Composition: Leningrad, Pskov and Novgorod regions, the federal city of St. Petersburg.
Area-196.5 thousand. km 2.
Population - 7 million 855 thousand people.
The area is characterized by an advantageous EGP, as it is located on the border between Eastern Europe and Russia; along the rivers and lakes of this swampy forest region, the northern part of the route "from the Varangians to the Greeks" passed. The emergence and prosperity of the Lord of Veliky Novgorod and the founding of the new capital - St. Petersburg are associated with a favorable transport and geographical location. On the territory of the district there are ancient centers of the Russian Orthodox Church.
For 2 centuries, St. Petersburg was the official capital Russian Empire, which strengthened the development of the entire area. Currently, the Northwest Region is located between the Eastern European states - Finland, Estonia, Latvia and the Central and Northern economic regions of Russia. This position between economically developed territories and the resource base of the Northern region has great benefits for the North-Western region. Its access to the Baltic is also important.
Natural conditions and resources
The territory of the North-West region was greatly influenced by repeated glaciations. On its low-lying plains, a rugged moraine-glacial relief with a variety of moraine hills, lake depressions and troughs of melt glacial waters runoff is clearly expressed. The area is very swampy, there are about seven thousand lakes of various sizes. The largest are Ladoga, Onezhskoe, Chudskoe, Ilmen. The river network is dense, but the rivers are relatively short and young; among them the Neva stands out - one of the most abundant rivers in the European part of the country.
The climate of the region is characterized by high humidity, varies from maritime temperate on the coast to moderately continental. The soils are mainly podzolic; peat-boggy soils are also found everywhere. Natural vegetation (spruce-pine forests with the participation of birch, etc.) is heavily cut down (by 50%) and changed. In the northeast, the forests are better preserved.
Of the minerals, refractory clays are significant, quartz sands, oil shale, phosphorite, limestone, salt springs, bauxite.
Population
The population of the district is about 6% of the population Russian Federation, the average density is about 40 people. per 1 km 2, but in peripheral areas only about 2-4 people. by 1 km 2. V countryside The Pskov and Novgorod regions are the oldest population in all of Russia, so the average family size here is only 2.8-2.9 people (on average in Russia - 3.2 people).
The majority of the population is Russian. The urbanization rate is 87%. The northern capital of Russia is home to about 5 million people.
Farm
North-West is an industrial region with a powerful complex of manufacturing industries, which is mainly focused on imported raw materials and fuel.
Branches of specialization - mechanical engineering, non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, light.
The machine-building complex is characterized by the development of industries that require skilled labor. Presented are power engineering, electrical engineering, shipbuilding, instrument making, machine tool building, tractor engineering. modern facilities automation and turbines.
The main centers of mechanical engineering are St. Petersburg (generators and turbines for hydroelectric power plants, state district power plants, nuclear power plants, shipbuilding, instrument making, radio engineering, electrical engineering, electronics), as well as Novgorod, Pskov, Velikie Luki, Staraya Russa, Vyborg, Kaliningrad.
V Northwest region on the local Tikhvin bauxites, the first in Russia production of al was created! ") miniya- Metallurgical plants are also located in Volkhov (aluminum smelter), Boksitogorsk and Pikalevo (alumina plants).
Chemical industry developed, primarily in St. Petersburg, which became a pioneer in the production of polymers, plastics, and is also a large pharmaceutical center.
Kingisepp (modern - Kuresaare) produces mineral fertilizers from local phosphorites.
Light industry- historically highly developed. Shoe and textile industries stand out.
The agro-industrial complex of the region specializes in dairy farming, pig farming, poultry farming, and the production of vegetables and potatoes. In the south and southwest, flax is grown, which serves as a raw material for factories and combines in Pskov and Velikiye Luki.
The fuel and energy complex of the region operates mainly on imported fuel (oil, gas, coal). Electricity is generated by powerful thermal power plants in St. Petersburg and Kirishi.
Small and medium-sized hydroelectric power plants have been built on numerous rivers in the region.
One of the largest in Russia Leningrad NPP (with a capacity of 4 million kW) operates in the region.
Transport. The transport hub of the agglomeration of St. Petersburg is second only to Moscow in terms of cargo turnover and passenger turnover. St. Petersburg is the largest foreign trade seaport in Russia. The Volga-Baltic Canal provides communication between the region and other regions of the country, and the White Sea-Baltic Canal provides access to the White and Barents Seas.
The construction of three new Russian ports is underway in the Gulf of Finland, which is associated with the need to restore their positions in the Baltic after the loss of trade and military bases in the now sovereign states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
Northwestern federal district
Introduction 3
1. Economic and geographical position of the region 4
2. Natural conditions and resources 5
3. Economy 8
3.1 Fuel and energy complex 9
3.2 Transport complex 10
3.3 Machine-building complex 11
3.4 Metallurgical complex 12
3.5 Chemical industry 12
3.6 Agro-industrial complex 13
3.7 Fishing industry 14
3.8 Industry building materials 14
3.9 Light industry 14
4. Population and workforce 15
5. Foreign economic relations 17
6. Intra-regional differences in the region 18
7. Ecological problems 23
Conclusion 24
References 27
Introduction
In the conditions of the emergence of a market economy in Russia, it becomes necessary to consider the sectoral structure and location of the most important sectors of the economic complex of each federal district separately in order to analyze the economic and geographical state of Russia as a whole. In my work, I will conduct a comparative economic and geographical description of two federal districts: North-West and Privolzhsky.
The Federal District is a top-level economic region, which is a large territorial-industrial complex, which combines industries of market specialization with industries that complement the territorial complex, and infrastructure.
The Northwestern Federal District is an administrative-territorial formation in the north of the European part of Russia. Formed by the decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000.
The Northwestern Federal District includes 11 constituent entities of the Russian Federation: the Republic of Karelia, the Komi Republic, Arkhangelsk; Vologda, Kaliningrad, Leningrad, Murmansk, Novgorod, Pskov regions, St. Petersburg, Nenets autonomous region... The Northwestern Federal District includes all constituent entities of the Russian Federation belonging to the Northwestern and Northern economic regions.
The district covers an area of 1,687 thousand square meters. km, which is 9.9% of the territory of Russia. The Northwestern Federal District is home to 13,501 thousand people (9.5% of the population of Russia). The majority of the population are city dwellers. The center of the federal district is St. Petersburg. The largest cities in the Northwestern Federal District are St. Petersburg, Kalinin grad, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Cherepovets, Vologda, Petrozavodsk, Syktyvkar, Veliky Novgorod, Pskov, Severodvinsk, Ukhta, Velikie Luki. In total, 152 cities are located on the territory of the district.
Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the North-West Federal District - Ilya Iosifovich Klebanov.
1. Economic and geographical position of the region
The North-West region is located in the northern part of the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation, north of 57` s. NS., southern border the area runs almost 800 km north of the US border. The most striking feature of the North-West region is the discrepancy between the historical role of the region and the very modest territory of the region. This discrepancy is due to the following features:
The location of the area is on the outskirts, remoteness from the center of Russia. This situation prevented the region from the Tatar-Mongol yoke.
The area is sharply pushed towards Europe. Here are Pskov and Novgorod-Veliky - the most notable cities, long time Related European countries through trade as part of Banza (medieval union of the Baltic states).
3. Seaside and border location of the region. The North-West region is inferior to most of the economic regions of the Russian Federation in terms of population and territory, therefore it is called the region of one city - St. Petersburg. It contains 59% of the region's population and 68% of its urban population.
In the North-West region, inhabited by ancient Slavic tribes, trade and crafts developed, international trade, industry and qualified personnel concentrated in St. Petersburg, and the outskirts of the region contributed to the development of the economy. All these reasons have played a role in shaping the modern image of the area.
The district takes one of the leading places in terms of the level economic development, in the scale and variety of industrial production, research and development products, training of highly qualified specialists in the national economy, the rate of formation of market relations, the scale of participation in the world economic relations of Russia.
The Northwest Region is located on the Russian Plain. The climate in the region is maritime, temperate continental. The air has high humidity, sod-podzolic soils
2. Natural conditions and resources
Natural conditions are all elements of living and inanimate nature that affect human economic activity.
Natural resources are all elements of nature that are used in production as raw materials and energy.
Most of the Northwestern Federal District is located in the European north. The territory of the Okrug is mostly flat. It is distinguished by a variety of natural and climatic conditions. The predominant part of the territory is located in an area favorable for human habitation, industrial and economic activities.
The climatic conditions of the Northwestern Federal District are not favorable enough. The seas of the Arctic Oceans washing its territory have an impact on the formation of the climate, which differs in the north-west of the Okrug in relatively warm winters and cool summers and severe winters and relatively short warm summers in the north. There is a small amount of precipitation, but due to low evaporation, they contribute to the formation of a large number of swamps, rivers and lakes. The climatic conditions for the development of agricultural production are limited to the southern territories of the region. They are mainly suitable for livestock breeding. Only the Kaliningrad region is characterized by a more moderate climate.
The Northwestern Federal District is a lake region. Numerous lakes are located mainly in the western part; the largest of them are Ladoga, Onega, Ilmen. Full-flowing rivers flow through the territory of the district. Plain rivers are of navigable importance. Among them are Pechora, northern Dvina, Onega. Neva and others. In terms of hydropower greatest value have Svir, Volkhov, Narva and Vuoksa.
The development of the economy of the Northwestern District stimulates the presence of significant reserves of minerals, fuel, energy and water resources, which can not only meet the needs of the country's economic complex, but also be exported to many countries of the world. Almost 72% of reserves and almost 100% of apatite mining are concentrated in the district, about 77% of titanium reserves, 43% of bauxite, 15% of mineral waters, 18% of diamonds and nickel. The Okrug accounts for a significant part of the balance reserves of copper, tin, cobalt.
Fuel resources are represented by reserves of coal, oil, natural gas, oil shale, peat.
About 40% of the reserves of the most important fuel resources of the western regions of the country are concentrated here. The total prospective areas for oil and gas production are about 600 thousand km 2, and the general geological reserves of coal are 214 billion tons. In the north-east of the Okrug, there is one of the largest coal basins in Russia - Pechora - with large reserves of high-quality and thermal coal. Of particular importance is the Timan-Pechora oil and gas province, where more than 70 oil and gas fields have been discovered. At present, considerable attention is paid to the development of oil and gas in the shelf zone of the Barents and Kara Seas - the Shtokman gas condensate and Prirazlomnoye oil fields. Oil shale reserves are estimated at more than 60 billion tons. They lie in Leningrad region and in the basins of the Sysola, Ukhta, Yarega, etc.
There are large reserves of peat, which are located in the Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Pskov, Novgorod, Leningrad regions and the Komi Republic. The potential hydropower resources of the district are estimated at 11,318 thousand kW, and the potential generation of the electric power industry is 89.8 billion kW. h.
The region is rich in non-ferrous metal ores. Industrial reserves of aluminum-containing raw materials are of great value. The Tikhvin bauxite deposit with a high percentage of alumina (up to 55%) is located in the Leningrad Region. In the Arkhangelsk region, the Severo-Onega bauxite deposit is distinguished; bauxite reserves in the area of the city of Plesetsk have also been explored.
Non-ferrous metal ores are also represented by copper-nickel ores from Monchegorsk and Pechenega.
Iron ore deposits are located on the Kola Peninsula, V Murmansk region(Olenegorskoye and Kovdorskoye deposits). With a low iron content in the ore (28 - 32%), they are easily beneficiated and provide high quality smelted metal. The Kostomuksha deposit is located in the Republic of Karelia, the ore of which contains 58% iron.
The district has great reserves of mining and chemical raw materials - apatite ores (over 10 billion tons), phosphorites. The country's largest Khibinskoye apatite deposit is located in the Murmansk region. In the Leningrad region, in the area of Kingisep, phosphorites also occur with a low percentage of the main component (5 - 7%).
Industrial reserves of diamonds have been explored within the Arkhangelsk region. The Kaliningrad region possesses huge reserves of amber (90% of the world's reserves). The district is rich in various construction materials (limestone, clay, glass sand, marble, granite). Their main reserves are located in the Murmansk and Leningrad regions and the Republic of Karelia.
The Northwestern Federal District contains 40% of the forest and 38% of the water resources of the European part of Russia. The district ranks first in the European part of Russia in terms of forest resources. The percentage of forest cover reaches 75%. Mainly dominated by conifers- fur tree, pine tree. In the southern part of the Okrug there are coniferous and broad-leaved species. Only the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, where the tundra dominates, remains treeless.
The forests are very rich in fur animals (arctic fox, black - brown fox, sable, ermine, etc.).
The seas washing the territory of the Okrug are rich in valuable species of fish (cod, salmon, herring, haddock, etc.).
The presence in the Okrug of significant mineral and fuel reserves, as well as water and forest resources is an important factor in its economic development in the context of the formation of a market economy.
3. Economy
Modern industry is characterized by a high level of specialization. Branches of specialization determine the economic profile of the federal district. Since market specialization is based on the territorial division of social labor, therefore, the determination of the specialization of industries should be based on identifying the share of the district's participation in the social division of labor.
To quantify the level of specialization of the federal district, I will use in my work such an indicator as the per capita production coefficient.
Having examined the branches of the economic complex of the federal districts, I will make calculations in the "Appendix" section, on the basis of which I will draw a conclusion about the specialization of the region in the corresponding branch.
The economic potential of the territory of the Northwestern Federal District is one of the largest among other districts located in the European part of Russia. Its leading branch of the economy is industry, whose share in the total Russian industrial production is 12.7%.
The concentration of the most valuable natural resources in the north of the district determines the specifics of the economic complex that is being formed here, based on the development of fuel and energy, mining, wood chemical, fish processing complexes, in the production of paper, cellulose, cardboard, industrial wood, along with a specialized complex working for the main mining and infrastructure industry of mechanical engineering. Examination >> Economics
Regional economy of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation: North-West Federal district " Completed by a 2-year correspondence student ... Of the Far East and the Extreme Of the North... The importance of sea transport ... modes of transport. In the areas of Extreme Of the North and equivalent territories ...
Development and placement of industries North - Western federal constituencies
Abstract >> GeographyAnd infrastructure. 1.Composition NORTH – WESTERN FEDERAL COUNTRIES. North-West federal district comprises North-Western and the Northern Economic Regions. Composition North-Western economic region ...
Economic development federal constituencies in the 90s North-West federal district
Examination >> EconomicsInformation about North-Western federal the county 4 2. Industry structure the economy North-Western 7 federal constituencies 7 2.1. Comparative characteristics changes in production volumes federal constituencies on...
Characteristics of industries of specialization North-Western federal constituencies, problems of their development
Abstract >> GeographyDetermine the business profile federal constituencies... Economic potential of the territory North-Western federal constituencies- one of ... in Petrozavodsk (Karelia). Mechanical engineering North – Western federal constituencies is distinguished by a great need for labor ...
North-West of Russia is the smallest in area (212 thousand km 2 ) region of Russia. It includes the North-West economic region (Leningrad, Pskov and Novgorod regions, the federal city of St. Petersburg) and.
Economic and geographical location
The profitability of the position is determinedseaside location area off the coast and its Gulf of Finland. The advantages of the economic and geographical position and the presence of waterways determined the long-term settlement of the territory.
Natural resource potential
a) Covering vast areas of about 800 km from west to east and 600 km from north to south, the North-West is distinguished by a variety of nature. Within the region there are flat strips of coasts, only slightly rising above sea level, and lowlands, where flat and slightly wavy areas alternate with low hills and uplands, reaching 300 m in places. landforms with hills, ridges and outwash plains. Glacial deposits are rich in boulders. Under the strata of moraine deposits are Paleozoic deposits, which are associated with minerals of the North-West of Russia: refractory clays, shales, phosphorites, quartz sands, limestones and bauxites.
b) Northwestern is located within the moderate continental, passing to the sea. The abundance of precipitation leads to excessive moisture and.
c) North-West of Russia - a lake region, rich water resources... There are 7 thousand lakes here. Among them, the largest are: Ilmensky and others. The river network is dense. Large rivers and lakes are used for navigation, and local fishing is developed.
d) Northwest - forest land. Forests occupy about half of the entire territory, and in the north-east of the region it reaches 70%. In the south and south-west they are heavily cut down.
e) The entire territory of the North-West is characterized by podzolic and peat-boggy ones. All of them require fertilization.
Population
About 9 million people live within the North-West, which is more than 6% of the country's population.
The North-West is an area of predominantly urban population (its share is the highest in Russia - 86%). The region is mainly inhabited by Russians, in the east of the region there is a small population of the Finnish group - the Vepsians.
Farm
Currently, one of the leading industries in the Northwest is diversifiedmechanical engineering , which is concentrated in the large cities of the region - Vyborg, Novgorod, Pskov, etc. The enterprises of this industry produce ships, radio and television equipment, instruments, video recorders, equipment for the fish processing industry, turbines, generators, compressors, clocks, and electric vacuum cleaners.
Due to the favorable economic and geographical position in the North-West of Russia, a powerful complex of industries has developed on long-distance raw materials, fuel and semi-finished products, includingchemical and ... In the north and west of the region there is a developedtimber industry ... Closely connected with the regioncolored (Volkhov, Boksitogorsk) andferrous metallurgy represented by processing plants (Tikhvin, St. Petersburg, Novgorod).
Agro-industrial complex the district specializes in flax and milk and meat farming, and in the suburbs - in the production of vegetables, potatoes and poultry.
St. Petersburg is the second after Moscow industrial, transport hub, center of science and culture, a major seaport of Russia.
The Northwestern Federal District is an administrative entity located in the northern and northwestern parts of European Russia. The okrug covers an area of 1677.9 thousand km². The population of the region is 13.74 million people. The Northwestern Federal District has external borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Belarus, its internal borders are adjacent to the territories of the Central, Volga, Ural Federal Districts. In addition, the district has its own access to the Barents, Baltic, White and Kara seas.
The Northwestern Federal District consists of 11 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The Northwestern Federal District includes the republics of Karelia and Komi, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Kaliningrad, Leningrad, Murmansk, Novgorod, Pskov regions, the federal city of St. Petersburg, and the Nenets Autonomous District. The main city of the region is located in the north-west of the Russian Federation, on the shores of the Gulf of Finland, at the mouth of the Neva. The population of St. Petersburg is over 5 million people.
As mentioned above, 83% of residents live in cities and urban settlements, 49.97% of the population lives in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. The rest of the regions are poorly populated. Average population density in the district? 8.6 people per 1 sq. kilometer. Most of population? Russians, Komi, Ukrainians, Belarusians. Among other nations, immigrants from Central Asia and the Caucasus currently prevail. The total population of the district in 2013 decreased by 16603 people, at the same time, natural population growth is observed in St. Petersburg, the Komi Republic, Nenets autonomous region and the Murmansk region. The most significant natural population decline is in the Leningrad, Pskov and Novgorod regions. Migration balance for the county? positive. In 2013, 592,097 people moved to the region, 492,638 left. The increase was 99,459. Most people move to St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad and Leningrad regions. The largest negative balance of migration is in the Komi Republic, Arkhangelsk and Murmansk regions.
The largest cities in the district: St. Petersburg (a city of federal significance, the administrative center of the federal district, the cultural capital of Russia), Kaliningrad (the administrative center of the Kaliningrad region), Arkhangelsk (the administrative center of the Arkhangelsk region), Cherepovets (a large industrial center in the Vologda region), Vologda ( the administrative center of the Vologda region), Murmansk (the administrative center of the Murmansk region, the world's largest city located beyond the Arctic Circle), Petrozavodsk (the administrative center of the Republic of Karelia), Syktyvkar (the capital and The largest city Republic of Komi), Veliky Novgorod (the administrative center of the Novgorod region is one of the most ancient and famous cities Russia), Pskov (the administrative center of the Pskov region, one of the oldest cities in Russia), Severodvinsk (a city in the Arkhangelsk region, a nuclear shipbuilding center), Ukhta (a city in the Komi Republic, an oil production center), Velikiye Luki (a city in the Pskov region -industrial, cultural and educational center), Gatchina (the largest locality Leningrad region industrial, scientific, cultural and educational center), Vyborg (a large economic, industrial and cultural center of the Leningrad region, a port on the Baltic, a junction of highways and railways).
In the structure of the employed population by sectors of the economy, the share of those employed in trade is increasing, public catering, consumer services while reducing the number of people employed in industry, agriculture, construction.
Table 1
Population density characteristics of the Northwestern Federal District.
|
Territory, thousand km2 |
Population, thousand people |
Including population, thousand people |
Share of population,% |
Population density, people / km2 |
|||
|
Urban |
Rural |
Urban |
Rural |
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|
Republic of Karelia |
|||||||
|
Komi Republic |
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|
Arkhangelsk region |
|||||||
|
Nenets Autonomous Okrug |
|||||||
|
Arkhangelsk region without the Nenets Autonomous Okrug |
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|
Vologodskaya Oblast |
|||||||
|
Kaliningrad region |
|||||||
|
Leningrad region |
|||||||
|
Murmansk region |
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|
Novgorod region |
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|
Pskov region |
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|
St. Petersburg |
The region's fuel resources are deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, oil shale and peat. Prospective areas for the extraction of hydrocarbon raw materials reach about 600 thousand square kilometers, and the balance reserves of oil are estimated at 1.3 billion tons, suburban gas - 1.1 trillion cubic meters.
Timan-Pechora oil and gas province is a promising area for hydrocarbon production. More than 70 oil and gas fields have been discovered here. Fields on the shelf of the Barents, Pechora and Kara seas, including the Shtokman gas condensate field and the Prirazlomnoye oil field, have great prospects for hydrocarbon production. Oil and gas production is carried out in small volumes in the Kaliningrad region. The explored coal reserves in the district are estimated at 240 billion tons. The coals of the Pechora basin are of high quality, about half of the reserves are valuable coking coals, the depth of which is 170-600 m. The thickness of the seams is from 0.7 to 1 m. The main part of the reserves and all production falls on the Intinskoye, Vargashorskoye and Usinskoye deposits. However, the complex mining and geological conditions of their occurrence and location in the northern zone determine the high cost of production.
Oil shale reserves in the Leningrad Region and the Komi Republic (Vychegodskoye and Timan-Pechora deposits) are estimated at more than 60 billion tons. There are also significant reserves of peat, located everywhere and used as fuel, as well as in agriculture.
The Okrug has significant reserves of ores for the production of ferrous, non-ferrous and precious metals. Balance reserves of iron ores (3.4 billion tons) account for about 5% of the reserves of the Russian Federation. The most important iron ore deposits are Olenegorskoye and Kovdorskoye (reserves of each more than 0.5 billion tons), located on the Kola Peninsula. With a low iron content in the ores of these deposits (28-32%), they are easily beneficiated and provide high quality of the smelted metal. In western Karelia, there is a large Kostomuksha iron ore deposit (reserves over 1 billion tons). After concentration of ore at a mining and processing plant, concentrates (pellets) with an iron content of 60-65 and even up to 70% are obtained. Iron ore occurs at a shallow depth and is being mined in an open pit.
There are deposits of aluminum-containing raw materials in the district, represented by the Tikhvin bauxite deposit with a high (up to 55%) alumina content, the Severo-Onezhsky, Sredne-Timansky, Yuzhno-Timansky, Severo-Uralsky bauxite deposits, nephelines of the Khibinsky deposits and kyanites of the Murmansk region. High-quality bauxites are found in Sredny Timman in the Komi Republic, which form the basis of the raw material base for alumina and non-metallurgical production. In total, 13 deposits with total reserves of 400 million tons have been identified within the bauxite province of the Komi Republic. In terms of quality, they are superior to the bauxites of the Tikhvin and Severoonezhsky deposits, but inferior to the bauxites of the Severouralsky bauxite region. The alumina content in them is 40-70%. Bauxites were also revealed in the Arkhangelsk region (Iksinskoe deposit) with an alumina content of 50-59%. The largest reserves of kyanite (raw materials for the production of silicon-aluminum alloys, valuable refractories) are concentrated in the Kaiva massif. The silica content in the Khibiny nephelines ranges from 12.8 to 14%.
Raw materials for the production of rare metals are concentrated mainly in the Kola region. These are deposits of tantalum, niobium, lithium, cesium, zirconium, strontium. Titanium-containing raw materials were found in the Murmansk region, the Komi Republic.
In the Polar Urals, within the boundaries of the Komi Republic, there is a chromite-bearing region with predicted resources of up to 120 thousand tons. Due to the lack of a raw material base of chromium in Russia, the Polar Ural chromite deposits are of exceptional importance in meeting the needs of the economy in this important raw material. Non-ferrous metal ores are also represented by copper-nickel deposits of Monchegorsk and Pechenga, manganese and barite ores of the Komi Republic.
Phosphate raw materials are contained in apatite-nepheline ores of the Khibiny deposit, unique in terms of volume and quality (content of more than 40% apatite and about 40% nepheline) and in apatite-magnetite ores of the Kovdor deposit. The total reserves of apatite ores are 10 billion tons. Non-metallic raw materials are represented by large reserves of high-quality mica (muscovite, vermiculite, phlogopite), feldspar, high-carbon shungites.
Deposits of limestone, dolomite, brick-tile and expanded clay, granite-sandy materials and sands, facing and building stones and other building materials have been explored in the district.
On the territory of the Arkhangelsk Region, large diamond deposits have been explored and prepared for opencast mining to a depth of 460 m. The deposits are distinguished by complex hydrogeological conditions of production. The mineral base of the Northwestern Federal District is characterized by a high degree of knowledge, compact location critical species mineral raw materials, the complex nature of the content of useful substances creates the possibility of organizing diversified industries.
The total area of forests in the district that can be exploited is 55 million hectares with a total timber stock of 9082.1 million cubic meters. The largest reserves have the Komi Republic (3022 million cubic meters), Arkhangelsk region. (2270 million cubic meters), Vologda region. (1126 million cubic meters) and the Republic of Karelia (965 million cubic meters). The most valuable conifers (spruce, pine) grow mainly in the northern, deciduous - in southern regions- Kaliningrad, Pskov, Vologda, Leningrad regions.
The Northwestern Federal District has significant water resources. The use of fresh water here significantly exceeds the absolute indicators of the use of this resource in the Central, Volga, Ural, Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts. Large rivers and lakes are used for shipping, fishing, and ensure the development of water-intensive industries. Hydroelectric power plants have been built on the rivers Svir, Vuoksa, Kola, Sheksna.
NORTH-WESTERN RUSSIA
The purpose of the lesson:
To acquaint students with TPK North-West Russia,
Improving the skills of analyzing economic maps.
Explain the new concept of "free economic zones".
Equipment: IK - North-West Russia I-8kl-13, map of the North-West economic region (physical, social economy), atlases.
DURING THE CLASSES
I. ORGANIZATIONAL MOMENT.
II. ANNOUNCEMENT OF ASSESSMENTS FOR CONTROL WORK.
Work on bugs.
III STUDYING NEW MATERIAL
FGP, EGP. Composition of Northwest Russia.
Northwest Russia is the smallest region of the Russian Federation (212 thousand km2).
Administrative-territorial units of North-West Russia:
Leningradskaya,
Pskov,
Novgorod region,
St. Petersburg is a city of federal significance,
Kaliningrad region is an enclave.
Modern integration ties with the Central (Moscow) region make it possible to consider it a part of the interregional complex - Central Russia.
The population of the district (8.9 million people) is 6.2% of the population of Russia.
Favorable EGP on the Baltic Sea and waterways(the path "from the Varangians to the Greeks") determined the early settlement of the region, the formation of Novgorod Rus, and in 1703 the foundation of the new capital of St. Petersburg.
Benefits of EGP - district of one city(what the North-West was like before) - increased after the creation of canals in place of portages, and later - the railway system.
Currently EGP - the largest Russian ports in the Baltics: St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad. The Northwest, in addition to the border with Finland, now has new sections of the state border with Estonia and Latvia.
Natural resource base:
The territory of the region with sea glacial relief is not rich in natural resources.
Shale -phosphorites
Building materials - peat.
The region is provided with water resources (high-water rivers, 7 thousand lakes, including Ladoga and Onega).
Population of Northwest Russia:
86% urban population
65% of the district's population lives in St. Petersburg - mostly Russians living in cities.
The North-West region has a predominantly urban population (its share is the highest in Russia — 86%). 65% of the urban population of the district lives in St. Petersburg. There are many ancient cities among the cities: Veliky Novgorod, Pskov, Velikie Luki, Staraya Russa.
5. Economy.
♦ Specialization - diversified mechanical engineering associated with defense complex... In the cities of Chernyakhovsk, Gusev, S-P
Products: -sea vessels,
Optical and electronic equipment,
Turbines, generators,
Equipment for nuclear power plants.
Non-ferrous metallurgy and processing plants of ferrous metallurgy are closely related to mechanical engineering.
Developed chemical- Mr. S-P.
Lesnaya - pulp and paper industry in Gvardeysk, Neman, Sovetsk, Kaliningrad.
easy - Mr. S-P.
food industry in g. Kaliningrad, S-P .
The fuel and energy complex uses oil and gas from the European North, the Volga region, Western Siberia... Electricity is generated at low-power thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants, nuclear power plants (Gulf of Finland).
Agroindustrial complex specializes in dairy and meat livestock, flax and suburban agriculture (vegetables and poultry)
Free economic zones these are independent territorial and geographical enclaves, partly isolated from the rest of the country. They are provided with privileges (customs, tax) to attract the activities of foreign firms and funds to organize highly efficient production with the latest technology... There are several thousand of them created in the world.
6. Student messages about St. Petersburg,. Kaliningrad ..
IV Fastening.
1. Remember and specify what new ports are proposed to be created on the Gulf of Finland. Why did the question about their creation arise?
2. How much is the area of the North-West nodal region?
3. What is the population of the area?
4. "Urbanization" what is? And how much is in the area?
V Homework: pp. 250-257, complete the task on p. 257 "Attention! Problem!"