2. Organic.

Each of them is subdivided into a mass of subspecies depending on the substances used (nitrogen, manure, potassium, sulfur, etc.). The scheme "Types of fertilizers", outlined below, clearly demonstrates all the diversity and multidirectional composition of:

Mineral fertilizers

Fertilizers are components of inorganic nature and are actively used in agriculture for several reasons. Firstly, you can buy them in almost any store, and their low cost allows you to choose an option for any wallet. Secondly, mineral fertilizers have a quick positive impact over a wide range of coverage. Thirdly, they are quite compact and very convenient and inexpensive to transport.

Such "quick" dressings contain substances that do not have a carbon base. Typically, inorganic fertilizers contain various mineral compounds such as acids, salts or oxides. Distinguish between simple and complex fertilizers. Simple ones have only one active component. They have a clearly directed effect. Complex ones are more versatile and are able to cope with several problems at once, for example, enrich the soil with many useful substances.

Nitrogen fertilizers

Nitrogen mixtures are distinguished by excellent diffusion properties, due to which they quickly dissolve in liquids.

Such fertilizers are usually applied to the ground in early spring or late winter. During this time, they manage to give the earth most of the useful components even before the plants begin to develop. But this general rule is not suitable for all cases, so you should take into account individual conditions when preparing a concentrated composition.

Ammonia fertilizers

Ammonia fertilizers contain more than 30% nitrogen. They are not recommended to be introduced into podzolic soils, since the composition contains an insufficient amount of cations to nitrify nitrogen. This, in turn, negatively affects useful characteristicsah ammonium nitrate.

Saltpeter is perhaps the best fertilizer for potatoes. Since it is grown in large quantities, a lot of feeding is required. The cost of nitrate is quite low, which makes it possible to provide additional feeding of the entire territory without significant costs. At the same time, the yield grows by 40-50% already in the first year after soil cultivation, the immunity of potatoes is strengthened (it tolerates frost, drought, and is less affected by insects and diseases).

A unique feature of ammonium nitrate is its ability to affect the soil that has not yet been warmed up by the sun. Some experienced summer residents scatter it directly onto the unmelted snow at the end of winter. It can be used to feed grapes and various berry bushes (gooseberries, currants) in March-April so that the plants do not feel nitrogen deficiency. In this particular case, saltpeter is even better than organic additives, which can only "work" in warm soil.

Important: ammonium nitrate is explosive, therefore, precautions should be taken during operation and storage. Protect it from overheating and ingress of foreign matter.

Nitrate fertilizers

Saltpeter is sold as white peas. It is used to enrich any non-saline soils, except for chernozem. The nitrogen content in the nitrate composition is insignificant - up to 17%. For this reason, to release it, a special technology should be used - to scatter the fertilizer over the plow before spring plowing. Saltpeter manages to release a sufficient amount of nitrogen for germination of crops and at the same time does not lose useful characteristics due to interaction with air.

Important: it is strictly forbidden to use nitrate fertilizers in greenhouses. Also, it is not recommended to store them for a long time, as they lose their useful properties.

If your site has light soil, sodium nitrate should be applied in early spring using a row method. If it is heavy loam, processing is carried out in mid-autumn. Today, only one type of saltpeter can be found in the domestic market - "Sodium saltpeter technical grade CX".

Amide fertilizers

Amide fertilizers are created mainly from nitrogen and, depending on the additional substances, have different effects.

There are several varieties:

Potash fertilizers

There are several types of potash fertilizers, depending on the percentage of potassium in the composition:

1. Potassium chloride contains the highest potassium concentration - 50%. It should be applied in the fall during digging, since chlorine will go into the lower layers of the soil, and its effect on plants will subsequently be minimal.
2. Potassium sulfate is intended for crops with severe potassium deficiency. It does not contain powerful impurities like chlorine, magnesium and sodium. This fertilizer is best suited for feeding cucumbers. The percentage of potassium is 46%.
3. Potash salt is small crystals of "rusty" color and is used for feeding all varieties of berry crops. It is added to grant before autumn plowing at the rate of 150-200 g per sq. m.

Phosphate fertilizers

Types of phosphorus fertilizers:

1. Simple superphosphate is an inorganic mixture containing 20% \u200b\u200bborsphor anhydride. Is considered the best mixture for any soil with a phosphorus deficiency. It should be added depending on the moisture content of the earth. If the ground is very wet, you can add simple superphosphate as a groundbait as the plants grow.
2. Double superphosphate is a fertilizer with a higher concentration of nutrients than simple superphosphate. It is more economical because it does not contain ballast components like CaSO4, as in the previous case. The forsfor content can vary from 32% to 46%.
3. Phosphate rock - the production standards for this fertilizer have not changed for over 40 years. Used to increase plant resistance to negative changes environment on acidic soils, improving winter hardiness. Contains at least 19% phosphorus and about 35% calcium.

Complex fertilizers

The complex inorganic mixtures include many useful components that can bring plants back to life, strengthen their immunity, and develop fertility.

Types of complex fertilizers:

Organic fertilizers

Compounds obtained as a result of natural natural processes of processing organic matter (feces, peat, plant humus, bird droppings, etc.) are called organic. Such fertilizers contain a colossal concentration of nutrients in various ratios, so they must be used in small doses so as not to harm the plants.

Fertilizer manure

Most popular and affordable fertilizer... Depending on its quality and soil characteristics, the portion of addition to the soil can be 6-10 kg per sq. m. Often, manure is used with compost or diluted with water.

Slurry is used to fertilize plants during the growing season. It should be diluted with water 1: 5, and in order to improve the efficiency of fertilization, a little superphosphate should be added (about 40 g per 10 l).

Litter manure is formed by mixing liquid and solid excreta livestock... It helps to significantly improve the physicochemical characteristics of the earth, making, for example, a sand layer more stable or a clay layer - loose. It also reduces the acidity of the earth and normalizes its water and aerobic regimes. The value of litter manure is determined by the animal that produced it, the quality of the feed, and the storage method. The best fertilizer the products of the vital activity of horses are considered, in second place are sheep, then cows and pigs.

Fertilizer compost

Compost is obtained as a result of decomposition of various organic waste - leaves, peels, husks, fish bones, meat, etc. Many summer residents do at their site compost pitswhere waste is piled in layers mixed with earth, after which everything is left to rot for a year or longer. Every year, all layers must be shoveled to obtain a uniform high-quality compost.

Fertilizing humus

Humus looks like a dark brown loose mass and is obtained as a result of the decomposition of manure. The characteristics of the fertilizer distinguish it from other types, since the humus contains the largest number useful elements. Accordingly, it has the highest fertilizing performance. However, in order for humus to retain its useful qualities, it must be stored properly. The best option is to stack the fertilizer. A 25-centimeter layer of peat should be laid on dense soil, then manure should be poured and tamped into stacks about 2 m thick.Then, covered with earth 25 cm.

Fertilizer bird droppings

The bird droppings contain a very high concentration of nutrients. It can be applied to all types of soil, while bird droppings are much more effective than even the highest quality manure. It should be added as evenly as possible. If it is necessary to make a liquid feeding of an individual plant, dilute the droppings in water in a ratio of 1:10. Store in the same way as in the previous case, but it will be helpful to add peat and turf in a 1: 2 ratio.

Fertilizer peat

An excellent natural fertilizer saturated with nitrogen. The main disadvantage peat - lack of potassium and phosphorus, so it is recommended to mix it with inorganic fertilizers, feces, manure or slurry. Peat is used to fertilize plants and to enrich the land.

Fertilizer sawdust

Wood chips are an excellent loosening material. They retain moisture and air well, enriching the soil. They should be introduced during digging together with inorganic fertilizers, dosing 3 buckets per 1 sq. m. If you do not add mineral mixtures, sawdust can mineralize and take all nitrogen from the soil, lowering its fertile characteristics. Accordingly, when digging, mineral fertilizers with a high proportion of nitrogen should be added.

Rational use of several types of fertilizers at once will help you get excellent yields of any crops every year without the risk of depleting the soil.

Large agricultural firms and summer residents dream of getting a rich harvest on their plots. For the former, there is no question whether chemical fertilizers are needed, and amateur gardeners often prefer to do without them. Is it correct? Do I need to carry out mineral fertilizing? Is there any harm to fertilizers (fertilizers)? It is useful to know the answers to these questions.

What is mineral fertilizers

Summer residents, fearing chemistry, prefer to feed the plants with organic fertilizers, not thinking that they have a small amount of useful components. Vegetables, berries, shrubs for proper growth and yield should receive a lot different elements... Often food is not enough due to the characteristics of the soil:

• clayey - iron, manganese;
• peat bogs - copper;
• sour, marshy - zinc;
• sandstones have a lack of magnesium, potassium, nitrogen.

Plants signal their problems by changing the color of the leaves, the size and shape of the fruit. The task of a person is to make feeding in a timely manner. Mineral fertilizers are chemical compounds inorganic origin. They have one main component or several. Useful substances, being in the form of mineral salts, help:

• increase in yield;
• strengthening plants;
• protection from pests;
• stimulation of growth and nutrition;
• improving the quality of fruits;
• soil restoration;
• weed protection;
• strengthening plant immunity.

Types of mineral fertilizers

The fertilizer mixture is used in intensive farming in reputable companies, in summer cottages. What belongs to mineral fertilizers? It is important to know the characteristics of the different categories. The types of fertilizers and their classification are different:

• Simple or one-sided, containing a single substance. These include phosphorus, potash, nitrogen fertilizers.
• Complex mineral - include several active substances that simultaneously affect the soil and plants.
• Microfertilizers with a complex composition of trace elements - molybdenum, calcium, iodine, manganese.

Nitrogen fertilizers

The use of mineral fertilizers with a high nitrogen content helps the development of the stem and leaves of the plant, which is necessary for spring... Their good solubility allows their liquid, solid use. Nitrogen fertilizers are classified:

• Nitrate - calcium, sodium nitrate, suitable for acidic soil, recommended for plants with a short ripening period - radishes, lettuce. In case of excess, it harms - accumulates in fruits.
• Ammonium - ammonium sulfate - requires autumn application. Onions, tomatoes, cucumbers react well to it.

The following types of fertilizers are used by large manufacturers and private traders:

• Amide - urea - has the highest concentration of nitrogen, promotes big harvest... It requires introduction into the ground, it is useful for tomatoes when setting, growing.
• Ammonium-nitrate - ammonium nitrate - when combined with potassium, phosphorus increases the yield of grain crops, beets, potatoes.

Potash fertilizers

To raise resistance to diseases, improve taste, increase keeping quality of fruits, you cannot do without potassium. Popular types of potash fertilizers:

• Potassium chloride is a natural raw material extracted from ore. Contains chlorine, which is harmful to some plants. Fertilizing in the fall should be done to avoid bad influences. It works well on beets, barley, potatoes, buckwheat.

Together with trace elements, phosphorus and nitrogen, potassium increases plant productivity. Fertilizers received distribution:

• Potassium salt - has a high concentration of potassium, is introduced in the fall. Promotes the growth of potatoes, grain crops.
• Potassium nitrate - contains nitrogen, is useful for setting and ripening fruits.
• Potassium sulfate used when feeding all crops, introduced into the soil when growing root crops.

Phosphate fertilizers

Phosphorus is needed to feed berry bushes and trees. Its use accelerates fruit setting, increases frost resistance in winter. Feeding with phosphorus fertilizers is effective:

• Simple superphosphate - poured into the ground, used during the flowering period. An ideal fertilizer for flowers.
• Phosphate flour - requires acidic soil for action. Suitable for grains, vegetables. It can provide the plant with phosphorus for many years.
• Double superphosphate is used for berry bushes, applied in autumn under flowers for better wintering.

Microfertilizers

In the classification of mineral fertilizers for plant nutrition, there is a group with trace elements. Molybdenum, copper or manganese are often absent in the soil. It is possible to compensate for the deficiency of iron or zinc by treating the seed material with mineral micronutrient fertilizers, while observing the rate. When using them, it actively develops root system, increased protection against diseases, accelerated growth.

The types of micronutrient fertilizers are classified according to the active substance:

• complex - contain several elements - increase productivity, fight against pests - "Master", "Sizam", "Oracle";
• copper - for wetlands - copper sulfate, pyrite;
• boric - tend to activate the growth of young plants - borax, boric acid;
• molybdenum - for forest soils - molybdenum acid ammonium.

Complex mineral fertilizers

This group of mineral fat includes multilateral preparations containing several active ingredients. Complex mineral fertilization solves various problems - increases the yield, counteracts weeds, pests, improves the quality of flowers. This group includes:

• Ammophos is a nitrogen-phosphorus fat. Suitable for vegetable, berry crops, especially good for flowers - they begin to grow violently, lush flowering.
• Diammofoska - contains basic substances - potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus and trace elements. Fertilizer helps control pests, is used for all plants.

Large agricultural firms apply complex fertilizers to the soil using a fertilizer seeder, as in the photo. Summer residents scatter them in spring or autumn, depending on the type of soil. Popular mineral complexes:

• Nitroammofosk. Suitable for any plants and soils - they are applied to clayey ones in the fall, to sandy ones - in the spring, before plowing.
• Nitrophoska. Great for tomatoes, enhancing their flavor by increasing their size. It is used in spring and during the growing season. Cucumbers are not affected by diseases.

Application of mineral fertilizers

An experienced gardener will determine by the appearance of the plant what substances are missing. What mineral fertilizers are needed and their use on the site:

• with a nitrogen deficiency, growth is slowed down, the lower leaves die, dry out;
• lack of phosphorus is manifested by their reddish, grayish color;
• lack of potassium reduces seed germination, increases susceptibility to diseases, the lower leaves at the edges begin to turn yellow, become brown, die off;
• in the absence of zinc, a small rosette forms in apple trees;
• magnesium deficiency is marked by pale greens.

Nutritious fats are used by introducing them into the soil during digging, watering the dissolved preparations. When using mineral compounds, fertilizer groups must not be mixed:

• urea with lime, simple superphosphate, manure, ammonium nitrate;
• ammonium sulfate with dolomite, chalk;
• simple superphosphate with lime, ammonium nitrate, urea;
• potash salt with dolomite, chalk.

Before you start feeding plants and soil, you need to understand the rules for using tuk. There are ways of applying mineral fertilizers, depending on the composition:

• Nitrogen is embedded in the soil in spring, and when dug up, it has the ability to evaporate. When consumed in autumn, nutrients will be washed out with rains.
• Ammonium nitrate is scattered over the snow, which the granules melt, making their way to the soil.

When applied, other active mineral components have their own characteristics:

• Potassium is buried in the ground in spring and autumn. Potassium chloride is preferable to use at the end of summer, so that chlorine disappears.
• Phosphorus can be added at any time. It should be borne in mind that it is poorly soluble in water, it can reach the roots in 2 months. It is preferable to fertilize in late summer to strengthen the plants for the winter season.

Calculation of doses of mineral fertilizers

Specialists of large agricultural firms calculate fertilizer doses depending on the type of soil separately for each crop. At the same time, the standard for the use of mineral fertilizers per hectare of land is taken into account. Important to know the content active substance in the composition. Summer residents can use the application rates of mineral fertilizers in grams per square meter:

• ammonium nitrate - 15-25;
• superphosphate - 40-60;
• potassium chloride - 15-20;
• nitroammophoska - 70-80.

Fertilizer selection

Winter is the time to prepare for the new season. Any specialty store can offer a variety of plant preparations. In order to choose the right mineral fertilizers, it is necessary to take into account the tasks to be solved with their help, to provide for a number of factors:

• desired impact;
• seasonality of use;
• form of release and volume;
• manufacturer's firm.

Impact

According to their influence, fertilizers are divided as follows:

• Soil restoration. Kemira Lux - promotes growth under climate change. Plus - excellent quality, minus - strong soil deoxidation.
• Protection from pests. "GUMATEM" - increases the yield due to their absence. Plus - neutralization of the action of pesticides. The disadvantage is the need for strict adherence to the dose.

The following fertilizers are distinguished according to the effect:

• Growth stimulation. "Amix" - increases productivity, immunity. Plus - high concentration, you need a small amount. Disadvantage - it takes time to cook.
• Weed control. Etisso - Gives excellent effect on lawn grass. Plus - it affects plants through leaves and roots. Minus - valid for the next year.
• Improving immunity. Nitroammofoska - suitable for all cultures. Plus - easy dissolution in water. The disadvantage is a short shelf life.

Seasonality

When choosing mineral fertilizers, you need to pay attention to the seasonality:

• Spring is the time for nitrogen fertilization. Urea - promotes the growth of stems, leaves. Plus - it is well absorbed by plants. Minus - in case of an overdose, small fruits, a set of green mass.
• Summer requires phosphorus fertilization. Superphosphate - promotes fruit formation. Plus - it meets the need for a specific substance. The downside is the lack of trace elements.

With an emphasis on seasonality, you need to consider:

• In winter, the plants do not feed; autumn fertilizers are used to prepare them for the cold season. Potassium sulfate - has a firming effect, helps to withstand frosts. Plus - well absorbed, disadvantage - not suitable for all soils.
• All-season fertilizers. Fertika is a complex preparation. Plus - it contains many useful active ingredients. Minus - additional trace elements are required.

Release form

In appearance, mineral fats are divided into 3 groups:

• Granules. Superphosphate - introduced into the soil during digging, used in dissolved form. Plus - ease of use. Minus - dissolves for a long time.
• Liquid. Carbide-ammonia mixture - used for watering. Plus - high concentration, minus - it is necessary to comply with the norms when feeding.
• Powder. Magnesium lime - is introduced into the soil during digging. Plus - it is quickly absorbed. Disadvantage - poorly stored, caked.

Volume

Large farms purchase the necessary minerals in tons in bags. Experts recommend for garden plot in 6 acres to purchase about 12 kg of mineral preparations for feeding. Gardeners should estimate in advance the required volume, taking into account the packaging and application rates. For example, fertilizer:

• "Kemira potato" in granules - packing 5 kg;
• "Gumatem" - liquid form - 250 ml in a bottle.

Manufacturer

You can make a choice of mineral preparations, focusing on the manufacturer. Many companies have many years of experience, good feedback by quality. Popular fertilizer suppliers:

• "Fasco" - effective drugs in liquid and granular form. Plus - fertilizers for specific plants, cons - inherent in individual substances.
• "Kemira" - a wide range of drugs for different seasons. Plus - Finnish quality, disadvantages - in accordance with the existing composition.
• Agricola - instant dressings. Plus - they are effective when growing all crops, minus - you need to maintain the dosage.

Video: Mineral fertilizers tuka

Not all gardeners can boast of the presence of organic raw materials in the form of manure, droppings. Not everyone has time to make compost and green manure.

People living in a private house with a large farm in the form of animals and birds, as well as a large land plot - can afford to keep a source of organic fertilizer and at the same time grow vegetables and fruits.

All the rest, who occasionally leave the city, can use mineral fertilizers - their types allow you to select a mixture for each type of soil and for crops separately.

Mineral fertilizers are fertilizers in the form of salts of inorganic origin. They are also called chemical fertilizers. The source is natural minerals that are industrially mined, as well as substances obtained by artificial means.

Mineral fertilizers replace organic matter well

Distinguish between one-component, two-component, three-component and multicomponent compositions of mineral fertilizers. This means that the composition includes 1, 2, 3 or more components, the main of which are nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus. Auxiliary - calcium, sulfur, magnesium, boron and other trace elements, necessary for plants for growth.

Pros of mineral mixtures:

• are cheaper;
• easier to get hold of;
• small doses are used;
• can be matched to specific plants and soil types.

The effect of the use of mineral fertilizers is no different from the effect of organic matter, but when using mineral fertilizers, it is necessary to strictly observe the dosage of the substance, that is, to be guided by the golden rule of the gardener: it is better to underfeed a little than to overfeed and destroy the plant.

Types and characteristics of mineral fertilizers

The types can be classified as follows:

• nitrogen, containing one component - nitrogen;
• potassium, consisting of potassium salts and microadditives;
• phosphoric are salts of phosphoric acid or natural minerals;
• mixtures having an equal composition of active ingredients or other proportions.

Video: Distinctive features and methods of using mineral fertilizers

Most often, types of mineral fertilizers are used that have a full composition - nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, since this eliminates the need to calculate how much and what is needed for a specific plot of land. For each type of mineral fertilizer, the type of soil is appropriate, on which the additives will be most effective.

Potash

Potash types of fertilizers contain a large amount of potassium salts, the rest of the additives may be present in micro doses. Such monofertilizers are recommended for all types of soils, but especially for sandy and sandy loamy soils. Potassium salts are extracted industrially from natural minerals - carnallite and sylvinite.

There are two varieties - potassium chloride and sulfate. Chloride must be added to the soil in autumn so that chlorine harmful to plants disappears during the winter. Such mineral fertilizer is not suitable for spring application. Potassium sulfate is suitable for all plants and can be used at any time of the year.

Phosphoric

The main mineral for fertilizers is phosphorus, which is isolated from natural phosphorites and apatites. There are many types of phosphorus compounds that are used in complex mixtures:

• superphosphates and double superphosphates - soluble in water;
• precipitate - dissolves in a weak acid solution;
• metaphosphate is an insoluble or hardly soluble compound;
• tomoslag - acid is needed for dissolution;
• ammophos and diammophos are hardly soluble in water.

Phosphate fertilizers are varied and suitable for all types of soil

Water-soluble substances are suitable for all types of soil and plants. Semi-soluble and hardly soluble have an advantage on acidic soils - there their effect is stronger.

In order for phosphorus mineral fertilizers to be well absorbed by plants, the soil must be saturated with potassium and nitrogen.

Nitrogen

Nitrogen fertilizers, their classification:

• nitrate forms - calcium or sodium nitrate;
• ammonia form - ammonia water;
• ammonium - ammonium sulfate or chloride;
• ammonium nitrate - ammonium nitrate;
• the amide form is urea.

Nitrogen substances, which also belong to mineral fertilizers, form the basis of plant nutrition, contribute to the collection of green mass. Without sufficient nitrogen supply, the leaves are yellowish or pale green. The efficiency of nitrogen increases if the soil is well fertilized with phosphorus and potassium.

Video: How to properly feed plants with nitrogen

Nitrogen is often included in mineral fertilizers, which are called complex fertilizers. In such mixtures, the amount of nutrients is maximally balanced.

Complex mixtures

Complex mineral fertilizers receive different ways - chemical reaction, mixing of simple components. The concentration of active ingredients is very high, so the consumption of fertilizers is low. For different types of soil, you can choose the right mixture for the optimal balance of nutrients.

What is a complex mineral fertilizer - these are mixtures that contain 2 or more types of salts... Distinguish:

• nitrogen-phosphorus mixtures;
• potassium-nitrogen;
• nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compositions.

When applying to the soil, you need to know the needs of garden crops. If necessary, you can adjust the mixture yourself, adding those substances that are needed more. But with a rich choice of names and compositions of fertilizers for plants, this is not required.

You should try to apply complex mineral mixtures in spring or summer, since active nitrogen loses its qualities during the winter and you will have to re-fertilize the soil with nitrogen fertilizer

Two-component

It is introduced in the spring, since it contains nitrogen, which is most effective for plant growth. The needs for this type of fertilizer are determined by the type of soil. If the plants constantly lack potassium, it is recommended to feed them with nitrogen-potassium mixtures several times during the growing season. If phosphorus is washed out of the soil, then nitrogen-phosphorus.

The names of complex mineral fertilizers that can be found in stores for gardeners: potassium nitrate, ammophos, ammophosphate, nitroammophoska, diammophos, nitrophoska.

Potassium nitrate contains two components - potassium and nitrogen

Certain types of fertilizers, which have a low percentage of nitrogen and consist mainly of phosphates, can be applied in the fall.

Three-component

Mixtures that are also called complete mineral fertilizers. All three necessary elements - nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, are in it in equal proportions, or some components are more, some are less. It is necessary to focus on the needs of plants.

Complete mineral fertilizer, which includes all macronutrients, can be used to fertilize absolutely all soils and garden crops. You can combine types of organic and mineral fertilizers in one area, adding minerals in autumn, organic matter in spring, while reducing the dosage of minerals by 2 - 3 times.

Names: Azofosk, Ammofosk, Nitrofosk, Diammofosk.

Multicomponent

Multicomponent nutritional mixtures consist of basic elements and micronutrients: calcium, boron, magnesium, zinc, sulfur, copper, iron, molybdenum, manganese and others. On poor soils, such compounds are indispensable - they protect plants from diseases and allow you to get good harvest annually.

Microadditives should be seen as additional support for different types soil. For example:

• zinc - for alkaline soils;
• copper - on swampy soils and peat bogs;
• manganese - for chernozem areas with an alkaline soil reaction;
• boron - on sandy soils;
• molybdenum - for acidic soils.

Multicomponent formulations, in addition to the main elements, contain trace elements

Knowing the characteristics of the soil in your area, you can optimally select a multicomponent mixture and use it throughout the entire period of growth and fruiting of crops.

Microelements (micronutrient fertilizers)

Microfertilizers can be found not only in multicomponent fertilizers. There are one and two-component substances on sale, complex micronutrients.

Trace elements are consumed by plants in not large quantities. They are used both for root application and for foliar dressing - by spraying. Thus, you can quickly eliminate the shortage of a certain element.

Microfertilizers can be used as with foliar dressing, and add at the root

What can be found on sale from complex microfertilizers:

• Reakom;
• Master;
• Oracle;
• Sizam.

This type of dressing is sold in liquid and dry form, which must be diluted with water to the desired concentration, which is described in detail in the instructions.

The effect of mineral fertilizers on the soil

Many gardeners are afraid of using mineral fertilizers because of the popular legend about the dangers of nitrates. People who violated the instructions tell similar stories. There is a statement that poison differs from medicine only in dosage - the same can be said about mineral fertilizers.

There are several rules, subject to which safety for human health is guaranteed.

1. Do not exceed the manufacturer's recommended dosage. If there is a need to mix several types of mineral fertilizers, it is better to take at a minimum of both. In case of deficiency, you can always make a weak fertilizer solution and apply it to the leaves.
2. 2 weeks before removing the fruits, fertilizing with mineral mixtures must be stopped.
3. Do not use expired mineral complexes.

Healthy soil without an excess of nitrates is the result of using mineral mixtures strictly according to the instructions

It is worth knowing that exceeding the dosage has a bad effect on the plant itself - the roots can burn out if fertilizers are incorrectly applied. Moreover, this applies equally to both minerals and organics. You can disrupt the growth and destroy the plant by applying top dressing according to the principle: the more, the better.

It is not recommended to use acidic mineral fertilizers without periodic liming. This can adversely affect plants - the amount beneficial bacteria in the ground will decrease, which will lead to a decrease in the humus part.

This happens because the microflora also needs minerals for nutrition, therefore, if their amount is not exceeded, then it will be enough for feeding both plants and microorganisms.

Acid mineral dressings are carried out along with liming

In the case of naturally high soil acidity, it is necessary to use organic matter that shifts the pH towards alkalinity. Alternatively, alternate mineral and organic complexes. For example, wood ash, bone meal, which can also be purchased at the store.

The balance should be observed if the soil is neutral or alkaline. On such soils, you can safely use mineral fertilizers with an acid reaction.

Methods for introducing mineral mixtures

Mineral fertilizers can be used for application to the ground for digging in the fall. For this, it is better to select compositions with minimum amount nitrogen or none at all.

In the spring, shortly before planting, dry complex mineral compounds are embedded in the soil. It should be noted that if phosphorus and potassium were introduced in the fall, then in the spring it is necessary to add only nitrogen in the form of urea or other monofertilizer.

If there is a shortage of mineral fertilizers, you can dilute the complex composition with water and spray the foliage. In this case, the dosage is halved (indicated in the instructions). Plants absorb fertilizers much faster through the foliage, therefore, after 2 - 3 days, the foliage will come to life and change color.

Top dressing on a leaf with mineral fertilizers can quickly restore the strength of plants

The watering method is the most commonly practiced by gardeners who are afraid of dry mixes and prefer the less but safer principle. For this, the dry matter is diluted in the required concentration and poured under the plants on the site.

findings

Mineral complex mixtures are an excellent substitute for organic fertilizers. With a competent approach, you can save money, effort and time, as well as not harm your health.

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In this article, you will learn about what is called mineral fertilizers, how they are classified, and the basic rules for their successful use in your garden.

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What is mineral fertilizers

All fertilizers are divided, in general, into two large groups - organic and inorganic (their second name is mineral). This article will focus specifically on mineral fertilizers.

What is it? As the name suggests, mineral fertilizers are substances that contain a variety of chemical elements that are necessary for the normal growth of plants.

That is why they are also called fertility vitamins, since without them it is impossible to have a healthy garden and vegetable garden with a good harvest.

Types of mineral fertilizers

In terms of composition, mineral fertilizers are divided into two main groups: complex and simple. Simple are substances that contain any one chemical element necessary for plants. Most often these are:

• nitrogen;
• phosphoric;
• potassium (potash).

Complex (complex or compound) dressings contain several elements, for example, potassium and sulfur, phosphorus and magnesium, etc.

By the method of impact on the soil layer and plants, fertilizers can be classified as direct and indirect.

1. Straight lines contain substances that are needed for the growth and normal life of plants and are assimilated by them directly from the soil after application. For example, phosphorus, potash, nitrogen fertilizers, etc.
2. Indirect effects do not directly affect crops, but improve the composition and properties of the soil. For example, gypsum, dolomite flour, etc.

The most common classification faced by every gardener who comes to the suburban store for the necessary top dressing is the classification according to the content of the useful element: nitrogen, phosphorus, copper, iron, etc.

It is from this position that we will consider the main types of mineral fertilizers, their properties and methods of effective use in your summer cottage.

Properties of mineral fertilizers

The two most common nitrogen-containing supplements are ammonium nitrate and carbamide (otherwise called urea).

Ammonium nitrate contains about 35% nitrogen. When using it, it must be borne in mind that saltpeter slightly acidifies the soil, therefore, it should be used with caution on acidic soils.

In urea, nitrogen is even more - about 46%, but its peculiarity is that it is in the amide form, which is poorly absorbed by plants. The degree of assimilation is highly dependent on the ambient temperature - the higher it is, the faster the chemical reactions occur, as a result of which nitrogen becomes available to plants.

Most demanding with feeding with nitrogen:

• cabbage,
• cucumbers,
• cherry,
• plum,
• strawberries,
• carrot.

How can you tell if your green pets in your garden are lacking nitrogen? This can be seen very well on the leaves, especially the young ones. They become small, light, and begin to turn yellow. The stems become thinner, they stop branching, their growth slows down.

If you notice these signs, you urgently need to feed your plantings with nitrogen fertilizers.

Phosphate fertilizers

They are important in the early stages of seedling growth in early spring, as they affect the formation and development of the root system. Also, this type of fertilizer is necessary during the formation of fruits.

The most common of this type of mineral dressing are superphosphates: simple and double, as well as phosphate rock.

Who needs phosphorus the most:

• potatoes;
• cabbage;
• cucumbers;
• tomatoes;
• pear;
• perennial vegetables;
• apple tree.

It is quite difficult to determine the signs of a lack of phosphorus, especially for novice gardeners, but you should pay attention to the condition of the shoots and leaf plates. With a lack of phosphorus, the leaves become small, dull, sometimes with a purple or purple tint, and fall prematurely. Shoots are short, thinned, weak.

Potash dressing

Despite the fact that soils contain a lot of potassium in composition, about 98% of it is in a form inaccessible for assimilation by plants. That is why it is necessary to introduce potassium-containing substances, since plants consume this element in large quantities, without it their normal growth and development is impossible.

The most commonly used: potassium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium-magnesium sulfate (also called potassium magnesium), as well as wood ash.

Most of all potassium is required:

• cabbage;
• potatoes;
• tomatoes;
• eggplant;
• apple trees;
• plum;
• raspberries.

Signs of a lack of this chemical element: frost resistance decreases, frequent diseases and pest damage begin, a decrease in productivity, a deterioration in decorative qualities.

Basic rules for the use of mineral fertilizers

Very often from summer residents and gardeners you can hear: “I will not use fertilizers! I don't need any chemistry! " It is not right. Alas, without the use of fertilizers, it is very problematic to get a decent harvest and maintain plant health and good soil condition for many years.

The whole question is in the competent use of what is offered to us chemical industry... Unscrupulous manufacturers and sellers aiming for high profits use “chemicals” in huge numbers, but we do not need profit, but a healthy garden and a good harvest. And without constant (and correct) feeding of plants, this is impossible.

By giving the plants their nutrients, the soil is constantly depleted (also called "soil fatigue") without getting any replenishment. As a result, over time, the plants begin to hurt, not getting enough "food", they become weak, sick, the yield decreases.

Yes, this problem can be partially solved using organic fertilizing (the most common is manure), but there are many nuances in their use. For example, they do not immediately become suitable for absorption by plants, since they contain nutrients are in an inaccessible chemical form. It takes a long time before the microorganisms in the soil break down these complex molecules into their constituents, making them "edible" for plants.

As for mineral (inorganic) fertilizers, they are already ready for direct use, all substances in them are in an easily accessible form and are immediately absorbed by plants from the soil. The main thing is to enter them correctly.

So let's take a look at the basic rules for using inorganic fertilizers to feed your garden.

Fertilizing with mineral fertilizers

If you take a close look at fertilizer packaging, then see that on it contains the content of the active substance, for example, on ammonium nitrate can be written: "Nitrogen content - 35% ". This means that 100 g of this substance contains 35 g nitrogen.

The calculations are very simple. We argue like this: 35 g of the required substance is contained in 100 g of fertilizer, which means that 20 g will be contained in X g of fertilizer. It turns out a simple proportion: (100 * 20) / 35 \u003d 57.1 g. Therefore, to feed this type of plant, you need to take 57.1 g of ammonium nitrate.

What do these calculations mean and what are they for? Chemical composition fertilizer is not just one single element, for example, the same nitrogen. You cannot add pure nitrogen to the soil as fertilizer. It is contained in a complex substance called "ammonium nitrate", which, in addition to nitrogen, also includes oxygen and hydrogen. These last two elements will not be "food" for your plant, it only needs nitrogen. That is why we recalculate only nitrogen by weight, get rid of oxygen and hydrogen, do not take them into account when applying to the soil.

Calculations for other fertilizers are made in the same way. Basically, you don't even need to know them. chemical formulas (yes, I know, most of you now shuddered, remembering the terrible school chemistry lessons), here is just the simplest mathematical proportion and a great desire not to harm both the health of plants and your own, by adding the wrong amount of necessary feeding.

Mineral fertilization

It will depend on the substance. For example, phosphorus fertilizers tend to bind to the soil and, accordingly, have poor mobility in the soil. Therefore, it is better to apply them in the fall when preparing the garden for winter, or in the spring when you are digging up the soil before planting.

Nitrogen fertilizers are applied either in the form of granules to the soil or in the form of foliar feeding. The peculiarity of this type of fertilizers is that they dissolve quite well in water, are mobile in the soil, and are easily and quickly absorbed by plants. They are usually applied in the spring during the rapid growth and flowering of plants.

The addition of potassium in fertilizers is highly dependent on the type of soil. For example, on heavy clay soils, it is introduced in the fall when preparing the soil for winter, and on light soils only at the beginning. summer season in the spring, when they dig up the ground for the beds. Peat soils are especially demanding on this element.

In addition, the introduction of the most common potassium-containing fertilizer - potassium chloride - is advisable in the fall, since it contains chlorine, which is completely unsuitable for plants. If you bring it in in the fall, then by the spring it will be washed out of the soil layer accessible to the roots and will not have a destructive effect.

Also, all potassium-containing dressings have good water solubility and slightly acidify the soil after application. This must be taken into account when making it.

findings

So, let's summarize.

Mineral fertilizers are an important part of the maintenance of a garden and a vegetable garden for obtaining stable high yields and maintaining a normal soil composition for many years. It is only important to know their properties and how to use them correctly.

The main thing that is required of you is to carefully read the instructions on the packaging for the substance and follow it. With the help of the simple calculations given in the article, you can always calculate how much useful element you need to add in each specific case.

Health to your garden and a good harvest!

Mineral fertilizers are inorganic substances that are often used in agriculture to replenish vitamin deficiencies and minerals in the soil... They are more affordable than organic fertilizers, have a wide spectrum of action, and give an effective and quick result. Another name is tuki.

Farmers who are skeptical about chemical fertilizers prefer to treat their plots with organic analogues that contain a small amount of nutrients. Various crops, berries, vegetables and shrubs require wide range elements for optimal growth and high yield... In different soils, some of its elements may be lacking:

• manganese and iron - in clay;
• copper - in peat;
• zinc - in marshy and sour;
• potassium, magnesium and nitrogen - in sandstones.

The lack of elements can manifest itself in a change in the color of the foliage, a change in the shape and size of the fruit. In this case, it is necessary feed... Mineral fertilizers can be single-component or combined. The beneficial elements contained in mineral salts help:

Vegetables and fruits can be harmful to humans only if the scheme of processing with mineral fertilizers, when growing these plants, was violated. Tucs can be introduced into cold ground without problems and work at low temperatures. Do not use too large doses of liquid fertilizers. In the remaining 15-20 days before harvest, any processing and feeding are stopped in order to avoid poisoning of fruits, tubers and berries.

Growth bright colors, improving taste, high harvest correctly applied mineral fertilizers contribute. Their types and characteristics differ depending on the composition of substances, concentration, types of treated plants.

Mineral-based fertilizers are used in large agricultural firms and in private summer cottages. There are several types of fertilizers and their classification consists of the following categories:

• one-sided (simple) - contain one substance in the composition, include nitrogen, potash and phosphorus fat;
• complex - they consist of several substances that jointly affect plants and soil;
• micronutrient fertilizers - have a complex set of trace elements (calcium, manganese, molybdenum, iodine).

Nitrogen based tukas have significant diffusion properties. They dissolve easily in water and can be used in liquid and solid form. Their introduction starts in spring, so that nutrients penetrate into the ground before intensive plant growth. For certain groups of substances, there are rules for processing and concentration.

Mineral fertilizers include ammonium nitrate containing 34.5% nitrogen. The main component is supplemented with substances such as chalk, phosphoric gypsum, phosphate rock and limestone. This fertilizer is not suitable for podzolic soils; a small set of nitrogen nitrifying cations reduces the usefulness of nitrate.

Nitrate is best suited for potatoes. It acts efficiently and quickly and is purchased at a low price. The cultivated lands increase their yield by 40-60% already in the first year of application. Pests and diseases affect growing potatoes much less.

The rate of feeding with ammonium nitrate before sowing is 10–20 g / sq. m. For use in liquid form, it is diluted in a ratio of 50 g of substance per 100 liters of water. The solution is enough to spray 100 sq. m area.

Saltpeter can act even on unheated soil, so it can be poured onto snow. Top dressing will melt its way to the ground. It is used to fertilize fruit bushes and grapes, in the last numbers march or early April... Such an early introduction makes it possible to exclude nitrogen starvation in plants entering active vegetation. Organic fertilizers work only on warm ground, so the use of nitrate is preferable.

Ammonium nitrate is an explosive substance, therefore its sale is limited to private buyers. The fat must not be heated and mixed with other components.

Sodium nitrate is a white substance in the form of granules related to nitrate fertilizers. It is applicable for saline and acidic soils, not suitable for black soil. The substance is introduced at a rate of 30–35 g / sq. m. Sodium nitrate contains a small amount of nitrogen - 15-17%, therefore it is important to observe a certain feeding technique... It is distributed over the plow before the spring plowing. During this period, the necessary concentration of nitrogen is formed for young shoots, but the beneficial properties do not have time to disappear from interaction with air.

This nitrate cannot be used in greenhouses. With prolonged storage, nitrate loses a significant proportion of its beneficial properties. Spring feeding carried out for beds with light soil, in a row method. It is better to fertilize heavy loamy soil in the fall.

Amide fats include nitrogen carbamide or urea. It contains a lot of concentrated nitrogen - 45%, when mixed with soil, it occurs release of ammonium carbonate... When spreading over a surface most of fertilizer will evaporate, turning into gaseous ammonia, so the fat must be buried to the level of germination of the root system.

The use of urea is permissible for indoor and open ground. It goes well with many types of crops. In a liquid consistency, nitrogen dissolves in water and interacts better with soil. Fertilization rates with urea:

• 20 g / sq. m for root feeding of beets and tomatoes;
• 5-12 g / sq. m with root application and 50-60 g per 10 l of water when spraying (3 l per 100 sq. m) for vegetables;
• 10 g / sq. m for root fertilization of peas and cucumbers;
• 10–20 g / sq. m when deepening, 20-30 g per 10 liters of water when irrigating shrubs and fruit trees (spraying is carried out after 5 days of flowering and repeated after 4 weeks).

Urea solution is incompatible with dolomite, superphosphate, lime and chalk. This fat copes well with the lack of nitrogen, it is especially important for the ovary and the formation of tomato fruits, and improves their taste.

As a result of the general interaction of calcium carbide and a nitrogen atmosphere, calcium cyamide is obtained, containing 19% nitrogen. The substance is slowly decomposed by water, so the fertilizer must be applied in the last days of March. The lime content makes calcium cyamide a good top dressing for podzolic soils. Release form - dry light powder. Oil oils help improve the properties of tuk.

Calcium cyamide concentrate is used as a herbicide. It is a cheap industrial waste, it is necessary to interact with it in protective equipment.

One-sided potash fertilizers

Includes 50% of the main element. It is used during autumn digging, in the ratio of 20-25 g / sq. m. Chlorine goes into deep soil layers and practically does not affect plants.

This fertilizer is ideal for many cereals, beets, potatoes and barley. Useful components have high density, the substance is acidic and soluble in water. For cereals and vegetable crops fertilizer is distributed in the amount of 2 c / ha. When planning the planting of sugar plants, the dose of fat is increased by 25-50%.

Ideal for replenishing the deficiency of this element in plants. There are no impurities in its composition. Potassium sulfate has a good effect on the ovary and ripening of cucumber fruits. The potassium content in the fat is 46%. When digging in the spring, the following composition rate is introduced - 25-30 g / sq. m, with root fertilization - 10 g / sq. m.

Potassium salt is a dark red crystals composed of chlorides. The most common among agronomists is the outstanding variety of salt - sylvinite. This substance is applied under berry crops in spring (20 g per bush). IN autumn period the fat is spread over the soil before plowing (150-200 g / sq. m).

Simple superphosphate is 20% phosphorus anhydride and is the best choice for any soil that is deficient in this element. Fat is non-flammable, so storage is fairly easy. Fertilizer is used during the period of plant development and growth, with good soil moisture.

Superphosphate has a great influence on the development of flowers, especially roses. After feeding, the stems thicken, the color becomes bright, and the peduncles are denser. The element is introduced by the continuous method, at the rate of 0.5 c / ha.

Double superphosphate has a higher concentration of the main element (32–47%). It is economical to use due to the absence of useless components. Superphosphate is indispensable for flowers. Feeding roses in autumn helps them to successfully endure frosts.

Phosphorus flour is a white powder used for acidic soils, for cereals, vegetables and fruit crops... It enhances the immune system of plants, helps fight diseases and pests, increases winter hardiness, and accelerates growth. The main element is 19% of the volume, 35% is calcium. Top dressing is introduced in the ratio of 3–3.5 c / ha.

Combination mixes contain many useful types of components that revitalize plants, support their growth, development and fruiting. This list combines mineral-based compound and complete fertilizers.

Nitroammofosk consists of an equal the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus, used for garden and soda plants. This top dressing shows itself well on chestnut, sod-podzolic, sierozem and chernozem soils. The best compound fertilizer for clay soils with slow diffusion in autumn. Fat is best applied to sandy soil in spring.

Nitrofoska is a combination of superphosphate, potassium chloride, gypsum, ammophos, potassium nitrate, precipitate and ammonium chloride. It has the form of balls that dissolve well in water. Suitable for most crops, distributed in spring, during planting and during the growing season.

Helps in the growth, fight against diseases of tomatoes and cucumbers. Equally effective for local and continuous application. A chlorine-free composition is used to fertilize potatoes.

Ammophos contains magnesium, potassium and phosphorus. It is suitable for open planting and is also used in greenhouses and greenhouses. The composition contains a rare and useful ingredient - sulfur. Sodium and chlorine are absent in top dressing. Granules are light and small, crumble well. Substances are evenly distributed over the granules. It is a versatile fat, especially for the growth of flowers (peonies, roses, phlox).

Diammophos is a mixture of potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus. It is applicable for any soil and for any crop. Small pink beads, treated with anti-dust reagents, scatter well and evenly. Top dressing does not change the acidity of the soil.

Due to the fact that diammophos is not washed out of the soil, subsequent generations of plants continue to receive nutrients. The composition is suitable for any kind of dressing. Combines well with flowering tomatoes, helping them better absorb trace elements and fight pests.

In the absence of copper, molybdenum, manganese, zinc or iron in the soil, micronutrient fertilizers are used. They promote root development, protection from disease and acceleration of growth. There is a classification of micronutrient fertilizers by the main substance:

• complex - they consist of several substances, protect against pests, increase the yield ("Master", "Oracle", "Sizam");
• copper - applicable to swampy land (pyrite, copper sulfate);
• boric - promote the growth of young crops (boric acid, borax);
• molybdenum - used for forest soil (molybdenum acid ammonium).

Lack of certain substances often affects appearance plants. The following signs may indicate a deficiency:

The preparations are applied in dissolved form by watering or mixed with the soil while digging. Some fertilizers cannot be mixed with each other:

• urea is incompatible with manure, lime, ammonium nitrate and simple superphosphate;
• applied separately from chalk and dolomite;
• simple superphosphate cannot be mixed with ammonium nitrate, lime and urea;
• potash salt is not compatible with chalk and dolomite.

It is better to purchase fertilizers based on minerals from trusted manufacturers. Well-proven products firms "Fasco", "Agricola" and "Kemira".

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