For those who have never been to the Yugra Valley, the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is still almost a mythical region. The average resident of the European part of Russia knows exactly one thing about him: there is oil, a lot of oil. And where there is oil, there is serious money that made it possible to rebuild the "Russian Dubai" Khanty-Mansiysk. Still, of course, the harsh Siberian climate and the indigenous peoples - the Khanty and Mansi, about which outsiders also know little.
In addition to these obvious provisions, there are many misconceptions about Yugra. Many people think that the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is somewhere near Yakutia, and they prescribe it beyond the Arctic Circle. Even more often they confuse the Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugs. So, to begin with, let's define the geography: the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is located in Western Siberia, that is, on the western side of the Ural Mountains. Administratively, it belongs to the Ural Federal District, but the locals perceive their region as part of Siberia. So the administrative subordination and real geography in this case diverge - no one in life will call KhMAO (locals are too lazy to pronounce the name of the district in full, replacing it with an abbreviation) Ural.
The Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug unites the ancient Siberian lands known to Russians since the 11th century and gradually conquered by the Cossacks in the 16th century. These principalities were called by the Turkic word Yugra, the origin of which is vague. After the turbulent era of Yermak and Prince Samara, Yugra lived quietly and rather deafly for four centuries. It was revived by state coachmen and their settlements (pits), as well as famous exiles - it is enough to recall Menshikov in Berezovo or Trotsky in the same place two centuries later. It was only in the second half of the 20th century that oil and gas were found in Yugra, which radically changed both the image and the fate of the region, now one of the most promising in Russia. Nefteyugansk, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk - these cities have been associated with the iron tread of progress since Soviet times, not to mention today's Khanty-Mansiysk. Modern Ugra is an impressive combination of the ancient and the newest.
At the same time, the cities of Yugra, which many consider to be the fruits of the oil boom, have existed for more than a century and began quite traditionally - as villages, prisons, postal stations ... The most striking example is Surgut. Surgut prison has been known since the end of the 16th century, it is one of the first settlements founded in Siberia by Yermak's associates, long before the discovery of the Surgut oil field.
The latest in Ugra is much more striking: high-tech palaces, excellent highways, modern airports, widespread gasification and stuff like that. And the real antiquity is not so easy to see. In recent years, Khanty-Mansiysk has also positioned itself as the center of Finno-Ugric culture: the Khanty and Mansi belong to this group of peoples. However, the majority of the population of the region are Russians who have been moving here since the time of Yermak. You can join the life and traditions of indigenous peoples in twenty-five ethnographic centers. The open-air museum "Torum Maa", deer camps in Varyogan and Agan, even children's ethnocenters - ethnographic tourism in Ugra has been chosen as a priority. However, almost all Ugra open-air museums, ethnographic centers, ensembles, snowmobile tours “to visit the Khanty” are not so much a natural life as museum conservation of traditional culture. There is no “natural”, non-decorative antiquity in the cities; it is hidden deep in the taiga or in the Subpolar Urals (also part of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug). A simple tourist cannot get there - travel agencies do not take them to real camps. From the "outside world" independent travelers and researchers get to the authentic life of the Khanty and Mansi. Firstly, the road is extremely difficult, you will have to move around the taiga on snowmobiles or all-terrain vehicles. Secondly, no one is waiting for strangers there. There are not so many representatives of indigenous peoples leading a traditional way of life, many people directly call their world closed. At best, the stranger will be allowed to spend the night, at worst, they will be asked to leave. But exceptions are, of course, possible.
The oil industry itself is becoming an exclusive and full-fledged tourist component of Ugra. Industrial tourism is fashionable. We depend on oil, but few people know how it is produced, what it is, and we have few opportunities to look at it up close. There is such an opportunity in Ugra. The production looks very impressive - rocking chairs, drilling rigs, factories are practically in an open field (vegetation in Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is scarce). Recently, you can not only observe this kind of romance from the road, but also touch it directly. In the Surgut and Nizhnevartovsk regions, in agreement with the local "landlords" - the dominant oil companies - tourists are taken to some oil facilities, to Lake Samotlor. They show, tell and give a taste of what it smells like " black gold».
In addition, in Ugra, no matter how trite it sounds, very beautiful nature. In this regard, the Khanty-Mansiysk land is no less gifted than, for example, Karelia, which is natural to recall, given three-digit number Yugra lakes and rivers, including the mighty Ob and Irtysh. Taiga with all its Siberian treasures, from cedars and larches to a great variety of birds and animals, is also beautiful in itself. By the way, you don’t have to travel far for real taiga - taiga massifs have been preserved in Khanty-Mansiysk and its environs. On the territory of Yugra there are two nature reserves and a dozen sanctuaries, the most famous are the ecological parks Numto, Shapshinskiye cedar forests and Samarovsky chugas, which is a natural island right in the middle of the district capital.
Speaking of the great variety of birds and animals. It gave rise to a specific feature of the Ugra museums - almost everywhere there are expositions with stuffed animals. One of the most famous and most visited museums in the region, the Museum of Nature and Man in the village of Russkinskaya (not to be confused with the museum of the same name in Khanty-Mansiysk), presents a huge taxidermy collection.
Sports and any active tourism in Ugra is also on the level. Especially if you take into account all the complexes built in the capital of the district, from the chess academy to the international biathlon center. For skiers, the Khvoyny Urman and Kedrovy bases located in Khanty-Mansiysk are suitable. Very popular Center winter views sports (also in Khanty-Mansiysk), where international competitions are held. The most famous and modern ski resort outside the capital of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - "Stone Cape" 20 kilometers from Surgut. For lovers of exotic holidays, the Yugra Safari is held: deer, snowmobiles, sleighs, even dog teams, hunting and all Siberian winter fun.
Local Features
With the climate of Yugra, the situation is the same as with geography: many are sure that Yakut frosts are cracking in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug of minus 50. In reality, everything is far from being so hard - frost below minus thirty is considered severe and happens sporadically. The average winter temperature is about minus 20, which, combined with low humidity air is easily transported. Perhaps the main feature of the weather in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug is its inconstancy. A drop of thirty degrees in any direction is a common thing in both winter and summer. When going to Yugra, it is worth considering this.
Another difficulty is administrative subordination. Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug is part of the Tyumen Oblast. It turns out a kind of difficult-to-explain nesting doll: an autonomous district, placed inside the region and inside the federal district. At the same time, the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug pays taxes directly to the federal treasury, bypassing the regional one. Naturally, this state of affairs is extremely beneficial for the feds, because Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is one of the richest regions of the country. If Yugra's taxes went to the budget of the Tyumen region, it would turn into an invincible economic giant and could live in peace on its own. The authorities of the Tyumen region dream of such a scenario, therefore they are constantly promoting projects to merge the region and the autonomous region.
The birth rate speaks most eloquently about the well-being of Ugra. According to annual statistical studies, in terms of the birth rate, KhMAO ranks right behind the Caucasian republics, often ahead of some of them. Higher than in Yugra, the birth rate is only in Dagestan, Ingushetia and Chechnya. Thanks to the baby boom, a lot of kindergartens are being built in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug every year, and modern perinatal centers are being opened in cities.
Moving along the roads of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, you can see a lot of pointers to some "bushes" with numbers. A bush is a network of oil wells.
Separately, it is worth noting the roads themselves. By Russian standards - first-class autobahns. Since incomes allow local residents to buy good foreign cars, it is not surprising that rushing 600 km to visit friends on the weekend is a common thing here.
Gasoline in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, contrary to expectations, costs the same or even more than in Moscow. The fact is that oil is produced in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, but not processed. The main oil refineries are located in Tatarstan and Bashkortostan, so the "black gold" makes a double path through the pipeline - from the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug and back.
Ugra is unofficially divided into fiefdoms of large oil companies. From the landlord (oil company) often depends on the well-being of a particular district of the district. Compare at least Surgut and Nefteyugansk. The first is the patrimony of Surgutneftegaz, which not only pays its employees, but also invests in the development of “its own” land. Therefore, the city and the region can be called very prosperous. And the neighboring Nefteyugansk, which was the capital of the Yukos empire, received practically no bonuses from its "owner". Salaries by the standards of the district remained low, and Yukos practically did not invest petrodollars in the social sphere and urban infrastructure.
One of Yugra's visiting cards is gas flares. These are tall chimneys with fire at the top. They stand outside the cities, but are clearly visible from the road. They look especially impressive at night. Flares are a consequence of the fact that oil comes to the surface along with natural gas. The gas is separated and burned to prevent possible explosions. This process is devoid of logic and unprofitable - gas could be used. But for now, oil companies are acting the old fashioned way, although they plan to put out the torches in the next few years. This is not just a clear picture of money going down the drain, but a huge harm to the environment.
Events and holidays
Day of the city in Khanty-Mansiysk it is celebrated on the first weekend of May.
The cold season traditionally ends with the Spirit of Fire International Film Debut Festival. It traditionally attracts Russian and foreign stars.
The main holiday of Nizhnevartovsk is the Samotlor Nights festival. Takes place on the twentieth of June. This is the period of white nights, the whole city does not sleep, mass festivities, concerts and fireworks are held.
What to bring from the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug
Can be brought from the area various products local craftsmen made of leather, wood, birch bark, beads, fur. Do not miss the opportunity to try the famous Khanty-Mansiysk herring and sterlet. A good slice of fish. In general, fish dishes are the signature number of local chefs. In addition, they make amazing dumplings with venison in Khanty-Mansiysk.
History
In the first half of the century, no one even seriously thought that there was oil in Ugra - attention was focused on the southern regions. Ivan Mikhailovich Gubkin, the founder of Soviet petroleum geology, was an apologist for the idea of developing deposits in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. He persistently convinced the scientific community and party leaders that there could simply be colossal oil reserves in the north. But they were in no hurry to send expeditions to Yugra - it was much easier to pump "black gold" in warm Azerbaijan. Geologists came to KhMAO in the early 1960s. For several years they worked in the most difficult conditions. Not only the climate had an effect: Ugra is, of course, an incredible number of lakes, but a huge part of the district is occupied by swamps. Through these very swamps, workers and geologists had to drag equipment, since there were no roads at all. But the efforts were rewarded, deposits were discovered one after another - Surgut in 1962, the largest in Russia Samotlor - in 1965, and so on. Workers were drawn to the development, settlements grew into cities, roads and airports were built. It is impossible not to note a strange injustice: for some reason, a monument to Gubkin in Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug has not yet been erected.
Today, about 80 thousand people live in the capital of the district. In general, the cities of Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug “swell” like Moscow, people from all regions of the country come here to work. Traditionally, they come from other oil regions - from Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, the republics of the North Caucasus, Azerbaijan, which explains the high percentage of the Muslim population of Yugra, so that mosques in the cities are adjacent to Orthodox churches. But not only those who are going to work in the oil industry are coming. Salaries here are high in all areas: firstly, the rich region, and secondly, there are special "northern" allowances. True, prices are sometimes higher than in Moscow. Housing in large cities costs the same as in the capital.
Khanty and Mansi
The old Russian names for the indigenous peoples of Yugra, Khanty and Mansi, are Ostyaks and Voguls, respectively. These are kindred peoples. Their languages are different, but belong to the same language group. A characteristic feature of the Mansi is that their way of life is a cross between the lifestyle of taiga fishermen-hunters and steppe nomads. Both Khanty and Mansi look like Mongoloids, although they belong to the Ugric peoples, like European Hungarians, for example. Interestingly, many Khanty Blue eyes, although Mongoloids have light eyes - the rarest exception.
Khanty live in camps, but those who adhere to the traditional way of life are becoming less and less every year. IN Soviet times The Khanty sent their children to boarding schools. After studying, some of the youth remained in towns or cities, some returned to the camps. Now the situation has changed, children live with relatives in the villages, go to school. Few return to their parents' camps, and there are very few camps themselves. Ethnic settlements have survived, such as Russkinskaya in the Surgut region or Agana in Nizhnevartovsk. Such settlements are something like the next stage in the development of settlements after camps. People live in a civilization but retain some traits traditional life- in Russkinskaya, for example, many people still wear authentic clothes, ride in sleds, they only hitch them to snowmobiles. The villages have their own small ethnographic museums, folklore ensembles. With religion, everything is quite complicated - the Khanty and Mansi are very conservative and closed in this respect. Many are considered Orthodox, and if the cult of the spirits of ancestors has been preserved somewhere, this is not particularly covered. Sacred places in the taiga will never be shown to strangers.
There are fewer Mansi in KhMAO than Khanty. Most live in villages. Both the Mansi and the Khanty are now experiencing a rise in national self-consciousness. Newspapers and magazines are published in native languages, folklore groups are actively supported, and works by Khanty and Mansi writers are published. The situation is typical for many regions where there are indigenous peoples, but in Ugra this process may also be due to the fact that the region is diligently promoting ethnographic tourism. This phenomenon has a downside: Indigenous peoples often feel that they are being turned into circus performers for the entertainment of tourists. They are not against ethnographic museums, but trips to the camps - that is, interference in their lives - do not approve at all.
Moscow Mayor Sergei Sobyanin is a Mansi.
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0 0 0URAL federal district. Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra. The area is 534.8 thousand square kilometers. Formed on December 10, 1930.
The administrative center of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra - Khanty-Mansiysk
- subject Russian Federation, is part of the Ural Federal District, located in the central part West Siberian Plain. According to the charter of the Tyumen region, Yugra is part of the Tyumen region, but at the same time it is an equal subject of the Russian Federation.
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra part of the West Siberian economic region. The most important negative factor is the harsh natural and climatic conditions and the underdevelopment of the transport infrastructure. Alluvial gold and vein quartz are mined in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. Deposits of brown and black coal have been discovered. Deposits of iron ores, copper, zinc, lead, niobium, tantalum, manifestations of bauxite, etc. have been discovered. 60% of Russian oil is produced in Yugra.
Main industries: oil and gas production, gas processing, electric power industry, woodworking industry, production of building materials. In agriculture, dairy and meat livestock breeding and reindeer breeding predominate. Fur farming is developed (silver-black fox, blue fox, mink), hunting for fur-bearing animals, vegetable growing and potato growing in suburban areas.
The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra was formed on December 10, 1930 as the Ostyako-Vogulsky National Okrug, renamed on October 23, 1940 into the Khanty-Mansiysk National Okrug.
Since 1978 - the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, in 2003 the Okrug received its current name Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra.
Cities, Urban districts and Municipal districts of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra.
Cities of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug (Ugra): Khanty-Mansiysk, Beloyarsky, Kogalym, Langepas, Lyantor, Megion, Nefteyugansk, Nizhnevartovsk, Nyagan, Pokachi, Pyt-Yakh, Rainbow, Soviet, Surgut, Uray, Yugorsk.
Urban districts of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra:
"City of Khanty-Mansiysk", "City of Kogalym", "City of Langepas", "City of Megion", "City of Nefteyugansk", "City of Nizhnevartovsk", "City of Nyagan", "City of Pokachi", "City of Pyt-Yakh", " Raduzhny City”, “Surgut City”, “Uray City”, “Yugorsk City”.
Municipal areas Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra:
Beloyarsky, Berezovsky, Kondinsky, Nefteyugansky, Nizhnevartovsky, Oktyabrsky, Sovetsky, Surgutsky, Khanty-Mansiysk.
General information about the county
The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug was formed by the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of December 10, 1930 "On the organization of national associations in the areas of settlement of small peoples of the North" and was part of the Ural region. The first name of the region is the Ostyako-Vogulsky National District.
Geographical position. Borders of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug-Yugra
The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug-Yugra is located in the center of the West Siberian Lowland. Its territory stretches from west to east for almost 1,400 km, from north to south - for 900 km. The length of the borders is 4,733 km. The district covers an area of 534.8 thousand square meters. km.
Territorial organization On the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra, 105 municipalities have been created (9 districts, 13 urban districts, 26 urban and 57 rural settlements) and 195 settlements are located: 16 cities (of which 14 have the status of "city of district significance") 24 urban-type settlements 58 settlements 52 villages. The administrative center of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra - is the city of Khanty-Mansiysk. Initially, when the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug was formed in 1930 as part of the Ural Region, Yugra was divided into 6 districts: Berezovsky, Kondinsky, Laryaksky, Samarovsky, Surgutsky, Shuryshkarsky. It was also envisaged the creation of the Lumpokol district, but it was never formed. After 7 years, the Shuryshkarsky district became part of the Yamalo-Nenets national district. In 1957 Mikoyanovsky district was renamed into Oktyabrsky. Laryaksky district was named Nizhnevartovsky in 1962. And soon Samarovsky district became Khanty-Mansiysk. In the 60-80s, new territories were formed in the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug. During this period, Soviet, Nefteyugansk and Beloyarsk regions appeared. The administrative-territorial division of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra is based on the principles of historically established settlement, location of mining enterprises in the territories of development natural resources, public efficiency, local government and maximizing the economic potential of the region. All decisions on issues relating to the territorial organization are made taking into account the opinion of the population.
Settlement history
The first evidence of people who inhabited the territory of modern Ugra dates back to the Mesolithic era. In the early Middle Ages, the formation of the Khanty and Mansi ethnic groups began. By the X century. they inhabit vast areas from the Urals to the Yenisei and from the Ob to the Baraba steppes.
Formation of statehood
The modern Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra - is a full-fledged subject of the Russian Federation, adjacent to the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the south of the Tyumen Region, the Komi Republic, the Sverdlovsk, Tomsk Regions and the Krasnoyarsk Territory. However, in the history of the Yugra land, its borders often changed, and it itself was part of various Russian regions.
West Siberian oil and gas province
The first Soviet geological expedition arrived in Yugra in February 1935. It was headed by 24-year-old engineer-geologist Viktor Grigoryevich Vasiliev. It was he who first confirmed the natural seeps of oil on the surface of the Yugan River in the Surgut region. 2.5 tons of equipment was sent to the drilling site by plane.
Economy
The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra is the main oil and gas region of Russia and one of the largest oil-producing regions in the world, belongs to the donor regions of Russia and leads in a number of key economic indicators:
Business
In the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra, there are 23.5 thousand small and medium-sized businesses (excluding individual entrepreneurs). The number of employees of small and medium-sized enterprises as of January 1, 2014 amounted to 122.9 thousand people. And in the volume of the gross regional product, the share of small and medium-sized enterprises amounted to 15.5%. Every second of them received state support in 2013.
Interregional and the international cooperation
International and interregional cooperation provides Yugra with ample opportunities to study advanced foreign experience, receive consulting assistance from leading world experts, and attract additional financial resources contributes to the strengthening of the political and socio-economic situation in the region.
healthcare
At the very beginning of the century, the Russian scientist, economist, and ethnographer Dunin Gorkavic, having visited our northern places, wrote: “The situation of medical care here is such that, with all the desire, it is not able to satisfy the population. There are 100 taverns, 80 churches, 35 schools and only 2 hospitals in the whole region.
Education
The Ugra government is actively addressing the issue of lack of places in kindergartens. To reduce the tension of this problem, a number of measures have been taken that stimulate the development of the service market preschool education, the creation of groups of short stay, preschool groups on the basis of general educational organizations, organizations of additional education for children, departmental kindergartens, non-governmental organizations.
Ecology
The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra has a huge natural resource potential, is the main oil and gas region of Russia and one of the largest oil producing regions in the world. Natural capital is one of the main components of the sustainable development of the territory; it serves as the foundation for economic growth and improving the welfare of the population.
The science
In Ugra, 1345 employees of organizations of higher vocational education. More than 50% of scientific and pedagogical workers have scientific degrees and titles, 16.3% - the degree of doctor of science.
culture There are 482 cultural institutions in Ugra. Museum of Nature and Man- the oldest museum institution in its collections has unique exhibits of archeology and paleontology, including the only known mammoth vertebra in the world, pierced by an arrow ancient man, objects of material culture and everyday life of the inhabitants of Ugra in the early Middle Ages.
Traditional crafts and crafts of the indigenous small peoples North
The culture of the Ob Ugrians was presumably formed by the 14th-16th centuries. Until that time, the Russian people called the area of settlement of the Ugric groups and its inhabitants - "Yugra".
Facilities mass media
The district newspaper Novosti Yugra, the state television and radio company Yugoria, the district television and radio company Yugra are the largest mass media in the region.
Sport
Ugra is known beyond its borders as a venue for major international and all-Russian sports competitions. In the Autonomous Okrug, more than 400 mass sports events of the regional, all-Russian and international level are held annually.
Tourism
The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra has unique natural, cultural and historical resources for the development of recreation and tourism. On the territory of the Autonomous Okrug there are monuments of history and culture: museums, theaters, archaeological complexes, as well as modern infrastructure for lovers of cultural, educational, recreational and outdoor activities.
From the history of the district
Legendary Ugra - historical homeland, first of all, the Ob-Ugric peoples: Khanty, Mansi, Nenets and Selkups. They were engaged in hunting, fishing, cattle breeding. After the Turkic peoples pushed them from south to north, these peoples transferred their skills to more severe conditions. It was in the new place that the Ugrians began to domesticate the deer.
The most ancient human settlements on the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug-Yugra appeared in the Mesolithic era. During the Neolithic period, there was a settlement mainly on the left bank of the river. Obi. The Early Bronze Age is marked by a large number of settlements on the right bank of the Ob (Barsova Gora, Surgut region). In the ensuing era of the early Iron Age, the Ob region was settled. During the early Middle Ages, the decomposition of the tribal system began and the formation of the most characteristic features Khanty and Mansi ethnic groups. 
In the first millennium of our era, on the vast expanses of the taiga right bank of the Ob, large settlements appeared - Khanty fortresses. Their inhabitants hunted fur-bearing animals, fished, defended themselves from enemies.
In the first half of the second millennium AD, the main features of the material and spiritual culture of the Khanty, Mansi and Forest Nenets developed. It is believed that since then they have not undergone major changes.
In the XII-XIII centuries. in the Irtysh and Ob regions, territorial-clan associations of the Khanty and Mansi, called principalities, developed. Each principality had its own town, which acted as an administrative, religious and economic center. From the second half of the 13th century, a new factor in the development of the territory was its entry into the Golden Horde. During this period, the Siberians (a people descended from the merger of the Ugrians and the Turks) had leaders who had military squads and transferred power by inheritance. In the XIII century. Among the Siberians rose the leader Taybuga, who founded the city of Chimgi-Tura, the center of the Tyumen Khanate.
At the end of the XIV century. the collapse of the Golden Horde led to the separation of the Tyumen Khanate with its capital in Chimgi-Tur and the ruling Taibugin dynasty. In 1495, the Siberian Khanate was formed, with the city of Kashlyk (Isker, Siberia) as its capital. It was then that the basic principles of the political-administrative and socio-economic organization of the territory were formed. At that time it was called Yugra.
The beginning of the successive annexation of Siberia to the Muscovite state was laid in 1582 by the campaign of Yermak's detachment. In the autumn of 1585, after the death of Yermak, the Cossacks, under the leadership of the voivode Ivan Mansurov, founded the first Russian fortified settlement, the Ob town, at the mouth of the Irtysh on the right bank of the Ob. Thus, the Mansi and Khanty lands became part of the Russian state, which was finally fixed in 1592 by the founding of the cities of Pelym, Berezov, and in 1594 - Surgut. The towns that appeared in the Ob North began to serve as a place of trade. In the most busy areas, special stations for changing horses - "pits" arose. In 1637, two pits were built - Demyansky and Samarovsky (now the city of Khanty-Mansiysk).
By decree of Peter I in 1708, the Siberian province was established (it included the cities of Berezov, Surgut). In 1775, by decree of Catherine II, the Tobolsk province was created. XVIII-XIX centuries distinguished by a peaceful policy towards Western Siberia. It took the form of an agrarian resettlement area for European Russia. From the middle of the XVIII century. the region becomes a place of exile for state criminals. Prince Alexander Menshikov, the family of princes Dolgoruky, Count Andrei Osterman were serving their sentences in Berezov. After the events on Senate Square Decembrists were exiled here.
In the 19th century, especially from the second half, the development of capitalist relations began in the region. The turnover of Yugra fairs grew: Surgut, Berezovskaya, Laryakskaya, Yuganskaya.
From the end of 1920, the collectivization of the region was carried out. Since 1930, “special settlers” began to be sent to the North from all over the country, with whose hands Khanty-Mansiysk was largely built, and many settlements were equipped. One of the leading industries was the timber industry, which supplied timber not only to Siberia, but also to the Urals. In 1934, the first steps were taken to search for and explore oil and gas in the district.
Formation of statehood
The territory on which the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is located became part of Russia at the end of the 16th century. From the beginning of the 17th century, Pelymsky, Berezovsky, Surgutsky and Tobolsky counties were included in the Tobolsk category. In 1677, the Surgut district became part of the Tomsk category. In 1708, by decree of Peter I, the Siberian province was established, which included the cities of Berezov and Surgut. And since 1775, the territory of the district was already part of the Tobolsk province and included the Surgut district, the "Pelymsky part" of the Turin district, the southern part of the Berezovsky and the northern part of the Tobolsk districts. In 1822-1882, the Kondinsky and Surgut branches of the Berezovsky district, the Pelymsky branch of the Turin district and the northern part of the Tobolsk district were located on the territory of the district. At the beginning of the 20th century, the administrative-geographical area on which the territory of the modern Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug was located was called the Tobolsk North.
After the October Revolution, the administrative-territorial structure of the Yugra region changed several times, the district was part of various regions several times. April 5, 1918 Tobolsk province was renamed Tyumen. The lands of the district were located within the boundaries of Berezovsky, Surgut and partially Tobolsk counties. On November 3, 1923, the Tyumen province was abolished, the territory of the district was included in the Ural region.
On December 10, 1930, on the basis of a decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR, the Ostyako-Vogulsky National District was formed with the center in the village of Samarovo. The new region included six districts: Berezovsky, Kondinsky, Laryaksky, Samarovsky, Surgutsky, Shuryshkarsky. On January 17, 1934, the district became part of the Ob-Irtysh region. He will stay in its composition for only 11 months - already in December 1934 - the district will be transferred to the Omsk region. Since 1937, the Shuryshkarsky district has been transferred to the Yamalo-Nenets national district. 
October 23, 1940 by Decree of the Presidium Supreme Council The RSFSR Ostyako-Vogulsky National Okrug was renamed Khanty-Mansiysk. August 14, 1944 he became part of the newly formed Tyumen region.
The territorial formation of the region began in the late 1950s. In 1957, the Mikoyanovsky district was renamed into Oktyabrsky, and 3 years later the Samarovsky district was named Khanty-Mansiysk. In 1962, the Laryaksky district became Nizhnevartovsky. On February 15, 1968, the Sovietsky district was formed. On July 23, 1980, the Nefteyugansk region appeared on the map of Ugra. Much later, in 1988, the cities of Beloyarsky and Beloyarsky districts were formed.
In accordance with the Constitution of the USSR, adopted on October 7, 1977, the Khanty-Mansiysk National Okrug received the status of an autonomous region and became known as the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. The 1993 constitution made the region an equal subject of the Russian Federation. It has its own territory, charter, coat of arms, flag, forms the bodies of legislative, state power and local self-government, has property, the right of legislative initiative in State Duma, representation in the Federation Council.
On July 25, 2003, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, a significant semantic clarification was introduced into the Charter of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - the Okrug was named Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra.
At present, the Autonomous Okrug includes 22 municipalities, of which 9 districts are Beloyarsky, Berezovsky, Kondinsky, Nefteyugansky, Nizhnevartovsky, Oktyabrsky, Sovetsky, Surgutsky, Khanty-Mansiysk, and 13 cities - Kogalym, Langepas, Megion, Nefteyugansk, Nizhnevartovsk, Nyagan, Pokachi, Pyt-Yakh, Rainbow, Surgut, Uray, Khanty-Mansiysk, Yugorsk.
Geography and climatic conditions
The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug-Yugra is located in the middle part of Russia and the Eurasian continent. From west to east, the territory of the region extends for 1400 km from the eastern slopes of the Northern Urals almost to the banks of the Yenisei; from north to south - 900 km from the Siberian Uvals to the Kondinsky taiga. The extreme northern point is located at the head of the river. Khulga in the Berezovsky district, the extreme south - near the urban-type settlement of Kuminsky, the extreme west - in the mountains of the Northern Urals at the head of the river. Northern Sosva, extreme eastern - at the head of the river. Wah. In the north, the district borders on the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, in the northwest - on the Republic of Komi, in the southwest - on the Sverdlovsk Region, in the south - on the Tobolsk and Uvatsky districts of the Tyumen Region, in the southeast and east - on the Tomsk Region and the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The entire territory of Ugra belongs to the regions of the Far North. 
The borders of the region are determined by the Decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of December 10, 1930 "On the organization of national associations in the areas of settlement of small peoples of the North." Ugra includes the territories of the cities of district significance: Beloyarsky, Kogalym, Langepas, Megion, Nefteyugansk, Nizhnevartovsk, Nyagan, Pokachi, Pyt-Yakh, Raduzhny, Surgut, Uray, Khanty-Mansiysk, Yugorsk, the territories of Beloyarsky, Berezovsky, Kondinsky, Nefteyugansky, Nizhnevartovsk, Oktyabrsky, Sovetsky, Surgut and Khanty-Mansiysk regions.
The Okrug borders simultaneously with six subjects of the Russian Federation. It is located in the zone of taiga forests and swamps. The relief of the region is diverse: on its territory there are plains, foothills and mountains. The highest points are Mount Narodnaya (1895 m) in the Subpolar Urals and Mount Pedy (1010 m) in the Northern Urals.
Two large rivers flow in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug: the Ob, 3,650 km long, and its tributary, the Irtysh, 3,580 km long. The tributaries of these rivers are also commensurate with large waterways. For example, the Bolshoi Yugan and the Vakh (tributaries of the Ob) are compared with the Vistula and Odra. A tributary of the Irtysh, the Konda River is comparable to the Rhine. Almost all the rivers of the district have a low flow rate, are characterized by spring-summer floods and floods. One third of the territory of the district is occupied by swamps. Surrounded by swamps and forests, there are about 300 thousand lakes.
The climate of the district is temperate continental. It is distinguished by a sharp change in weather in spring and autumn, temperature changes during the day. Winters are long, snowy and cold. Frosts can be established for several weeks at air temperatures below minus 30 degrees. Summer is short and warm.
Administrative-territorial structure and population
The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug-Yugra is divided into 9 districts, 13 urban districts, 26 urban-type settlements, 58 rural settlements.
Initially, when the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug was formed in 1930 as part of the Ural Region, Yugra was divided into 6 districts: Berezovsky, Kondinsky, Laryaksky, Samarovsky, Surgutsky, Shuryshkarsky. It was also envisaged the creation of the Lumpokol district, but it was never formed. After 7 years, the Shuryshkarsky district became part of the Yamalo-Nenets national district. In 1957 Mikoyanovsky district was renamed into Oktyabrsky. Laryaksky district was named Nizhnevartovsky in 1962. And soon Samarovsky district became Khanty-Mansiysk. In the 60s-80s, new territories were formed in the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug. During this period, Soviet, Nefteyugansk and Beloyarsk regions appeared.
The administrative-territorial division of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra is based on the principles of historical settlement, location of mining enterprises in the territories of natural resources development, efficiency of state and local self-government and maximum use of the economic potential of the region. All resolutions of issues related to changes in borders settlements, are taken taking into account the opinion of the population.
The preliminary estimate of the population of the Autonomous Okrug at the beginning of 2013 was 1583.9 thousand people. (3rd place in the Ural Federal District and 27th place in the Russian Federation). This is the largest region in terms of population, the territory of which is equated to the regions of the Far North.
The Autonomous Okrug is characterized by a high degree of urbanization. The share of the urban population at the beginning of 2013 was 91.8%.
District Economy Complex
The specificity of the Okrug's economy is single-industry with a raw material orientation. The most developing industries are: mining, chemical production, energy and construction.
The share of Yugra in the total Russian oil production in 2012 was 50.2%. During this period, 259.9 million tons were mined in the territory of the Autonomous Okrug. There are 10 vertically integrated oil companies and 14 independent producers in the region. The largest subsoil users are OAO NK Rosneft, OAO Surgutneftegaz, OAO NK LUKOIL, and TNK-BP. Since 1964, when fields began to be intensively developed in Yugra, 10,219.97 million tons of oil have been produced.
The share of the Autonomous Okrug in the total volume of gas production in Russia is 4.9%. In 2012, 32.3 billion cubic meters were extracted. m. is 2.4% more than in the previous one.
The resources of the Autonomous Okrug ensure the energy security of the country, create the necessary basis for further development economic complex, underlie its export potential.
In terms of explored and proven reserves of hydrocarbons, production opportunities, the state of the production infrastructure and the profitability of development, the Autonomous Okrug remains the main strategic resource base of hydrocarbons in Russia for the next decades.
Processing of oil and gas products in Ugra is carried out by 6 enterprises. Eight gas processing enterprises are engaged in the utilization of associated petroleum gas.
Over the past three decades, the most powerful electric power complex in the country has been created in the region. OAO Surgutskaya GRES-1, OAO Surgutskaya GRES-2 and OAO Nizhnevartovskaya GRES provide the main share of electricity generation in the Autonomous Okrug. Their total capacity is more than 10.5 thousand MW.
The volume of construction work in Ugra is growing every year. In 2012, more than 1 million square meters housing. This has been achieved for the first time since 1990. Actively developing mortgage credit lending: in the rating of regions of the Russian Federation, the district took 2nd place in terms of the number of loans granted.
A well-developed network of modern roads, railways, waterways, intensive air communication with cities in Russia and abroad is one of the determining factors effective development economic ties. Two of the 18 main road corridors of Russia pass through the territory of Yugra: the Northern Route (Perm - Serov - Ivdel - Khanty-Mansiysk - Nefteyugansk - Surgut - Nizhnevartovsk - Tomsk) and the Siberian Corridor (Tyumen - Surgut - Novy Urengoy - Nadym - Salekhard).
The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra is an export-oriented region, and in the total volume of foreign trade turnover, the share of exports is 95.8%, the share of imports is 4.2%. For export are: mineral fuel, oil and products of their distillation, bituminous substances, mineral waxes; wood, charcoal. Of the total export volume, 99.4% is crude oil. Import of goods and services to the region for Last year decreased by 25.5%. Imported to Yugra: aircraft; boilers, equipment and mechanical devices, their parts; products from ferrous metals; electrical machines and equipment.
A special place in the Ugra economy is occupied by the development of innovations. There are 90 innovative companies operating in the region, most of which are residents of the Technopark. The Autonomous Okrug is implementing a standard for the activities of the executive bodies of state power of the Autonomous Okrug to ensure a favorable investment climate (hereinafter referred to as the Standard). The standard is designed to improve the investment climate in the Autonomous Okrug and, taking into account the best regional practices, create necessary minimum conditions for increasing the inflow of investments into the Autonomous Okrug.
To support the subjects of innovative activity in the region, the following were created: an autonomous institution of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra “Technopark high technology”; non-profit organizations: “Ugra Entrepreneurship Support Fund”; “Fund for the promotion of investment in small and medium-sized businesses in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra “Microfinance Fund of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra”. Support is also provided by the Yugra Technology Transfer Center (on the basis of URIIT) and Okruzhnoy Business Incubator LLC. 
The main priority for the development of the construction industry of the Autonomous Okrug in the forecast period is the creation of new and technical re-equipment existing productions for the production of building materials, which is necessary to ensure the increasing volume of construction work in subsequent years as part of the implementation of national projects.
The socio-economic policy of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is aimed primarily at creating comfortable living conditions for the population, improving the level and quality of life of the people of Yugra.
At the end of the year, the volume of commissioned housing amounted to 1,021 thousand square meters. m.
As a result, the provision of housing for an average citizen of the Autonomous Okrug in 2012 amounted to 19.6 square meters. meters, having increased by 0.6 m compared to 2011. In the medium term, about 15 billion rubles are projected to be spent annually on housing construction, which will increase the provision of housing to the population in the Autonomous Okrug in 2015 to 20.9 sq. m. m.
Flora and fauna
Plants
Flora Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug has over 800 species higher plants. Almost the entire territory of the district is located within the same natural zone - taiga forests, only in the extreme north-west in the Urals part does it enter the forest-tundra and mountain tundra zones. Most The territory is occupied by heavily swamped taiga. The vegetation is represented by communities of mixed and coniferous forests, swamps, water meadows, reservoirs, and mountain tundra. IN northern regions The composition of vegetation is greatly influenced by permafrost. The forest cover of the territory is 52%. The zone of middle taiga dominates, which is represented by dark coniferous, light coniferous, small-leaved and mixed forests. Spruce, cedar, fir, pine, larch, birch, alder grow in them. Of particular note are the extensive light lichen forests widely distributed in the northern regions of the district, used as reindeer pastures. River floodplains and lowlands are characterized by meadow vegetation. The high floodplains of large rivers are often covered with park-type willow forests, willow-birch, willow-birch-aspen grass forests. Forests and swamps are rich in berries: cranberries, lingonberries, blueberries, blueberries, currants, cloudberries, raspberries, wild roses, bird cherry, mountain ash. IN traditional medicine Indigenous peoples used about 200 plant species.
Fauna
The fauna of the district is typical for the taiga zone of Russia. The vertebrate fauna includes 369 species. Mammals are represented by 60 species, 28 of which are commercial. The most common and economically valuable are: fox, arctic fox, squirrel, sable, marten, ermine, weasel, polecat, mink, weasel, otter, hare, wild reindeer, elk, etc. The wolverine and the West Siberian river beaver.
The avifauna of the Okrug is represented by 256 species of birds, including 206 sedentary and nesting species. The most numerous orders are Passeriformes, Charadriiformes and Anseriformes. The basis of the hunting fauna (48 species) is formed by geese, capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, partridges, ducks, sandpipers. Of the predators, the vulture hawk, the marsh harrier, and the long-eared owl should be especially noted. There are rare species listed in the Red Book: curly pelican, black stork, common flamingo, lesser white-fronted goose, golden eagle, peregrine falcon, black crane, Siberian Crane (white crane), thin-billed curlew, white-tailed eagle, osprey, gyrfalcon, black goose, red-breasted goose. There are 42 species of fish in rivers and lakes. Of these, only 19 are commercial - sterlet, lelma, muksun, peled (cheese), broad whitefish (shokur), whitefish (pyzhyan), Sosva herring (tugun), burbot, pike, ide, roach, bream, dace, perch, ruff , golden and silver carp, and carp are grown in the cooling ponds of the Surgut and Nizhnevartovskaya state district power stations. The species listed in the Red Book is the sturgeon. 
The county is infamous for the abundance of mosquitoes and midges. A huge number of blood-sucking insects is a significant hindrance to pets and people working in the open air. So, for example, the average number of adult mosquitoes in the forest area in the Ob and its tributaries is from 4 to 12 specimens per 1 sq.m of territory. Mosquitoes appear in late May - mid-June, and their mass departure occurs in early July. By the end of August, the number and activity of mosquitoes are significantly reduced. The period of the greatest activity of midges, when they attack people, falls on the second half of summer.
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra.
The Yugansky Reserve was established in 1982 as the largest reserve of taiga landscapes. It occupies an area of 648.7 thousand hectares, has a two-kilometer security zone with an area of 98.9 thousand hectares. The territory of the reserve includes part of the basins of the rivers Negusyakh and Small Yugan - the right tributaries of the Big Yugan.
A commemorative sign "To the Pioneers of the Yugra Land" a stele towering 62 meters above Khanty-Mansiysk. It is a pyramid, each of the faces of which denotes one of the epochs of the region's development: ancient times, joining Russia, the modern stage of life. The pyramid is especially beautiful at night - a special computer program is used to illuminate it, which creates up to a hundred different shades.
"Archeopark" is one of the main attractions of the city. This unique complex is located at the very foot of the ancient Samarovsky remnant mountain and is an extraordinary park that combines monuments
geology (outcrop of the remnant), and archeology (“Samarov town”), and monuments of monumental art depicting various animals living in these places about 15 thousand years ago. The most memorable among them is a herd of bronze mammoths. There is also a sculptural composition "Parking of an ancient man", and "Herd of ancient horses", and even "Woolly rhinos".
Monument "Bronze symbol of Yugra". There are many different monuments and sculptural compositions in Khanty-Mansiysk. And the symbol of Ugra is a 12-meter bronze female figure, established in honor of the 75th anniversary of the Autonomous Okrug. This monument symbolizes the maternal origin of Ugra, uniting representatives of the indigenous peoples of the North, and oil workers, and scientists, residents of the district, whose figures are also included in the sculptural composition.
Orthodox complex "In the name of the Resurrection of Christ" this beautiful Orthodox complex is one of the most important sights of Khanty-Mansiysk. It was built in the best traditions of Russian architecture of the 19th century in honor of the 2000th anniversary of the birth of Christ.