Paralympic games are international sports for people with handicapped(except for the hearing impaired - the Olympic Games of the Deaf are held for them), which are traditionally held after the Olympic Games.
When the question "how to write correctly" is asked, then, of course, the explanation is meant from the point of view of the grammar of the Russian language.
In the academic "Russian Spelling Dictionary" (under the editorship of V.V. Lopatin. M., 2005) and other dictionaries of the Russian language, the spelling Paralympic games, Paralympiad.
Paralympic is a compound word consisting of two parts: "para-" and "Olympic".
A pair (from the Greek παρ? - near, past, outside, around) points to compound words to deviation, being near, breaking something, going beyond the boundaries (paranormal, paramagnetic, parapsychology, parascience).
In Russian, the word-forming principle for a given construction from "para-" and an adjective or noun does not imply the discarding of the initial letters of the second part of the word (for "para-" the last letter "a" is thrown out, but for the subsequent adjective or noun, the first letter is never in Russian language was not discarded in compound words).
There is Olympic Games, but no "Olympic Games". There is the Olympics, but there is no "Olympiad". And there is no "Olympiad" and "Olympic Games" (assuming that "a" is discarded from "para-").
So correct option, from the point of view of the norms of the Russian language, only one: Paralympic games, Paralympiad.
How did it happen that now around in all official documents, newspapers, magazines, on the Internet, on Wikipedia, we meet something completely different: the Paralympic Games, the Paralympic Committee, the Paralympics ... and write "Paralympic Games" in an essay or dictation in Russian would be a mistake?
The State Duma Russian Federation October 21, 2009 adopted the law, approved by the Federation Council on October 30, 2009, "On amendments to certain legislative acts Russian Federation” (dated November 9, 2009, No. 253-FZ), according to which the letter “o” was removed from the words “Paralympic”, “Paralympic”, as well as “deaf-olympiad” and “deaf-olympic”. This was motivated by the need to bring the spelling of these words in line with international spelling. To the objections of the expert linguist who took part in the meeting of the State Duma Commission on this issue, the meeting participants did not react and unanimously voted for the introduction of changes, i.e. for the elimination of the letter "o" from these Russian words.
1) The very concept of "international spelling" of certain words is absurd. There is different languages, each of which has its own spelling, in accordance with the rules of this particular language. For example, there is no international spelling of the Russian word "apple". If somewhere "apple" is spelled differently, this does not mean that we should make changes to our language. If in most languages there is no letter "o" in the words meaning the Paralympic Games, then this does not mean that we need to exclude it. For what reason?! A single spelling is not the same as a single terminology. A single terminology is not violated by a difference in one or even two or three letters. In some countries, the letter "o" is in the phrase "Paralympic Games" - and this does not create any problem, no violation of the uniform terminology. In Portuguese - Jogos Paraolímpicos, in Greek - Παραολυμπιακο? Αγ?νες, in Bulgarian - Paralympic Games, in Estonian - Paraolümpiamängud, in Croatian - Paraolimpijske igre, in Polish - Igrzyska paraolimpijskie, etc. - Russian legislators have not found more important things to do than removing letters from certain words , correcting the Russian language in accordance with his unprofessional, amateurish understanding, without listening to the professional opinion of philologists.
2) The deputies do not understand (and did not understand the then President Medvedev, who signed this law) that language norms are not established at the legislative level. Every business needs its own experts. In our case, this means that the "Russian Spelling Dictionary", published by the Institute of the Russian Language. V.V. Vinogradova Russian Academy Sciences (responsible editor Professor, Doctor of Philology, Chairman of the Spelling Commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences V.V. Lopatin) is more authoritative than the law signed by the President of the country (we remember how Medvedev interfered in the translation of the clock so that later he had to correct his decision).
Linguistic norms are less strict, more flexible and more tolerant of external voluntaristic influence than, for example, the laws of mathematics. If the Duma passed a law that from now on two times two equals five, then mathematicians would be indignant. But the linguists in their absolute majority silently wiped themselves off after spitting at them, saying: "there's nothing to be done, the high authorities decided so" - and now from obedient linguists one should only expect the speedy introduction of the changed norm into the dictionaries, in connection with the highest command of statesmen.
But how to write all the same - Paralympic or Paralympic?
Decide for yourself, taking into account your personal freedom of choice (you do not pass, for example, an exam and are not afraid of criticism) and your sense of language.
There is no hope that linguists will oppose and the law will be repealed (more than five years have passed and no resistance has been observed). Therefore, most likely, the norm introduced by law will become the real norm of the Russian language.
The development of sports for the disabled has more than centennial history. Back in the 18th and 19th centuries determined that physical activity is one of the main factors in the rehabilitation of disabled people.
The first attempts to involve disabled people in sports were made in the 19th century, when, in 1888, the first sports club for the deaf was formed in Berlin. For the first time " Olympic Games for the Deaf ” were held in Paris on August 10-17, 1924. Athletes participated in them - representatives of the official national federations of Belgium, Great Britain, Holland, Poland, France and Czechoslovakia. Athletes came to the Games from Italy, Romania and Hungary, where there were no such federations. The program of the Games included competitions in athletics, cycling, football, shooting and swimming.
The International Sports Committee for the Deaf (ISCG) was formed on August 16, 1924. It included federations that unite athletes with hearing impairments. At the first congress of the ICCG, which took place in Brussels on October 31, 1926, the Charter of this organization was adopted. However, since 1924, the ICG has held the Summer World Games for the Deaf every four years. Germany, Switzerland, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Austria, the USA and Japan join it before the start of World War II.
In 1949 Spain and Yugoslavia joined them. The International Winter Games of the Deaf are organized and held. The program of competitions for athletes with hearing impairment and the rules for their conduct are identical to the usual ones. The peculiarity is that the actions of the arbitrators must be visible. To do this, for example, lights are used in the starting signals. A positive factor that simplifies the organization of competitions is the use by athletes of the international dactylological system, which allows them to freely communicate with each other without interpreters.
Disabled people with injuries of the musculoskeletal system began to actively engage in sports only after the Second World War. In 1944, at the Center for the Rehabilitation of Patients with Spinal Cord Injuries in Stoke Mandeville a sports program was developed as a mandatory part complex treatment. Its creator, professor Ludwig Guttmann , eventually became director of the Stoke Mandeville Center and president of the British international organization treatment of disabled people with injuries of the musculoskeletal system.
In subsequent years, not only the number of participants increased, but also the number of sports. The idea of holding competitions for the disabled was supported by the international community. The Games have become an annual international sports festival, and since 1952, disabled athletes from the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, and Norway have regularly taken part in them. The absence of the necessary governing body, which would coordinate and determine the direction of the development of competitions for the disabled, led to the creation of the International Stoke Mandeville Federation, which established a close relationship with the International Olympic Committee (IOC). During the Olympic Games in Melbourne in 1956, the IOC awarded the International Stoke Mandeville Federation with a special cup for the embodiment of the Olympic ideals of humanism. Gradually, the world became convinced that sport is not the prerogative of healthy people. Disabled people, even with such serious injuries as a spinal injury, can take part in competitions if they wish.
SUMMER PARALYMPIC GAMES
First Paralympic Games
took place in the capital of Italy, Rome in 1960. The opening ceremony of the Games was held on September 18 at the AquaAcetosa stadium, where five thousand spectators were present. 400 athletes from 23 countries took part in the competition. The delegation of Italian athletes was the largest. The program of the Roman Games included eight sports, among which were athletics, swimming, fencing, basketball, archery, table tennis, etc. Medals were played in 57 disciplines. Athletes with spinal cord injury participated in the competition. F. Rossi from Italy (fencing), D. Thomson from Great Britain (athletics) and others showed outstanding results at these Games. Italy took the first place at the Games in the unofficial team standings, the second and third places were shared by Great Britain and the USA. Summing up, L. Guttman defined "the significance of the Roman Games as a new model for the integration of the paralyzed into society."
In II Paralympic Games
(Tokyo, Japan, 1964) 390 athletes from 22 countries took part. Teams from the UK (70 people) and the USA (66 people) were represented by the largest number of athletes. New sports were included in the program of the Games, in particular, wheelchair riding, weightlifting and discus throwing. 144 medals were played. In terms of the number of medals won, the US athletes turned out to be clear leaders in the unofficial team standings. Teams from Great Britain and Italy took second and third places.
The significant event of the Games was the renaming of them to “ Paralympic
". For the first time, Paralympic paraphernalia (flag, anthem and symbol) was used at the competitions, and after their completion, many disabled athletes in Japan were employed.
AT III Paralympic Games (Tel Aviv, Israel, 1968) 750 athletes from 29 countries participated. In comparison with the competitions in Tokyo, the program of the Games has expanded significantly. In the conduct of competitions in some sports, such as basketball, swimming and athletics, classification changes have been introduced.
The hero of the Games in Israel was R. Marson from Italy. Having won two gold medals in athletics in Tokyo (1964), the athlete was actively involved in swimming and fencing. At the Games in Tel Aviv, R.Marson won 9 gold medals in three sports. Athlete L. Dod from Australia set three world records in swimming in one day. E. Owen from the USA won 7 medals in several sports different denominations. Following the results of the 1968 Paralympic Games, the United States led the unofficial team standings. The second were the British Paralympians, the third - Israel.
AT IV Paralympic Games (Heidelberg, Germany, 1972) 1000 athletes from 44 countries participated. The most numerous delegations are represented by Germany, Great Britain and France. New sports and disciplines for athletes of various disability groups have been introduced into the competition program: goalball, 100-meter running for athletes with visual impairments, etc. During the Games, several world records were set, in particular in swimming, where for the first time special technical means. The largest number medals were won by American and German athletes. Far behind the leaders, the third unofficial team place was taken by the athletes of the Republic of South Africa (South Africa).
AT V Paralympic Games (Toronto, Canada, 1976) 1600 athletes (of which 253 women) from 42 countries participated. In protest against the participation of South African athletes, representatives of some countries did not come to the Games. For the first time, 261 amputees and 167 visually impaired athletes competed in the Paralympic competition.
The program of competitions has significantly expanded - wheelchair riding at 200, 400, 800 and 1500 m. In terms of the number of medals in the unofficial team event, US athletes won the first team place by a wide margin from other countries. The second and third places were taken by the teams of the Netherlands and Israel.
The opening ceremony VI Paralympic Games (Anhem, the Netherlands, 1980) was held at the Papendal stadium in the presence of 12 thousand spectators. 2,500 athletes from 42 countries participated in the competition. The expanded classification of disabled athletes made it possible to compete for more than 3,000 medals. For the first time, the program of the Paralympic Games includes sitting volleyball, as well as competitions for four groups of athletes with disabilities. Goalball for visually impaired athletes has become a Paralympic sport. The International Coordinating Committee was formed at the Games. The first, second and third places in the unofficial team standings were taken, respectively, by the teams of the USA, Germany and Canada.
VII Paralympic Games
1984 was held in America and Europe: 1780 athletes from 41 countries participated in competitions in New York and 2300 representatives from 45 countries in Stoke Mandeville. 900 medals were awarded at the Games. Funding came from public and private sources. A significant part of the grants is presented through the news agency by the US government. The main representatives of funds mass media there were BBC companies, Dutch, German and Swedish television.
More than 80,000 spectators watched the competitions in 13 sports in New York. Representatives of each disability group showed significant results at the Games. As a result, the US team won 276 medals, took first place in the unofficial team standings, and the British athletes, with 240 medals, took second place. In Stoke Mandeville, competitions were held in 10 sports. Installed a large number of world and paralympic records, especially in athletics. The Paralympic Games in Stoke Mandeville, despite short term(4 months) of their training, had significant success. The organizers of the competition agreed on the need for athletes of all four disability groups to participate in the Paralympic Games.
On the VIII Paralympic Games (Seoul, South Korea, 1988) a record number of athletes arrived - 3053 representatives from 61 countries. Participated in the Games for the first time USSR team . Athletes, coaches and technical staff were placed in a specially equipped village, which included 10 residential buildings with 1316 apartments. The President of the International Coordinating Committee, James Broman, proposed a new Paralympic flag at the Games. The program included 16 sports. Wheelchair tennis is presented as a demonstration sport. In Seoul, individual athletes won several medals in different types sports. The first place in the unofficial team standings was taken by the US team (268 medals), the second - Germany (189 medals), the third - Great Britain (179 medals).
The opening ceremony IX Paralympic Games (Barcelona, Spain, 1992) was held on September 3 at the Olympic Stadium. It was attended by 65 thousand spectators; 90 delegations participated in the solemn parade. The Olympic village housed about 3,000 athletes and thousands of coaches, officials and managers. Everything was organized for the athletes necessary types medical care.
For 12 days, athletes competed in 15 sports. During the Games, about 1.5 million spectators attended various competitions. 3020 athletes participated in the Games, approximately 50% of total athletes competed in swimming and athletics. 279 world records were set and 431 gold medals were awarded. After the Paralympic Games in Barcelona for athletes with disabilities mental development competitions were held in Madrid.
On the X Paralympic Games (Atlanta, USA, 1996) 3195 athletes (2415 men and 780 women) and 1717 representatives of delegations from 103 countries arrived. From August 16 to August 25, competitions were held in 20 sports, of which 3 were demonstration sports. For the first time, 56 athletes with mental disabilities competed in athletics and swimming. The games were held at a high organizational level. The competition was attended by about 400,000 spectators. Approximately 60,000 spectators attended the opening and closing of the Games. The competitions were covered in mass media by 2088 accredited journalists, including: 721 in newspapers and magazines, 806 in radio and television, 114 in photo materials.
AT XI Paralympic Games 2000, 3,843 athletes from 127 countries, 2,000 officials, 1,300 media representatives, 1,000 technicians, 2,500 guests from the International and national committees and 10 thousand volunteers. The most representative in terms of the number of athletes participating were the teams of Australia (303), USA (288), Germany (262), Spain (224), Great Britain (219), Canada (172), France (158), Japan (157), Poland (114) and Holland (105). Russia was represented by 90 athletes. Of the sports, the most representative in terms of the number of athletes who entered the competition were: athletics - 1043 athletes, swimming - 570, powerlifting - 278, table tennis - 270, wheelchair basketball - 240, road cycling - 177, cycling track -152, sitting volleyball - 140, bullet shooting - 139, goalball - 116. Russian athletes took part in 10 sports: athletics (22 athletes), swimming (20), basketball for athletes with intellectual disabilities (12), powerlifting (11), football (11), judo (b), bullet shooting (5), equestrian sports (1), tennis (1), table tennis (1) and took 14th place overall out of 125 participating countries.
XII Paralympic Games were held in Athens (Greece) from 17 to 28.09.2004. . 3800 athletes from 136 countries competed for Paralympic medals for 11 days. Russian team won 16 gold, 8 silver and 17 bronze medals at the Paralympic Games in Athens, finishing 11th in the team standings. The final victory was won by Chinese athletes with disabilities, who have a total of 141 medals (63 of which are of the highest value). Team Great Britain is in second place, and Canada is in third.
Beijing XIII Paralympics (China. 6-17 09. 2008) has become one of the most representative in the history of the Paralympic movement. More than 4 thousand athletes took part in it. 148 countries of the world were represented at the Games. The most numerous was the Chinese team - 332 Paralympians. Russia brought 145 athletes to China, four leaders who run ahead of blind athletes and one alternate athlete to participate in rowing. The largest number of Russian athletes are athletes (39 people) and swimmers (34), 25% of the team members have visual impairments, 75% of the musculoskeletal system, including 16 wheelchair users.
According to the results of the Games, the Russian team won 63 medals (18 gold, 23 silver and 22 bronze), finishing eighth in the team standings. By total number medals, our compatriots managed to enter the top six. In total, the Russians competed in 13 sports out of 20. In addition to athletics and swimming, six medals were won in judo (1-0-5 - 7th place in the team standings), six in shooting (2-1-3 - 3rd place), four in powerlifting (0 -4-0 - 8th place), two - in table tennis (1-1-0 - 7th place), one each - in football (0-1-0 - 3rd place) and volleyball ( 0-0-1 - 5th place).
In the team event, the Chinese team won an unconditional victory, winning 211 medals - 89 gold, 70 silver, 52 bronze. The second was the British (42-29-31), who last day strained by the Americans, who finished third (36-35-28). The top six also included the teams of Ukraine (24-18-32), Australia (23-29-27) and South Africa (21-3-6).
XIV Paralympic Games
were held in London (Great Britain) from August 29 to September 9, 2012. This is the largest competition in the history of the Paralympic Movement: more than 4,200 athletes from 166 countries in 20 sports took part in them, 503 sets of medals were played.
The team of the Russian Federation included 162 athletes with disabilities (damage to the musculoskeletal system, hearing impairment, mental impairment) from 42 regions of the Russian Federation (the composition of the official delegation was 313 people). Russian athletes competed in 12 sports and won 36 gold, 38 silver and 28 bronze medals, placing 2nd overall in the unofficial standings.
Representatives of China became the first, they climbed to the highest step of the podium 95 times, 71 - to the second and 65 - to the third. The third place was taken by the hosts of the competition - on account of the British team 120 medals - 34 gold, 43 silver and the same amount of bronze. The ten strongest countries in the world also included Ukraine (32, 24, 28), Australia (32, 23, 30), USA (31, 29, 38), Brazil (21, 14, 8), Germany (18, 26, 22 ), Poland (14, 13, 9) and the Netherlands (10, 10, 19).
WINTER PARALYMPIC GAMES
First Winter Paralympic Games took place in 1976 in Ornskoldsvik (Sweden). Competitions for athletes with amputated limbs and visual impairment were organized on the track and in the field. For the first time, sled racing competitions were demonstrated.
The success of the first Winter Games made it possible to organize second paralympic competitions in 1980 in Geilo (Norway). Downhill sledding was held as demonstration performances. Athletes of all disability groups took part in the Paralympic starts.
III Winter Paralympic Games were held in Innsbruck (Austria) in 1984. For the first time, 30 men on three skis took part in the giant slalom.
In 1988 IV Winter Paralympic Games were again held in Innsbruck (Austria). 397 athletes from 22 countries participated in the competition. Arrived at the Games for the first time athletes from the USSR. Sitting skiing competitions were introduced into the program of the Games.
In 1992 V Winter Paralympic Games were held in Tignes, Albertville, France. Competitions were held only in alpine skiing, cross-country skiing and biathlon. Athletes of the USSR performed under the united flag. For the first time, athletes with ODA violations took part in the Paralympic Games. The national team took third place in the games in the team standings. The skiers who won 10 gold, 8 silver and 3 bronze medals were the most successful.
VI Winter Paralympic Games were held in 1994 in Lillehammer (Norway). Approximately 1000 athletes lived in the village, where there were special technical facilities for the disabled. For the first time, sitting hockey competitions were demonstrated at the Games. The Paralympic version of hockey proved popular. Cross-country skiing and biathlon competitions were held at the local ski stadium. The Russians successfully performed at the games. Alexey Moshkin won gold and bronze in alpine skiing disciplines. Our skiers have 10 gold, 12 silver and 8 bronze medals in races (3 team classification), one gold and two silver in biathlon, bronze in the men's relay.
VII Winter Paralympic Games were first held on the Asian continent - in Nagano (Japan). 1146 people took part in the Games. (571 athletes and 575 officials) from 32 countries. For 10 days, medals were played in 5 sports: skiing, speed skating, cross-country skiing, biathlon and hockey. Athletes from 22 countries climbed the podium at these games. For the first time, ID skiers participated in the Paralympics. Athletes from Norway repeated the success of the previous Games and in the unofficial standings took the first team place (18 gold medals), the second was won by Germany (14 gold medals), the third by the United States (13 gold medals). Our team was fifth, having won 12 gold, 10 silver and 9 bronze medals.
VIII Winter Paralympic Games
, Salt Lake City (USA, Utah), March 7-16, 2002
36 teams took part in the Games - 416 athletes. For the first time athletes came from China, Andorra, Chile, Greece and Hungary. Team USA was the most numerous - 57 people. In second place is the Japanese team - 37 athletes. The teams of Germany, Canada and Norway had 27 athletes each. Russia was represented by 26 athletes. Athletes from 22 countries won medals of various denominations. In the unofficial team standings, the Russian team took 5th place, winning a total of 21 medals - 7 gold, 9 silver and 5 bronze. Our skiers won 7 gold medals, 8 silver and 3 bronze medals, second only to the Norwegians.
IX Paralympic Games , Turin (Italy), 10 - 19.03.06. 486 athletes from 39 countries took part in the Games. They competed for 58 sets of medals in five disciplines - alpine skiing, biathlon, cross-country skiing, hockey and curling. The Russian team confidently won the medal standings of the Paralympics. On account of domestic athletes 13 gold, 13 silver and 7 bronze awards.
X Paralympic Games , Vancouver (Canada), 12 - 21.03.2010. The Games were attended by 650 athletes from over 40 countries. 64 sets of medals of various denominations in 5 sports were played. The Russian national team became the second in the team standings, having won 38 medals - 12 gold, 16 silver and 10 bronze. The German team won more gold awards (13-5-6). The third place was taken by the Canadian team (10-5-4), the fourth by Slovakia (6-2-3), the fifth by Ukraine (5-8-6), and the sixth by the United States (4-5-4). In terms of the total number of awards, the Russians confidently became the first, having updated the national record at the Paralympics (38). Previously, our compatriots have not won more than 33 awards. The second in the overall medal ranking was the German team (24), the third - Canadians and Ukrainians (19 each).
According to the results of the Paralympics in biathlon, the Russians won the team victory, winning five gold, seven silver and four bronze medals. The top three included the teams of Ukraine (3-3-4) and Germany (3-0-2). In cross-country skiing, the Russians also celebrated the victory (7-9-6), leaving behind the Canadians (3-1-1) and the Germans (3-1-0). AT skiing the German national team (7-4-4) excelled, and the teams of Canada (6-4-3) and Slovakia (6-2-3) entered the top three. In hockey, the top three are the USA (1-0-0), Japan (0-1-0) and Norway (0-0-1), in curling - Canada (1-0-0), South Korea (0-1 -0) and Sweden (0-0-1).
The most titled of the Russians at the Paralympics was Irek Zaripov, who won four gold and one silver in cross-country skiing and biathlon. Kirill Mikhalov has three golds, Anna Burmistrova and Sergey Shilov have two. The most titled athletes of the Games should be recognized as the Canadian skier Lauren Wolstencroft and the German skier and biathlete Verena Bentele, who achieved a unique achievement - five victories in five types in which they performed.
XI Paralympic Games. Sochi (Russia), 0 7 - 16. 03 2014 . The games were attended by 610 athletes (including 63 leading athletes) from 45 countries. In terms of the number of countries represented and the number of participants, these Games were record-breaking. Russian Paralympic athletes took part in the sledge hockey and wheelchair curling competitions for the first time.
The sports delegation of Russia consisted of 197 people, including 67 athletes, 11 blind athletes, 119 coaches, specialists, doctors, massage therapists, employees of complex scientific groups, oilers accompanying athletes with a severe form of disability, prosthesis repair mechanics, etc. - this is the largest Russian delegation in the history of the participation of the national team in the Paralympic Winter Games.
The program of the 2014 Games includes new disciplines: biathlon sprint (6 sets of medals) and Paralympic snowboard cross (2 sets of medals).
The Russian Paralympic team took 1st place in the unofficial team event, the athletes won 30 gold, 28 silver and 22 bronze medals (80 in total) in biathlon, cross-country skiing, alpine skiing, sledge hockey, wheelchair curling. No medals were won in snowboarding, a new sport for Russian Paralympians. The gap in medals from the closest sports rival - the German national team was 21 gold medal.
The Russian Paralympic team has won the most medals in its history of participating in the Paralympic Winter Games since 1994.
In terms of the total number of awards won, Russian athletes set a record that surpassed the achievement of the Austrians at the 1984 Paralympic Games in Innsbruck (70 medals, including 34 gold, 19 silver, 17 bronze).
The six-time winner of the 2014 Paralympic Winter Games was Roman Petushkov from Moscow in the biathlon disciplines: 7.5 km, 12.5 km, 15 km; ski race: 15 km, sprint, open relay among men with a lesion of the musculoskeletal system, competing sitting.
The three-time winners of the Games are:
Lysova Mikhalina (cross-country skiing: sprint; biathlon: 6 km, 10 km - among women with visual impairment), who also won three Paralympic silver medals;
Kaufman Alena (cross-country skiing: mixed relay; biathlon: 6 km, 10 km - among women with a lesion of the musculoskeletal system, competing standing), who also won the silver and bronze medals of the Games;
Remizova Elena (cross-country skiing: 15 km, 5 km, mixed relay among women with visual impairment), who also won a silver medal.
In addition, 5 Russian athletes became the champions of the Paralympic Games: Yulia Budaleeva, Azat Karachurin, Kirill Mikhailov, Grigory Murygin, Alexander Pronkov.
Among the significant events of the Games:
The absolute record of the Paralympic Games was set by Roman Petushkov (Moscow, coach - Honored Coach of Russia Irina Aleksandrovna Gromova), who won six gold medals.
For the first time in the history of the Paralympic Winter Games, Russian alpine skiers Alexandra Frantseva and Valery Redkozubov (visually impaired), as well as Alexei Bugaev (with a musculoskeletal injury, standing) became champions in slalom and super combined.
For the first time in the history of the Paralympic Games, the Russian national sledge hockey team and the Russian national wheelchair curling team won silver medals.
Our biathletes achieved particular success, having won 12 gold awards out of 18 possible. After an extremely weak performance at the 2010 Paralympic Winter Games in Vancouver, skiers performed brilliantly, winning the first team place and 16 medals.
The name "Paralympic Games" in modern reading has nothing to do with paralysis or something paranormal - it's just a short spelling of the phrase "Games Parallel to the Olympics", which reflects the connection and continuity of the two tournaments.
Like rock and roll atomic bomb, sports competitions for people with disabilities appeared after the Second World War. The soldiers who were injured at the front did not want to lose the pleasures of peacetime, and an English neurosurgeon helped them in this Ludwig Guttmann. He led many to believe that sport helps people with disabilities live. full life, organizing the first wheelchair tournament in 1948. On it, athletes competed in basketball, polo and archery, and in the latter discipline they repeated and even surpassed the results of ordinary shooters. Dr. Guttmann found a lot of like-minded people, so that soon tournaments for people with special needs became a tradition and in 1960 received the status of the Paralympics, and 16 years later the first Winter Games in adaptive sports took place.
Interesting facts from the history of the Paralympic Games
1. Until 1948, athletes with disabilities competed in the overall standings - theoretically this is still possible if their discipline is not included in the Paralympics program.
At the 1904 Summer Games, an American German gymnast George Eiser, who lost his left leg in childhood and performed on wooden prosthesis won six Olympic medals. Eiser won all three Olympic gold medals on the same day.
Having lost right hand from behind a grenade, a Hungarian pistol shooter Takach Karoy learned to shoot with one left hand and broke the world record by winning gold at the 1948 Olympics. Four years later, he defended his title and became the world's only two-time disabled Olympic champion.
There are no age restrictions in equestrian sports - the oldest Olympic medalist in equestrian eventing was 61 years old. It is not strange that among equestrian athletes there are many people with physical disabilities. At the 1952 Olympics, a Danish rider Liz Hartel won two silver medals, becoming the first woman in the history of equestrianism to step on the Olympic podium, although she was completely paralyzed from the knees.
2.
One of the most unusual and amazing scientific point of the competitions at the Winter Paralympics are those that are held with the participation of blind and visually impaired athletes. For example, during downhill skiing, trainers-instructors go ahead of them, who guide the Paralympic athletes along the track using a Bluetooth radio.
At this year's Games in Sochi, for the first time, biathlon competitions for athletes with visual impairments were held. To hit targets, they use an opto-electronic rifle that emits beeps when aiming - the weaker the sound, the farther the bullet's trajectory is from the bullseye. Thanks to this technology, blind biathletes can hit a target with a diameter of 25 millimeters from a distance of 15 steps.
3.
The symbol of the Paralympic Games is three multi-colored swoosh, which in this case are called agito ("I move" in Latin). Red, blue and green colors were chosen because they appear more often than others on national flags. This is the third version of the Paralympic Games logo - the previous ones had to be abandoned because they were too similar to the Olympic symbols. Instead of five rings, the first attributes of the Paralympic Games featured five tai-geeks, halves of the yin-yang sign. Korean traditional symbols were chosen because this design was presented on the eve of the 1988 Paralympics in Seoul.
4. Paralympic mascots often have physical disabilities themselves. For example, Sondre the troll, mascot of the 1994 Winter Paralympic Games in Lillehammer, had one leg amputated, and Petra, who welcomed the guests of the Games in Barcelona in 1992, was missing both arms. Very often, the creators of the Paralympic mascots depict non-anthropomorphic characters that cannot have paired human arms or legs by nature.
5.
Since 2012, the Paralympic Games have been held in the same year and in the same arenas as the Olympic Games, and usually immediately after them. A few days between tournaments, the host country must re-equip the Olympic Village and all infrastructure for the Paralympics - not only wheelchair and visually impaired athletes come to the Games, but also journalists, volunteers and fans with special needs.
6.
The opening of the past Paralympics in Sochi is parasnowboarding, which has been included in the official competition program since this year. So far, athletes with disabilities compete only in snowboard cross, but the committee is already eyeing the snowboard slalom ahead of the games in Pyongyang. The inclusion of an extreme sport added to the spectacle of the Games, but also required increased security measures for the athletes. Since they have to jump and fall from great heights, air springs are attached to their snowboards - the same as on Formula 1 cars.
7.
The technological innovations of the Paralympic Games are not limited to sports equipment: scientists have already learned how to modify the bodies of Paralympic athletes. New Zealand alpine skier Adam Hall, Vancouver's gold medalist in downhill skiing, underwent four years of detailed examinations to improve his physical abilities. Based on 3D scans from a company that worked with NASA on the Mars Exploration Project, Adam's legs and prosthetics have been given a more ergonomic shape. This is the first case of biomechanical alignment in the history of sports medicine.
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In preparation for the latest Paralympics, many equipment manufacturers have used 3D printing technology. For example, in this way, Toyota Motorsport created an improved downhill monoski for seated athletes, more streamlined and compact. It was further lightened with the help of a new carbon fiber - the ski began to weigh 4 kilograms instead of the previous 5.5. Thanks to modern technologies many Paralympic athletes were able to develop a record speed of 115-130 km/h on the slopes of Sochi, which exceeds the average top speed athletes without physical disabilities.
Today, scientists from major corporations like Boeing are working on developments designed to compensate for the fragility of the human body. After some 50 years, Paralympic competitions equipped with bioprostheses or unique means movements, may well surpass the traditional Olympic Games in terms of entertainment and intensity of sports passions.
MOSCOW, September 7 - R-Sport. The 15th Summer Paralympic Games, which will be held in Rio de Janeiro, will open on the night of Wednesday to Thursday Moscow time.
The Paralympic Games will be held without Russian athletes. The head of the International Paralympic Committee (IPC), Philip Craven, announced on August 7 that the committee had made a unanimous decision to remove the Russians from the 2016 Paralympics and deprive the Russian Paralympic Committee (RPC) of membership in the organization. On August 15, the RCC filed an appeal with the Sports court of Arbitration(), which rejected it on August 23.
"R-Sport" refused to participate in the Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro >>>
Below is a summary of the history of the Summer Paralympics.
The Paralympic Games are the second largest and most important - after the Olympic Games - the world sports forum.
The forerunners of the modern Paralympic Games were the Stoke Mandeville Games for the Disabled, founded by physician Ludwig Guttmann in the UK. In 1948, they took place simultaneously with the Olympic Games.
The ninth international Stoke Mandeville Games, held in 1960 in Rome (Italy) a few weeks after the Olympic Games, began to be considered the first Paralympic Games.
Paralympic Games - sports competitions in various types programs among the disabled, analogous to the Olympic Games, are held every four years. The term "Paralympic Games" was officially introduced in 1964. The origin of the name is not related to the participation of persons with paraplegia, but emphasizes the fact that the Paralympic Games are held on the same facilities and under the same conditions as the Olympic Games (from the Greek para - near, near). However, from 1968 to 1994 the Paralympic Games were held outside the venues of the Games of the Olympiad for various reasons.
The 1st Summer Paralympic Games were held in Rome (Italy) on September 18-25, 1960. The games were attended by 209 athletes from 18 countries. 113 sets of medals were played in eight sports. The program of the Games included archery, athletics, wheelchair basketball, wheelchair fencing, table tennis, swimming, darts (throwing darts) and billiards (snooker). Only wheelchair athletes who had sustained a spinal cord injury competed in the Games. The Italian team won the most medals - 80 medals (29 gold, 28 silver, 23 bronze). The UK team is in second place with 55 awards (20 gold, 15 silver, 20 bronze). Third place was taken by Germany - 30 awards (15 gold, 6 silver, 9 bronze).
The II Summer Paralympic Games were held in Tokyo (Japan) on November 8-12, 1964. The games were attended by 236 athletes from 20 countries. 143 sets of medals were played in nine sports. Weightlifting was included in the program of the Games. The US team won with 123 medals (50 gold, 41 silver, 32 bronze). The UK team is in second place with 61 awards (18 gold, 23 silver, 20 bronze). Third place was taken by Italy - 45 awards (14 gold, 15 silver, 16 bronze).
The III Summer Paralympic Games were held in Tel Aviv (Israel) on November 5-14, 1968. The games were attended by 774 athletes from 28 countries. 188 sets of medals were played in ten sports. The program of the Games included the game of bowls (lawn bowl, sports game into balls). The first place was taken by the US team - 99 awards (33 gold, 27 silver, 39 bronze), the UK team was in second place - 69 awards (29 gold, 20 silver, 20 bronze), the Israeli team was third - 62 awards (18 gold, 21 silver, 23 bronze).
IV Summer Paralympic Games were held in Heidelberg (Germany) on August 2-11, 1972. 922 athletes from 42 countries participated in the games. 188 sets of medals were played in ten sports. For the first time, athletes with visual impairments participated. The winner was the German team - 67 medals (28 gold, 17 silver, 22 bronze), the US team was in second place - 75 medals (17 gold, 27 silver, 31 bronze), the UK was in third place - 52 awards (16 gold, 15 silver). , 21 bronze).
The V Summer Paralympic Games were held in Toronto (Canada) on August 4-12, 1976. 1271 athletes from 41 countries participated in the games. 448 sets of medals were played in 13 sports. For the first time the program of the Games included volleyball, goalball and shooting. For the first time, athletes with amputations took part in the Paralympic Games. In the team standings, the Americans won - 155 medals (66 gold, 44 silver, 45 bronze), the Netherlands team was in second place - 84 medals (45 gold, 25 silver, 14 bronze), Israel was in third place - 69 medals (40 gold, 13 silver, 16 bronze).
The VI Summer Paralympic Games were held in Arnhem (Netherlands) on June 22 - July 1, 1980. 1647 athletes from 42 countries participated in the games. 590 sets of medals were played in 13 sports. The program of the Games included wrestling, snooker competitions were not held. The first place was taken by the US team - 195 medals (75 gold, 66 silver, 54 bronze), the Polish team was in second place - 177 awards (75 gold, 50 silver, 52 bronze), the German team was in third place - 162 awards (68 gold, 48 silver, 46 bronze).
The VII Summer Games were held in parallel in Stoke Mandeville (Great Britain) and New York (USA) on June 17 - August 1, 1984. In New York, athletes of all categories competed, in Stoke Mandeville only wheelchair athletes competed. 2093 athletes from 54 countries participated in the games. 975 sets of medals were played in 18 sports. The program of the Games included equestrian sports, cycling, powerlifting, 7x7 football (for athletes with cerebral palsy) and boccia (a sports game for accuracy with a ball), snooker competitions were again held. In the team standings, the Americans won - 397 medals (137 gold, 131 silver, 129 bronze), the UK team was in second place - 331 awards (107 gold, 112 silver, 112 bronze), the Canadian team was in third place - 238 medals (87 gold, 82 silver, 69 bronze).
The VIII Summer Paralympic Games were held in Seoul (South Korea) on October 16-25, 1988. 3044 athletes from 60 countries participated in the games. For the first time, Soviet Paralympic athletes took part in the Games, who competed only in athletics and swimming. 733 sets of medals were played in 18 sports. Wheelchair tennis (as a demonstration) and judo were presented in the program, equestrian sports and wrestling competitions were not held. The first place was taken by the US team - 269 medals (91 gold, 90 silver, 88 bronze), the German team was in second place - 193 medals (76 gold, 66 silver, 51 bronze), the UK team was in third place - 184 medals (65 gold, 65 silver, 54 bronze). The debutant of the Games - the USSR national team with 56 medals (21 of them gold) took 12th place.
The IX Summer Paralympic Games were held in Barcelona (Spain) on September 5-16, 1992. 2999 athletes from 83 countries participated in the games. 489 sets of medals were played in 16 sports. Wheelchair tennis became an official sport, and there were no snooker or bowls competitions. The first place was taken by the US team - 175 medals (75 gold, 52 silver, 48 bronze), the German team was in second place - 171 medals (61 gold, 51 silver, 59 bronze), the UK team was in third place - 128 medals (40 gold, 47 silver, 41 bronze). Russia played as part of the unified CIS team, which took eighth place.
X Summer Paralympic Games were held in Atlanta (USA) on August 16-25, 1996. 3255 athletes from 104 countries participated in the games. 519 sets of medals were played in 19 sports. Sailing, racquetball and wheelchair rugby were presented as demonstration sports, bowls competitions were again held. The first place was taken by the US team - 157 medals (46 gold, 46 silver, 65 bronze), the Australian team was in second place - 106 medals (42 gold, 37 silver, 27 bronze), the German team was in third place - 149 medals (40 gold, 58 silver, 51 bronze). The Russian team in the medal standings is located on the 16th place.
The XI Summer Paralympic Games were held in Sydney (Australia) on October 23-31, 2000. 3879 athletes from 123 countries participated in the Games. 550 sets of medals were played in 19 sports. The Australian team won with 149 medals (63 gold, 39 silver, 47 bronze). The UK team is in second place with 131 awards (41 gold, 43 silver, 47 bronze). Canada came in third with 96 awards (38 gold, 33 silver, 25 bronze). The Russian team took 14th place.
XII Summer Paralympic Games were held in Athens (Greece) September 23 - October 4, 2004. 3808 athletes from 135 countries participated in the games. 519 sets of medals were played in 19 sports. The program of the Games included football 5x5 (for athletes with visual impairments), bowls competitions were not held. The winner was the Chinese team - 141 medals (63 gold, 46 silver, 32 bronze), the UK team was in second place - 94 medals (35 gold, 30 silver, 29 bronze), Canada was third - 72 awards (28 gold, 19 silver). , 25 bronze). Russia took 11th place.
XIII Summer Paralympic Games were held in Beijing (China) on September 6-17, 2008. 4011 athletes from 146 countries participated in the Games. 472 sets of medals were played in 20 sports. Rowing was included in the program of the Games. The Chinese team was again the winner - 211 medals (89 gold, 70 silver, 52 bronze), the UK team was in second place - 102 medals (42 gold, 29 silver, 31 bronze), the United States was third - 99 awards (36 gold, 35 silver, 28 bronze). Representatives of the Russian team took part in no more than 40 percent of the competitive program and won 63 medals. In the unofficial team standings, the Russian team took eighth place.
XIV Summer Paralympic Games were held in London (Great Britain) on August 30 - September 10, 2012. 4302 athletes from 164 countries participated in the games. 503 sets of medals were played in 20 sports. The first place was taken by the Chinese team - 231 medals (95 gold, 71 silver, 65 bronze), the Russian team was in second place - 102 medals (36 gold, 38 silver, 28 bronze), the UK was third - 120 medals (34 gold, 43 silver, 43 bronze).
The Paralympic Games (Paralympic Games) are international sports competitions for the disabled (except for the hearing impaired). Traditionally held after the main Olympic Games, and since 1988 - at the same sports facilities; in 2001 this practice was enshrined in an agreement between the IOC and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). The Summer Paralympic Games have been held since 1960 and the Winter Paralympic Games since 1976.
The emergence of sports in which disabled people can participate is associated with the name of the English neurosurgeon Ludwig Gutmann, who, overcoming age-old stereotypes in relation to people with physical disabilities, introduced sports into the process of rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injuries. He proved in practice that sport for people with physical disabilities creates conditions for successful life, restores mental balance, allows you to return to a full life, regardless of physical disabilities, strengthens physical strength needed to operate a wheelchair.
Name
The name was originally associated with the term paraplegia paralysis of the lower extremities, since these competitions were held among people with diseases of the spine, but with the beginning of the participation of athletes in the games and with other diseases, it was rethought as "next to, outside (Greek παρά) the Olympics"; This refers to the parallelism and equality of the Paralympic competitions with the Olympic ones.
The spelling "Paralympic" is recorded in the academic "Russian Spelling Dictionary" and other dictionaries. The spelling "Paralympic" has not yet been noted in dictionaries and is used only in official documents of the bodies state power, being a tracing-paper from the official name (IOC) to English language paralympic games. Federal Law No. 253-FZ of November 9, 2009 “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” (adopted State Duma October 21, 2009, approved by the Federation Council on October 30, 2009) uniform use of the words Paralympic and Deaflympic in the legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as phrases formed on their basis: the Paralympic Committee of Russia, the Paralympic Games, etc. federal law the spelling of these words has been brought into line with the rules established by international sports organizations. The term “Paralympic” has been dropped because the use of the word “Olympic” and its derivatives for marketing and other commercial purposes must be agreed with the IOC each time.
At first, the term "Paralympic Games" was applied informally. The 1960 Games were officially called the "Ninth International Stoke Mandeville Games" and only in 1984 they were given the status of the first Paralympic Games. The first games to which the term "Paralympics" was officially applied were the 1964 games. However, in a number of games up to the 1980 Games, the term "Olympic Games for the Disabled" was used, in 1984 - " International Games invalids." The term "Paralympic" was finally officially fixed, starting with the 1988 Games.
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In 1948, Ludwig Guttmann, a physician at the Stoke Mandeville Rehabilitation Hospital, brought together British veterans who had returned from World War II with spinal cord injury to compete in sports. Referred to as the "father of sports for people with disabilities", Guttman was a strong advocate for the use of sports to improve the quality of life of disabled people with spinal cord injury. The first Games, which became the prototype of the Paralympic Games, were called the Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Games - 1948 and coincided with the Olympic Games in London in time. Guttman had a far-reaching goal - the creation of the Olympic Games for athletes with physical disabilities. The British Stoke Mandeville Games were held annually, and in 1952, with the arrival of the Dutch team of wheelchair athletes to participate in the competition, the Games received international status and numbered 130 participants. The IX Stoke Mandeville Games, which were open not only to war veterans, were held in 1960 in Rome. They are considered the first official Paralympic Games. 400 wheelchair athletes from 23 countries competed in Rome. Since that time, the rapid development of the Paralympic movement in the world began.
In 1976, the first Winter Paralympic Games were held in Ornskoldsvik (Sweden), in which for the first time not only wheelchair users, but also athletes with other categories of disabilities took part. Also in 1976, the Toronto Summer Paralympic Games made history by bringing together 1,600 participants from 40 countries, including the blind and visually impaired, paraplegics, as well as athletes with amputations, spinal cord injuries and other types of physical disabilities.
The competitions, the purpose of which was initially the treatment and rehabilitation of the disabled, have become a sporting event of the highest level, in connection with which it became necessary to create a governing body. In 1982, the Coordinating Council of International Sports Organizations for the Disabled - ICC was established. Seven years later, the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) was created and the coordinating council transferred its powers to it.
Another turning point in the Paralympic movement was the 1988 Summer Paralympic Games, which used the same facilities that hosted the Olympic competitions. The 1992 Winter Paralympic Games were held in the same city and in the same arenas as olympic competitions. In 2001, the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee signed an agreement that the Paralympic Games should take place in the same year, in the same country, and use the same venues as the Olympic Games. This agreement is formally applied from summer games 2012.