Modeling is a method of cognition of the surrounding world, which can be attributed to general scientific methods used both at the empirical and theoretical level of knowledge. Almost all other methods of cognition can be used in the construction and study of the model.
A model (from the Latin modulus - measure, sample, norm) is understood as such a material or mentally imagined object that, in the process of cognition (study), replaces the original object, retaining some of its typical features important for this study. The process of building and using a model is called modeling.
V systems analysis modeling is seen as the main method scientific knowledge, associated with the improvement of methods for obtaining and fixing information about the objects under study, as well as with the acquisition of new knowledge based on model experiments. Today, most models are developed using computer technology and computer technology, such models are developed using programs or can themselves act as a program.
When building a model, a researcher always proceeds from the goals set, taking into account only the factors that are most significant for their achievement. Therefore, any model is not identical to the original object and, therefore, is incomplete, since when constructing it, the researcher took into account only the most important factors from his point of view.
The most important and most common purpose of models is their use in studying and predicting the behavior of complex processes and phenomena. It should be borne in mind that some objects and phenomena cannot be studied directly at all. Another, no less important, purpose of the models is that, with their help, the most significant factors that form certain properties of an object are revealed, since the model itself reflects only some of the main characteristics of the original object, which must be taken into account when studying a particular process or phenomenon. ... The model allows you to learn how to properly manage an object by testing different options management. Using a real object for this is often risky or simply impossible. If the properties of an object change over time, then the problem of predicting the states of such an object under the influence of various factors becomes especially important.
The purpose of the simulation dictates which aspects of the original should be reflected in the model. Different purposes correspond different models the same object.
Models can be built by means of thinking (abstract models) or by means of the material world (real models). Special place among the abstract models are language models. The ambiguity, vagueness of natural language, so useful in many cases, can get in the way in some practices. Then more precise (professional) languages are created, whole hierarchy languages, more and more precise, culminating in an ideally formalized language of mathematics.
It is thanks to formalization that mathematical logic was able to be applied in electronic computers that operate according to its laws.
V. Pekelis
The whole life of a person constantly poses acute and different tasks and problems before him. The emergence of such problems, difficulties, surprises means that there is a lot of unknown and hidden in the reality around us. Consequently, an ever wider knowledge of the world is needed, the discovery of more and more new processes in it, and the relationship of people and things
Success intellectual development the student is achieved mainly in the classroom, where the degree of students' interest in learning, the level of knowledge, and readiness for constant self-education depend on the teacher's ability to organize systematic cognitive activity. their intellectual development.
The experience of teaching the subject of computer science shows that the types of students' activities in analyzing situations, forecasting, building information models, creating conditions for a variable choice of solution methods, using heuristic techniques, and the ability to perform design activities are especially distinguished as goals.
The specific tasks of studying computer science at school take the form:
- introduce students to system, information, model, algorithm and their role in the formation of a modern information picture of the world, to teach to give definitions to these concepts, to highlight their signs and explain them, to distinguish between the types of models, algorithms, etc .;
- to reveal the general laws of information processes in the nature of society, technical systems;
- to acquaint students with the principles of formalization, structuring information and develop the ability to build information models of the studied objects and systems;
- develop algorithmic and logical thinking styles;
- to form the ability to organize the search for information necessary to solve the problem;
- to form the ability to plan actions to achieve the goal, using a fixed set of tools.
Formation is a process of education and training aimed at developing a person's personality or individual qualities. To form is to organize and conduct education and training in such a way, to influence the student in such a way as to develop this or that quality in him.
Mastering the “Formalization and Modeling” section is proposed as fundamental on this path.
To section "Modeling and formalization" 8 hours are allotted. The following topics are studied within the section:
- An object. Classification of objects. Object models. 2h
- Classification of models. The main stages of modeling. 2h
- Formal and informal statement of the problem.
- Basic principles of formalization. 2h
- The concept of information technology solving problems.
- Building an information model. 2h
Basic concepts that should be assimilated by students after studying the topic:
Object, model, modeling; formalization; information model; information technology for solving problems; computer experiment.
At the end of the section, students should know:
- the existence of many models for the same object;
- stages of information technology for solving problems using a computer.
students should be able to:
- give examples of modeling and formalization;
- give examples of a formalized description of objects and processes;
- provide examples of systems and their models.
- build and explore the simplest information models on a computer.
The study of the section proceeds in a spiral: it starts with the concept An object. Classification of objects. To study, a slide film is used, in which a definition of these concepts is given, examples of objects are clearly shown, it is explained - what are the properties of an object, an environment (see<Рисунок 1> , <Рисунок 2>) etc.
Using this slide movie<Приложение 1 >, the student can independently figure out these concepts. After the systematization of the concepts associated with the object, there is a smooth transition to the concepts model, model classification ( Look<Рисунок 3> , <Рисунок 4> ) ... The student is given tasks of the type: Object - person. The phenomenon is a thunderstorm. List their models and classify them.
Man has long been using modeling to study objects, processes, phenomena in various fields. The results of these studies serve to determine and improve the characteristics of real objects and processes; to understand the essence of phenomena and develop the ability to adapt or manage them; for the construction of new objects or the modernization of old ones. Modeling helps a person to make informed and well-considered decisions, to anticipate the consequences of their activities.
Thanks to computers, not only the scope of modeling is significantly expanded, but also a comprehensive analysis of the results obtained is provided.
Throughout the section, students become familiar with basics of modeling and formalization... Students should understand what a model is and what types of models are. This is necessary so that while conducting research, students would be able to select and effectively use the software environment and appropriate tools suitable for each model. The beginning of any research is formulation of the problem, which is determined by the given target. The type of model, the choice of the software environment and the results obtained depend on how the goal of modeling is understood. The student learns about main stages of modeling that a researcher needs to go through in order to achieve his goal.
The learning content is formed by a list of various models available for understanding by students. A sufficient number of such models are already known for which the use of a computer is essential. Students learn on specific models from different school subjects modeling technology, learn to build information models... For this, you can use different software environments. Scope of content and capabilities different types information technology, the student determines himself, depending on his abilities.
An important point in teaching and assimilating the acquired knowledge is the provision of all educational elements of the section with tests of the required level, which are taken from the methodological manual 5, 7 *, also from the Internet, by N. Ugrinovich.
This article provides one of the test options related to the main training elements of the "Modeling and Formalization" section. Also given the text test work developed by S.Yu. Piskunova, and her solution, from the collection 9 *
Test on the topic "Modeling and formalization"
1. What is called an attribute of an object?
- Representation of a real-world object using a set of its characteristics that are essential for solving a given information problem.
- Abstraction of objects of the real world, combined general characteristics and behavior.
- The relationship between an object and its characteristics.
- Each individual characteristic common to all possible instances
2. The choice of the type of model depends on:
- Physical nature object.
- Purpose of the object.
- Objectives of the study of the object.
- The informational entity of the object.
3. What is an information model of an object?
- A material or mentally imagined object that replaces the original object in the process of research while preserving the most essential properties that are important for this research.
- A formalized description of an object in the form of text in a certain coding language containing all the necessary information about the object.
- A software tool that implements a mathematical model.
- Description of the attributes of objects that are essential for the problem under consideration and the relationships between them.
4. Indicate the classification of models in the narrow sense of the word:
- Natural, abstract, verbal.
- Abstract, mathematical, informational.
- Mathematical, computer, informational.
- Verbal, mathematical, informational
5. The purpose of creating an information model is:
- Processing data about an object in the real world, taking into account the connection between objects.
- Complication of the model, taking into account additional factors that were previously informed.
- Study of objects based on computer experimentation with their mathematical models.
- Representation of an object in the form of text in some artificial language available for computer processing.
6. Information modeling is based on:
- Designation and name of the object.
- Replacing a real object with a corresponding model.
- Finding an analytical solution that provides information about the object under study.
- Description of the processes of origin, processing and transmission of information in the studied system of objects.
7. Formalization is
- The stage of transition from a meaningful description of the links between the selected features of an object to a description using a certain coding language.
- Replacement of a real object with a sign or a set of signs.
- The transition from fuzzy tasks that arise in reality to formal information models.
- Highlighting essential information about the object.
8. Information technology is called
- A process determined by a set of means and methods of processing, manufacturing, changing the state, properties, shape of the material.
- Changing the initial state of an object.
- A process that uses a set of means and methods for processing and transferring primary information of a new quality about the state of an object, process or phenomenon.
- The aggregate certain actions aimed at achieving this goal.
9. What is called simulation?
- Modern technology research of objects.
- The study physical phenomena and processes using computer models.
- Implementation of the mathematical model in the form of a software tool.
10. What is a Computer Information Model?
- Representation of an object as a test in some artificial language available for computer processing.
- A collection of information characterizing the properties and state of an object, as well as its relationship with the outside world.
- Model in mental or colloquially implemented on a computer.
- Research method related to computing.
11. A computer experiment consists of a sequence of stages:
- Choosing a numerical method - developing an algorithm - executing a program on a computer.
- Building a mathematical model - choosing a numerical method - developing an algorithm - executing a program on a computer, analyzing a solution.
- Model development - Algorithm development - Algorithm implementation as a software tool.
- Building a mathematical model - developing an algorithm - executing a program on a computer, analyzing a solution.
| Question number | |||||||||||
| Answer No. | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 |
Test work on the topic "Modeling and formalization"
Option number 1.
1. Compose your answer on the topic “Models and how they are compiled” by answering the questions sequentially.
- What is an Object Model?
- What models do you meet in Everyday life?
- What is an information model?
- Can one object be described using different information models? If so, how will they be different?
- Make an information model of the vehicle object in order to characterize it for passengers. How will this model change if the goal is to characterize the car as a technical device?
- Is it possible to strategically computer game to name game model? If so, why?
2. Create a mathematical model of the problem:
Determine the meeting time of two pedestrians going to meet each other.
Option number 2.
1. Make an answer on the topic "Classification of objects", consistently answering the questions.
- What is Object Classification? Why is it necessary to classify objects?
- Give an example of classifying objects by general properties.
- What is the principle of inheritance?
- Explain using the example of the classification of objects with the general name "computer program".
- What criteria can be used to classify models?
- On what basis are models divided into static and dynamic?
2. Make a mathematical model of the problem:
- Determine the time when one pedestrian will catch up with another.
Option 1
1. Answers to questions
1.1. A model is an image that studies some of the essential aspects of an object, phenomenon or process.
1.2. In everyday life, a person encounters material and informational models.
1.3. Information models describe objects in one of the coding languages (colloquial, graphic, scientific, etc.).
1.4. One and the same object can have many models, it all depends on what properties of the object are to be studied. For example, one and the same object - a person in physics is considered as a material point, in biology - as a system striving for self-preservation, etc.
1.5. When compiling an information model of a car in order to describe the convenience for passengers, it is necessary to indicate: whether it is a truck or a passenger car, the capacity (how many people), how many doors, the presence and size of the trunk, the size of the cabin, upholstery, shape, softness of the seats, the presence of air conditioning, music, etc. .d. If you characterize a car as a technical device, then the weight, size, carrying capacity, maximum speed, fuel consumption, etc.
1.6. A strategic computer game displays information processes in life. For example, military strategies describe devices state structure in general and his army in particular, financial strategies describe various economic and social laws. Consequently, a strategic computer game can be viewed as an information model of the information process that it describes.
L - initial distance
Result: t - travel time
For: L, v 1, v 2> 0
Method: t = L / (v 1 + v 2)
Option 2
1. Answers to questions
1.1. Among the variety of objects in the surrounding world, we try to distinguish groups of objects that have common properties. A class is a group of objects that share common properties. Objects that make up a class are called class instances. Objects of the same class differ from each other in some special properties. Classification is the division of objects into classes and subclasses based on common properties.
1.2. An example of classification by general properties - an object of literature by content can be divided into three large classes: scientific literature, fiction, non-fiction.
1.3. In a hierarchical structure, objects are categorized into levels, where the lower-level instance, called the child class, is part of the higher-level instance, called the parent class. The most important property of classes is inheritance - each descendant class inherits all the properties of the parent class.
1.4. Any computer program is an algorithm written in a language that a computer can understand. Programs are divided into system and application. They perform different functions, but they are all written in a language that a computer understands - this is the property inherited by each descendant class (system and application programs) from the parent class - a computer program.
1.5. Models can be classified according to any essential feature.
1.6. Models describing a system at a particular point in time are referred to as statistical information models. Models describing the processes of change and development of the system refer to dynamic information models.
2. Mathematical model of the problem
Given: t 02 - start time of the second pedestrian's path
v 1 - speed of the first pedestrian
v 2 - speed of the second pedestrian
Result: t - meeting time of pedestrians
When: t 02, v 1, v 2> 0; v 1< v 2
L 2 = (t - t 02) * v 2
t * v 1 = (t - t 02) * v 2
t * v 1 - t * v 2 = - t 02 * v 2
t = t 02 * v 2 / (v 2 - v 1)
Literature:
for students
- Ivanova I.A. Computer science. Grade 9: Workshop. - Saratov: Lyceum, 2004
- Computer science, Basic course, 7 - 9 grades. - M .: Laboratory of Basic Knowledge, 2001.
- Informatics grade 7-8 / edited by N.V. Makarova. - SPb: Publishing house "Peter", 1999.
- Informatics grade 9 / edited by N.V. Makarova. - SPb: Peter Kom, 1999.
- N. Ugrinovich "Informatics and Information Technologies"
- O. Efimova, V. Morozov, N. Ugrinovich. Well computer technology with the basics of computer science. Tutorial for high school. - M., ABF, 1999.
Methodology
- Beshenkov S.A., Lyskova V.Yu., Matveeva N.V. Formalization and modeling // Informatics and education. - 1999. - No. 5. - С. * - *; No. 6. - P.21-27; No. 7. - P.25-29.
- Boyarshinov V.G. Mathematical modeling in school course informatics // Informatics and education. - 1999. - No. 7. - P.13-17.
- Vodovozov V.M. Information preparation in the environment of visual objects // Informatics and
education. - 2000. - No. 4. - P.87-90. - Obornev E.A., Oborneva I.V., Karpov V.A. Modeling in spreadsheets // Informatics and Education. - 2000. - No. 5. - P.47-52.
- Computer science. Test tasks... - M .: Laboratory of Basic Knowledge, 2002.
- Makarenko A.E. etc. Preparing for the computer science exam. - M .: Iris-Press, 2002
- Molodtsov V.A., Ryzhikova N.B. How to take the exam and centralized testing in computer science by 100 points. - Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2003.
- Petrosyan V.G., Perepecha I.R., Petrosyan L.V. Methods for solving physical problems on a computer // Informatics and Education. - 1996. - No. 5. - P.94-99.
- Planned learning outcomes in computer science and information technology and their assessment in basic and secondary (ponoy) secondary schools: Instructional and methodological collection / Authors and compilers: N.Ye. Kostyleva, L.Z. Gumerova, R.I. Yarochkina, L.V. Lunin, S.Yu. Piskunova, E.V. Zhuravleva - Naberezhnye Chelny: TsRO, 2004.
- E.A. Ponomareva Lesson on the study of the concept of a model // Informatics and education. - 1999. - No. 6. - S. 47-50.
- Ostrovskaya E.M. Simulation on a computer // Informatics and Education. - 1998.– No. 7. - P.64-70; No. 8. - P.69-84.
- Smolyaninov A.A. First lessons on the topic "Modeling" // Informatics and Education. - 1998.– No. 8. - P.23-29.
- Henner E.K., Shestakov A.P. Course "Mathematical Modeling" // Informatics and Education. - 1996. - No. 4. - P.17-23.
A model is such a material or mentally imagined object that, in the process of studying, replaces the original object, retaining some of its typical features that are important for this study. A model is a simplified representation of a real object, process, or phenomenon. What is a Model?
The model is necessary in order to: Understand how a specific object is arranged - what are its structure, basic properties, laws of development and interaction with the outside world; Learn to control an object or process and determine best ways control for given goals and criteria (optimization); Predict the direct and indirect consequences of the implementation of the specified methods and forms of impact on the object; No model can replace the phenomenon itself, but when solving a problem, when we are interested in a certain property of the process or phenomenon under study, the model turns out to be a useful, and sometimes the only tool for research and cognition.
The process of building a model is called modeling, in other words, modeling is the process of studying the structure and properties of the original using the model. Modeling technology requires the researcher to be able to pose problems and tasks, predict research results, make reasonable assessments, highlight the main and secondary factors for building models, choose analogies and mathematical formulations, solve problems using computer systems, and analyze computer experiments. Modeling
Material modeling Material (physical) is usually called modeling, in which a real object is opposed to its enlarged or reduced copy, which allows research (usually in laboratory conditions) by means of the subsequent transfer of the properties of the studied processes and phenomena from the model to the object based on the theory of similarity.
Types of modeling Ideal modeling is based not on the material analogy of an object and a model, but on an ideal, conceivable analogy. Signed modeling is modeling that uses sign transformations of some kind as models: diagrams, graphs, drawings, formulas, symbol sets. Mathematical modeling is modeling in which the study of an object is carried out using a model formulated in the language of mathematics: the description and study of Newton's laws of mechanics by means of mathematical formulas.
Scope of use Educational: visual aids, training programs, various simulators; Experienced: the ship model is tested in the pool to determine the stability of the ship when rolling; Scientific and technical: an electron accelerator, a device that simulates a lightning discharge, a stand for testing a TV; Game: military, economic, sports, business games; Simulation: the experiment is either repeated many times in order to study and evaluate the consequences of any actions on the real situation, or is carried out simultaneously with many other similar objects, but set in different conditions).
Types of models Material models can otherwise be called objective, physical. They reproduce geometric and physical properties original and always have a real embodiment. Information models - a set of information that characterizes the properties and states of an object, process, phenomenon, as well as the relationship with the outside world.
Types of models A sign model is an information model expressed by special signs, that is, by means of any formal language. Computer model - a model implemented by means of a software environment. Verbal (from Latin "verbalis" - oral) model - informational model in mental or spoken form.
Models by their purpose Cognitive model a form of organization and presentation of knowledge, a means of connecting new and old knowledge. The cognitive model, as a rule, is fitted to reality and is a theoretical model. The pragmatic model is a means of organizing practical actions, a working representation of the goals of the system for its management. Reality is fitted to a certain pragmatic model. This is usually an applied model. An instrumental model is a means of constructing, researching and / or using pragmatic and / or cognitive models. Cognitive models reflect existing, and pragmatic, although not existing, but desirable and, possibly, doable relationships and connections.
The main properties of any model: the finiteness of the model reflects the original only in a finite number of its relations and, in addition, the resources of modeling are finite; Simplicity, the model displays only the essential aspects of the object and, in addition, should be easy to study or reproduce; approximate reality is shown by the model roughly, or approximately; the adequacy of the modeled system, the model must successfully describe the modeled system; visibility, visibility of basic properties and relationships;
The main properties of any model: availability and manufacturability for research or reproduction; the informativeness of the model should contain sufficient information about the system (within the framework of the hypotheses adopted in the construction of the model) and make it possible to obtain new information; preservation of the information contained in the original (with the accuracy of the hypotheses considered when constructing the model); completeness in the model should take into account all the basic connections and relationships necessary to ensure the purpose of modeling; stability the model should describe and ensure the stable behavior of the system, even if it is initially unstable; closedness the model takes into account and displays a closed system of necessary basic hypotheses, connections and relationships
Modeling goals Cognition of the surrounding world. Why does a person create models? To answer this question, one must look into the distant past. Several million years ago, at the dawn of humanity, primitive people studied surrounding nature to learn how to resist the elements of nature, enjoy the benefits of nature, just survive. The accumulated knowledge was passed from generation to generation orally, later in writing, and finally with the help of subject models. So, for example, the model was born the globe globe, which allows you to get a visual idea of the shape of our planet, its rotation around its own axis and the location of the continents. Such models make it possible to understand how a specific object is arranged, to find out its basic properties, to establish the laws of its development and interaction with the surrounding world of models.
Modeling goals Creation of objects with specified properties (task of the "How to do to ..." type). Having accumulated enough knowledge, the person asked himself the question: “Is it possible to create an object with given properties and capabilities in order to counteract the elements or put natural phenomena? " Man began to build models of objects that did not yet exist. This is how the ideas of creation were born windmills, various mechanisms, even an ordinary umbrella. Many of these models have now become reality. These are objects created by human hands.
Modeling objectives Determination of the impact on the object and acceptance correct decision(a problem like "What will happen if ...": what will happen if you increase the fare in transport, or what will happen if you bury nuclear waste in such and such an area?) For example, to save St. Petersburg from constant floods, bringing huge damage, it was decided to build a dam. When designing it, many models were built, including natural ones, precisely in order to predict the consequences of interference in nature.
Modeling goals Effectiveness of object (or process) management. Since the management criteria are very contradictory, it will only be effective if "the wolves are fed and the sheep are safe." For example, you need to establish food in the school cafeteria. On the one hand, it must meet the age requirements (high-calorie, containing vitamins and mineral salts), on the other hand, most children like it and, moreover, be “affordable” for parents, and on the third, the cooking technology must correspond to the capabilities of school canteens. How to reconcile the incompatible? Building a model will help you find an acceptable solution.
Object analysis At this stage, the modeled object, its main properties, its elements and connections between them are clearly distinguished. A simple example of subordinate object relationships is parsing a sentence. First, the main members (subject, predicate) are highlighted, then the minor members referring to the main ones, then the words referring to the minor ones, etc.
Stage 2. Development of the model At this stage, the properties, states, actions and other characteristics of elementary objects are clarified in any form: orally, in the form of diagrams, tables. An idea is formed about the elementary objects that make up the original object, that is, the information model. Models should reflect the most essential features, properties, states and relationships of objects of the objective world. They are the ones who give full information about the object.
Stage 3. Computer experiment Computer modeling is the basis of knowledge representation in a computer. Computer simulation for birth new information uses any information that can be updated with a computer. The progress of modeling is associated with the development of computer modeling systems, and progress in information technology with the actualization of the experience of modeling on a computer, with the creation of banks of models, methods and software systems that allow collecting new models from bank models.
Stage 4. Analysis of simulation results The ultimate goal of simulation is decision making, which should be developed on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the results. This stage is decisive either you continue the research or finish. Perhaps you know the expected result, then you need to compare the received and expected results. In case of a match, you can make a decision.
Question 1. Modeling in computer science is:
Answer 1... the process of replacing a real object with a model that reflects its essential features necessary to achieve the goal
Answer 2. the process of creating clothing models in a fashion salon
Answer 3. the process of finding a new, informal solution to a problem
Answer 4. the process of replacing a real object with another material or ideal object similar to it externally
Question 2. When building a model, you must:
Answer 1. select all existing properties of the object
Answer 2. describe all existing properties of an object
Answer 3. select only those properties of the object that are essential for solving the problem
Answer 4. describe the location and structure of the object
Question 3. The information model of an object is called:
Answer 1. its description using mathematical expressions and formulas
Answer 2. object drawing
Answer 3. the object model looks like an object
Answer 4. globe
Question 4. From the listed models, indicate the mathematical:
Answer 1. house acceptance certificate
Answer 2. formula for finding the area of a triangle
Answer 3. recipe
Answer 4. TV program
Question 5. Which of the documents is an information model of the school's activities:
Answer 1. school building and yard plan
Answer 2. call schedule
Answer 3. timetable
Answer 4. School charter
Question 6. The file structure of the operating system of a personal computer can be most clearly described as:
Answer 1. tabular model
Answer 2. graphic model
Answer 3. mathematical model
Answer 4. hierarchical model
Question 7. Why do you need a computer simulation of a nuclear explosion:
Answer 1. to obtain reliable data on the impact of the explosion on human health
Answer 2. for experimental verification of the influence high temperature and exposure to natural objects
Answer 3. to reduce research costs and ensure human safety
Answer 4. for real research of the processes occurring in nature during the explosion and after the explosion
Question 8. Provide the correct statement:
Answer 1. The static model of the system describes its state, and the dynamic model describes its behavior.
Answer 2. a dynamic model of a system describes its state, and a static model describes its behavior
Answer 3. the dynamic model of the system is always presented in the form of formulas or graphs
Answer 4. the static model of the system is always presented in the form of formulas or graphs
1. Formalization is
a. The transition from fuzzy tasks that arise in reality to formal information models. | ||
b. Highlighting essential information about the object. | ||
c. The stage of transition from a meaningful description of the links between the selected features of an object to a description using a certain coding language. | ||
d. Replacement of a real object with a sign or a set of signs. |
The architects submitted to the competition models of residential development projects in the form of layouts. What is the prototype of the model?
Choose one answer.
a. The architect's plan | ||
b. Real residential area | ||
c. The project drawing, previously made on the boomeg. | ||
d. The task assigned to the architects by the project client. |
Choose one answer.
a. description of the original object using mathematical formulas; | ||
b. description of the original object in natural or formal language; | ||
c. another object that does not reflect the characteristics and properties of the original object; | ||
d. a set of formulas written in the language of mathematics that describe the behavior of the original object. | ||
e. a set of data in the form of a table containing information on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the original object; |
Establish a correspondence between the example models and their variety in terms of the degree of formalization. For each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
|
Choose one answer. Provide a FALSE statement. Choose one answer.
What is an Object Information Model? Choose one answer.
The dirt road runs sequentially through settlements A, B, C, and D. The length of the road between A and B is 80 km, between B and C is 50 km, and between C and D is 10 km. Choose one answer. What is a Computer Information Model? Choose one answer.
What is Simulation Modeling? Choose one answer.
The choice of the type of model depends on: Choose one answer.
The purpose of creating an information model is: Choose one answer.
A computer experiment consists of a sequence of stages: Choose one answer.
As an example behavior patterns can be called: Choose one answer. There are daily flights between four airports: OCTOBER, BEREG, KRASNY and SOSNOVO. There is a fragment of the flight schedule between them:
The traveler arrived at the OCTOBER airport at midnight (0:00). Determine the earliest time when he can get to the SOSNOVO airport. Choose one answer. Tasks 1. Determination of the minimum length of the garden hedge. A rectangular garden plot has an area S. What dimensions of the length and width of the plot will be the minimum length of the fence? Make calculations. 2. Bonding the box. There is a square sheet of cardboard. Four squares are cut out of the sheet at the corners and the box is glued along the sides of the cutouts. What side of the square should you cut out for the box to have the largest capacity? What size do you need to take a sheet to get a box out of it with a given maximum volume? 3. Workout schedule. Having started training, the athlete ran 10 km on the first day. Every next day he ran 10% more than the previous one. Build the "Training Schedule" table with the following columns:
Determine from the table: · Total mileage for 7 days; · How many days the athlete will run more than 20 km per day; · In how many days the total mileage will exceed 100 km. 4. Rescue of a drowning man. With what speed and at what angle should a circle be thrown from the side of the rescue boat to a drowning man? When calculating, take into account following conditions: · Initial speed can vary up to 10 m / s; · The distance of the drowning person to the ship; · Hitting accuracy is equal to ∆ = 0.5 m; · The angle of throw can be negative; · The height of the ship's side above sea level. 5. Fertility and mortality. Consider a certain system in which the number of individuals in a population depends only on natural fertility and mortality. There is enough food for everyone in such a system, the ecology is not disturbed, and nothing threatens life. Task 6. Casinos thrive on the fact that the owner always has some advantage over the player. For example, in one of the roulette variants, the wheel has 38 holes: 36 are numbered and divided into black and red, and the remaining two are numbered 0 and 00 and painted green. A player, betting on red or black, has 18 chances out of 38 to win, and 20 out of 38 chances that he will lose. You have a certain number of chips. You want to double your capital. If the wheel stops at the number you have chosen, your capital is increased by the amount of the bet, otherwise the bet will go to the casino. What tactics will lead to a positive result? 7. Information model "Chemical compounds" Create a Chemical Compounds information model. Include the following fields in the database: household name, chemical name, chemical formula, application. 8. Information model "School teacher" Create an information model "School teacher", including the following fields: last name, first name, patronymic, age, gender, length of service as a teacher, total length of service, teaching load, average monthly earnings, number of family members. On the basis of the initial data model, generate information models: · "Young teacher" (teaching experience up to 5 years, age up to 30); · "Honored Teacher" (teaching experience over 20 years). Save the result on disk M: folder "Test_Informatics_07" Place the result on SarViki on the page Theoretical basis informatics and methods of teaching it in the section Scientific foundations of school informatics. 9. Imagine that there is only one source left on Earth fresh water- Lake Baikal. How many years will Baikal provide the world's population with water 10. The annual birth and death rates of a certain population are known. Calculate how old individuals of one generation can live. 11. For the production of vaccines at the plant, it is planned to grow a culture of bacteria. It is known that if the mass of bacteria is x g, then in a day it will increase by (a-bx) x g, where the coefficients a and b depend on the type of bacteria. The plant will daily collect m g bacteria for the production of vaccines. To draw up a plan, it is important to know how the mass of bacteria changes after 1, 2, 3, ..., 30 days .. 12. Make a model of biorhythms for a specific person from the specified current date (day of reference) one month ahead for the purpose of further analysis of the model. Based on the analysis of individual biorhythms, it is not possible to predict auspicious days, choose favorable days for different kinds activities. 13. Determine how the population density of the pigeon will change over the next 5 years, if preliminary observations made it possible to establish that its density is 130 individuals / ha. During the breeding period (in a pigeon once a year), an average of 1.3 cubs survive from one clutch of eggs. The mortality rate of the pigeon is constant, on average 27% of the individuals die per year. With an increase in the population density to 300 individuals / ha and higher, the mortality rate is 50% 14. There is a wall at a given distance from the cannon. The angle of inclination of the gun and the initial velocity of the projectile are known. Will the projectile hit the wall? 15. When going uphill, the engine of the car “stalled”. Whether the car will stop on a mountain or will it roll down. |
Laboratory work No. 4
Information modeling
Theoretical foundations of modeling
Modeling Is a method of cognition, consisting in the creation and study of models, i.e. research of objects by building and studying models.
Model Is some simplified semblance of a real object that reflects essential features(properties) of the studied real object, phenomenon or process.
Model- this is such a material or mentally imagined object that replaces the original object with the aim of studying it, while retaining some typical features and properties of the original that are important for this research.
An object is a certain part of the surrounding world, considered by a person as a whole. Each object has a name and parameters, i.e. signs or quantities that characterize any property of an object and taken different values.
The model should be built in such a way that it most fully reproduces those qualities of the object that need to be studied in accordance with the set goal. In all respects, the model should be simpler than the object and more convenient to study. Thus, for the same object, there may exist different models, classes of models corresponding to various purposes of its study.
Simulation steps:
1. Statement of the problem: description of the problem, the purpose of modeling, formalization of the problem
2. Development of a model: information model, computer model
3. Computer experiment - experiment plan, research
4. Analysis of simulation results
A well-constructed model, as a rule, is more accessible for research than a real object (for example, such as a country's economy, solar system etc.). Another, no less important purpose of the model is that it identifies the most significant factors that form certain properties of an object. The model also allows you to learn how to control the object, which is important in cases when experimenting with the object is inconvenient, difficult or impossible (for example, when the experiment has a long duration or when there is a risk of bringing the object into an undesirable or irreversible state).
Thus, we can conclude that the model is necessary in order to:
- to understand how a specific object is arranged - what are its structure, basic properties, laws of development and interaction with the surrounding world;
- learn how to manage an object or process and determine the best management methods for given goals and criteria (optimization);
- to predict the direct and indirect consequences of the implementation of the specified methods and forms of impact on the object, process.
Aspects of modeling can be the appearance, structure, behavior of the modeling object, as well as their various combinations.
The structure of an object is called the totality of its elements and the links existing between them.
The behavior of an object is called a change in it. appearance and structures over time as a result of interactions with other objects.
Modeling the appearance of an object is used to:
· Identification (recognition) of the object;
· Long-term storage of the image.
Object structure modeling is used to:
· Its visual presentation;
· Studying the properties of the object;
· Identifying significant connections;
· Studying the stability of the object.
Behavior modeling is applied when:
· Planning, forecasting;
· Establishing links with other objects;
· Identification of cause-and-effect relationships;
· Management;
Design technical devices etc.
In the process of modeling, each aspect of modeling is revealed through a set of properties.
The models do not reflect all the properties of the object, but only those that are significant from the point of view of the modeling goal.
each aspect of modeling is characterized by its own set of properties:
appearance - a set of features;
structure - a list of elements and an indication of the relationship between them;
behavior - changes in appearance and structure over time.
Some properties of the modeling object can be expressed by values that take numerical values... Such values are called model parameters.
An information model can be considered as some new information object, which, in turn, can also be an object of modeling.