Introduction
Soviet rear during the Great Patriotic War
&1. Soviet society during the Second World War
& 2. Life of the Soviet rear during the Second World War
& 3. Labor Front of the Tambov Territory
&4. Selfless labor of women and children during the Second World War
&5. War and children
& 6. The contribution of my fellow countrymen to the Victory
Conclusion
List of used literature
INTRODUCTION
Patriotism does not mean
only one love for their homeland.
It's much more ...
This is the consciousness of their inalienability from the Motherland and
an integral experience with her
her happy and unhappy days.
A.N. Tolstoy
Several decades have passed since the Victory. During this time, more than one generation has risen, for which the Great Patriotic War is a page in history. Boys who grew up without fathers are now fathers and grandfathers themselves.
It is very important in conditions of peace, prosperity, carelessness, so that everyone knows what our battle against fascism was for the people of the Earth, what efforts, courage, great sacrifices it cost the people. It is our duty to those who are no longer with us. And especially in front of those whose life is just beginning. For they are our continuation, our moral purity.
Forties, fatal ...
Spring and front-line,
where are the funeral notices
And echelon rattles.
The rolled rails hum.
Spacious. Coldly. High.
And fire victims, fire victims
They roam from west to east ...
How it was! Coincidentally -
War, trouble, dream and youth!
And it all sunk into me
And only then I woke up in me! ..
Forties, fatal,
Lead. Gunpowder ...
The war is in Russia, and we are so young!
Let's remember how it was ...
There is not a single person who was not touched by the events of the Second World War - where no shots were heard, hunger and devastation reigned, mothers lost sons, and wives lost husbands. In the rear of the war, everyone worked for victory, the shops did not stop for a second, people did not sleep for days, only to contribute to the future victory. And probably only thanks to this selfless zeal of the Soviet people, our troops nevertheless defeated the Germans, gave a worthy rebuff.
The basis of this work is to consider the issue of the Soviet rear during the war years, as well as to demonstrate in detail all the invaluable contribution of the rear to the defeat of the fascist troops. The amazing successes of the German troops and the frightening failures of the Red Army in the first weeks of the war brought together all Soviet people, who understood that the fate of the Fatherland was being decided right now: with the victory of Germany, not just the Soviet power or the Stalinist regime would collapse, Russia would be destroyed. The behavior of the German troops in the occupied territories, their attitude towards the civilian population did not leave any choice - they had to fight the enemy by all means and be sure to win. The general mood brought the Soviet people closer together, made them look like a single family. A new sense of personal involvement and responsibility for the fate of the country allowed people to break out of the framework established for them by the Stalinist system, which assigned them the role of "cogs", silent performers. And the authorities were forced to give an opportunity to develop the people's initiative, skillfully exploiting it. During the war, the ability of our people to endure the most severe social overloads, developed by thousands of years of Russian experience, was clearly manifested. The war once again demonstrated the amazing "talent" of the Russians: to reveal all their best qualities, abilities, and their potential in extreme conditions. All these popular feelings and sentiments manifested themselves not only in the mass heroism of Soviet soldiers at the front, but also in the rear. With the "front yardstick" they began to approach the results of their labor and the whole way of life. Slogans "In the rear, as at the front!", "Everything for the front, everything for victory!" have become imperatives. Lost interest and respect for work and activities that were not associated with the front, the matter of defense. The flow of volunteers continued throughout the war. Tens of thousands of women, adolescents, and elderly people stood at the machines, mastered tractors, combines, cars to replace the husbands, fathers and sons who had gone to the front.
Relevance of work
Victory Day takes a special place among the celebrated holidays in our country. In history, literature and classroom lessons, students study the history of our Motherland. A lot of time is devoted to the study of material related to the Great Patriotic War. The study of the topic "Soviet rear during the Great Patriotic War" is most relevant in our time. People who live next to us, their fates, life in the pre-war and war years ... This is what is valuable. This prompted the desire to study information sources, biographies, archival materials about Soviet home front workers during the Great Patriotic War.
The scientific significance of the work lies in the study and analysis of the living and working conditions of people living next to us during the war years, which will allow us to assess their contribution to the victory over fascism.
Purpose of work: to prove through the study of literature, through the memories of witnesses of the war years, that the fate of every person is a reflection of the fate of the country, that every home front worker "forged" victory.
To achieve the goal, the following tasks were set:
1. To study materials about the living conditions of workers in the rear during the war, as well as residents of the rear of the Tambov region.
2. Show how the war affected the fates of the home front workers, find out what price each of them paid, bringing Victory closer.
This work includes the following structure: content, which reflects the main sections of the work, an introduction, the main part, consisting of 6 paragraphs, a conclusion and a list of used literature.
SOVIET REARS IN THE YEARS OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR
&1. Soviet society during the Second World War
Soviet society during the war was ambiguous. The German attack radically changed the life of the Soviet people. In the first days of the war, not everyone realized the reality of the threat that had arisen: people believed in the pre-war slogans and promises of the authorities to defeat any aggressor on their own soil in a short time. However, as the enemy-occupied territory expanded, moods and expectations changed. People acutely realized that the fate of not only the Soviet regime, but also the country itself was being decided. The mass terror of the German troops, the merciless attitude towards the civilian population, more clearly than any agitation, told people that we could only talk about stopping the aggressor or perishing.
We managed to feel these moods and powers. So, I.V. Stalin, speaking on the radio on July 3, 1941, talked about many things. But for decades, millions of Soviet people remembered the words of his address: "Brothers and sisters!" They not only emphasized the unity of the government and the people, but also helped even more clearly to realize each person the mortal danger hanging over the country. People have ceased to be aware of themselves only as "cogs" of the state system, demonstrating miracles of heroism, steadfastness and endurance in defending their homeland.
The initial period of the war again showed that our multinational people in an hour of mortal danger is capable of forgetting many insults and mistakes of the authorities, mobilizing their strength and showing their best qualities. These feelings and sentiments became the main prerequisites for the mass heroism of the Soviet people at the front and in the rear.
The threat of capture by the Germans of the developed industrial regions of the country dictated the need to remove the most valuable equipment. Began a grandiose in its scope evacuation to the east of factories and factories, property of collective farms and MTS, cattle. It was necessary in a short time, under the raids of enemy aircraft, to evacuate thousands of enterprises and millions of people. World history has not yet known such a practice.
“Comrades! Citizens! Brothers and sisters! Soldiers of our army and navy! I appeal to you, my friends! The treacherous attack of Hitlerite Germany on our Motherland, which began on June 22, continues ... The enemy is cruel and implacable. It sets as its goal the seizure of our lands, the destruction of the national culture and national statehood of the peoples of the Soviet Union, their Germanization, their transformation into slaves ... It is, therefore, about the life and death of the peoples of the USSR ... It is necessary that the Soviet people understand this and cease to be carefree, so that they mobilize themselves and rebuild their work in a new, military way, subordinating everything to the interests of the front and the tasks of organizing the defeat of the enemy ... "(J.V. Stalin)
The goal of this nationwide Patriotic War is not only to eliminate the danger hanging over our country, but also to help all the peoples of Europe groaning under the yoke of German fascism. "
Stalin calls the war, which was unleashed by the Nazis, nationwide, Patriotic. Addressing the people with the words "Brothers and sisters!", Joseph Vissarionovich speaks of a common misfortune for all that hung over the Soviet Union. The sense of the unity of the multinational people and the authorities in the hour of mortal danger made it possible to forget many grievances and mistakes of the authorities and to mobilize all forces and show their best qualities. These feelings and sentiments became the main prerequisites for the mass heroism of the Soviet people at the front and in the rear.
& 2. Life of the Soviet rear during the Great Patriotic War.
During the war years, there was a noticeable evolution of power and society in the USSR. The government changed its emphasis, muffling communist rhetoric for a while and strengthening the patriotic education of the population.
In an effort to strengthen the anti-Hitler coalition, Stalin even went for the dissolution of the Comintern in 1943 and the "rehabilitation" of the Russian Orthodox Church. All this significantly expanded the social base of power, led to a nationwide unification. At the same time, the repressive actions of the authorities against the peoples, whose representatives collaborated with the German troops and the occupation administration, could not contribute to the achievement of this goal.
Soviet society also changed during the war. In the first days of the war, educated on pre-war propaganda of a quick victory "with little blood on foreign territory", the population expected a swift advance of the Red Army and the defeat of the Germans. The defeats of the Red Army in the first months of the war shocked millions. For many, the old sentiments were replaced by panic, and for some - by the desire to cooperate with a stronger enemy. For the majority of Soviet people and for the country's authorities, the leitmotif of behavior these days was the desire to mobilize all efforts and resources to defeat the enemy.
The war has created a mortal threat to our entire people and each person individually. It caused a huge moral and political upsurge, enthusiasm and personal interest of the majority of people in the victory over the enemy and the quickest end of the war. This became the basis of mass heroism at the front and labor deeds in the rear.
The former labor regime has changed in the country. From June 26, 1941, mandatory overtime work was introduced for workers and employees, the working day for adults increased to 11 hours with a six-day working week, holidays were canceled. Although these measures made it possible to increase the load of production capacities by about one third without increasing the number of workers and employees, the shortage of labor was still growing. The production involved office workers, housewives, students. The sanctions for violators of labor discipline were tightened. Unauthorized departure from enterprises was punishable by a term of imprisonment from five to eight years.
In the first weeks and months of the war, the economic situation in the country deteriorated sharply. The enemy occupied many of the most important industrial and agricultural areas, inflicting incalculable damage to the national economy. The most difficult were the last two months of 1941. If in the third quarter of 1941, 6600 aircraft were produced, then in the fourth - only 3177. In November, the volume of industrial production decreased 2.1 times. The supply to the front of certain types of the most necessary military equipment, weapons, and especially ammunition has decreased. It is difficult to measure the entire magnitude of the feat accomplished by the peasantry during the war years. A significant part of men left the villages for the front (their proportion decreased among the rural population from 21% in 1939 to 8.3% in 1945). Women, adolescents and old people have become the main productive force in the countryside.
Even in the leading grain regions, the volume of work carried out with the help of a live draft in the spring of 1942 amounted to more than 50%. We plowed on cows. The share of manual labor has increased unusually - the sowing was carried out half by hand.
State procurements rose to 44% of the gross harvest for grain, 32% for potatoes. Deductions in favor of the state increased at the expense of consumption funds, which were decreasing from year to year.
During the war, the country's population lent the state over 100 billion rubles and purchased lottery tickets for 13 billion. In addition, 24 billion rubles went to the defense fund. The share of the peasantry was at least 70 billion rubles. The personal consumption of the peasants fell sharply. In rural areas, food ration cards were not introduced. Bread and other foodstuffs were sold on lists. But this form of distribution was not used everywhere due to the shortage of products. There was a maximum annual rate of delivery of industrial goods per person: cotton fabrics - 6 m, woolen fabrics - 3 m, shoes - one pair. Since the demand of the population for footwear was not satisfied, since 1943 the production of bast shoes has become widespread. In 1944 alone, 740 million pairs were produced. In 1941-1945. 70-76% of collective farms gave no more than 1 kg of grain per workday, 40-45% of farms - up to 1 ruble; 3-4% of collective farms did not give grain to peasants at all, 25-31% of farms did not give money. “The peasant received from collective farm production only 20 g of grain and 100 g of potatoes per day - this is a glass of grain and one potato. It often happened that by May - June there was not even a potato left. Then beet leaves, nettles, quinoa, sorrel were used for food. "
The revitalization of the labor activity of the peasantry was facilitated by the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of April 13, 1942 "On increasing the mandatory minimum of workdays for collective farmers." Each member of the collective farm had to work at least 100-150 workdays. For the first time, a mandatory minimum was introduced for adolescents, who were given work books. Collective farmers who had not worked out the established minimum were considered to have left the collective farm and were deprived of their personal plot. For not working days, able-bodied collective farmers could be brought to trial and punished with corrective labor in the collective farms themselves for up to 6 months.
In 1943, 13% of able-bodied collective farmers did not work out a minimum of workdays, in 1944 - 11%. Excluded from collective farms - 8% and 3%, respectively. In the fall of 1941, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) adopted a resolution on the creation of political departments at the MTS and state farms. Their task was to improve discipline and organization of labor, recruit and train new personnel, ensure the timely implementation of agricultural work plans by collective farms, state farms and MTS. Despite all the difficulties, agriculture provided the Red Army and the population with food, and industry - with raw materials. Speaking about labor achievements and the mass heroism shown in the rear, one should not forget that the war undermined the health of millions of people. In material terms, the people lived in a very difficult way. Poorly organized living conditions, malnutrition, and lack of medical care have become the norm.
The share of the consumption fund in the national income in 1942 was 56%, in 1943 - 49%. State revenues in 1942 - 165 billion rubles, expenditures - 183, including for defense - 108, for the national economy - 32, for social and cultural development - 30 billion rubles. With unchanged pre-war wages, market and state prices (rubles per 1 kg) became as follows: flour 80 and 2.4, respectively; beef - 155 and 12; milk - 44 and 2. Without taking special measures to improve the supply of food to the population, the authorities intensified their punitive policy.
In January 1943, a special GKO directive suggested that even a food parcel, the exchange of clothes for bread, sugar, matches, the purchase of flour, etc., was considered as economic sabotage. Again, as in the late 1920s, the 107th article of the Criminal Code (speculation). The country was swept by a wave of falsified cases, driving additional labor into the camps.
For example. In Omsk, the court sentenced MF Rogozhin to five years in the camps "for creating food supplies" in the form of ... a sack of flour, several kilograms of butter and honey (August 1941). In the Chita region, at the market, two women exchanged tobacco for bread. Received five years (1942) In the Poltava region, a widow, a soldier, together with her neighbors, gathered half a bag of frozen beetroots on an abandoned collective farm field. She was punished by two years in prison. Due to the cancellation of vacations, the introduction of mandatory overtime work and an increase in the working day to 12-14 hours. Despite the fact that since the summer of 1941 the people's commissars received even more rights to use the labor force, more than three-quarters of this "force" consisted of women, adolescents and children. Adult men had a hundred percent or more. And what could a 13-year-old boy "do", under whom they put a box so that he could reach the machine? ..
The supply of the urban population was carried out by cards. They were first introduced in Moscow (July 17, 1941) and the next day in Leningrad.
The rationing then gradually spread to other cities. The average supply rate for workers was 600 g of bread per day, 1800 g of meat, 400 g of fat, 1800 g of cereals and pasta, 600 g of sugar per month (for gross violations of labor discipline, the rate of distribution of bread decreased). The minimum supply rate for dependents was 400, 500, 200, 600 and 400, respectively, but it was not always possible to provide the population with food even according to the established standards.
In a critical environment; as it was in the winter - in the spring of 1942 in Leningrad, the minimum bread supply rate dropped to 125, thousands of people died of hunger.
& 3. Labor Front of the Tambov Territory.
The German attack radically changed the life of the Soviet people. In the first days of the war, not everyone realized the reality of the threat that had arisen: people believed in the pre-war slogans and promises of the authorities to defeat any aggressor on their own soil in a short time. However, as the enemy-occupied territory expanded, moods and expectations changed. People acutely realized that the fate of not only the Soviet regime, but also the country itself was being decided. Mass terror on the part of German troops, cruelty, merciless attitude towards the civilian population, more clearly than any agitation, told people that it could only be about stopping the aggressor or perishing.
June 22 ... When you look at a sheet of calendar with this number, you involuntarily recall the distant 1941, perhaps the most tragic, but also the most heroic not only in the Soviet, but also in the centuries-old history of our Fatherland. Blood and pain, the bitterness of losses and defeats, the death of relatives and people, heroic resistance and sorrowful captivity, selfless work to the point of exhaustion in the rear and, finally, the first victory over a terrible enemy - all this happened in 1941. Difficult years 1941-1945 All people, both old and young, stood up to defend their homeland.
In all corners of our country there was a restructuring of the economy on a war footing, everywhere they sought and mobilized funds and resources to provide assistance to the front. The Tambov Territory also gathered strength ...
During the war, the workers of the whole country and also our Tambov Territory faced more and more new tasks that required additional efforts and material resources: providing assistance to the regions liberated from the occupation, caring for the families of front-line soldiers, about children left without parents, collecting money and things to the country's defense fund, heroic labor in factories, fields of the region.
The Soviet people understood well that the front needed enormous human and material resources. Therefore, each tried to work for two, regardless of any difficulties. The initiative and creativity of workers and engineering and technical workers were aimed at improving production and technological processes, increasing production with minimal labor, materials and money.
During the war, the workers of the Tambov Territory donated more than 18 million rubles to the fund for helping families of front-line soldiers and war invalids; 101.5 thousand pairs of shoes; 142 thousand sets of clothes; more than 590 thousand poods of food; collected hundreds of thousands of rubles for the construction of tank columns and air squadrons; sent to the front 253 wagons with gifts. In addition, the patriotic initiative of the Tambov peasantry to collect personal labor savings for the construction of military equipment for the Red Army went down in the history of the Great Patriotic War as an outstanding feat.
The origins of this movement should be sought in the centuries-old Russian history. It is no coincidence that the initiative to massively raise funds for armaments arose on the Tambov land. In archival documents, we find a large number of examples testifying to the patriotic mood of our fellow countrymen, who came up with many initiatives to provide comprehensive assistance to the front.
All categories of the population equally actively participated in fundraising: men and women, old people and young people. Everyone contributed as much as they could.
In total, over the years of the war, the defense fund from the Tambov region received about 214,472,680 rubles. As of January 25, 1943, the Tambov regional office of the State Bank of the USSR for the construction of air squadrons received 49,085,000 rubles from the regions of the region, from the cities of Tambov, Michurinsk, Morshansk, Kotovsk for the construction of air squadrons 1,230,000 rubles, for the construction of armored trains 1950000 rubles (including from Tambov - 610 thousand, Michurinsk - 630 thousand, Morshansk - 645 thousand, Kotovsk - 70 thousand). The largest amount of funds came from the Izberdeevsky district - 2,918,000 rubles, Michurinsky - 2,328,000 rubles, Tokarevsky - 2002,000 rubles, Staroyuryevsky - 1,897,000 rubles, Rzhaksinsky - 1,883,000 rubles, Rakshinsky - 1,797,000 rubles.
The patriotic initiative of the Tambov collective farmers grew into an all-union mass movement to collect personal savings of citizens for the Red Army fund. On April 6, 1943, a message "From the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR" was published in Tambovskaya Pravda. The message said that the patriotic initiative of the collective farmers and collective farmers of the Tambov region caused a wide response among the masses of the population of our country.
&4. Selfless labor of women and children during the war.
"War is a man's business ...". However, in the twentieth century, the participation of women in war, not only as medical personnel, but also with arms in hand, becomes a reality. This phenomenon became especially widespread during the Second World War. They were ready for a feat, but they were not ready for the army, and what they had to face in the war was a surprise to them. It is always difficult for a civilian to reorganize "in a military manner," especially for a woman. Army discipline, a soldier's uniform many sizes larger, a male environment, heavy physical exertion - all this was a difficult test. But this was precisely that "everyday materiality of the war, which they did not suspect when they asked to go to the front." Then there was the front itself - with death and blood, with every minute danger and "always haunting, but hidden fear." Speaking about the heroic deeds of the people during the war, I would like to say about the feats of labor of women. In the first days of the war, overcoming enormous difficulties, they replaced their husbands, fathers and brothers, mastered their specialties. Their work is inscribed in golden letters in the heroic chronicle of the history of our Motherland.
In those difficult, difficult years, regular vacations were canceled, overtime work became mandatory, military discipline was introduced on transport, and the minimum of workdays was increased on collective farms.
Women, the most fragile creatures on earth, stood up to defend their homeland, their children and their future. They had to perform backbreaking work during the war years.
From the memoirs of Klavdia Mikhailovna Semyonova, a native of the village of Lavrovo, Mordovian region: “It was hard during the war years: there were not enough horses on the collective farm, they plowed and sowed on bulls and cows. And bulls, as you know, are very wayward animals, so it was not easy for women and children to handle them. All work was done by hand. Cereal crops were tied in sheaves, which were laid in the sacrum, and then taken to the stacks and laid there. They also threshed by hand. And this is very hard work. Since there was not enough seeds on the collective farm, the women walked for them sixteen kilometers and brought fifteen kilograms of grain each. They realized that they needed to sow at least some for the future harvest. Mother worked as a groom on the collective farm - she cleaned the horses remaining on the collective farm. And what if there are no men left in the village? .. "
Women also mastered such professions that were previously only possible for men: in 1939, in the metal-working industry alone, about 50 thousand women worked as turners, 40 thousand as locksmiths, 24 thousand as milling cutters, and 14 thousand as tool makers.
Soviet women also occupied a prominent place in the ranks of the intelligentsia. In 1934, women accounted for 10% of the engineering and technical personnel of the USSR industry, and in the chemical industry they accounted for 22.5%. In the garment industry, they made up 1/4 of the engineers and technicians. From the memoirs of Nina Mikhailovna Rogova (Michurinsky District): “From a young age I fully learned all the hardships of peasant labor. After graduating from seven classes in 1941, she began working on a collective farm. During the war they plowed on oxen, sowed, weeded millet and beets, mowed, knitted sheaves, threshed, blew ... "
& 5. War and children ...
The youngest citizens of our country, pioneers and schoolchildren, also worked alongside the older brothers and sisters; they were sent to where the elders needed help.
War and children ... It is difficult to imagine something more incompatible. What heart does not burn the memory of the fiery years, which became a severe test for millions of Soviet children, who are now over sixty! The war interrupted their sonorous songs at once. Black lightning swept through the pioneer camps, dachas, courtyards and outskirts - everywhere the sunny morning of June 22, foreshadowing a new joyful day of summer holidays, was darkened by an alarming mountain: "War!"
Fathers and older brothers went to the front. The boys were also eager to fight, besieging the military registration and enlistment offices. There was no trace of peaceful, familiar worries. Plants, factories, collective farms and all institutions were urgently reorganized. “Everything for the front! Everything for the victory! " - this wartime slogan demanded tremendous work, full dedication of strength from everyone.
Over 200 thousand pioneers and schoolchildren of the region took an active part in the tense struggle for bread of the first war year. High school students worked out about a million workdays together with their teachers. In those difficult days, collective and state farms owed much to young patriots - schoolchildren.
Maria Anisimovna Alekhina was only ten years old when the war began. He recalls how hard and in great detail the schoolchildren worked in the field - they collected spikelets, threshed grain, weeded, knitted sheaves.
Anna Andreevna Talyzina met the war at the age of thirteen. Her family lived at that time in Michurinsk. Father was called to the front, and five girls remained at home with their mother, among whom Anya was the oldest, and the smallest of the sisters was only a few months old. Despite the child's age, Anya and her peers were given quite adult labor in terms of both severity and standards. In addition to field work, they were engaged in the preparation of feed for the cow, which in wartime was the only and invaluable breadwinner of the family. Therefore, in the head of a responsible and until the time of the grown-up girl, there was not even a thought about how to somehow evade or resist the daily routine work. She meekly tossed onto her back huge sacks of grass and hay, because of which she was barely visible.
The cares of the labor front fell on the children's shoulders as a heavy burden. And in truth "Gulliver's" were the production rates in the fields where boys and girls worked. Thousands of hectares of mown grain, thousands of bundled sheaves, thousands of threshed grain ...
Thousands ... The language of numbers is laconic and dispassionate. But it is the figures that most convincingly tell how much was done by the young school army in a difficult year for the Motherland. In 1942, the pioneers and schoolchildren of the region again rendered great assistance in harvesting. 193 thousand students were employed in agricultural work. Together with the teachers, they worked out about two million workdays, earned 800 thousand rubles.
Children of war. They were all native to the front. The children of the war believed in victory and, as best they could, brought it closer. The homeland, losing in a mortal battle with the enemy of their fathers, believed in a bright, happy future for its young generation.
& 6. The contribution of my fellow countrymen to the victory.
Michurinsk was also involved in the war. These were difficult, hard years of exhausting work, waiting. All the men went to the front. In the mornings, getting stuck in the snowdrifts, people hurried to work, only in the evening were trampled paths-trenches, which were again covered with snow during the night. Veterans of that time unanimously note the unprecedented labor enthusiasm, reliability, high responsibility of people for the task entrusted to them.
There are people in our city who, during the Great Patriotic War, defended our Motherland from enemies and worked in the rear. At different ages, they met and experienced the war. I would like to tell you about such of them, my fellow countrymen, Popov Valery Ivanovich and Kretinin Nikolai Vasilievich.
Our people showed heroism and steadfastness, overcame all the sorrows and hardships of the war years. The victory went to the people at a high price ... We will never forget the victims, their memory is sacred. And we endlessly thank the veterans of the Great Patriotic War. It was they who, risking their lives, mercilessly defeated the fascists. Glory to those who worked in the rear, bringing the hour of Victory closer. In these ranks were employees of our college.
Popov Valery Ivanovich, was born on September 28, 1931 in the city of Tambov in the family of an employee. In 1940 he entered the first grade of the Krasnooktyabrsk elementary school of the Khobotovsky district of the Tambov region, from which he graduated in 1944. In the same year he entered the railway school №47 in the 5th grade, where in 1947 he graduated from the 7th grade. In 1948 he entered the Michurinsky Technical School of the Food Industry at the Department of Agricultural Mechanization, in 1951 he graduated from it and received the specialty of a mechanical technician. In the direction he began to work in the state farm "Agronom" of the Krasnodar Territory as a foreman of a tractor brigade. He worked as a local mechanic in the Hobotovskaya MTS. In 1952, he was drafted into the ranks of the Soviet army, where he graduated from the school for reserve officers, he was awarded the rank of junior technician-lieutenant. In 1954 the reserve was dismissed. Upon arrival home, he went to work at the Hobotovskaya MTS as a traveling mechanic, then he was transferred to an engineer for agricultural machines, an engineer for labor rationing. In 1959, after the reorganization of MTS, he was transferred to Michurinsk RTS as an engineer for Rostekhnadzor. In 1965 he went to work at the Lenin plant in the laboratory as an engineer. In 1968 he retired from the plant and went to work at SPTU-3 as a teacher, then deputy director for educational and productive work. Since 1995 he has been working in the industrial and technological college as a master of industrial training. At the moment he is retired and works as a mechanic - toolmaker. Has the title of "Veteran of Labor", was awarded with jubilee medals "60 years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945."
From the memoirs of Valery Ivanovich: “... The war found in the collective farm“ Krasny Oktyabr ”of the Khobotovsky district, saw how it was bombed, dug trenches. In 1943, he helped my mother fulfill the quota of working out the task of weeding agricultural crops from weeds, and also during the harvesting of grain crops he collected and laid sheaves in heaps ... "
Nikolai Kretinin was born on December 14, 1928 in the village of Zhidilovka, Khobotovsky District, Tambov Region, into a peasant family. From the age of 8 he went to school. From 1943 to 1946 helped his elderly parents with housework. In 1950 he began working in the city of Michurinsk, at Rosselstroy, where he worked until 1953. In 1954 he entered our college, where he still works. In 1944 and 1945, he worked in agricultural work: he harrowed the land, grazed cows, pigs, horses, brought up from the field for threshing, and took the bundles from the threshing machine for stacking during threshing. To feed himself, he collected spikelets, quinoa, potatoes.
From the memoirs of Nikolai Vasilyevich: “... The war caught me at school in the lower grades. I remember the appeal to the people by I.V. Stalin on the attack of Nazi Germany on the Soviet Union. Began a solid call for men and women to go to the front to defend the Motherland. Only old men and women with children remained. There was a slogan: “Everything for the front! Everything for Victory! " There was not a single family that did not take part in the hostilities. As time went on, the harvest was approaching. The whole burden fell on women, old people and children. We, the pupils of the elementary grades, were directly involved in the harvest. They collected spikelets after harvesting with a combine, sorted, dried the grain, put it in storage, harvested potatoes, worked all the holidays, including September. It was a difficult time, they did not pay money for work, but wrote workdays for which grain was issued, but, as a rule, it was not enough until the new year. I remember how women came from neighboring villages - they were hired to dig a vegetable garden because they would find frozen potatoes there. Most of the people lived from hand to mouth. I remember I was in the 6th grade when I made a grain mill with a capacity of 3 buckets per hour. For the operation of the mill they were given a jar of flour, about 2-3 kg. When I was in the 7th grade, I took courses in tractor drivers. After finishing the 7th grade, he worked on a tractor - plowing the land. Instead of a solar engine, a bunker was installed on the tractor, which was fired with wood and small blocks ... "
Thus, we can say that the residents of Tambov showed true heroism during the Great Patriotic War, both on the battlefield and in the rear. The contribution of the Tambov region to ensuring the Victory over the fascist invaders is enormous. The feat of our fellow countrymen will not be erased in our memory. And not only because in every family there is someone who won the Victory with his sweat and his blood.
CONCLUSION
The Soviet rear was solid and solid throughout the war. He provided the Armed Forces with everything necessary for the complete defeat of the German aggressor and the conquest of the great Victory.
The Motherland highly appreciated the deeds of the home front workers: 199 of them were awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, more than 204 thousand were awarded orders and medals. The specially established medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945" was awarded to 16 million workers, collective farmers, and representatives of the intelligentsia.
On May 9, 1945, the Soviet people celebrated their great Victory over Nazi Germany with a general triumph.
Immediately after the end of the war, tens of thousands of workers in industry, agriculture, and culture of the region were awarded a commemorative medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945".
The Great Patriotic War lasted 1418 days and nights - a fierce battle between the Soviet people and the worst enemy of mankind - German fascism. The Soviet people did their best to save the Motherland and its independence and achieved Victory. But this Victory was won at the cost of huge sacrifices.
How many mothers did not wait for their sons! How many wives did not wait for their husbands! How many orphans are left on our Earth! .. That was a difficult time for our Motherland.
The path to Victory was hard and long. She got it at the cost of huge sacrifices and material losses. In the name of Victory, 20 million of our compatriots died. The Soviet people displayed massive heroism at the front and in the rear.
I realized that the consequences of the war extend far in time, they live in families and their traditions, in the memory of our fathers, mothers, they pass to children and grandchildren, they are in their memories. War lives on in the memory of the entire people.
The world must not forget the horrors of war, devastation, suffering and death of millions. It would be a crime against the future. We must remember about the war, about the heroism and courage of our people. Fighting for peace is the duty of those living on earth, therefore one of the most important topics of our time is the theme of the feat of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War. Those who fought for the independence of the country, for happiness and peace on earth, the memory of you will be eternal.
Our generation knows about the war mainly from the lessons of history and literature. There are fewer and fewer veterans of the Great Patriotic War and home front workers. We respect these people, their past and present, we bow before them. We have a lot to learn from them.
I wanted to tell my peers about how love for the Motherland manifested itself, how hard the home front workers were endured in those distant war years, the best qualities of a person: patriotism, a sense of duty, responsibility, selflessness.
As a result of my work, I came to the following conclusions:
1. Workers of the rear of the Tambov region made a significant contribution to the victory over fascism.
2. Most of them are women, old people and children from the age of 10.
3. Their selfless work is an excellent example for young people.
4. A terrible price was paid by the home front workers, like the entire people, for the victory in the Great Patriotic War.
5. The memory of the heroes of the war and selfless workers of the home front is immortal.
6. The duty of my generation is to do everything for the prosperity of our beloved land, dear motherland.
The victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War was of world-historical significance. The socialist gains were defended. The Soviet people made a decisive contribution to the defeat of Hitlerite Germany. The whole country fought - the front fought, the rear fought, which fully fulfilled their task. The victory of the USSR in the war against fascism was a convincing demonstration of the possibilities of a planned socialist national economy. Its regulation ensured the maximum mobilization and the most rational use of all types of resources in the interests of the front. These advantages were multiplied by the unity of political and economic interests that existed in society, high consciousness and patriotism.
The road to victory was hard and long. She got it at the cost of huge sacrifices and material losses. In the name of victory, 20 million of our compatriots died. The Soviet people displayed massive heroism at the front and in the rear. The contribution of the home front workers to the victory was also significant, as evidenced by archival materials and chronicles.
List of used literature
Belov, P. Issues of Economics and Modern War. M. 1991. p. 20.
Werth, N. History of the Soviet State. 1900-1991. M., 1992
Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 / Ed. Kiryana M.I. M., 1990
The Great Patriotic War. Developments. People. The documents. Brief historical reference. Moscow: 1990
Public electronic bank of documents "The feat of the people in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"]
Russia and the world., M .: "Vlados", 1994, Vol.2
Internet resources:
http://www.literary.ru/literary.ru.
http://shkola.lv/index.php?mode=lsntheme&themeid=166&subid=61
Introduction
More than half a century has passed since the victory over fascism in the Great Patriotic War of our country. But we all also remember this terrible event, this war with pain in our hearts.
However, few people know how enormous was the contribution that the Soviet rear made to the victory, which is why we decided to study in detail all the invaluable contribution of the rear to the defeat of the fascist troops. In the rear, everyone worked to win. The workshops did not stop for a second, people did not sleep for days and overfulfilled their work plans, only to contribute to the future victory.
The main goal of the Soviet rear was the restructuring of the economy on a war footing. It was necessary to evacuate industrial enterprises, material values and, of course, people to the East. It was also necessary to bring factories and plants for the production of military equipment and accelerate the construction of new industrial facilities. After all, the main tasks of the Soviet rear were to provide the army with food, ammunition, medicines, clothing, etc.
The history of modern wars did not know of another example, when one of the belligerent parties, which suffered huge losses, could already during the war years solve the problems of restoring and developing agriculture and industry.
In this essay, we will consider in detail the transfer of the USSR economy to martial law.
Also, we will pay sufficient attention to the eastern regions. it was there that all the powerful "forces" of the USSR were evacuated.
Consider the activities of Belarusian institutions and parties. It would be wrong not to mention the heroes of the Soviet home front, because many of them gave their lives for their homeland.
When writing this essay, the basis was the book "The Military Economy of the USSR during the Patriotic War" by N. Voznesensky. there is more detailed and accessible information on the transfer of the economy to a war footing, on the industry of the eastern regions, etc.
1. Transfer of the USSR economy to martial law
On the eve of World War II, when the threat of Hitlerite Germany against the USSR began to be felt more and more, the Soviet government adopted a "mobilization plan" for ammunition for the second half of 1941 and for 1942 as a preventive measure, designed for the military restructuring of industry in case of war. The mobilization plan established the program for the production of ammunition and determined the program for the restructuring of industry and especially machine building in the event of an attack on the USSR by fascist aggressors. The mobilization plan in the very first days of World War II was turned into an operational task for the deployment of production of the most important and most massive branch of the military industry - the production of ammunition. Mechanical engineering, metallurgy and the chemical industry began a forced transfer of production from civilian products to military ones. The growth of military production was ensured by a radical restructuring of the entire industry of the USSR for the needs of the Patriotic War.
The process of restructuring the economy was complicated by the forced retreat of the Red Army. By November 1941, the enemy had seized the areas where about 70% of pig iron and almost 60% of steel were smelted, where the main defense industry was concentrated. In the first half of 1941, about 792 thousand rifles and carbines were produced, and in the second half of 1941. more than 1.5 million of them were produced, 11 thousand automatic machines, 143 thousand machine guns, guns and mortars - 15.6 thousand and 55.5 thousand, shells and mines - 18.8 million and 40.2 million. , respectively .
In order to restructure the national economy of the USSR, which was carried out by the State Defense Committee headed by Stalin, the following measures were taken:
First, the mobilization of the production capacities of socialist industry, workers and engineering and technical personnel for the needs of the Patriotic War. Industrial enterprises were switched to the production of military products. The production of a number of types of civilian products was discontinued in order to free up production capacities, manpower and material assets for the needs of the war economy. Fundamental changes have taken place in industrial products. The share of high-quality rolled products in the production of metal, aviation gasoline in the production of petroleum products and special chemicals in the products of the chemical industry, where the nitrogen industry is most developed, has increased. Nitrogen, along with metal, is the basis of modern warfare. Nitrogen as ammonia and nitric acid is an indispensable participant in the production of gunpowders and explosives. Despite the temporary fallout of Donbass with its developed chemical industry and the evacuation of a number of chemical enterprises in Moscow and Leningrad, in 1942, 252 thousand tons of strong nitric acid were produced in the eastern regions. and in 1943 - 342 thousand tons versus 232 thousand tons produced in 1940 throughout the USSR. The share of food and clothing allowances for the Soviet Army increased in food and light industry products. Workers and engineering and technical personnel were relocated to the eastern regions of the country; the construction of new production facilities in these regions was accelerated in every possible way. Work on the improvement of production processes has been widely developed, in particular, the following have been mastered: production of special steels in open-hearth furnaces, rolling of armor plates on blooming mills, production of ferrochrome in blast furnaces; production in mechanical engineering received a massive development. The restructuring of mechanical engineering for the needs of military production took place at the expense of displacing and limiting the production of civilian vehicles. Steel and iron foundries of machine-building plants were rebuilt for the production of shells and mines. The production of motorcycles was rebuilt for the production of small arms, the production of tractors was rebuilt for the production of tanks, the production of watches was transferred to the production of fuses for projectiles. The aviation industry mastered the production of new high-speed fighters, attack aircraft and bombers armed with large-caliber machine guns, aircraft cannons and rockets. The tank industry moved on to the development of new, now world-famous, T-34 medium tanks and modern first-class IS heavy tanks. The arms industry was gaining momentum for the mass production of automatic weapons, mortars, modern artillery, and mastered the production of rockets.
The specialization of machine-building plants and production cooperation of enterprises in the supply of castings, forgings and semi-finished products were revised. The production of tanks in December 1942 compared to December 1941, that is, in one year, almost doubled, despite the cessation of tank production at the Kharkov plant in connection with the evacuation, as well as at the Stalingrad tank building plant. The production of tank diesel engines in December 1942 increased by 4.6 times compared to December 1941. The production of artillery systems in December 1942 in comparison with December 1941 increased by 1.8 times. The production of machine guns in December 1942 increased 1.9 times compared to December 1941. Rifle production increased by 55%, despite the evacuation of the largest Tula factories producing small arms. The production of large 120-lsh mortars was almost re-created, the production of which increased in December 1942 compared to December 1941 by almost 5 times. The production of normal and large caliber cartridges increased by more than 1.8 times compared to December 1941. The most profound restructuring of industry in favor of military production took place in ferrous metallurgy, which mastered the production of a number of new labor-consuming and high-alloy steels for the production of military equipment and increased the share of high-quality rolled products in the production of all rolled ferrous metals by 2.6 times during the Patriotic War. Since then, the development of the military industry has continued continuously.
Secondly, the mobilization of the material resources of agriculture and the labor of the collective farm peasantry to meet the needs of the Soviet Army and cities that supply the front with military equipment. In the pre-war period, state farms developed into large mechanized and highly organized agricultural enterprises, steadily increasing production capacity, and played a huge role in the delivery of grain, livestock products and other agricultural products to the state, as can be seen from the following data (thousand tons).
Table 1
Type of agricultural products 1934 1940 Cotton 45 131 Milk 7331 013 Grain 2 4243 674 Meat (in terms of livestock weight) 283338 Wool 1422
The evacuation of livestock, agricultural vehicles and tractors from the areas occupied by the Germans and from the front line to the eastern regions was carried out. The sown area of grain, potatoes and vegetables has been increased in the eastern regions, primarily in the Urals, on the Volga and in Western Siberia.
Table 2 - The sown area of all agricultural crops in collective and state farms has reached the following sizes (million hectares)
1928 1940 The whole sown area 113.0150.4 All grain crops of which wheat (winter and spring) 92.2 27.7 110.5 40.3 Industrial crops Including: Cotton plant sugar beet 8.6 0.97 0.77 11.8 2, 07 1.23 Potatoes and vegetables and melons 7.7 10.0 Forage crops 3.9 18.1
As you can see, the growth of acreage both in general and for individual crops was significant. The sown area under industrial crops, especially under cotton and sugar beet, has significantly expanded.
The crops of industrial crops were moved to the eastern regions. The individual gardening of workers and employees has received worldwide development.
Third, mobilization and military restructuring of transport. A transportation schedule has been introduced to ensure the priority and speedy advancement of military routes. Passenger traffic is limited. In the summer and autumn of 1941, two streams of trains moved in opposite directions. Railroad and water transport have been militarized. The length of the railway track in the territory occupied by November 1941 was 41% of the length of all railway tracks in the USSR. A military disciplinary charter has been introduced in transport.
Table 3 - Freight turnover of all types of public transport amounted to (billion tons km)
Mode of transport 1917 1928 1940 Railroad 63,093,4415,0 Sea 2,09,323,8 River 15,015,935,9 All road transport (including non-public road transport and collective farms) 0,10,28,9 Oil pipeline 0,0050,73,8
Fourth, the mobilization of construction personnel and mechanisms for the construction of military factories and enterprises cooperating with them. Capital work was focused on the construction sites of the military industry, ferrous metallurgy, power plants, the fuel industry, railway transport and on the restoration of evacuated enterprises in the rear areas. Reduced the size of construction in progress.
Fifth, the mobilization of labor, the retraining of workers in industry and the training of new personnel to replace those called up to the Soviet Army. The workers of the enterprises of the military and industry cooperated with it were mobilized for the period of the war. Mandatory overtime work has been introduced at enterprises. The non-working population was involved in labor. Mass graduation of students from schools of factory training, trade and railway schools has been carried out. Training of new cadres of workers was organized directly in production. The network of universities and technical schools for the reproduction of technical personnel has been preserved.
Sixth, the mobilization of the country's food reserves for the uninterrupted supply of cities. The state retail trade turnover was restructured. A rationed supply of the population with food and industrial goods (rationing system) has been introduced. Departments for workers' supply in industry and transport have been organized. Stable, relatively low government prices for basic necessities have been maintained. A shock supply of workers and engineering and technical personnel in the leading sectors of the national economy has been ensured.
Seventh, mobilization of funds from the population and resources of the national economy to finance the Patriotic War.
The share of military spending in the state budget has been increased. The emission was used as one of the additional sources of financing for the war economy.
Eighth, the restructuring of the state apparatus to ensure the mobilization of all forces for the needs of the Patriotic War. The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) increased the responsibility of the Central Committees of the Union republics, regional committees, regional and regional party committees in resolving issues of military production. In the interests of the front, the work of public organizations - trade unions, the Komsomol, whose efforts were aimed at developing creative initiative in fulfilling and overfulfilling production plans, training qualified workers - was reorganized. New People's Commissariats for military production have been created, including the People's Commissariat for mortar weapons. The operational control of the State Defense Committee has been organized over the implementation of military orders. The system of planning and supplying the war economy has been rebuilt.
Under the leadership of the party, in the shortest possible time and on an unprecedented scale, more than 1523 industrial enterprises were transformed, including 1360 large, many scientific institutes and laboratories. Hundreds of factories of the defense industry were transformed, including 85% of aviation enterprises, almost ¾ weapons factories, tank factories. By the beginning of 1942, 10 million workers and employees were evacuated to the eastern regions of the country. By June 1942, the relocated factories provided the front with over three-quarters of military equipment, weapons and ammunition. In 1942, the production of combat aircraft was increased to 21.5 thousand against 12 thousand in 1941, the production of tanks increased almost 4 times and by the end of 1942 it was brought to 24.7 thousand, guns and mortars - to 285 , 9 thousand, against 71.1 thousand. By November 1942, the balance of forces in military equipment on the Soviet-German front began to change in favor of our troops.
In 1944, the Red Army received 29 thousand tanks and self-propelled guns, more than 40 thousand aircraft, over 120 thousand guns and outnumbered the Nazi army in artillery - almost 2 times, in tanks and self-propelled guns - 1.5 times , for airplanes - almost 5 times.
This military restructuring of the national economy of the USSR was carried out under the leadership of Stalin during the second half of 1941 and the first half of 1942. The military restructuring of the national economy of the USSR found its expression in military-economic plans. A week after the start of the Patriotic War, the Soviet government adopted the first wartime plan - the "national economic mobilization plan" for the third quarter of 1941. This plan is one of the first attempts to rebuild the national economy of the USSR and transfer the socialist economy to the lines of a war economy. In the mobilization national economic plan for the third quarter of 1941, the program for the production of military equipment was increased by 26% in comparison with the plan adopted before the war. The volume of capital work has been reduced, and the reduction in capital work was primarily due to the redistribution of metal in favor of military production. The list of shock construction projects was approved, which included military enterprises, power plants, enterprises of the metallurgical, chemical industry and construction of railways. The plan provided for the concentration of capital work and material resources on the construction of defense enterprises in the regions of the Volga region, the Urals and Western Siberia. Loading on the railways was retained in the pre-war volume only for coal, oil products, metal and grain, since, due to the growth of military traffic, it was impossible to guarantee the fulfillment of the plan for the rest of the economic cargo. The retail turnover plan was reduced by 12%, which was caused by a decrease in the market stock of goods in favor of the Soviet Army. Of the 22 thousand domestic-made metal-cutting machines provided for production by the quarterly plan, about 14 thousand machines were allocated to the enterprises of the Ministries of Ammunition, Weapons and the Aviation Industry. The mobilization plan for the third quarter of 1941 turned the national economy into the service of the Great Patriotic War. However, experience has shown that this turnaround was insufficient. The war penetrated the economy more and more decisively and everywhere.
Thus, the socialist character of the Soviet economy and the ensuing dominance of the planning principle ensured a rapid military restructuring of the national economy in the USSR. The transfer of productive forces from the front-line and front-line areas to the eastern rear areas of the USSR deprived the German occupiers of production enterprises and ensured, under the leadership of the Lenin-Stalin party, the continuous strengthening and development of the USSR's war economy.
2. Eastern regions of the USSR as the main military-industrial base
In August 1941, the Soviet government adopted the "Military-economic plan" for the IV quarter of 1941 and for 1942 for the regions of the Volga region, the Urals, Western Siberia and Central Asia, developed on the instructions of Comrade Stalin. This plan was designed to move industry to the eastern regions of the USSR and to form in these regions the military production necessary for the needs of the Patriotic War. The military-economic plan for the eastern and rear regions of the USSR provided for the organization and increase in the production of small arms and artillery, including anti-aircraft guns, anti-tank guns, regimental, divisional and tank guns, mortars, heavy artillery, rifles, automatic submachine guns, machine guns tank and infantry, aircraft machine guns and cannons. The plan provided for a program for the location of production and release in the eastern regions of the USSR of cartridges, thresholds and all types of ammunition. The organization in the east of new bases and the development of existing enterprises for the production of aircraft engines and aircraft, including attack aircraft, fighters, bombers, were envisaged. It is planned to create new bases for the production of tank armor and the production of heavy and medium tanks, as well as artillery tractors. It is envisaged to organize in the rear areas the production of small warships - submarine hunters, armored boats and torpedo boats. The military-economic plan provided for a program for the eastern regions to increase the production of coal, oil, aviation gasoline, gasoline, cast iron, steel, rolled products, copper, aluminum, oleum, ammonium nitrate, strong nitric acid and toluene. In order to quickly deploy and provide material support for military production in the Volga region, the Urals, Western Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia, the military-economic plan provided for the transfer to the eastern regions of hundreds of industrial engineering enterprises for the production of ammunition, weapons, tanks, aircraft, with the transfer of construction projects and enterprises to them. other branches of the national economy. For the IV quarter of 1941 and for 1942, a plan was approved for putting into operation in the eastern regions of the USSR, electrical capacities in the amount of 1,386 thousand kW. and a plan for the evacuation of boilers and turbines to these areas; for the eastern regions, a plan was approved for the commissioning of 5 new blast furnaces, 27 open-hearth furnaces, blooming, 5 coke oven batteries and 59 coal mines, as well as a list of shock construction projects of military importance with the volume of capital work for 1942 and 16 billion rubles.
To increase the throughput of railways and ensure cargo turnover in the regions of the Volga region, the Urals, Western Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia, the military-economic plan provided for the reconstruction and expansion of the main railway junctions, stations and tracks. Taking into account the movement of productive forces, the military-economic plan set before transport the task of rapidly developing the carrying capacity of railways in the east.
The military-economic plan was of great organizing importance in the transfer of productive forces to the east, in the restoration and development of production, especially military equipment in the eastern rear areas of the USSR. The evacuated enterprises were sent in an organized manner to construction sites and operating enterprises, which accelerated their restoration in new areas. As a result, the plan for the development and production of military equipment in 1942 in the eastern regions of the USSR was not only fulfilled, but in some cases even exceeded. The first half of the year (second half of 1941) of the Patriotic War is characterized by the great movement of the productive forces of the USSR to the east, which was led by the Stalinist State Defense Committee. Millions of people moved, hundreds of factories moved, tens of thousands of machine tools, rolling mills, presses, hammers, turbines and motors.
Coal production only in the eastern regions of the USSR in 1940 exceeded the production of coal in all of pre-revolutionary Russia in 1913 by 1.7 times. Steel production in 1940 in the eastern regions of the USSR exceeded steel production in all of Russia in 1913 by 1.4 times. In terms of the production of the metalworking and chemical industries, the eastern regions of the USSR exceeded the production of all pre-revolutionary Russia dozens of times.
The high level of industrial development of the eastern regions of the USSR, achieved by the beginning of the Patriotic War, served as a solid foundation on which industry developed rapidly during the war. Along with the restoration of evacuated enterprises in the eastern regions of the USSR, new construction was launched on a wide front, especially metallurgy plants, power plants, coal mines and military industry plants. On the restoration of evacuated enterprises and new construction in the eastern regions of the USSR - in the Urals, on the Volga, in Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia - only 36.6 billion rubles were invested in centralized capital expenditures for four years of the war economy. (in estimated prices), or on average per year 23% more than what was invested in the national economy of these regions in the pre-war years.
In the eastern regions of the USSR, during the four years of the Patriotic War, new coal mines with a capacity of 29,800 thousand tons of coal, turbines with a capacity of 1,860 thousand kW, blast furnaces with a capacity of 2,405 thousand tons of cast iron, open-hearth furnaces with a capacity of 2,474 were put into operation. thousand tons of steel, rolling mills with a capacity) 1 226 thousand g of rolled products. With the growth of industry in the eastern regions of the USSR, the size of the working class and the urban population increased. The urban population at the beginning of 1943 in the eastern regions of the USSR amounted to 20.3 million people against 15.6 million people at the beginning of 1939.
The Patriotic War brought about changes in the distribution of the productive forces of the USSR. The eastern economic regions of the country became the main supply base for the front and the military economy. In 1943, the production of all industrial products in the regions of the Volga region, the Urals, Western Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia increased 2.1 times compared to 1940, and their share in the entire industrial production of the USSR more than tripled.
During the war, high-quality metallurgy was created in the Urals and Siberia, which met the needs of the military industry. The production of pig iron in the Urals and Siberia in 1943 compared to 1940 increased in terms of pig iron by 35%, production of steel in terms of ordinary steel increased by 37%, and production of rolled products in terms of ordinary grade increased by 36 %. During any three months of 1941, more than 1,360 large ones were evacuated to the eastern regions of the USSR. The amount of losses incurred by the USSR by the end of 1941 in the production of military products can be seen at least from the fact that during the period from August to November 1941, as a result of the occupation, as well as the evacuation of industry from the front-line regions, 303 enterprises manufacturing ammunition were out of order. The monthly output of these enterprises was 8.4 million shells of shells, 2.7 million of mine bodies, 2 million of aerial bomb bodies, 7.9 million fuses, 5.4 million of means of ignition, 5.1 million of shell casings, 2.5 million hand grenades, 7,800 tons of gunpowder, 3,000 tons of TNT and 16,100 tons of ammonium nitrate.
As a result of military losses, as well as the evacuation of hundreds of enterprises, the gross industrial output of the USSR from June to November 1941 decreased by 2.1 times. In November and December 1941, the national economy of the USSR did not receive a single ton of coal from the Donetsk and Moscow regions.
Let us consider the results of expanded socialist reproduction during the period of the war economy in individual economic regions of the USSR.
VOLGA REGION. In 1942, in the regions of the Volga region, the volume of industrial production amounted to 12 billion rubles. and in 1943 - 13.5 billion rubles. against 3.9 billion rubles. in 1940. The share of the Volga region in the industry of the USSR has grown 4 times during this time.
In the second half of 1941 and at the beginning of 1942, about 200 industrial enterprises were evacuated to the Volga region, of which 60 were restored in 1941 and 123 enterprises in 1942. Over the four years of the Patriotic War, the volume of capital investments in the national economy of the Volga region amounted to 6.0 billion rubles, not counting the costs of defense construction and the cost of evacuated equipment.
During the war years, the industrial structure of the Volga region changed radically. The growth of the metalworking industry was especially significant. In 1942, the gross output of the metalworking industry in the Volga region amounted to 8.9 billion rubles. and in 1943 - 10.5 billion rubles. against 1.2 billion rubles. in 1940. The share of the metalworking industry in the entire industry of the Volga region in 1942 was 74% against 31% in 1940. During the war, new industries emerged in the Volga region: the production of aircraft engines, airplanes, ball bearings, the automobile and cable industry, the production of locomotives, the gas industry was re-created, capable of radically solving the fuel problem of the Volga region. In the regions of the Volga region, the production of military products increased nine times in 1942 in comparison with 1940.
URAL. During the war, the Urals turned into the main most powerful industrial region of the country. The gross industrial output in the Urals in 1942 rose to 26 billion rubles. and in 1943 - up to 31 billion rubles. against 9.2 billion rubles. in 1940, which means an increase in industrial production more than threefold. The share of the Urals in the industrial production of the USSR in 1943 in comparison with 1940 increased 3.8 times. In 1942, compared with 1940, the production of military products increased more than five times.
455 enterprises were evacuated to the Urals, of which more than 400 had been restored by the end of 1942. During the four years of the Patriotic War, the volume of capital investments in the national economy of the Urals amounted to 16.3 billion rubles, or 55 more on average per year. what was invested in the national economy of the Urals in the pre-war years.
If in 1940 the volume of production of the machine-building and metal-working industry in the Urals amounted to 3.8 billion rubles, then in 1942 in the Urals the output of the machine-building and metal-working industries amounted to 17.4 billion rubles, or 4.5 times more. than in 1940. The share of mechanical engineering in the Ural industry was 66% in 1942, compared to 42% in 1940.
The main and most important branches of engineering in the Urals during the Patriotic War were the branches of military engineering. During the period of the war economy, the Urals gave up to 40% of the total output of the war industry. During the war, new branches of mechanical engineering arose in the Urals: tank building, automotive, motorcycle, ball bearings, electrical engineering, pumps, compressors and machine tools.
During the war years, the Urals, along with Kuzbass, turned into the main base of metal production in the country. During the Patriotic War, the Ural metallurgy became the main base of high-quality and high-quality steels for all branches of mechanical engineering.
The Ural metallurgy provided the tank industry with armor. Pipe production was widely developed in the Urals, which ensured the release of the famous rockets.
The importance of the Urals as a base for the country's non-ferrous metallurgy has grown. In 1943, more aluminum and magnesium were produced in the Urals and Western Siberia than throughout the USSR in 1940. An industry for the processing and rolling of non-ferrous metals and for the production of hard alloys has been re-created in the Urals. The production of non-ferrous rolled products in the Urals during the Patriotic War exceeded the pre-war level of production throughout the USSR.
During the war years, the fuel industry in the Urals has grown significantly. If in 1940 the production of coal in all the deposits of the Urals was 12 million tons, then in 1942 16.4 million tons were produced here, and in 1943 - 21.3 million tons.
The energy base of the Urals industry has been significantly strengthened during the war years. By the beginning of 1941, the power of power plants exceeded the power of power plants throughout pre-revolutionary Russia by the beginning of the 1914 war. Electricity generation in 1942 amounted to 9 billion kWh. and in 1943 - 10.5 billion kWh. against 6.2 billion kWh. in 1940. The construction of small and medium-sized hydroelectric power plants was launched, capable of reducing the deficit of power-generating coal in the Urals.
WESTERN SIBERIA. During the war, the role of the regions of Western Siberia in the national economy of the USSR increased significantly. The volume of industrial production in 1942 amounted to 8.7 billion rubles. and in 1943 - 11 billion rubles. against 3.7 billion rubles. in 1940, that is, increased by 3 times. The share of Western Siberia in the production of all industrial products of the USSR increased in 1943 in comparison with 1940 by 3.4 times.
About 210 enterprises were evacuated to Western Siberia. Over the four years of the Patriotic War, the volume of capital investments in the national economy of Western Siberia amounted to 5.9 billion rubles, which exceeds the level of capital investments in the pre-war years by 74%.
The machine-building and metal-working industry of Western Siberia in 1942 increased industrial output in comparison with 1940 by 7.9 times and in 1943 - 11 times. During the war, a number of new branches of mechanical engineering were reorganized in Western Siberia: the production of aircraft, tanks, machine tools, tractors, motorcycles, ball bearings, tools, and electrical engineering.
In Western Siberia, during the Patriotic War, the production of high-quality metal and ferroalloys was organized. Non-ferrous metallurgy has grown significantly. Zinc production capacities were increased, and the production of aluminum and tin was reorganized.
THE ORDER. Expanded reproduction during the period of the war economy took place not only in the eastern regions of the USSR. This process also took place in the union republics of Transcaucasia: Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia. This is evidenced by the growth in the production of mechanical engineering and metalworking in Georgia from 181 million rubles. in 1940 up to 477 million rubles. in 1943 and in Azerbaijan from 428 million rubles. in 1940 up to 555 million rubles. in 1943.
This is also evidenced by the investments in the national economy of Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia, which amounted to 2.7 billion rubles over the four years of the Patriotic War, as a result of which new machine-building enterprises were built in the Union republics of Transcaucasia, large enterprises of ferrous metallurgy are being built, investments in oil industry. Soviet Baku continuously supplied the front and the national economy of the USSR with oil products and set in motion hundreds of thousands of motors in the air and on the ground.
Thus, the period of the war economy of the USSR is characterized by the rapid pace of expanded socialist reproduction in the eastern regions of the USSR. Expanded socialist reproduction found its expression in the growth of the working class, an increase in industrial production, and new investments that ensure the development of the productive forces of the USSR.
Soviet people military rear
3. Activities of Belarusian institutions and parties
July 1941, the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) adopted a Resolution On the organization of the struggle in the rear of the German troops ... Hundreds of thousands of Soviet people rose to fight the invaders. In 1941, 800 underground city committees, district party committees and regional Komsomol committees were created on the territory of Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, and the Western regions of the RSFSR. At the end of 1941, more than 2,000 partisan detachments fought behind enemy lines. The coordination of the actions of numerous partisan detachments was carried out by the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement. The headquarters of the partisan movement were in the Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, the Baltic states. The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) demands from the Central Committee of the national communist parties, regional and district committees in the occupied and threatened regions and regions of the enemy to take the following measures:
For the organization of underground communist cells and the leadership of the partisan movement and sabotage struggle, the most persistent leading party, Soviet and Komsomol workers, as well as non-party comrades loyal to the Soviet power, who are familiar with the conditions of the area to which they are sent, should be sent to the areas captured by the enemy. The dispatch of workers to these areas should be carefully prepared and well-conspired, for which each group (2-3-5 people) should be connected with only one person, without connecting the sent groups with each other.
In areas under the threat of capture by the enemy, the leaders of party organizations must immediately organize underground cells, already transferring some of the Communists and Komsomol members to an illegal position.
To ensure the broad development of the partisan movement behind enemy lines, party organizations must immediately organize combat squads and sabotage groups from among the participants in the civil war and from those comrades who have already shown themselves in fighter battalions, in detachments of the people's militia, as well as from employees of the NKVD, NKGB and others. Communists and Komsomol members who are not used to work in underground cells should be poured into these groups.
Partisan detachments and underground groups must be provided with weapons, ammunition, money and valuables, for which the necessary supplies must be buried and hidden in advance in safe places.
It is also necessary to take care in advance of organizing the connection of underground cells and partisan detachments with the Soviet regions, for which they should be equipped with radio devices, use walkers, secret writing, etc., as well as ensure that leaflets, slogans, and newspapers are sent and printed on the spot.
Party organizations, under the personal leadership of their first secretaries, should allocate experienced combatants who are fully loyal to our party, personally known to the leaders of Party organizations and proven comrades, to form and lead the partisan movement.
The Central Committee of the Communist Parties of the Union republics, regional committees, regional committees must inform the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks at a special address of the names of the comrades assigned to lead the partisan detachments.
The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) demands that the leaders of the party organizations personally lead this entire struggle behind German troops, that they inspire people loyal to Soviet power with their personal example, courage and dedication to this struggle, so that this whole struggle gains an immediate broad and heroic support of the Red Army fighting at the front against German fascism.
As a result of the great organizational work carried out by the party, a network of underground organs grew. If in the summer of 1942, - says the History of the CPSU, - 13 regional committees and more than 250 district committees, city committees, district committees and other party bodies operated behind enemy lines, then in the fall of 1943 there were 24 regional committees, over 370 district committees, city committees, district committees and other underground party organs.
The Komsomol underground acted selflessly. There were 12 regional, 2 district, 14 inter-district, 19 district, 249 district underground committees of the Komsomol. They had 900 leading Komsomol workers.
Under difficult conditions of police surveillance and frequent round-ups, searches and arrests, the underground fighters carried out sabotage at enterprises, damage to equipment and manufactured products, etc. The actions of the patriots in railway transport were especially effective.
From November 1942 to April 1943, partisans and underground fighters derailed about 1,500 enemy trains.
During 1943, Soviet partisans blew up about 2 thousand enemy trains, disabled and damaged 6 thousand steam locomotives, destroyed 22 thousand cars, about 5.5 thousand bridges.
The "rail war" took on a large scale. During the preparation and conduct of the Belarusian operation, for example, the partisans of Belarus, having blown up 40 thousand rails and derailed 147 fascist echelons, literally paralyzed enemy communications in the main directions.
In the operation "rail war", organized by the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement, in August 1943 alone, over 170 thousand rails were blown up.
In a conversation with Hitler on July 26, 1943, Field Marshal von Kluge, who commanded Army Group Center, complained: "... In my rear I have partisans everywhere, who are still not only not defeated, but are getting stronger and stronger."
Moldovan partisan formations under the leadership of I.I. Aleshin, G.Ya. Rudya, V.A. Andreeva, Ya.P. Shkryabach, M.A. Kozhukhar, V.G. Drozdov.
The underground workers of Chisinau, Tiraspol, Bendery, Cahul, Kamenka, Forty other cities and sowing republics actively fought against the Nazi invaders.
The homeland appreciated its brave sons. Partisans and underground fighters were awarded over 184 thousand military orders and medals, and 190 of them were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. More than 127 thousand people were awarded the medal "Partisan of the Patriotic War".
4. Labor feat of the Soviet people. Home front heroes
The achievements of the Soviet economy during the Great Patriotic War would have been impossible without the labor heroism of the Soviet people. Working in difficult conditions, sparing no effort, health and time, they showed steadfastness and perseverance in completing tasks.
Designer A.S. Yakovlev recalled the construction of an aircraft plant: "" The work in the open air went on at several levels. Below, machines were placed and cables were laid, reinforcement was reinforced on the walls. They built a roof. New large buildings, the construction of which was carried out in 30-40-degree frosts, were mastered in parts ... They are starting to produce airplanes, there are still no windows and a roof. Snow covers the person, the machine, but the work continues. They don't leave the workshops anywhere. They also live here. There are no canteens yet. Somewhere there is a dispenser where they give out something that looks like cereal soup. "
Socialist competition for the production of products above the plan has acquired unprecedented proportions. A heroic deed can be called the heroic labor of youth and women who did everything necessary to defeat the enemy. In 1943, a movement of youth brigades began to improve production, fulfill and overfulfil the plan, and achieve high results with fewer workers. Thanks to this, the production of military equipment, weapons and ammunition has significantly increased. There was a continuous improvement of tanks, guns, aircraft.
During the war, aircraft designers A.S. Yakovlev, S.A. Lavochkin, A.I. Mikoyan, M.I. Gurevich, S.V. Ilyushin, V.M. Petlyakov, A.N. Tupolev [See Appendix 1] created new types of aircraft, superior to the German ones. New types of tanks were being developed. The best tank of the Second World War, the T-34, was designed by M.I. Koshkin.
For the majority of workers and employees, appeals have become the law of life: "Everything for the front, everything for victory over the enemy!", "Work not only for yourself, but also for a comrade who went to the front!" ... Thanks to the dedication of the workers of the Soviet home front, in a short time, the country's economy was transferred to martial law in order to provide the Red Army with everything necessary to achieve victory.
Home front heroes are natives of Belarus. Workers and engineering and technical workers of a number of evacuated Belarusian enterprises are fulfilling production tasks with great labor enthusiasm. Among them, a special place was occupied by the Gomel Machine-Tool Plant named after S.M. Kirov, located in Sverdlovsk. The experience and qualifications of Gomel residents I. Diven, A. Zharovnya, L. Loritsa, M. Kosovoy, M. Shentarovich and others were highly appreciated. During the war, the plant's staff three times won the first and six times the second place in the All-Union socialist competition among plants People's Commissariat.
The first Komsomol youth brigade at the Gomselmash plant was F. Melnikov's brigade. It consisted mainly of Gomel residents. Each of them systematically exceeded production targets. The brigade fulfilled the plan of 1943 by 224%. For excellent production performance in October 1943, the brigade was awarded the challenge Red Banner of the Regional Komsomol Committee and was awarded the title of the best front-line Komsomol youth brigade of the Kurgan region.
5. Cultural and spiritual life in the Soviet rear
Soviet culture made an important contribution to the victory. A good song, a well-aimed proverb, a saying, poems lifted the spirits of the soldiers, “cured” the sick no worse than drugs. Therefore, with such impatience they waited for the brigade of the Leningrad stage, which had already left for the front on July 4, 1941. During the war, 3800 front-line concert brigades with 40 thousand participants performed in front-line military units, hospitals, and villages. The funds from these performances went to the defense fund.
In 1942-1945. the theme of the courage of patriotism, the struggle for the freedom of the Motherland occupied a central place in Soviet literature, music, theater, cinema, and the visual arts. Works by V.S. Grossman "The people are immortal", K.M. Simonov "Days and Nights", M.A. Sholokhov "They fought for the Motherland." The book by A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Turkin: A book about a fighter." A peculiar anthem of the Great Patriotic War - the alarm song "Holy War" - was created by the composer A.V. Alexandrov and poet V.I. Lebedev-Kmach. In March 1942, a symphony by D.D. Shostakovich, and in August of the same year the premiere of this work took place in besieged Leningrad. One of the brightest graphic works created in 1941 was a poster by the artist I.M. Toidze "The Motherland Calls!" The cartoons and posters of the Kukryniksy group of artists were very popular.
A prominent place in the spiritual culture of wartime was occupied by the church, which brought up patriotism in people, high spiritual, moral and universal qualities.
During the war years, many Belarusian scientists and cultural figures continued to work in the Soviet rear: academicians, corresponding members of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR, doctors and candidates of sciences, artists, artists and composers.
The theaters of Belarus have expanded their work: in the cities of the RSFSR - the Belarusian Drama Theater named after Yanka Kupala, the Belarusian Opera and Ballet Theater, the Russian Theater of the BSSR, the Jewish Drama Theater of the BSSR; in Kazakhstan - the Yakub Kolas Belarusian Drama Theater. Next to the works of wartime A.K. Tolstoy, M.A. Sholokhova, I.G. Ehrenburg, N.S. Tikhonov and other Soviet masters of the pen were the works of Y. Kupala and Y. Kolas, K. Krapiva and A. Kuleshov, M. Lynkov and K. Chorny, I. Gursky and M. Tank, P. Panchenko and others.
From the first days of the Great Patriotic War, the country's leadership focused on the tasks of ideological education of the population. Party organs associated the solution of these problems with the effort of lecture propaganda, the publication of mass propaganda and propaganda literature. Later, the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) adopted a number of important decisions to improve ideological work. They proposed to eliminate the shortcomings in theoretical research related to the tasks of the country's defense and the patriotic education of the younger generation.
Special attention was paid to mass political and ideological work among the population of the regions liberated from the German fascist invaders. The party leadership of the country proceeded from the fact that in order to successfully mobilize workers for the restoration of the economy and urgent elimination of the consequences of the occupation, it is necessary to truthfully and timely inform the population. In August 1944, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) adopted a Resolution “On the Immediate Tasks of the Party Organizations of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Belarus in the Field of Mass-Political and Cultural-Educational Work among the Population”. According to the decree, the party organizations of Belarus were obliged to inform the population about the victories of the Red Army, to educate people with a socialist attitude towards labor and public property.
Conclusion
The victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War was of world-historical significance. The socialist gains were defended. The Soviet people made a decisive contribution to the defeat of Hitlerite Germany. The whole country fought - the front fought, the rear fought, which fully fulfilled their task. The victory of the USSR in the war against fascism was a convincing demonstration of the possibilities of a planned socialist national economy. Its regulation ensured the maximum mobilization and the most rational use of all types of resources in the interests of the front. These advantages were multiplied by the common political and economic interests that existed in society, the high consciousness and patriotism of the working class, collective farm peasantry and working intelligentsia, all nations and nationalities rallied around the Communist Party.
The transfer of the national economy to the rails of the war economy radically changed the habitual way of life of the population in the rear. Instead of growing prosperity, constant war companions came to Soviet soil - material deprivation, everyday hardships.
A break in the minds of people was marked. The news of the beginning of the offensive at Stalingrad was greeted with tremendous jubilation throughout the country. The former feelings of anxiety and uneasiness were replaced by confidence in the ultimate victory, although the enemy was still deep within the USSR and the path to it seemed not close. The general attitude to victory has become an important psychological factor in the life of the front and rear.
Providing the troops with food, feeding the population in the rear, providing industry with raw materials and helping the state create stable reserves of grain and food in the country - these were the demands made by the war on agriculture.
The Soviet countryside had to solve such complex economic problems in extremely difficult and unfavorable conditions. The war tore the most able-bodied and qualified part of the rural workers away from peaceful labor. For the needs of the front, a large number of tractors, cars, horses were needed, which significantly weakened the material and technical base of agriculture. In the name of victory over German fascism, the working class, through its selfless labor, provided the active army with everything necessary and in sufficient quantity.
The events of the Great Patriotic War left such a mark on the souls of our people, which has not been erased for many years. And the further the war years go into history, the more vividly we see the great feat of the Soviet people, who defended the honor, freedom and independence of their Motherland, who delivered mankind from fascist slavery.
The Great Patriotic War showed the essence of the soul of the Russian person, a deep sense of patriotism, a colossal deliberate sacrifice. It was the Russian people who won the Second World War. We, contemporaries, must remember the lessons of the past and the feat of the home front, about the price at which our happiness and freedom were won.
List of sources used
1.Great Patriotic War: (Figures and facts) / about Knowledge MSSR. Chisinau, 1975
2.The military economy of the USSR during the Patriotic War. / OGIZ. State publishing house of political literature. N. Voznesensky. 1947 - 33 p.
.The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet people (In the context of World War II). / Study guide for the 11th grade. institutions providing the receipt of general sr. education. Ed. A.A. Kovaleni, N. S. Stashkevich. - Minsk. BSU Publishing Center, 2004 - 168 p.
.Achievements of Soviet power over 40 years in numbers. Art. Sat. M., 1957
.The Great Patriotic War 1941-1945: Encyclopedia / [Scientific and Editorial Council of the Publishing House Soviet encyclopedia . Institute of Military History of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR] .- Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1985.
.The Great Patriotic War, 1941-1945: Events. People. Documents: Krat. ist. ref. - M .: Politizdat, 1990.
Annex 1
Appendix 2
Photo 2 - Perm production association “Motor-building plant named after Ya.M. Sverdlov ". In the photo: another aircraft engine for combat aircraft is being assembled.
Appendix 3
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Mobilization of efforts to ensure victory in the Great Patriotic War was carried out not only at the front, but also in the economy, social policy, and ideology. The main political slogan of the party is "Everything for the front, everything for victory!" was of great practical importance and coincided with the general moral attitude of the Soviet people.
The attack of Nazi Germany on the Soviet Union caused a powerful patriotic upsurge in the entire population of the country. Many Soviet people enrolled in the people's militia, donated their blood, participated in air defense, donated money and jewelry for the defense fund. The Red Army was greatly assisted by millions of women who were sent to dig trenches, build anti-tank ditches and other defensive structures. With the onset of cold weather in the winter of 1941/42, an extensive campaign was launched to collect warm clothes for the army: short fur coats, felt boots, mittens, etc.
1. Economy. From the first days of the war, emergency measures were taken to put the economy on a war footing; a military-economic plan for the production of all types of weapons and ammunition was developed (in contrast to previous years - monthly and quarterly); the rigid system of centralized management of industry, transport and agriculture has been strengthened; special people's commissariats for the production of certain types of weapons, the Committee for food and clothing supply of the Red Army were created. Evacuation Board.
An extensive work was launched to evacuate industrial enterprises and human resources to the eastern regions of the country. In 1941-1942. about 2000 enterprises and 11 million people were moved to the Urals, Siberia, Central Asia. This process took place especially intensively in the summer and autumn of 1941 and in the summer and autumn of 1942, that is, in the most difficult moments of the struggle on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War. At the same time, work on the earliest possible start-up of the evacuated factories was organized on the ground. The mass production of modern types of weapons (aircraft, tanks, artillery, automatic rifle) began, the designs of which were developed in the pre-war years. In 1942, the volume of gross industrial output exceeded the level of 1941 by 1.5 times.
Agriculture suffered huge losses in the initial period of the war. The main grain areas were occupied by the enemy. The sown area and the number of cattle decreased by 2 times. Gross agricultural production was 37% of the pre-war level. Therefore, the work, begun even before the war, accelerated, to expand the cultivated areas in Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia.
By the end of 1942, the restructuring of the economy to serve the needs of the war was completed.
In 1941-1942. an important role was played by the military-economic assistance of the United States, an ally of the USSR in the anti-Hitler coalition. The so-called Lend-Lease [i] deliveries of military equipment, medicines and food were not decisive (according to various sources, from 4 to 10% of industrial products produced in our country), but provided some assistance to the Soviet people in the most difficult period of the war. Due to the underdevelopment of the domestic automotive industry, transport supplies (trucks and cars of American production) were especially valuable.
At the second stage (1943-1945), the USSR achieved a decisive superiority over Germany in economic development, especially in the production of military products. 7,500 large enterprises were put into operation, which ensured a steady growth in industrial production. In comparison with the previous period, the volume of industrial production increased by 38%. In 1943, 30 thousand aircraft, 24 thousand tanks, 130 thousand artillery pieces of all types were produced. The improvement of military equipment continued - small arms (submachine gun), new fighters (La-5, Yak-9), heavy bombers (ANT-42, which received the front-line name TB-7). These strategic bombers were able to bomb Berlin and return to their bases without stopovers for refueling. In contrast to the pre-war and early war years, new models of military equipment immediately went into mass production.
In August 1943, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (Bolsheviks) adopted a resolution "On urgent measures to restore the economy in areas liberated from German occupation." On its basis, the restoration of the destroyed industry and agriculture began in them already during the war years. At the same time, special attention was paid to the mining, metallurgical and energy industries in the Donbass and Dnieper regions.
In 1944 - early 1945, the highest rise in military production and complete superiority over Germany, whose economic situation deteriorated sharply, was achieved. The gross volume of production exceeded the pre-war level, and the military output increased threefold. The increase in agricultural production was of particular importance. A.F. Kiseleva. Russia and the world., M .: "Vlados", 1994, Vol.2
2. Social policy. It was also aimed at securing victory. Emergency measures were taken in this area, generally justified by the war situation. Many millions of Soviet people were mobilized to the front. Compulsory general military training covered 10 million people in the rear. In 1942, labor mobilization of the entire urban and rural population was introduced, measures to strengthen labor discipline were tightened. The network of factory schools (FZU) was expanded, through which about 2 million people passed. The use of female and adolescent labor in production has increased significantly. From the autumn of 1941, a centralized distribution of food products (rationing system) was introduced, which made it possible to avoid mass starvation. Since 1942, workers and employees on the outskirts of the city began to allocate land for collective gardens. Part of the agricultural products the townspeople received in the form of payment in kind for labor (on weekends) in suburban collective farms. For the peasants, the possibilities of selling the products of their household plots on the collective farm markets were expanded. KA Ermak “Results of the Second World War. Conclusions of the vanquished. " Ed. "Polygon-AST" series "Military-Historical Library" 1992
3. Ideology. In the ideological field, the line continued to strengthen patriotism and interethnic unity of the peoples of the USSR. The glorification of the heroic past of the Russian and other peoples, begun in the pre-war period, has significantly increased.
New elements were introduced into the methods of propaganda. Class, socialist values were replaced by the generalizing concepts of "Motherland" and "Fatherland". The propaganda ceased to place special emphasis on the principle of proletarian internationalism (in May 1943, the Comintern was disbanded). It was now based on the call for the unity of all countries in a common struggle against fascism, regardless of the nature of their socio-political systems.
During the war years, the reconciliation and rapprochement of the Soviet government with the Russian Orthodox Church took place, which on June 22, 1941 blessed the people "to defend the sacred borders of the Motherland." In 1942, the largest hierarchs were involved in the work of the Commission for the Investigation of Fascist Crimes. In 1943, with the permission of JV Stalin, the Local Council elected Metropolitan Sergius the Patriarch of All Russia. O.A. Rzheshevsky; E.K. Zhigunov. The Great Patriotic War. Developments. People. The documents. Brief historical reference. Polizdat. Moscow: 1990
4. Literature and art. The administrative and ideological control in the field of literature and art was relaxed. During the war, many writers went to the front, becoming war correspondents. Outstanding anti-fascist works: poems by A.T. Tvardovsky, O. F. Berggolts and K. M. Simonov, publicistic essays and articles by I. G. Ehrenburg, A. N. Tolstoy and M. A. Sholokhov, symphonies by D. D. Shostakovich and S. S. Prokofiev, songs by A. V. Aleksandrov, B. A. Mokrousov, V. P. Soloviev-Sedoy, M. I. Blanter, I. O. Dunaevsky and others - raised the morale of Soviet citizens , strengthened their confidence in victory, developed feelings of national pride and patriotism.
Cinematography gained particular popularity during the war years. Domestic cameramen and directors recorded the most important events at the front, filmed documentaries ("The defeat of the German troops near Moscow", "Leningrad in the struggle", "Battle for Sevastopol", "Berlin") and feature films ("Zoya", "The guy from our city "," Invasion "," She protects the Motherland "," Two fighters ", etc.).
Famous theater, film and pop artists created creative teams that went to the front, to hospitals, factory workshops and collective farms. At the front, 440 thousand performances and concerts were given by 42 thousand creative workers.
An important role in the development of mass propaganda work was played by the artists who designed the TASS Windows, created posters and cartoons known throughout the country.
The main themes of all works of art (literature, music, cinema, etc.) were stories from the heroic past of Russia, as well as facts testifying to the courage, loyalty and devotion to the Motherland of Soviet people who fought the enemy at the front and in the occupied territories. O.A. Rzheshevsky; E.K. Zhigunov. The Great Patriotic War. Developments. People. The documents. Brief historical reference. Polizdat. Moscow: 1990
5. Science. Scientists made a great contribution to ensuring victory over the enemy, despite the difficulties of wartime and the evacuation of many scientific, cultural and educational institutions deep into the country. Basically, they concentrated their work in the applied branches of science, but they did not leave out of sight research of a fundamental, theoretical nature. They developed a technology for the manufacture of new hard alloys and steels needed by the tank industry; conducted research in the field of radio waves, contributing to the creation of domestic radars. LD Landau developed the theory of the motion of a quantum fluid, for which he later received the Nobel Prize.
Scientists and engineers paid much attention to the improvement of machine tools and mechanisms, the introduction of technological methods that allow increasing labor productivity and reducing rejects.
Aerodynamic work has helped to significantly increase the speed of aircraft and at the same time increase their stability and maneuverability. During the war, new high-speed fighters Yak-3, Yak-9, La-5 and La-7, Il-10 attack aircraft, Tu-2 bomber were created. These aircraft surpassed the German Messerschmitts, Junkers and Heinkels. In 1942, the first Soviet jet aircraft designed by V.F.Bolkhovitinov was tested.
Academician E.O. Paton developed and implemented a new method of welding tank hulls, which made it possible to significantly increase the strength of tanks. The tank builders provided the rearmament of the Red Army with new types of combat vehicles.
In 1943, the troops received a new heavy tank IS, armed with an 85 mm cannon. Later it was replaced by the IS-2 and IS-3, armed with a 122mm cannon and considered the most powerful tanks of the Second World War. The T-34 was replaced in 1944 by the T-34-85, which had enhanced armor protection, on which an 85-mm gun was installed instead of the 76-mm one.
The power of Soviet self-propelled artillery mounts was constantly increasing. If in 1943 their main type was the SU-76 based on the T-70 light tank, then in 1944 the SU-100 appeared based on the T-34, ISU-122 and ISU-152 based on the IS-2 tank. (The numbers in the name of the ACS indicate the caliber of the gun, for example: ISU-122 - self-propelled fighter unit with a 122 mm cannon.)
The works of physicists A.F. Ioffe, S.I. Vavilov, L.I. Mandelstam and many others provided the creation of new types of radar devices, radio direction finders, magnetic mines, and more effective incendiary mixtures.
The merits of military medicine are enormous. The methods of anesthesia and dressings with ointments developed by A.V. Vishnevsky were widely used in the treatment of wounds and burns. Thanks to new methods of blood transfusion, mortality from blood loss has been significantly reduced. An invaluable role was played by the development of Z.V. Ermolyeva is a penicillin-based drug. According to eyewitnesses, "the magic medicine in front of astonished witnesses canceled the death sentences, returned to life the hopeless wounded and sick." Sviridov M.N. Everything for the front. M .: 1989, T.9
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FSBEI HPE MPGU Moscow State Pedagogical University
Faculty of Physics and Information Technology
Research
On the topic: "Soviet rear during the Great Patriotic War"
Frolova Angelina Sergeevna
Head: Filina Elena Ivanovna
Moscow 2013
Plan
Introduction
1. Translation of the national economy on a war footing
2. An integral part of economic restructuring
3. Living, working and living conditions in the rear
4. Evacuation of the population and enterprises
5. Mobilization of agricultural resources
6. Restructuring the activities of scientific institutions
7. Literature and art
Conclusion
References
Introduction
The Great Patriotic War is one of the heroic pages in the history of our country. This period of time was a test of the vitality, endurance and tolerance of our people, so the interest in this period is not accidental. At the same time, the war was one of the tragic pages in the history of our country: the death of people is an incomparable loss.
The history of modern wars did not know of another example, when one of the belligerent parties, which suffered huge losses, could already during the war years solve the problems of restoring and developing agriculture and industry. The selfless labor of the Soviet people and devotion to the Motherland were demonstrated during these difficult years of the Great Patriotic War.
More than half a century has passed since the momentous event when our country won the Great Victory over fascism. In recent years, we have seen more and more close attention to the study of the contribution of the Soviet rear during the Great Patriotic War. Indeed, not only military units, but also all home front workers took part in the fight against the fascist invaders. On the shoulders of the people in the rear fell the most difficult task of supplying the troops with everything they needed. The army had to be fed, clothed, shod, continuously supplied to the front with weapons, military equipment, ammunition, fuel and much more. All this was created by the home front workers. They worked from dark to dark, enduring daily hardships. Despite the difficulties of wartime, the Soviet rear coped with the tasks assigned to it and ensured the defeat of the enemy.
1. Military conversion of the national economy
Germany's sudden invasion of Soviet territory required swift and precise action from the Soviet government. First of all, it was necessary to ensure the mobilization of forces to repel the enemy.
On the day of the Nazi attack, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR issued a decree on the mobilization of those liable for military service in 1905-1918. birth. In a matter of hours, detachments and subunits were formed.
On June 23, 1941, the Headquarters of the Main Command of the Armed Forces of the USSR was formed for the strategic leadership of military operations. Later, it was renamed into the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command (VGK), headed by the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars I. V. Stalin, who was also appointed People's Commissar of Defense, and then the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the USSR.
The VGK also included: A.I. Antipov, S.M.Budyonny, M.A.Bulganin, A.M. Vasilevsky, K.E. Voroshilov, G.K. Zhukov and others.
Soon, the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a resolution approving a mobilization national economic plan for the fourth quarter of 1941, which provided for an increase in the production of military equipment and the creation of large enterprises of the tank-building industry in the Volga region and the Urals. Circumstances forced the Central Committee of the Communist Party at the beginning of the war to develop a detailed program for restructuring the activities and life of the Soviet country on a military basis, which was set out in the directive of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated June 29, 1941 to the party, Soviet organizations of the front-line regions.
The Soviet government and the Central Committee of the Party called on the people to abandon their moods and personal desires, to switch to a sacred and merciless struggle against the enemy, to fight to the last drop of blood, to rebuild the national economy in a war-like manner, and to increase the output of war products.
“In the areas occupied by the enemy…, it was stated in the directive,… to create partisan detachments and sabotage groups to fight against parts of the enemy army, to incite a partisan war everywhere and everywhere, to blow up road bridges, damage telephone and telegraph communications, set fire to warehouses, etc. ... To create unbearable conditions for the enemy and all his accomplices in the occupied areas, to pursue and destroy them at every step, to disrupt all their activities. "
In addition, interviews were held with the local population. The nature and political goals of the outbreak of the Patriotic War were explained.
The main provision of the directive of June 29 was outlined in a radio speech on July 3, 1941 by J.V. Stalin. Addressing the people, he explained the current situation at the front, expressed his unshakable faith in the victory of the Soviet people against the German invaders.
The concept of "rear" includes the territory of the fighting USSR, except for areas temporarily occupied by the enemy and zones of military operations. With the movement of the front line, the territorial-geographical border of the rear changed. Only the basic understanding of the essence of the rear did not change: the reliability of defense (and the soldiers at the front knew this well!) Directly depends on the strength and reliability of the rear.
The directive of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of June 29, 1941 determined one of the most important tasks of wartime - strengthening the rear and subordinating all its activities to the interests of the front. The appeal - “Everything for the front! Everything for the victory! " - has become defining.
2. An integral part of economic restructuring
By 1941, Germany's industrial base was 1.5 times that of the USSR. After the outbreak of the war, Germany surpassed our country in total production by 3-4 times.
The restructuring of the economy of the USSR followed in a "warlike manner". An integral part of the restructuring of the economy was the following: - the transition of enterprises to the production of military products; - relocation of production forces from the front-line zone to the eastern regions; - attracting millions of people to enterprises and training them in various professions; - research and development of new sources of raw materials; - creation of a system of cooperation of enterprises; - restructuring the work of transport for the needs of the front and rear; - change in the structure of sown areas in agriculture in relation to wartime.
The Evacuation Department under the Evacuation Council was responsible for moving the trains to their destination. The Committee for the unloading of transit and other goods on the railway, created later, controlled the evacuation of enterprises. The deadlines were not always met, because in a number of cases it happened that it was not possible to take out all the equipment or there were cases when one evacuated enterprise was dispersed in several cities. Nevertheless, in most cases, the evacuation of industrial enterprises to areas remote from hostilities was successful.
If we judge the results of all urgent measures in general, then it should be noted that in those critical conditions of 1941-1942. the possibilities of the super-centralized directive economy of the country, multiplied by enormous natural and human resources, the utmost exertion of all the forces of the people and massive labor heroism, had an amazing effect.
3. Living, working and living conditions in the rear
The war has created a mortal threat to our entire people and each person individually. It caused a huge moral and political upsurge, enthusiasm and personal interest of the majority of people in the victory over the enemy and the quickest end of the war. This became the basis of mass heroism at the front and labor deeds in the rear.
The former labor regime has changed in the country. As already noted, from June 26, 1941, mandatory overtime work was introduced for workers and employees, the working day for adults increased to 11 hours with a six-day working week, holidays were canceled. Although these measures made it possible to increase the load of production capacities by about one third without increasing the number of workers and employees, the shortage of labor was still growing. The production involved office workers, housewives, students. The sanctions for violators of labor discipline were tightened. Unauthorized departure from enterprises was punishable by a term of imprisonment from five to eight years.
In the first weeks and months of the war, the economic situation in the country deteriorated sharply. The enemy occupied many of the most important industrial and agricultural areas, inflicting incalculable damage to the national economy.
The most difficult were the last two months of 1941. If in the third quarter of 1941, 6600 aircraft were produced, then in the fourth - only 3177. In November, the volume of industrial production decreased 2.1 times. The supply to the front of certain types of the most necessary military equipment, weapons, and especially ammunition has decreased.
It is difficult to measure the entire magnitude of the feat accomplished by the peasantry during the war years. A significant part of men left the villages for the front (their proportion decreased among the rural population from 21% in 1939 to 8.3% in 1945). Women, adolescents and old people have become the main productive force in the countryside.
Even in the leading grain regions, the volume of work carried out with the help of a live draft in the spring of 1942 amounted to more than 50%. We plowed on cows. The share of manual labor has increased unusually - the sowing was carried out half by hand.
State procurements rose to 44% of the gross harvest for grain, 32% for potatoes. Deductions in favor of the state increased at the expense of consumption funds, which were decreasing from year to year.
During the war, the country's population lent the state over 100 billion rubles and purchased lottery tickets for 13 billion. In addition, 24 billion rubles went to the defense fund. The share of the peasantry was at least 70 billion rubles.
The personal consumption of the peasants fell sharply. In rural areas, food ration cards were not introduced. Bread and other foodstuffs were sold on lists. But this form of distribution was not used everywhere due to the shortage of products.
There was a maximum annual rate of delivery of industrial goods per person: cotton fabrics - 6 m, woolen fabrics - 3 m, shoes - one pair. Since the demand of the population for footwear was not satisfied, since 1943 the production of bast shoes has become widespread. In 1944 alone, 740 million pairs were produced.
In 1941-1945. 70-76% of collective farms gave no more than 1 kg of grain per workday, 40-45% of farms - up to 1 ruble; 3-4% of collective farms did not give grain to peasants at all, 25-31% of farms did not give money.
“The peasant received from collective farm production only 20 g of grain and 100 g of potatoes per day - this is a glass of grain and one potato. It often happened that by May - June there was not even a potato left. Then beet leaves, nettles, quinoa, sorrel were used for food. "
The revitalization of the labor activity of the peasantry was facilitated by the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of April 13, 1942 "On increasing the mandatory minimum of workdays for collective farmers." Each member of the collective farm had to work at least 100-150 workdays. For the first time, a mandatory minimum was introduced for adolescents, who were given work books. Collective farmers who had not worked out the established minimum were considered to have left the collective farm and were deprived of their personal plot. For not working days, able-bodied collective farmers could be brought to trial and punished with corrective labor in the collective farms themselves for up to 6 months.
In 1943, 13% of able-bodied collective farmers did not work out a minimum of workdays, in 1944 - 11%. Excluded from collective farms - 8% and 3%, respectively. evacuation mobilization war home front
In the fall of 1941, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) adopted a resolution on the creation of political departments at the MTS and state farms. Their task was to improve discipline and organization of labor, recruit and train new personnel, ensure the timely implementation of agricultural work plans by collective farms, state farms and MTS.
Despite all the difficulties, agriculture provided the Red Army and the population with food, and industry - with raw materials.
Speaking about labor achievements and the mass heroism shown in the rear, one should not forget that the war undermined the health of millions of people.
In material terms, the people lived in a very difficult way. Poorly organized living conditions, malnutrition, and lack of medical care have become the norm.
A few numbers. The share of the consumption fund in the national income in 1942 was 56%, in 1943 - 49%. State revenues in 1942 - 165 billion rubles, expenditures - 183, including for defense - 108, for the national economy - 32, for social and cultural development - 30 billion rubles.
But maybe it was the market that saved it? With unchanged pre-war wages, market and state prices (rubles per 1 kg) became as follows: flour 80 and 2.4, respectively; beef - 155 and 12; milk - 44 and 2.
Without taking special measures to improve the supply of food to the population, the authorities intensified their punitive policy.
In January 1943, a special GKO directive suggested that even a food parcel, the exchange of clothes for bread, sugar, matches, the purchase of flour, etc., was considered as economic sabotage. Again, as in the late 1920s, the 107th article of the Criminal Code (speculation). The country was swept by a wave of falsified cases, driving additional labor into the camps.
Below are just a few examples out of hundreds of thousands.
In Omsk, the court sentenced MF Rogozhin to five years in the camps "for creating food supplies" in the form of ... a sack of flour, several kilograms of butter and honey (August 1941). In the Chita region, at the market, two women exchanged tobacco for bread. Received five years (1942) In the Poltava region, a widow, a soldier, together with her neighbors, gathered half a bag of frozen beetroots on an abandoned collective farm field. She was "awarded" with two years in prison.
And you don't even go to the market - there is neither the strength nor the time due to the cancellation of vacations, the introduction of mandatory overtime work and the increase in the working day to 12-14 hours.
Despite the fact that since the summer of 1941 the people's commissars received even more rights to use the labor force, more than three-quarters of this "force" consisted of women, adolescents and children. Adult men had a hundred percent or more. And what could a 13-year-old boy "do", under whom they put a box so that he could reach the machine? ..
The supply of the urban population was carried out by cards. They were first introduced in Moscow (July 17, 1941) and the next day in Leningrad.
The rationing then gradually spread to other cities. The average supply rate for workers was 600 g of bread per day, 1800 g of meat, 400 g of fat, 1800 g of cereals and pasta, 600 g of sugar per month (for gross violations of labor discipline, the rate of distribution of bread decreased). The minimum supply rate for dependents was 400, 500, 200, 600 and 400, respectively, but it was not always possible to provide the population with food even according to the established standards.
In a critical environment; as it was in the winter - in the spring of 1942 in Leningrad, the minimum bread supply rate dropped to 125, thousands of people died of hunger.
4. NSvacuuming the population and enterprises
During July - December 1941, 2,593 industrial enterprises were evacuated to the eastern regions, including 1,523 large ones; there were 3,500 built again and started production activities.
500 large enterprises were evacuated from Moscow and Leningrad alone. And since 1942, there have been cases of re-evacuation of several enterprises that resumed the production of cars, aircraft, weapons and military equipment in their former places (Moscow). All in all, more than 7,000 large enterprises were restored in the liberated regions (according to some sources, 7,500).
Some commissariats of key defense industries had to put almost all of their factories on wheels. Thus, the People's Commissariat of the Aviation Industry removed 118 factories, or 85% of its capacity. Nine main tank-building plants in the country were dismantled, 31 out of 32 enterprises were dismantled by the People's Commissariat of Arms, two-thirds of the facilities for the production of gunpowder were evacuated. In a word, as mentioned earlier, it was possible to relocate more than 2.5 thousand industrial enterprises and over 10 million people.
The restructuring of factories and factories of the civilian sector was carried out for the production of military equipment and other defense products. For example, heavy engineering plants, tractor, automobile and shipbuilding plants, including those evacuated, were switched to the manufacture of tanks. With the merger of three enterprises - the base Chelyabinsk tractor, the Leningrad "Kirov" and the Kharkov diesel, a large tank-building plant emerged, which was popularly called "Tankograd".
A group of factories headed by the Stalingrad Tractor Plant formed one of the leading bases for tank building in the Volga region. The same base was formed in the Gorky region, where Krasnoe Sormovo and the automobile plant began to produce T-34 tanks.
The mortar industry was created on the basis of agricultural engineering enterprises. In June 1941, the government decided on the serial production of rocket launchers - "Katyusha". This was done by 19 head plants in cooperation with dozens of enterprises of various departments. Hundreds of factories of 34 people's commissariats were involved in the manufacture of ammunition.
Blast furnaces of the Magnitogorsk Combine, Chusovsky and Chebarkulsky metallurgical plants, Chelyabinsk metallurgical plant, automobile plant in Miass, Bogoslovsky and Novokuznetsk aluminum plants, Altai tractor plant in Rubtsovsk, Sibtyazhmash in Krasnoyarsk, aviation and tank plants, fuel and chemical industries ammunition - everything worked in an enhanced mode.
The eastern regions of the country have become the main producers of all types of weapons. A significant number of enterprises producing civilian products were quickly reoriented to the production of military equipment, ammunition and other military products. At the same time, new defense enterprises were being built.
In 1942 (compared to 1941), the output of military products increased significantly: tanks - by 274%, aircraft - by 62%, guns - by 213%, mortars - by 67%, light and heavy machine guns - by 139% , ammunition by - 60%.
By the end of 1942, a well-coordinated military economy had been created in the country. By November 1942, Germany's superiority in the production of the main types of weapons had been eliminated. At the same time, a systematic transition to the production of new and modernized military equipment, ammunition and other military equipment was carried out. So, in 1942 the aviation industry mastered the production of 14 new types of aircraft and 10 aircraft engines. In total, 21.7 thousand combat aircraft, more than 24 thousand tanks, 127.1 thousand guns of all types and calibers, 230 thousand mortars were produced in 1942. This made it possible to re-equip the Soviet Army with the latest technology and achieve a significant quantitative and qualitative superiority over the enemy in weapons and ammunition.
5. Agricultural resource mobilization
Providing the troops with food, feeding the population in the rear, providing industry with raw materials and helping the state create stable reserves of grain and food in the country - these were the demands made by the war on agriculture. The Soviet countryside had to solve such complex economic problems in extremely difficult and unfavorable conditions. The war tore the most able-bodied and qualified part of the rural workers away from peaceful labor. For the needs of the front, a large number of tractors, cars, horses were needed, which significantly weakened the material and technical base of agriculture.
The first summer of war was especially difficult. It was necessary to bring into action all the reserves of the village in order to harvest the harvest as quickly as possible, to carry out state procurements and purchases of grain. In view of the situation created, local land authorities were asked to use all collective farm horses and oxen in field work in order to ensure full implementation of harvesting, autumn sowing, and raising the plow. In the collective farm plans for harvesting, due to the lack of machines, it was envisaged to use the simplest technical means and manual labor everywhere. Every day of work in the field in the summer and autumn of 1941 was marked by the selfless labor of the village workers. The collective farmers, dropping the customary norms of peacetime, worked from dawn to dawn.
In 1941, during the period of the first war harvest, 67% of the grain crops were harvested by horse-drawn vehicles and by hand on the collective farms in the rear areas, and 13% on the state farms. Due to the lack of equipment, the use of draft animals has increased significantly. Horse-drawn vehicles and implements played an important role in maintaining agricultural production during the war. An increase in the proportion of manual labor and simple machines in field work was combined with the maximum use of the available fleet of tractors and combines.
To increase the pace of harvesting in the front-line areas, emergency measures were taken. The decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of October 2, 1941 determined that the collective and state farms of the front-line should hand over to the state only half of the harvested crop. In this situation, the main burden of solving the food problem fell on the eastern regions. In order to compensate as much as possible the losses of agriculture, the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) on July 20, 1941 approved a plan to increase the winter wedge of grain crops in the regions of the Volga region, Siberia, the Urals and Kazakhstan. It was decided to expand the sowing of grain crops in the areas of cotton growing - in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan.
Large-scale mechanized agriculture needed not only skilled labor, but also skilled organizers of production. In accordance with the instructions of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the chairmen of the collective farms in many cases nominated women from among the collective farm activists, who became the true leaders of the collective farm masses. Thousands of women activists, the best production workers, having headed village councils and artels, successfully coped with the assigned task. Overcoming the enormous difficulties caused by the conditions of the war, the Soviet peasantry selflessly fulfilled their duty to the country.
6. Restructuring the activities of scientific institutions
The Soviet state was able to overcome the enormous economic difficulties that befell it in the first months of the war, and to find the necessary material and labor resources to solve the problems facing the military economy. Soviet scientists also contributed to the struggle to strengthen the country's military-economic might. During the war years of Soviet power, scientific institutions were also created that contributed to the development of the economy and culture of the national republics. Republican academies of sciences were successfully working in Ukraine, Belarus and Georgia.
The outbreak of war did not disorganize the activities of science, but only changed its direction in many respects. The powerful scientific and technical base created during the war years of Soviet power, an extensive network of research institutions, and qualified personnel made it possible to quickly direct the work of Soviet science to meet the needs of the front.
Many scientists went to the front with arms in hand to defend the Motherland. From among the employees of the USSR Academy of Sciences alone, more than two thousand people joined the ranks of the army.
The restructuring of the work of scientific institutions was facilitated by the high level of research and the connection of science with the leading branches of the national economy and the military industry. Even in peacetime, military topics occupied a certain place in the work of research institutions. Hundreds of topics were developed on the instructions of the people's commissariats of defense and the navy. The Academy of Science, for example, conducted research in the field of aviation fuel, radar, and protection of ships from mines.
The further expansion of contacts between science and the military industry was facilitated by the fact that, as a result of the evacuation, research institutions found themselves in the center of the country's economic regions, in which the main production of weapons and ammunition was concentrated.
All topics of scientific work were concentrated mainly in three areas:
Development of military-technical problems;
Scientific assistance to industry in improving and mastering new military production;
Mobilization of the country's raw materials for defense needs, replacement of scarce materials with local raw materials.
By the fall of 1941, the country's largest research centers had prepared their proposals on these issues. In early October, the vice-president of the Academy of Sciences submitted to the governing bodies thematic plans for the work of academic institutions.
Mobilizing forces to solve problems of defense significance, scientific institutions have developed a new organizational form of work - special commissions, each of which coordinated the activities of several large teams of scientists. The commissions helped to quickly resolve many issues of military production and scientific and technical assistance to the front, more closely linked the work of research institutions with the demands of the military economy.
7. Literature and art
During the war, literary and art workers subordinated their work to the interests of defending the Motherland. They helped the party bring to the consciousness of the fighting people the ideas of patriotism and a high moral duty, they called for courage and selfless perseverance.
963 people - more than a third of the composition of the Union of Writers of the USSR - went to the army as war correspondents for central and front-line newspapers, political workers, soldiers and commanders of the Red Army. Among them were writers of different generations and creative biographies: Vs. Vishnevsky, A. Surikov, A. Fadeev, A. Gaidar, P. Pavlenko, N. Tikhonov, A. Tvardovsky, K. Simonov and many others. Many writers have worked in the front and army press. The war raised a whole generation of frontline writers and journalists. This is K. Simonov. B. Polevoy, V. Velichko, Yu Zhukov, E. Krieger and others who proved to be masters of military essay and storytelling. Writers and journalists who were at the front often wrote their articles, essays and stories directly from the front line and at once transmitted what was written to the front-line press or telegraph machines for central newspapers.
A high consciousness of civic duty was shown by the front, central and concert brigades. In July 1941, the first front-line brigade of Moscow artists was formed in the capital. It includes the actors of the Bolshoi Theater, theaters of satire, operetta. On July 28, the brigade left for the western front in the Vyazma region.
A significant page in the history of Soviet art during the war years was written by the Maly Theater. His front-line work began on the first day of the war. It was in the western regions of Ukraine, where the war caught a group of actors from the Maly Theater. At the same time, another group of theater actors, who were in the Donbass, gave concerts in front of those leaving for the front.
In the most difficult time for the Soviet capital, in October - November 1941, posters and TASS Windows became an integral part of Moscow streets. They called: "Arise, Moscow!", "To defend Moscow!", "Throw away the enemy!" And when the fascist troops were defeated on the outskirts of the capital, new posters appeared: "The enemy ran - catch up, finish it off, flooding the enemy with fire."
In the days of the war, its artistic history was also created, valuable for its direct perception of events. Artists with great power and expressiveness created pictures of the people's war, the courage and heroism of the Soviet people who fought for the freedom and independence of the Motherland.
Conclusion
This bloody war lasted 1418 days and nights. The victory of our troops over Nazi Germany was not easy. A huge number of soldiers fell on the battlefields. How many mothers did not wait for their children! How many wives have lost their husbands. How much pain this war has brought to every home. Everyone knows the cost of this War. The home front workers, who were later awarded orders and medals, made an incredible contribution to the defeat of our enemy. Many were awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. While doing this work, I was once again convinced how united the people were, how much courage, patriotism, staunchness, heroism, selflessness were shown not only by our soldiers, but also by the home front workers.
Usedliterature
1. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Institute of History of the USSR. Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War. Publishing house M., "Science", 1978.
2. Isaev IA History of the Fatherland. 2000.
3. Encyclopedia of the history of the Great Patriotic War., 1985.
4. Saratov is a front-line city. Saratov: Priv. book publishing house, 2001.
5. O. Bergolts. I'm talking to you from Leningrad.
6.Aleschenko N.M. In the name of victory. M., "Education", 1985.
7. Danishevsky I.M. War. People. Victory. M., 1976.
8. Dorizo N. Present day and yesterday. M., Military publishing house.
9. Kravchuk M.I., Pogrebinsky M.B.
10. Belyavsky I.P. There was a people's war.
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Mobilization of efforts to ensure victory in the Great Patriotic War was carried out not only at the front, but also in the economy, social policy, and ideology. The main political slogan of the party is "Everything for the front, everything for victory!" was of great practical importance and coincided with the general moral attitude of the Soviet people.
The attack of Nazi Germany on the Soviet Union caused a powerful patriotic upsurge in the entire population of the country. Many Soviet people enrolled in the people's militia, donated their blood, participated in air defense, donated money and jewelry for the defense fund. The Red Army was greatly assisted by millions of women who were sent to dig trenches, build anti-tank ditches and other defensive structures. With the onset of cold weather in the winter of 1941/42, an extensive campaign was launched to collect warm clothes for the army: short fur coats, felt boots, mittens, etc.
There are two periods in the economic policy of the government of the country. First: June 22, 1941 - the end of 1942 - the restructuring of the economy on a war footing in the most difficult conditions of the defeat of the Red Army and the loss of a significant part of the economically developed European part of the territory of the Soviet Union. Second: 1943-1945 - steadily increasing military-industrial production, achieving economic superiority over Germany and its allies, restoring the national economy in the liberated territories.
From the first days of the war, emergency measures were taken to put the economy on a war footing; a military-economic plan for the production of all types of weapons and ammunition was developed (in contrast to previous years - monthly and quarterly); the rigid system of centralized management of industry, transport and agriculture has been strengthened; special people's commissariats for the production of certain types of weapons, the Committee for food and clothing supply of the Red Army were created. Evacuation Board.
An extensive work was launched to evacuate industrial enterprises and human resources to the eastern regions of the country. In 1941-1942. about 2000 enterprises and 11 million people were moved to the Urals, Siberia, Central Asia. This process took place especially intensively in the summer and autumn of 1941 and in the summer and autumn of 1942, that is, in the most difficult moments of the struggle on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War. At the same time, work on the earliest possible start-up of the evacuated factories was organized on the ground. The mass production of modern types of weapons (aircraft, tanks, artillery, automatic rifle) began, the designs of which were developed in the pre-war years. In 1942, the volume of gross industrial output exceeded the level of 1941 by 1.5 times.
Agriculture suffered huge losses in the initial period of the war. The main grain areas were occupied by the enemy. The sown area and the number of cattle decreased by 2 times. Gross agricultural production was 37% of the pre-war level. Therefore, the work, begun even before the war, accelerated, to expand the cultivated areas in Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia.
By the end of 1942, the restructuring of the economy to serve the needs of the war was completed.
In 1941-1942. an important role was played by the military-economic assistance of the United States, an ally of the USSR in the anti-Hitler coalition. The so-called Lend-Lease [i] deliveries of military equipment, medicines and food were not decisive (according to various sources, from 4 to 10% of industrial products produced in our country), but provided some assistance to the Soviet people in the most difficult period of the war. Due to the underdevelopment of the domestic automotive industry, transport supplies (trucks and cars of American production) were especially valuable.
At the second stage (1943-1945), the USSR achieved a decisive superiority over Germany in economic development, especially in the production of military products. 7,500 large enterprises were put into operation, which ensured a steady growth in industrial production. In comparison with the previous period, the volume of industrial production increased by 38%. In 1943, 30 thousand aircraft, 24 thousand tanks, 130 thousand artillery pieces of all types were produced. The improvement of military equipment continued - small arms (submachine gun), new fighters (La-5, Yak-9), heavy bombers (ANT-42, which received the front-line name TB-7). These strategic bombers were able to bomb Berlin and return to their bases without stopovers for refueling. In contrast to the pre-war and early war years, new models of military equipment immediately went into mass production.
In August 1943, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (Bolsheviks) adopted a resolution "On urgent measures to restore the economy in areas liberated from German occupation." On its basis, the restoration of the destroyed industry and agriculture began in them already during the war years. At the same time, special attention was paid to the mining, metallurgical and energy industries in the Donbass and Dnieper regions.
In 1944 - early 1945, the highest rise in military production and complete superiority over Germany, whose economic situation deteriorated sharply, was achieved. The gross volume of production exceeded the pre-war level, and the military output increased threefold. The increase in agricultural production was of particular importance.
Social politics
It was also aimed at securing victory. Emergency measures were taken in this area, generally justified by the war situation. Many millions of Soviet people were mobilized to the front. Compulsory general military training covered 10 million people in the rear. In 1942, labor mobilization of the entire urban and rural population was introduced, measures to strengthen labor discipline were tightened. The network of factory schools (FZU) was expanded, through which about 2 million people passed. The use of female and adolescent labor in production has increased significantly. From the autumn of 1941, a centralized distribution of food products (rationing system) was introduced, which made it possible to avoid mass starvation. Since 1942, workers and employees on the outskirts of the city began to allocate land for collective gardens. Part of the agricultural products the townspeople received in the form of payment in kind for labor (on weekends) in suburban collective farms. For the peasants, the possibilities of selling the products of their household plots on the collective farm markets were expanded.
Together with justified strict social measures, actions were taken, generated by the personality cult of I. V. Stalin. Illegal arrests of citizens continued. Soviet soldiers and officers who were captured were declared traitors to the Motherland. Whole peoples were deported - the Volga Germans, Chechens, Ingush, Crimean Tatars, Kalmyks.
Ideology
In the ideological field, the line continued to strengthen patriotism and interethnic unity of the peoples of the USSR. The glorification of the heroic past of the Russian and other peoples, begun in the pre-war period, has significantly increased.
New elements were introduced into the methods of propaganda. Class, socialist values were replaced by the generalizing concepts of "Motherland" and "Fatherland". The propaganda ceased to place special emphasis on the principle of proletarian internationalism (in May 1943, the Comintern was disbanded). It was now based on the call for the unity of all countries in a common struggle against fascism, regardless of the nature of their socio-political systems.
During the war years, the reconciliation and rapprochement of the Soviet government with the Russian Orthodox Church took place, which on June 22, 1941 blessed the people "to defend the sacred borders of the Motherland." In 1942, the largest hierarchs were involved in the work of the Commission for the Investigation of Fascist Crimes. In 1943, with the permission of JV Stalin, the Local Council elected Metropolitan Sergius the Patriarch of All Russia.
Literature and art
The administrative and ideological control in the field of literature and art was relaxed. During the war, many writers went to the front, becoming war correspondents. Outstanding anti-fascist works: poems by A.T. Tvardovsky, O. F. Berggolts and K. M. Simonov, publicistic essays and articles by I. G. Ehrenburg, A. N. Tolstoy and M. A. Sholokhov, symphonies by D. D. Shostakovich and S. S. Prokofiev, songs by A. V. Aleksandrov, B. A. Mokrousov, V. P. Soloviev-Sedoy, M. I. Blanter, I. O. Dunaevsky and others - raised the morale of Soviet citizens, strengthened their confidence in victory, developed feelings of national pride and patriotism.
Cinematography gained particular popularity during the war years. Domestic cameramen and directors recorded the most important events at the front, filmed documentaries ("The defeat of the German troops near Moscow", "Leningrad in the struggle", "Battle for Sevastopol", "Berlin") and feature films ("Zoya", "The guy from our city "," Invasion "," She protects the Motherland "," Two fighters ", etc.).
Famous theater, film and pop artists created creative teams that went to the front, to hospitals, factory workshops and collective farms. At the front, 440 thousand performances and concerts were given by 42 thousand creative workers.
An important role in the development of mass propaganda work was played by the artists who designed the TASS Windows, created posters and cartoons known throughout the country.
The main themes of all works of art (literature, music, cinema, etc.) were stories from the heroic past of Russia, as well as facts testifying to the courage, loyalty and devotion to the Motherland of Soviet people who fought the enemy at the front and in the occupied territories.
The science. Scientists made a great contribution to ensuring victory over the enemy, despite the difficulties of wartime and the evacuation of many scientific, cultural and educational institutions deep into the country. Basically, they concentrated their work in the applied branches of science, but they did not leave out of sight research of a fundamental, theoretical nature. They developed a technology for the manufacture of new hard alloys and steels needed by the tank industry; conducted research in the field of radio waves, contributing to the creation of domestic radars. LD Landau developed the theory of the motion of a quantum fluid, for which he later received the Nobel Prize.
The nationwide upsurge and the largely achieved social unity were one of the most important factors that ensured the victory of the Soviet Union in the Great Patriotic War.