Tasks and guidelines for the implementation of the test. Ecology_coats_tests

Plants are widespread on Earth. They are found in the vast majority of habitable places.

Moreover, each habitat and climatic zone is characterized by its own vegetation. Plants need liquid water, so there are a lot of them where there is enough rainfall and there is no frost. all year round... Such climatic zones forests and meadows are formed. In drier places we meet steppes. But even in deserts and in permafrost conditions, some plants grow.

A man for his needs grows many types of plants, including those brought from distant habitats. Cultivated plants grow in fields, in gardens, in greenhouses, where conditions are created under which plants can grow and bear fruit all year round. Man grows many ornamental plants.

Plants play a very important role in nature, because they make animal life possible.

At first, plants produce organic matter from inorganic ... Animals do not know how to do this, they have to feed on ready-made organic substances, that is, to eat plants or other animals that feed on vegetation. Without plants, animals would starve to death. First, plants synthesize organic matter glucose, then it is converted into other organic matter, mainly starch. For the synthesis of glucose, plants mainly need two inorganic substances - these are water and carbon dioxide. Plants absorb water mostly from the soil, while carbon dioxide is absorbed from the air. Plants need energy to synthesize organic matter. They receive it from the rays of the sun. The process of such synthesis is called photosynthesis.

As you know, carbon dioxide is released during respiration. If it had not been absorbed by plants, it would have accumulated in the atmosphere. This would lead to disastrous consequences (breathing problems in animals, greenhouse effect). Therefore, the second important value of plants is carbon dioxide absorption .

In the process of photosynthesis, a by-product is released - oxygen. It is oxygen that all living organisms breathe (they absorb it from the atmosphere). Therefore, the third important role of plants in nature is oxygen enrichment of the atmosphere.

The role of plants in human life is also great. People use them for food, feed them pets, build houses, furniture and many other things from plants. From plants, paper is obtained, various substances(fabrics, medicines, etc.). Plants are used as fuel. In this case, not only wood is used, but also peat and coal, which are the remains of ancient plants. We can say that nature during its long development path has managed to make an energy supply for humans. Thanks to this stored energy, human society has a chance for rapid development.

The human diet contains different plants... Some have edible fruits, others have seeds, others have green parts, and many have underground parts (tubers, roots, etc.).

People process plants and get many of them foodstuffs: flour, porridge, sugar and more.

The aesthetic role of plants is great. Many of them bloom beautiful flowers others are grown as houseplants.

Unfortunately the influence of man on vegetable world in many ways negative. Because of economic activity many plant species have disappeared, and others are threatened with extinction. Often a person changes the habitat of plants, as a result, they can no longer grow.

384. From the point of view of nature protection, rational use of natural resources implies:

b) the fullest use of nature as a resource;

c) correlation of opportunities economic use territory by a person with the ecological capacity of this territory.
6.2. State of the art and protection of the atmosphere

385. Choose the correct statement. The Earth's atmosphere contains 20.95%:

a) nitrogen; b) oxygen; c) carbon dioxide; d) hydrocarbons; e) argon.

386. Choose the correct statements. The greenhouse effect caused by an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere results in:

a) to a decrease in the temperature of the lower layers of the atmosphere;

b) to an increase in the temperature of the lower layers of the atmosphere;

c) to the melting of eternal snows and flooding of low-lying areas of land;

d) poisoning of organisms;

e) to an increase in the radiation background on Earth.

387. What is the cause of the "ozone holes"? Choose the correct answer:

a) an increase in carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere;

b) an increase in dust emissions into the atmosphere;

c) an increase in freon emissions into the atmosphere;

d) a decrease in the proportion of oxygen in the atmosphere.

Why is the destruction of the ozone screen dangerous?

388. Name the gas in the Earth's atmosphere, the proportion of which is increasing due to human activity.

389. The share of which gas in the Earth's atmosphere is decreasing due to human fault?

390. Explain why trees have a higher incidence of diseases in the city and their life expectancy is shorter than in the surrounding area. countryside.

391. The ozone layer is located:

a) in the lower atmosphere; c) in the upper layer of the ocean;

b) in the upper layer of the atmosphere; d) at the depth of the ocean.

392. Explain why in large cities main highways should be designed parallel and not across the direction of the main winds.

393. Make a forecast of the state of the environment when the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases.

394. Calculations carried out by scientists indicate that in the next 150-180 years the number of atmospheric oxygen shrink by one third compared to its current content. List the types human activity, which contribute to the reduction of the proportion of oxygen in the atmosphere.

395. Vegetation of Western Europe, the northeastern United States and some other areas the globe produces significantly (many times) less oxygen than it is consumed by industry and heterotrophic organisms inhabiting these territories. Explain why life is conserved in these areas. What happens if a similar ratio of oxygen consumption and reproduction is in most of the Earth?

396. The accumulation of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, etc.) in the atmosphere is dangerous for all countries. Choose from the list one priority environmental objective for economically developed Germany (A) and another for economically underdeveloped Ethiopia (B), the implementation of which will help reduce the greenhouse effect:

a) prohibit hunting;

b) stop the construction of industrial greenhouses for growing vegetables;

c) stop deforestation;

d) reduce the burning of oil products;

e) reduce the release of freons into the atmosphere;

f) resist the process of urban growth.

Explain your choice.

397. Some scientists suggest that by 2025 the average global temperature will rise by 2.5 degrees, and by 2050 - 3-4 degrees. Describe the forecast of the consequences for Russia.

398. Pine and spruce are the least resistant to gases and dust, while larch and deciduous species are more resistant. Explain why this is connected.
6.3.

399. Decipher the abbreviations: surfactant, SMS, hydroelectric power station, nuclear power plant.

400. List the branches of the economy - the main consumers of fresh water.

401. List the sectors of the economy that pollute the surface and ground waters to the greatest extent.

402. Every year, as a result of accidents on oil pipelines and tankers, industrial and transport emissions, washing of cars, ships, tanks and tanker holds, 14 million tons of oil enter the World Ocean. One gram of oil or petroleum products is capable of forming a film over an area of ​​10 m of water surface. Determine the area of ​​annual pollution of the world's water bodies.

403. In winter, salt is used to melt the ice crust on the roads. This contributes to a significant reduction in road accidents. Describe what changes are taking place in water bodies and in the soil next to the road. How and why can the condition of trees and grass in the roadside area change?

404. Explain why chemical substances used for processing fields are found in fish caught in the nearest pond (lake, river).

405. Indicate where agricultural chemicals carried away from the fields accumulate.

406. The lake is in the countryside. Industrial enterprises around no. Can we be sure that the water of this lake does not contain harmful substances?

407. It is known that the substances constituting oil in water are mainly insoluble and, in comparison with other pollutants, are slightly toxic. Explain why oil pollution is considered one of the most dangerous.

408. Describe what is the advantage of closed water use technologies in comparison with the construction of perfect treatment facilities.

409. Rafting of trees on rivers is economically very profitable (no need to build roads, use expensive equipment, consume fuel, etc.). Explain why environmentalists are against such transportation, especially if the trees are not bundled into rafts, but are floated one by one. Why do fish and other aquatic organisms disappear in such rivers?

410. The snow collected on the roads of the city is taken out by road services. Where can this snow be transported and unloaded (taking into account the economic and environmental consequences)? Choose the correct answer: a) on the field; b) into a river or lake; c) in a specially dug pit; d) anywhere. Justify your chosen answer.

411. A person takes a lot of water from reservoirs for household needs. The permissible norms of water intake have been established. For the river, they make up 1/25 of the annual river flow. 1/6 of the annual river flow is taken from the Volga for various needs of the economy. Calculate how many times the water intake from the Volga exceeds the norm. What are the consequences of this?

412. Falling trees and waterlogging can often be seen along one side of the road through the forest. Explain why this is happening. How can this situation be corrected in road construction?
6.4. Rational use and protection of subsoil and soil resources

413. Explain why environmentalists believe that the collection of scrap metal and waste paper is an important environmental activity.

414. List non-renewable minerals, the reserves of which in the first half of the XXI century. will be more than half exhausted.

415. How is it necessary to plow the soil (or form the beds) on the slope to prevent soil erosion? Choose the correct answer: a) along the slope; b) across the slope; c) diagonally of the slope. Justify your chosen answer.

416. From the list below, select measures to help stop the erosion process:

1) transition to low-waste technologies;

2) organization of wildlife sanctuaries and reserves;

3) moldboard-free and flat-cut plowing;

4) plowing across slopes;

5) regulation of snow melting;

6) fight against water and air pollution;

7) creation of field-protection, water-regulating and adjacent strips;

8) tillage with seam turnover;

10) the use of heavy machinery in soil cultivation;

11) construction of anti-erosion ponds on the tops of ravines, accumulating runoff;

12) construction of earth embankments;

13) construction of drainage channels.

417. For a long time, the most fertile soils were formed in steppe ecosystems: chernozem and chestnut soils. In the 50s. XX century in the USSR and Canada, the development of virgin lands was carried out: the plowing of the steppes for the cultivation of wheat and other grain crops on them. What do you know about this? Why did some scientists oppose plowing the steppes and using them for growing crops? What are the limiting factors for the cultivation of agricultural plants in the steppe regions? What are the consequences of frequent tillage (primarily moldboard plowing) of the soil in the steppe?

418. What is the role perennial herbs in protecting soil from erosion? Why is non-moldboard plowing recommended in steppe conditions? What is the essence of land reclamation?

419. According to FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), humanity loses (due to leaching, salinization, pollution, etc.) 6-7 million tons of soil per year. If you do not take into account the renewal of the soil and the plowing of new territories, calculate how long it will take for humanity to lose all its cultivated soil today (about 150 million tons).

420. Prove on specific examples the relationship of the food problem with the problem of soil degradation.
6.5. Rational use and protection of vegetation

421. Explain why the water level is not constant on the rivers along which the forest has been cut down: if there is little precipitation, the level drops significantly; if it rains, water may overflow the banks and flood settlements, fields, etc. Why are floods on forest rivers rare?

422. Mud is dangerous a natural phenomenon, is a stormy mudflow in the mountains, caused by snowmelt or heavy rain. These streams can cause tremendous destruction with human casualties. Explain why mudflows are almost non-existent in areas where mountain populations are low. Why is there a high probability of mudflows in places where forests are cut down and (or) graze domestic animals?

Gross primary production.
8. Ecology as a scientific discipline belongs to ... sciences.

Social;

Biological;

Economic;

Technical.
9. The main policy document International Union The Nature Conservancy (IUCN) and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is ...

- “Concept of sustainable development”;

The Man and the Biosphere Program;

- "International Biological Program";

- "World Conservation Strategy".
10. Living matter the biosphere is stable only ...

In living organisms;

In biopolymers;

At the level of the biosphere;

At the population level.
11. Population separation process different types space and food resources is called ...

Acclimatization;

Segregation;

Differentiation of ecological niches;

Divergence.
12. The establishment of standards for maximum permissible harmful effects (MPC) and fees for emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere is the prerogative of the Law of the Russian Federation ...

- "On radiation safety of the population";

- "On the protection of atmospheric air";

- "On production and consumption waste";

- "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population."
13. Monitoring of regional and local anthropogenic impacts in especially dangerous zones and places is called ...

Aviation;

Impact;

Zonal;

Ecology

People by by and large, very strange creatures: first we destroy, and then we begin to rebuild everything again. Our history underscores the importance of scientific discovery in enabling us to improve our lives. However, we can use many scientific advances to, for example, inflict unnecessary pain on someone. We call this "human nature".

Today we are on the brink, as we have done great harm to our environment, however, we are trying to fix everything. Learn about the animals and plants that humans actually saved from extinction, sometimes completely unintentionally.

1) Head lice

2) Avocado

Many plants owe their seeds to man. Seeds avocado(lat. Persea americana) have a tasty shell, due to which some animals swallowed the fruit whole, and their bones came out undigested naturally. This not only benefited the animals, but also allowed the seeds to spread throughout the wilderness.

However, considering that an avocado seed is about the size of egg, the question arises, which animals can swallow it today, and then successfully carry it through their entire digestive system? For example, a person is a large enough living creature, but in our intestines the passage is too small to eat such a large seed. Logically, animals that can swallow it should be significantly larger than us.

Megafauna became extinct about 12 thousand years ago. The avocado could have disappeared in the same way along with the giant animals, but the inhabitants Central America splendidly spread seeds by gathering and eating fruits. Thus, the avocado has managed to survive for many thousands of years thanks to humans. If a person stops eating an avocado (which is unlikely), the plant simply cannot spread and disappear.

3) hamsters

At the beginning of the last century, a zoologist caught several strange and rare rodents in Syria. They were described only a century earlier and received the name Syrian or Central Asian hamsters(lat. Mesocricetus auratus). Among the animals caught, there was only one female. They began to be seen less and less, and zoologists considered that they had disappeared into the wild.

After studying and breeding hamsters in captivity for several generations in order to increase their populations, some of them escaped, the rest were the ancestors of modern domestic hamsters. The ancestor of all the hamsters that live in our home was the very only female that was caught at the beginning of the 20th century, and the genetic analyzes of the hamsters that live in the wild in Israel are the descendants of those who once fled. Thanks to a single zoologist, the hamsters have not disappeared.

4) Ginko

According to legend, a long time ago, a Chinese emperor planted a plant in his garden. special kind, which he really liked. Gardeners at the court helped grow it, and the plant has been enjoyed by generations for thousands of years.

Several centuries later ginkgo long time was considered an extinct tree in other parts of the world and could only be described on the basis of fossils. When China became an open country for the Western world, it became obvious that the plant survived, and only because it was so fond of the Chinese emperor.

Today is a plant of the species Ginkgo biloba(lat. Gínkgo bilóba) can be found all over the world, but genetically all the trees in the world are closely related to only one tree or, probably, a very small group of trees that grew in China about 3 thousand years ago.

5) Silkworm

Silkworm(lat. Bombyx mori ) completely depends on the person and owes him its existence. This insect is sometimes called silkworm, although it is not a worm at all - it is a butterfly. The caterpillar cocoons of these butterflies are made of silk, which is widely used by humans. Caterpillars have been bred specifically for silk for more than 5 thousand years, during which time their wild relatives have gradually died out.

Caterpillars, which are bred for silk, are very helpless, and even after metamorphosis, butterflies cannot fly and eat normally. Their wings remain underdeveloped and their mouths are too small to eat properly. As a result of domestication, insects lack the instinct for self-preservation, they are not afraid of enemies, and cannot survive in the wild. To reproduce, they need human help. Despite this silkworm is not going to fade and feels great. The healthiest and well-fed caterpillars are known to produce the best silk, so they are cared for and cherished.

6) Bermuda Typhoon

This rare bird lives in Bermuda. When Europeans first visited these islands, they brought with them many rats, dogs and other animals that began to exterminate birds. Three hundred years Bermuda typhoon(lat. Pterodroma cahow) was considered extinct.

In 1951, 18 birds were accidentally found nesting on the coast, so they were immediately listed in the Red Book and taken under protection. Even with the most ideal conditions, if even 18 representatives of the species remain, it will not have a very bright future. Typhoon nests were walled off from the rest of the island to keep other animals from interfering. Wildlife conservation officials have created other safe nesting sites for these birds, so their numbers have increased over the years.

Volunteers rushed to protect the birds, risking own life During the 2003 hurricane, many nests were destroyed, which were then rebuilt by conservationists. Today, 250 Bermuda typhoons live on the islands. Thanks to the efforts of humans, it is possible that someday their number will again increase to several thousand individuals.

7) Meduzagina

This plant is so named because the center of its flowers resembles the tentacles of jellyfish. It was considered extinct until the end of the last century, when several small populations were re-discovered in the Seychelles. Today the plant is under protection.

This ancient plant does not adapt very well to the modern climate. Its populations have been declining naturally for thousands of years due to climate change on the planet. In 1970, three surviving trees were discovered. Today the plant is protected by law, and botanists are trying to find a way to help it.

The seeds of this plant do not want to germinate in the wild, and only with very high humidity can a person artificially cultivate it. Without further human intervention jellyfish(lat. Medusagyne) is unlikely to be able to survive and cope with the climatic changes of our time, it simply cannot withstand the competition of better adapting relatives.

8) European bison

As in the case of the Bermuda typhoon, this beast was also almost driven to extinction by humans. European bison(lat. Bison bonasus) Is the largest land animal in Europe, but it was completely destroyed in the wild due to excessive hunting. Traditionally, people have hunted for its skin and horns since the Paleolithic era, but modern hunters have driven the beast to extinction.

During the First World War, soldiers hunted bison for meat, despite the fact that they knew very well that the animal is very rare and under threat. The last wild European bison was shot in 1927. Fortunately, several representatives continued to live in zoos and roaming menageries. They have attracted the close attention of the German biologist Heinz Heck. Heck suggested that since modern animals carry the genes of their extinct ancestors, they could be bred in captivity and replenish the wild population.

Heck did not want the new bison to die out again through human fault, like their ancestors. He tried to reproduce them, taking as a basis only 12 animals. Today, the number of European bison is 4 thousand individuals, which were returned to wildlife... Unfortunately, due to poor genetic diversity, these animals are very susceptible to a number of diseases, and male fertility is constantly decreasing, so they will probably need human help again.

9) Wollemia

Wollemia(lat. Wollémia) is an coniferous plant that was thought to be extinct. She was known only from fossil remains that are millions of years old. Suddenly, in 1994, one of the employees of a national park in Australia came across a representative of this species. Botanists quickly realized that they were dealing with an ancient plant, a "living fossil", and that the plant actually lives on to this day, albeit very rare. There are no more than a hundred trees left in the world, many of which suffer from diseases, die and cannot produce offspring.

Mathematical models have confirmed that without human intervention, these plants will soon disappear. The wollemia restoration program protects the plant, during which time more than a thousand new trees have been cultivated. Today it can be found in New South Wales, Australia, where it acts as an alternative to the Christmas tree. Plants are planted in pots and kept at home during the holidays, and then planted in the ground.

10) Przewalski's horse

Most horses living in the wild are relatives of domesticated ancestors. but Przewalski's horse(lat. Equus ferus przewalskii) has never been domesticated and is the only truly wild horse. Ancient rock paintings show that people hunted them 20 thousand years ago! Since then, the planet's climate has become warmer and the interglacial period has begun.

The habitat of these horses declined, so their numbers began to decline. After World War II, all Przewalski's wild horses died due to the destruction of their habitat in war time and because they were being hunted by desperate German soldiers.

The existing captive populations also declined, and by 1945 only 31 percent of the Przewalski's horses remained from those who lived before the war. Man began to breed horses and today there are about 1800 individuals. Of these, 300 returned to the wild in Mongolia and China in areas where they were seen last time... Przewalski's horses are carefully guarded, and it is hoped that they will be able to restore their populations.

11) Marsupial Wolf

Although the populations of many living things were restored to man, some of them were nevertheless completely exterminated and it is not yet possible to return them back. Tasmanian or marsupial wolf(lat. Thylacinus cynocephalus) Is an example of one such animal.

It was the largest carnivorous marsupial on the planet, and became extinct in Australia several thousand years ago, except for the island of Tasmania. The number of these animals fell every year due to diseases, the disappearance of other creatures that the wolf ate, and because of the excessive hunting for it by European settlers. The last representative died at the Tasmanian Zoo in 1930.

DNA samples from the remains of this wolf have survived, so science does not lose hope someday to develop technologies to restore this unique species. Maybe we can fix our mistakes in the future and never make them again.

421. Explain why the water level is not constant on the rivers along which the forest has been cut down: if there is little precipitation, the level drops significantly; if it rains, water may overflow the banks and flood settlements, fields, etc. Why are floods on forest rivers rare?

422. Mudflow is a dangerous natural phenomenon, it is a stormy mud flow in the mountains, caused by snowmelt or heavy rains. These streams can cause tremendous destruction with human casualties. Explain why mudflows are almost non-existent in areas where mountain populations are low. Why is there a high probability of mudflows in places where forests are cut down and (or) graze domestic animals?

423. Explain why it takes longer for snow to melt in a forest than in a field. What does it matter for plants; for the hydro regime of fields, forests, rivers?

424. Explain why in national parks and protected areas, visitors can only walk along paths or paths. Why is this requirement especially strict in hilly and mountainous areas?

425. Choose the correct statement. The Red Book of Russia contains:

a) blue cornflower; b) lily of the valley may; c) lady's slipper; d) medicinal chamomile; e) St. John's wort.

What plant species are protected in your area?

426. Why is it necessary to conserve rare and endangered species and how is it done?

427. Explain why spruce is very sensitive even to runaway ground fires when moss, pine needles and grass are burning on the ground.

428. The small-leaved linden lives in the forest up to 300-400 years, in urban conditions - up to 150 years. In the pines growing in the city, the twigs on the tops die off. Answer, what is the reason for the poor development of trees in the city.

429. Environmentalists believe that in northern regions the forest can only be cut down in winter and immediately taken out in deep snow. Explain why.

430. Please indicate possible consequences reduction of the area of ​​tropical forests for the biosphere.

431. Explain the meaning of the statement: "One person leaves a trail in the forest, a hundred - a path, a thousand - a desert."

432. Thanks to man, many species of plants came from one continent to another and multiplied there successfully. What properties are usually typical for such immigrants? Which communities are easier to move into, and which ones are more difficult, and why? What are the implications for local species can have a similar colonization?

433. Describe the changes in plant populations with beautiful flowers can arise as a result of intensive collection of flowering specimens for bouquets.

The summary of the lesson is compiled in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard. This lesson assumes that students use computer equipment and electronic folders with materials on this topic. Students independently acquire knowledge on the topic using a variety of information both in electronic and paper form, draw conclusions, and the knowledge gained is used to solve the problem of the lesson and environmental problems.

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Polyakova Marina Nikolaevna,

teacher of biology and chemistry MBOU secondary school №130 in Ussuriysk, Primorsky Territory

Topic "Current state and protection of vegetation"

Form of organization of educational activities:

• Frontal;
• Individual.

Teaching methods:visual-illustrative, partially search, group, discussion

The purpose of the lesson: contribute to the ecological education of students when studying biological resources, the need for their rational use.

Tasks:

• To deepen the understanding of the role of plants in nature and human life;
• To form the concepts of "biological resources", "reserve";
• Show examples of negative human impact on wildlife, examples of the rational use of biological resources;
• To form the ability to predict the use of vegetation as a result of human economic activity;
• Facilitate student engagement in research activities in a practical subject.

Equipment: atlases Primorsky Territory, Red Data Book of the Russian Federation, Red Data BookPrimorsky Territory and Ussuriysky District, booklets about rare and endangered plant species of Primorsky Krai,DVD - player, multimedia projector, student presentations, information sheets, task cards, electronic folders with lesson material, teacher presentation.

I. Preparatory stage:

• Two students are cookingpresentations on the topics "on the topics “Human influence on wildlife”, “Plant protection in Russia”;
• One student conducts project work on the topic "Rare and endangered plant species of Primorsky Territory" on the example of the Far Eastern Lily, the results are drawn up in the form of a presentation, test XL, a booklet.
• Students in the class are invited to supplement the electronic folder of materials with articles on this topic.

II. During the classes (compendium - diagram).

Conclusion: They are different:

Useful, dangerous,

Beautiful, fragrant,

Leaves prickly.

The medicine is replaced

And there are delicacies

And they will give us tea,

And even a house will be built

They are creations of the earth,

We call them - PLANTS.

Appendix # 1

"Current state and protection of vegetation"

Information sheet

Appendix No. 3 Solution

This story presents typical positions in the relationship "man - nature". One of the parties is a construction trust in the person of an engineer and a bulldozer driver. The other is grandmothers who live in the area. For an engineer, a street is another object, a place of work, and most importantly, not a street, but a pipeline. For a bulldozer operator, it’s even easier: “They said - do it, but for me something, my job is to do it”. For both, the street is alien, both are indifferent to how their actions will respond. And for women, the street is "our", we lived on it, we will continue to live. What about her decoration, her freshness - but under the knife of a bulldozer?

The difference in attitudes comes from the rootedness of some in this world and the indifference of others to it. It is good that the conflict stopped one, made another think, and led to a change in the decision taken from a narrowly professional point of view. Could there be no conflict? Of course! For example, women, sitting on a bench, would look at the uprooting of trees and condemn the bulldozer driver, but they would not take any action: “Our business is side, we are small people, the bosses know better”. And the alley would disappear, as whole green areas, gardens and parks disappear in our cities as a result of the same "strong-willed" decisions. They are based on the narrow outlook of irresponsible leaders of various ranks and levels and equally irresponsible day laborers.

But there could be no conflict at all if the bulldozer driver, having arrived at the place, wondered whether it was necessary to destroy the alley! Maybe they didn't think about signing his outfit and they need to look for another solution. Or if the engineer who made the working project for laying the pipeline route (water supply, telephone or electric cable) passed along the future route, looked, thought, and would have found an economic direction of work without prejudice to the alley.

The smallest thing was missing: human interest and professional responsibility. I lacked a sense of the owner or a sense of patriotism - love for my city, caring for it ...

(V. Ivanov "Conflict of values ​​and the solution of environmental problems", - M .: Knowledge. 1991. No. 8.)

Appendix No. 4 Environmental objectives

Problem number 489 Sel - a dangerous natural phenomenon, it is a turbulent mud flow in the mountains, caused by snowmelt or heavy rains. These streams can cause tremendous destruction with human casualties. Explain why mudflows are almost non-existent in areas where mountain populations are low. Why is there a high probability of mudflows in places where forests are cut down and (or) graze domestic animals?

Problem number 491 Explain why in national parks and conservation areas, visitors can only walk along paths and paths. Why is this requirement especially strict in hilly and mountainous areas?

Problem number 494 Explain why the spruce is very sensitive even to fugitive ground fires, when moss, needles and grass are burning on the ground?

Problem number 495 The small-leaved linden lives in the forest up to 300 - 400 years, in urban conditions - up to 150 years. In the pines growing in the city, the twigs on the tops die off. Answer, what is the reason for the poor development of trees in the city.

Problem number 500 * Thanks to man, many species of plants came from one continent to another and multiplied there successfully. What properties are usually typical for such immigrants? Which communities are easier to move into, and which ones are more difficult, and why? What implications for native species could such an introduction have?

Problem number 502 * Describe what changes in populations of plants with beautiful flowers can occur as a result of intensive collection of flowering specimens for bouquets.

Problem number 503 ** The famous French explorer of the African Sahara, Henri Lot, describes the transformation of the flourishing region of Nigeria Air into a lifeless desert in just a few months: “In 1973, tragedy broke out. The rainy season started too early and ended abruptly. Since February, the pastures of the northern zones of Air were completely devastated (until this year there were a lot of people and domestic animals), and the herds had to be driven south, to more favorable places that could not withstand such an influx of livestock. The nomads found themselves in a completely hopeless situation, nothing could save them from the impending disaster. As the last source of food for the goats, they cut down the upper branches of acacias, devastating entire valleys, inexorably accelerating the death of trees and thereby contributing to the onset of the desert ... hence the conclusion: it is not the desert that comes, but the nomads, destroying the vegetation, contribute to its onset. "

What measures do you think should be applied in drylands to avoid increasing desertification? For example, the Sahara is moving south of the continent along the entire front with average speed 48 km per year.