Russia is famous as a multinational state; more than 190 peoples live on the territory of the country. Most of them ended up in the Russian Federation peacefully, thanks to the annexation of new territories. Each nation is distinguished by its history, culture and heritage. Let us examine in more detail the ethnic composition of Russia, considering separately each ethnic group.
Large nationalities of Russia
Russians are the most numerous indigenous ethnic group living on the territory of Russia. The number of Russian people in the world is equal to 133 million people, but some sources indicate the figure is up to 150 million. V Russian Federation more than 110 (almost 79% of the total population of the country) million Russians live, most of Russians also live in Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus. If we consider the map of Russia, then the Russian people are distributed in great numbers throughout the entire territory of the state, living in every region of the country ...
Tatars, in comparison with Russians, make up only 3.7% of the total population of the country. The Tatar people have a population of 5.3 million. This ethnos lives all over the country, the most densely populated city of Tatars is Tatarstan, more than 2 million people live there, and the most sparsely populated region is Ingushetia, where not even a thousand people from the Tatar people will be recruited ...
The Bashkirs are the indigenous people of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The number of Bashkirs is about 1.5 million people - this is 1.1% of the total number of all residents of the Russian Federation. Most of the 1.5 million people (about 1 million) live in the territory of Bashkortostan. The rest of the Bashkirs live throughout Russia, as well as in the CIS countries ...
Chuvash are the indigenous inhabitants of the Chuvash Republic. Their number is 1.4 million people, which is 1.01% of the total national composition of Russians. If you believe the census, then about 880 thousand Chuvash live on the territory of the republic, the rest live in all regions of Russia, as well as in Kazakhstan and Ukraine ...
Chechens are a people settled in the North Caucasus, Chechnya is considered their homeland. In Russia, the number of the Chechen people was 1.3 million, but according to statistics, since 2015, the number of Chechens on the territory of the Russian Federation has increased to 1.4 million. This nation makes up 1.01% of the total population of Russia ...
The Mordovian people have a population of about 800 thousand people (about 750 thousand), which is 0.54% of the total population. Most of the people live in Mordovia - about 350 thousand people, followed by the regions: Samara, Penza, Orenburg, Ulyanovsk. Least of all, this ethnic group lives in the Ivanovo and Omsk regions, there will not be even 5 thousand belonging to the Mordovian people ...
The Udmurt people have a population of 550 thousand people - this is 0.40% of the total population of our vast Motherland. Most of the ethnos lives in the Udmurt Republic, and the rest is dispersed in neighboring regions - Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Sverdlovsk region, Perm Territory, Kirov region, Khanty-Mansi autonomous region... A small part of the Udmurt people migrated to Kazakhstan and Ukraine ...
The Yakuts represent the indigenous population of Yakutia. Their number is equal to 480 thousand people - this is about 0.35% of the total national composition in the Russian Federation. Yakuts make up the majority of the inhabitants of Yakutia and Siberia. They also live in other regions of Russia, the regions most densely populated by Yakuts are Irkutsk and Magadan regions, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Khabarovsk and Primorsky District ...
According to statistics available after the population census, 460,000 Buryats live in Russia. This amounts to 0.32% of the total Russians. Most (about 280 thousand people) of the Buryats live in Buryatia, being the indigenous population of this republic. The rest of the people of Buryatia live in other regions of Russia. The most densely populated Buryat territory is the Irkutsk region (77 thousand) and Zabaykalsky Krai(73 thousand), and the less populated - Kamchatka Territory and Kemerovo Region, there are no more 2000 thousand Buryats ...
The number of the Komi people living on the territory of the Russian Federation is 230 thousand people. This figure is 0.16% of the total population in Russia. For living, this people chose not only the Komi Republic, which is their immediate homeland, but also other regions of our vast country. The Komi people meet in the Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk and Omsk regions, as well as in the Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi autonomous districts ...
The people of Kalmykia are indigenous to the Republic of Kalmykia. Their number is 190 thousand people, if compared in percentage, then 0.13% of the total population living in Russia. Most of these people, not counting Kalmykia, live in the Astrakhan and Volgograd regions - about 7 thousand people. And least of all Kalmyks live in the Chukotka autonomous region and the Stavropol Territory - less than a thousand people ...
Altaians are the indigenous people of Altai, therefore they live mainly in this republic. Although some of the population left the historical habitat, now they live in the Kemerovo and Novosibirsk regions. The total number of the Altai people is 79 thousand people, in percent - 0.06 of the total number of Russians ...
The Chukchi belong to a small people from the northeastern part of Asia. In Russia, the Chukchi people have a small number - about 16 thousand people, their people make up 0.01% of the total population of our multinational country. These people are scattered throughout Russia, but most of them settled in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Yakutia, Kamchatka Territory and Magadan Region ...
These are the most common peoples that you can meet in the vastness of Mother Russia. However, the list is far from complete, because there are also foreigners in our country. For example, Germans, Vietnamese, Arabs, Serbs, Romanians, Czechs, Americans, Kazakhs, Ukrainians, French, Italians, Slovaks, Croats, Tuvinians, Uzbeks, Spanish, British, Japanese, Pakistanis, etc. Most of the listed ethnic groups make up 0.01% of the total number, but there are peoples with more than 0.5%.
You can go on endlessly, because the vast territory of the Russian Federation is capable of accommodating many peoples under one roof, both indigenous and arriving from other countries and even continents.
Only on the territory of Russia there are 65 small peoples, and the number of some of them does not exceed a thousand people. There are hundreds of similar peoples on Earth, and each carefully preserves its customs, language and culture.
In our today's top ten there are the smallest nations in the world.
This small nation lives on the territory of Dagestan, and its population is only 443 people as of the end of 2010. Long time The Ginukhs were not singled out as a separate ethnos, since the Ginukh language was considered only one of the dialects of the Tsez language common in Dagestan.
9. Selkups
Until the 1930s, representatives of this West Siberian people were called Ostyak-Samoyeds. The number of Selkups is just over 4 thousand people. They live mainly on the territory of the Tyumen, Tomsk regions, as well as the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
8. Nganasans
This people lives on the Taimyr Peninsula, and its number is about 800 people. The Nganasans are the northernmost people in Eurasia. Until the middle of the 20th century, the people led a nomadic lifestyle, driving herds of deer over great distances; today the Nganasans live sedentary.
7. Orochons
The place of residence of this small ethnic group is China and Mongolia. The population is about 7 thousand people. The history of the people is more than a thousand years old, the Orochons are mentioned in many documents relating to the early Chinese imperial dynasties.
6. Evenki
This indigenous people of Russia lives in Eastern Siberia. This nation is the most numerous in our ten - its number is quite sufficient to inhabit a small town. There are about 35 thousand Evenks in the world.
5. Chum salmon
Chum salmon live in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The population of this people is less than 1500 people. Until the middle of the 20th century, representatives of the ethnos were called Ostyaks, as well as Yenisei. The Ket language belongs to the Yenisei language group.
4. Chulyms
The number of this indigenous people of Russia is 355 people as of 2010. Despite the fact that most of the Chulym residents recognize Orthodoxy, the ethnos carefully preserves some of the traditions of shamanism. Chulyms live mainly in the Tomsk region. It is interesting that the Chulym language has no written language.
3. Basins
The number of this people living in Primorye is only 276 people. The Taz language is a mixture of one of the Chinese dialects with the Nanai language. Now this language is spoken by less than half of those who consider themselves to be among the cans.
2. Livy
This extremely small people lives in the territory of Latvia. The main occupations of the Livs from time immemorial were piracy, fishing and hunting. Today the people have almost completely assimilated. According to official figures, the Livs left only 180 people.
1. Pitcairns
This nation is the smallest in the world and lives on the small island of Pitcairn in Oceania. The population of Pitcairns is about 60 people. All of them are descendants of the sailors of the British warship Bounty, who landed here in 1790. The Pitcairn language is a mixture of simplified English, Tahitian and marine vocabulary.
1. National composition of the world's population. Its changes and geographic differences. The largest nations in the world.
2. Mechanical engineering is a leading branch of modern industry. Composition, features of placement. Countries that stand out in terms of the level of development of mechanical engineering.
3. Determination of the main articles of export and import of one of the countries of the world (at the choice of the teacher).
1. National composition of the world's population. Its changes and geographic differences. The largest nations in the world.
There are about 3-4 thousand peoples or ethnic groups in the world, some of which have developed into a nation, while others are nationalities and tribes.
For your information: an ethnos is a historically formed, stable community of people, which has a set of such characteristics as a common language, territory, peculiarities of life and culture, ethnic identity.
The peoples of the world are classified:
I. By number:
In total, there are more than 300 peoples in the world, with more than 1 million people each, accounting for 96% of the total population of the Earth. Including more than 5 million people have about 130 nations, over 10 million - 76 nations, over 25 million - 35 nations, over 100 million - 7 nations.
For your information: 7 most numerous peoples:
1) Chinese (Han) - 1,048 million people (in the PRC - 97% of the total number of people in the country);
2) Hindus - 223 million people (in India - 99.7%);
3) Americans of the USA - 187 million people. (in the USA - 99.4%);
4) Bengalis - 176 million. (in Bangladesh - 59%, in India - 40%);
5) Russians - 146 million people. (in Russia - 79.5%);
6) Brazilians - 137 million people. (in Brazil - 99.7%);
7) Japanese - 123 million people. (in Japan - 99%).
But there are peoples of less than 1 thousand people.
II. By language proximity:
Related languages are grouped into groups, which in turn form language families.
1) The Indo-European language family is the most numerous, its languages are spoken by 150 peoples of Europe, Asia, America and Australia; the total number is more than 2.5 billion people.
This language family includes a number of groups:
· Romanesque (French, Italians, Spaniards, Latin Americans);
· Germanic (Germans, British, Americans);
· Slavic (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles, Czechs, Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats);
· Celtic (Irish);
· Baltic (Lithuanians);
· Greek (Greeks);
· Albanian;
· Armenian;
· Iranian (Persians, Kurds).
2) The Sino-Tibetan language group: more than 1 billion people speak its languages.
Somewhat less numerous language families:
3) Afrasian.
4) Altai.
5) Niger-Kordofan.
6) Dravidian.
7) Austronesian.
8) Ural.
9) Caucasian.
National criteria underlie the division of humanity into states.
If on their territory the main nationality is more than 90%, then these are single-national states (Denmark, Sweden, Latvia, Japan, etc.).
If two nations prevail - bi-national (Belgium, Canada, etc.).
If tens and even hundreds of peoples live in countries and make up a significant proportion of them, they are multinational states (India, Russia, USA, Spain, Great Britain, Nigeria, Indonesia, etc.).
2. Mechanical engineering is a leading industry modern industry... Composition, features of placement. Countries that stand out in terms of the level of development of mechanical engineering.
Mechanical engineering is one of the oldest branches of the economy. As an industry, it emerged 200 years ago during industrial revolution in England.
Mechanical engineering provides other sectors of the economy with equipment and machines, and produces many household and cultural items.
In terms of the number of employees (more than 80 million people) and in terms of the cost of production, it ranks first among all branches of the world industry.
The level of development of mechanical engineering is used to judge the level of development of the economy of any country.
There are the following main industries (there are more than 70 of them) of mechanical engineering:
1) machine tool construction;
2) instrumentation;
3) electrical and electronic industry;
4) computer technology;
5) railway engineering;
6) automotive industry;
7) shipbuilding;
8) aviation and rocket industry;
9) tractor and agricultural engineering, etc.
The location of engineering enterprises is influenced by many factors.
The main ones should be noted: transport; availability of qualified labor resources; consumer; and for some (metal-intensive) industries - and raw materials.
V recent times there is a decrease in the dependence of mechanical engineering on metal sources, but its focus on labor resources, research centers, etc. is increasing.
There are four engineering regions in the world:
1) North America: where almost all types of engineering products are produced, from the highest to medium and low complexity.
Major corporations:
· Automobile (USA): "General Motors", "Ford Motor", "Chrysler";
· Computer technology (USA): "International Business Machines";
· Electronics (USA): General Electric, American Telephone and Telegraph, etc.
2) Foreign Europe (in relation to the CIS): produces mainly mass machine-building products, but retains its positions in some of the newest industries.
Major corporations:
· Automobile (Germany): "Daimler - Benz"; Volkswagenwerk;
· Electronics: Germany - Siemens, the Netherlands - Philips, etc.
3) Eastern and Southeast Asia: Japan is leading here.
The region combines products of mass mechanical engineering with products of the highest technology - centers of science.
Large corporations:
· Cars (Japan): Toyota Motor, Nissan Motor;
· Electronics (Japan): "Hitachi", "Matsushita electric industrial", "Samsung", etc.
4) Commonwealth of Independent States: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus are leading in it.
Recently, the pace of development of mechanical engineering has decreased in the region, although it produces wide range engineering products.
Developing countries produce less than 1/10 of the world's mechanical engineering products. In most of these states, there is no mechanical engineering, but it would be more correct to call it metalworking, in addition to this, there are many assembly plants that receive machine parts from the USA, Western Europe and Japan.
But recently, in some of them - Brazil, India, Argentina, Mexico - mechanical engineering has already reached a fairly high level.
3. Determination of the main articles of export and import of one of the countries of the world (at the choice of the teacher).
Any state in the world can be characterized by the following plan of the answer.
Take, for example, Japan is one of the 7 economically developed countries the world.
For the answer were used: statistical materials; maps of industries of the world; atlas maps of Japan (economics).
Imports to Japan (importation of products):
1) raw materials: fuel - 49%, ore, for the textile industry (textile fiber), etc.;
2) products of the chemical industry (acids, alkalis, fertilizers, petroleum products);
3) food products (grain, etc.).
Export to Japan: products, products of the following industries:
1) mechanical engineering (cars, ships, electronics, machine tools, watches);
2) ferrous metallurgy (steel, rolled metal);
3) non-ferrous metallurgy;
4) chemical industry (synthetic fibers, rubber);
5) light industry (fabrics, clothing).
From the above, we can conclude: in Japan, as in one of the developed countries, the following trend is observed: the import of mainly raw materials and food products (preferably from developing countries) due to the lack of their own natural resources; and export of finished expensive products, both to the developing countries of Asia, and to the developed countries - Europe and America.
Ticket number 17
National composition of the population- distribution of people by ethnicity. Ethnicity (or people) is a historically established stable community of people, united by the unity of language, territory, economic life and culture, national identity. The forms of ethnic community change and become more complex in the process of development of human society - from clan and tribal associations under the primitive system, nationalities under early class societies to independent nations - under the conditions of the fusion of local markets into a single national market. If, for example, the formation of nations has long been completed, then in some underdeveloped and (, etc.) tribal associations are widely represented.
Today, there are 2,200 - 2,400 ethnic groups in the world. Their number varies greatly - from several tens of people to hundreds of millions. The largest nations are (in millions of people):
- Chinese - 11 70,
- Hindus (the main people of India) - 265,
- Bengalis (in India and) - 225,
- Americans - 200,
- Brazilians - 175,
- Russians - 150,
- Japanese - 130,
- Punjabis (main people) - 115,
- Mexicans - 115,
- Biharians - 105.
Thus, at the beginning of the 21st century, 10 ethnic groups account for about 45% of all humanity.
In many states and regions of the world, different ethnic groups are represented differently. Therefore, they usually single out the main peoples, that is, the ethnic groups that make up the bulk of the population, and national minorities.
According to their origin and social status, national minorities are usually divided into two types:
autochthonous, i.e. indigenous peoples, ethnic groups born by immigration.
So, the modern national composition is characterized by following proportions... The main ethnic group - the British - make up 77% of the total population; autochthonous ethnic groups, including Scots, Irish, etc. - 14% and immigrants from different countries – 9 %.
It is constantly evolving as a result of the territorial heterogeneity of the natural movement of the population, migration, as well as the processes of consolidation and assimilation of ethnic groups.
Consolidation of ethnic groups is the fusion of several related ethnic groups into one, larger ethnic community.
Assimilation of ethnic groups Is a loss by peoples native language and national self-awareness as a result of long-term communication with other ethnic groups, that is, a kind of dissolution of ethnic groups in a multinational environment. This process is especially widespread in countries of immigration, which include the United States, Australia, and many European countries. As a result of the processes of consolidation and assimilation of ethnic groups total number peoples are gradually decreasing.
One of the main signs of ethnic unity is colloquial... On this basis, all the peoples of the world are divided into 15 language families and more than 45 language groups, which, in turn, are divided into language branches. In addition, there are separate languages that do not belong to any language family. These include, for example, Japanese, Korean, Basque, and some others.
More than 40% of the world's population speaks the languages of the Indo-European family, which includes 11 language groups: Romance (French, Italians, Spaniards, Moldovans, Romanians, Latin Americans); Germanic (Germans, British, Swedes, Danes, Americans); Slavic (Russians, Poles, Czechs, Bulgarians, Slovenes); Baltic (,); Iranian (, Kurds, Afghans, Tatars, etc.).
About 20% of the world's population speaks the languages of the Sino-Tibetan or Sino-Tibetan family. Its weight is determined by the Chinese language group. The spread of these languages is almost entirely localized by the Asian continent.
About 8% of humanity uses the languages of the Niger-Kordofen family, which are exclusively represented in Africa. Within this family, the main language group is the Niger-Congo group.
Another 5 - 7% of the world's population speaks the languages of the Afrasian (or Semitic-Hamitic) family, which spread mainly in the countries of Africa and Asia. The main language of this family is Arabic.
Thus, the languages of these four families are spoken by almost 4/5 of all mankind.
The exact number of languages in the world has not been determined. Some experts believe that there are about 3 thousand of them, others - more than 5 thousand.This discrepancy is explained by the fact that some linguists consider the same dialects as different languages, and another part of scholars recognizes them as dialects of the same language. The problem of classifying ethnic groups and languages is in many ways complicated by the fact that many peoples speak the same languages. So, for example, English is spoken not only by the British, but also by many Australians, New Zealanders, American Americans, Canadians, many peoples of the countries The Caribbean etc. Spanish is native not only to the Spaniards, but to most of the peoples Latin America... The same language is spoken by Germans, Austrians, part of the population of Switzerland. These, the most common languages, serve as a means of interethnic communication.
Some languages develop, become more widespread, others die, lose their former meaning. For example, in Africa, the Swahili, Hausa, and Yoruba languages are becoming more and more widespread, which are used as a means of communication for many tribes and nationalities, gradually replacing the languages of the colonialists that took root here. The highest concentration of languages (up to 1,000) is on Novaya Island, where a large number of distinctive tribes.
A significant part of all languages of the world do not have a written language. In order to facilitate communication between representatives of different ethnic groups, the number of attempts to create an artificial international language... The most famous of these is Esperanto.
The most common languages in the world include the following:
- Chinese - more than 1 billion people,
- English - 400 - 500 million people,
- Hindi - more than 350,
- Spanish - about 300,
- Russian - about 200,
- Bengali - about 170,
- Indonesian - about 170,
- Arabic - 160,
- Portuguese - 140,
- Japanese - 125,
- German - about 100,
- French - over 100 million
Thus, only 12 languages are spoken practically and 2/3 of all mankind. Of these most common languages, six are the official and working languages of the United Nations (English, French, Russian, Spanish, Arabic and Chinese).
In accordance with the nature of the national (ethnic) composition of the population, five types of states can be distinguished.
1 type. These are single-national states. The largest number of such states is in Europe, the Middle East and Latin America.
And Russia, although it is possible to include some countries in West and South Africa.
V last years in countries with a complex ethnic composition, interethnic contradictions have intensified.
Polygamy is widespread across the Earth in many cultures. Much less common is polyandry - when one woman has several husbands at once. If polygamy (polygyny) is found in most traditional cultures (much more often than only monogamous marriages), then polyandry (polyandry) is less than a hundred. True, historical evidence shows that in ancient times, polyandry was much more widespread across the planet than a hundred years ago.
What kind of polyandry is there?
Pure polyandry - the marriage of one woman to several husbands at once - is rare. Much more often, such a marriage is furnished with various additional conditions, and in addition, it exists mixed with other forms of marriage.
The most common fraternal polyandry is when two or more brothers have one wife. In these cases, as a rule, the older brother marries himself and his younger brothers. It is the elder brother (respectively, the elder husband) who is the head of the family and has the freedom of marriage choice. He also establishes the sequence of marriage relations between his brothers and their common wife. With this form of marriage, the freedom of a woman is only apparent. In fact, this is a very regulated form of marriage, and it is based on the leadership of the eldest man in the family. Such polyandry is still widespread among many peoples of Nepal, among part of the population of Bhutan, among the Dardas - the fair-haired and light-eyed people living in the Himalayas (there is a legend that they are the descendants of the warriors of Alexander the Great), among some Tibetans, among some small peoples of South India, many Indian tribes South America etc.
In Tibet and the Himalayas, polyandry often coexists with polygamy. An older brother, married to himself and all his brothers, can take both a second and a third wife. Moreover, they will be only his wives, but not the wives of his brothers. His other wives, in turn, may be married to other men who are not the husbands of his first wife. Such a marriage is called polygynandry and differs from group marriage, in which the marriage relationship within a group of men and women is fairly free.
A variation of polyandry is multiple paternity. It is found among some peoples of Melanesia. It is interesting that for them the main role in determining kinship is played not by biological paternity, but by participation in the upbringing of children. Their account of kinship goes exclusively through the mother (matrilineal), but the brothers of a woman who live with her in the same house are considered the fathers of her children in the tribe, and husbands who do not live in the same house with his wife are not recognized as such.
There is also biandria, when one woman has two husbands, not necessarily related to each other. In the New Hebrides (Oceania), biandria was until recently mandatory for widowers and widows. Associative polyandry - when a marriage is first contracted as a pair, but then the wife can take more husbands for herself.
Why did it happen?
Ethnographers see the main reason for the emergence of polyandry in economics: polyandry made it possible to avoid the fragmentation of land ownership between brothers-heirs (in medieval Europe, the principle of primacy played such a role). This reason "works" for Tibet and the Himalayas, with their poor soil, or for India, with its overpopulation. But it does not explain the rooting of polyandry among many peoples of Oceania, and especially among the Indians of the Amazon, who lived mainly by hunting and gathering. In some cases, polyandry may have been caused by a shortage of women due to the selective killing of newborn girls. Probably, the reasons for the emergence of the custom of polyandry were varied in different societies of the Earth, and no one universal does not exist.
Polyarity among historical peoples
We meet the first historical mention of polyandry in the law of the king of the Sumerian city of Lagash Uruinimgina (XXIV century BC), who forbade this custom on pain death penalty by stoning a multi-male woman (nothing is said about execution for men). From this we can conclude that polyandry was more widespread among the Sumerians in more early periods stories. Plurality was considered legal in the Medes region ancient persia, as well as among the Hephthalites ("White Huns"), who formed a state in Central Asia in the IV-VI centuries. There are indications of the existence of polyandry among the Arabs in the pre-Islamic era. V ancient india plurality was common and did not surprise anyone, as follows from the epic "Mahabharata".
In " Of the general history"The ancient Greek writer Polybius (II century BC), there are indications that polyandry was once widespread in Sparta. There are references to the rebellion of ancient Roman women who demanded to legitimize biandria. There is evidence (epitaphs on the graves) of happy civil biandric marriages in the same ancient Rome, when a husband and lover for many years lived with one woman in love and harmony and raised children together.
Plurality was widespread among many aboriginal peoples North America(Shoshone, Navajo, Apache, etc.) before the white colonization of their territories.
The current state of polyandry
The spread of Christianity, with its prohibition on any intimate relationships other than monogamous heterosexual marriage, outside the Old World in the New Age led to the extinction of the custom of polyandry in many cultures. The change in the form of management was also important, in which many economic factors that had previously supported this practice disappeared.
Nevertheless, polyandry is still practiced among a number of peoples of the Indian subcontinent. In Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, polyandric marriage is officially legal. In a number of other countries, polyandry exists de facto, under the guise of official monogamy. It still, apparently, prevails among many non-contact peoples (that is, voluntarily avoiding communication with the outside world), such as a number of tribes of the Amazonian Indians.
In some countries, polyandry is not explicitly prohibited by law, and this is contributing to the resurgence of this practice. Thus, in 2013, the Kenyan authorities registered a biandric marriage for the first time. At one time, polyandry was practiced among the Maasai - one of the largest peoples of this country and neighboring Tanzania.