What varieties of cherries are best planted in the black earth. The best varieties of cherries for the southern regions of Russia

Sweet cherry, or bird cherry, is one of the most ancient and beloved fruit trees by gardeners, which has a very small distribution region, limited to areas of southern Europe with a temperate climate, Asia Minor and the Caucasus. It is quite demanding in care, but it grows very quickly and begins to bear fruit early. The fruits ripen already at the very beginning of the season (May - June) and are distinguished not only by their wonderful taste, but also by a rich set of vitamins, organic acids, micro and macro elements.

As a result of centuries of selection, for a long time occurring spontaneously, more than 4 thousand varieties of bird cherries were obtained, so it is quite difficult for a novice gardener to navigate in such a variety. Everything existing varieties traditionally divided into early, middle and late. Among them there are self-fertile and self-pollinated varieties, with different resistance to natural vagaries, significantly differing in appearance and fruit quality. Russian scientists at the beginning of the last century began to breed winter-hardy sweet cherries that can withstand frost. middle lane.

Which of the early varieties are worthy of attention?

Cherry is one of those berries that we can taste in late spring by planting one of the early ripening varieties. With proper care, already at the end of May, a vitamin dessert appears on our table and not only pleasantly diversifies the menu, but also helps the body to quickly cope with spring beriberi. Most of the early ripening varieties are more resistant to return frosts, and juicy and tender berries are very tasty fresh, but do not tolerate transportation.

and the way- productive self-fertile variety, zoned in the Central and Central Black Earth regions. Medium-sized trees have good winter hardiness, especially flower buds, and high resistance to fungal diseases. They form an early harvest of dark red heart-shaped berries above average in size (up to 10 g), which become almost black when overripe. Tender and juicy, but dense flesh has an excellent moderately sweet taste. Harvest is universal in application.

Ovstudenka- self-infertile sweet cherry of early ripening, recommended for cultivation in the central regions. The variety forms compact, low trees, resistant to winter freezing and return frosts in spring. High and stable yields of sweet and juicy medium-sized dark raspberries (up to 6.5 g) and universal purpose make the variety popular among gardeners. An additional advantage is good immunity to coccomycosis and moniliosis.

Story- not the most productive self-fertile variety, loved by gardeners for its large size (up to 12 g) and excellent commercial quality very sweet berries with dense pulp. They do not crack in the rainy season and tolerate transportation well. Cherry Tale is not afraid of winter frosts, has a high immunity to most fungal diseases.

Chermashnaya- a high-yielding variety of very early ripening, forming medium-sized winter-hardy trees that practically do not suffer from fungal diseases. Very tender, juicy berries of small weight (up to 4.5 g) and amber color have a sweet, dessert taste with a slight refreshing sourness. The fruits are good straight from the branch, but not suitable for storage, making jam or juice.

Mid-season cherries - the best varieties

Usually medium varieties give a harvest from mid-June. They tolerate return frosts worse, but compared to early cherries, they have better commercial qualities of fruits.

Annushka- mid-season sweet cherry, recommended for cultivation in the North Caucasus region. The variety forms vigorous trees with a spreading crown and large (up to 10 g) berries of a dark pomegranate shade. Very decorative fruits of a rounded shape are distinguished by an excellent sweet taste of dense and juicy pulp, which is not lost even in adverse weather. Plants perfectly tolerate winter frosts and summer drought, but are not sufficiently resistant to fungal diseases and cannot boast of high yields.

Adeline- high-yielding and frost-resistant variety, ripening in the second or third decade of July. Medium-sized trees begin fruiting in the fourth year of vegetation, forming medium-sized coral-red berries (up to 6 g) with very tasty, elastic and juicy pulp. Adeline cherries resist quite well such common diseases as moniliosis and coccomycosis, but are not capable of self-pollination (self-infertile).

Teremoshka- a self-infertile variety of medium winter hardiness, which begins to bear fruit in the fourth year of vegetation. Low, neat trees with a spherical crown resist well the winter cold and return frosts, have a fairly high immunity to fungal diseases. Dark cherry berries of an impressive size (up to 7 g) are valued for their excellent, honey taste, elastic and juicy pulp, good transportability.

Donetsk beauty- mid-season sweet cherry, bred by Ukrainian breeders. The variety is valued for its excellent yield, as well as for beautiful and very tasty berries of impressive size (up to 10 g) and dessert taste, which have a noble shade of red wine. In addition to the obvious external advantages, the variety has a high immunity to coccomycosis.

Gastinet- a very tasty variety of Belarusian selection, characterized by excellent tasting qualities of medium-sized amber berries (up to 6 g) with a rich carmine blush. Self-infertile trees of medium yield are very decorative during fruiting, resistant to fungal diseases and give the first crop already in the third year of development.

The most large-fruited and productive late varieties

At a time when the entire crop of early sweet cherries has already been eaten and processed, late-ripening varieties begin to bear fruit very conveniently. The berries on such trees ripen towards the end of summer, and the most frost-resistant of them give a harvest in the last decade of August.

Exhibition- an incredibly productive variety that ripens in July. Tall trees form many large (up to 8 g) and very beautiful oval-shaped amber-carmine berries with excellent taste. Cherry Exhibition is distinguished by increased frost resistance of flower buds, but is not capable of self-pollination. The best pollinators for her are the Recordistka, Cassini early and Market varieties.

Bryansk pink- a late maturing, self-fertile variety with good yields, valued for its low and compact trees, highly resistant to fungal diseases and winter frosts. Medium-sized (up to 5.5 g) berries of a beautiful light scarlet hue with dense amber pulp are distinguished by sweetness and juiciness, and in addition, they almost do not crack and are perfectly preserved during transportation.

Napoleon- a very old and excellently productive variety of European selection, zoned in Dagestan at the beginning of the last century. Tall trees delight with large (up to 7 g) berries of almost black color and a very good, sweet taste of dense pulp, diluted with slight sourness. Cherry Napoleon is universal in use, resistant to winter frosts and fungal diseases, has excellent keeping quality and transportability.

Regina- self-fertile late cherry, characterized by compact, low trees with very high frost resistance and good yields. Large (up to 10 g) berries of a very beautiful dark pomegranate shade delight with a bright taste and excellent transportability. Fruits are able not to crumble for a long time after ripening and not crack in the rainy season. An additional advantage of the variety is its precociousness: the first crop ripens already in the third year of vegetation.

Region Preferences

Cherry is a capricious tree, loving warmth and fertile slightly alkaline or neutral soils. That is why it feels best in the south of Russia and in the Central Black Earth region. However, there are unpretentious and frost-resistant varieties, which can be cultivated even in the Urals and Siberia. With good and proper care, even in these regions, experienced gardeners get good harvests delicious berries.

Here are some suggestions for growing in the middle zone.

Gronkovaya- a self-fertile early ripe variety recommended for cultivation in the central regions. Tall, very productive trees are resistant to winter frosts and damage by pathogenic fungi. In the fourth year of vegetation, they bear fruit for the first time, forming dark scarlet berries of medium weight (up to 4.5 g) with an excellent taste of sweet and juicy pulp. The best pollinators are Zhurba, Beauty, Narodnaya.

large-fruited- a time-tested variety of early fruiting, not capable of self-pollination. Rapidly developing trees of medium height with a compact crown perfectly tolerate winter cold and summer drought, are not afraid of fungal diseases, and are especially resistant to moniliosis. Very large (up to 12 g) pomegranate-colored berries delight with a very rich taste of dense and sweet pulp. Varieties for pollination - Surprise or Francis.

Revna- late-ripening self-fruitless variety, forming fast-growing trees of medium height. Fruits of an impressive size (up to 7.7 g) have a wide-round shape and a dark cherry, almost black, color. Dense pulp stands out with excellent sweet taste and juiciness. Cherry Revna tolerates frost well and is not afraid of fungal diseases. The best pollinators are Ovstuzhevka, Raditsa, Iput, Compact.

Fatezh- self-infertile productive variety of medium early fruiting. Low trees with a compact, spherical crown form elegant berries of small size (up to 4.6 g), amber color with a scarlet blush. Sweet and sour pulp has a pleasant, dense texture. Cherry is resistant to the most dangerous fungal diseases and tolerates frost well. Chermashnaya and Iput varieties are suitable for pollination.

For the regions of southern Russia and the Black Earth region the choice of varieties is much larger. The best representatives are Ariadne, Poetry, Oryol pink.

Poetry- high-yielding mid-season sweet cherry, forming low self-fertile trees with a raised pyramidal crown. Amber-scarlet berries for dessert use and medium size (up to 5.6 g) are distinguished by an excellent taste of sweet, dense pulp with refreshing-sour notes. The variety has sufficient winter hardiness, which is quite suitable for the mild climate of southern Russia. Immunity to fungal diseases is quite high.

Ariadne- early ripe variety with high and stable yield. Vigorous trees form impressive (up to 5.4 g) and very tasty fruits. Dark pomegranate berries are distinguished by an excellently sweet taste of dense and juicy pulp. Cherry Ariadna has practically no drawbacks, as it is not only tasty and fruitful, but also frost-resistant and does not get sick at all.

Oryol pink- a mid-season and high-yielding variety that forms medium-sized and frost-resistant trees. Medium-sized (up to 4.0 g) yellow fruits with a scarlet blush have a sweet, slightly sour, dessert taste of juicy, medium-density pulp. Sweet cherries are characterized by good precocity (bearing in the third year) and are relatively resistant to fungal diseases, but are self-infertile.

Rechitsa- self-infertile sweet cherry of medium ripening with good yield. Fast growing trees of medium height with a spreading crown are distinguished by excellent frost resistance and high immunity to fungal diseases. Large (up to 5.8 g) fruits of almost black color have a remarkably sweet taste of juicy pulp. The best pollinators are Ovstuzhenka, Odrinka, Iput.

For the regions of the Urals and Siberia with their severe winters, such a parameter of trees as frost resistance is especially important, which should be related to flower buds to a greater extent. In addition, sharp fluctuations in day and night temperatures, especially at the end of winter, often lead to burns of skeletal branches and trunk. All these features were taken into account by breeders who received such winter-hardy varieties as Tyutchevka, Odrinka, Veda, Bryanochka.

Tyutchevka- late-ripening highly productive variety, partially capable of self-pollination. Medium-sized trees and flower buds have good winter hardiness. Dark pomegranate fruits of an impressive size (up to 7.4 g) are distinguished by an excellent taste of dense, sweet and juicy pulp. They are well stored and transported. Sweet cherry is practically not affected by moniliosis and is rarely susceptible to other fungal diseases.

Odrinka- self-infertile sweet cherry of medium late ripening forms low trees with a pyramidal crown, which practically do not get sick, have high winter hardiness and are not afraid of sunburn. Frost well tolerated and flower buds. Very large (up to 7.4 g) and remarkably sweet fruits of dark raspberry color with elastic and juicy pulp have a universal scope. Most suitable varieties for pollination - Rechitsa, Revna, Ovstuzhenka.

Brianochka- self-fertile late variety, characterized by high winter hardiness and productivity. On medium-sized trees, very elegant and impressive (up to 7.1 g) fruits of a dark beet shade ripen. Their wonderfully tasty pulp is juicy and high in sugar. Sweet cherry has a high immunity to coccomycosis and a good one - to other fungal diseases. Pollinating varieties - Veda, Iput and Tyutchevka.

Veda- frost-resistant table variety of late ripening. Medium-sized trees are characterized by high yields, forming large (up to 7.0 g), juicy and very tasty berries of dark cherry color. Sweet cherry Veda has an increased immunity to coccomycosis and other fungal infections, is not capable of self-pollination. The best varieties-partners - Tyutchevka, Revna, Bryanochka, Iput.

LENINGRAD YELLOW
A tall tree with a spreading crown. Average winter hardiness. Resistant to coccomycosis. The fruits are small, weighing up to 4 g, oval-ovoid, amber-yellow, the pulp is tender, tasty. The yield is high.

FOLK
The tree is medium-sized, with a wide-pyramidal raised crown. Winter hardiness is high. Moderately resistant to coccomycosis. Partially self fertile. Fruits of medium size, weighing up to 5.5 g, heart-shaped, dark red. The pulp is dark red, medium density, juicy, pleasant sweet taste. The juice is dark red. The yield is high.

FATEZH
The tree is medium-sized, an interesting spherical-spreading crown - at first, annual shoots grow at an angle, and then hang down. Winter hardiness is very high - even flowers can tolerate light frosts. Disease resistance is above average. The fruits are round, the average weight is about 4.2 g. The color of the fruits is pink-red, the skin is shiny. The flesh is light pink, sweet and sour taste. Productivity is high (up to 25 kg of berries can be obtained on 5-year-old plants). Variety from VSTISP, Moscow. The best pollinators for her will be the Crimean and Chermashnaya varieties.

Late

BRYANOCHKA
New variety. Srednerosloe lerevo with an oval-rounded crown. The fruits are large, dark red, weight 5-6 g. Yield up to 15 kg per tree. High winter hardiness.

BRYANSK PINK
The tree is medium tall with a wide pyramidal crown. Winter hardiness is high. The variety is disease resistant. Fruits of medium size, weighing 4-5 g, rounded, pink. The pulp is light yellow, dense, juicy, good sweet taste.

LENA
Newly bred cherry variety. The crown is round-oval, of medium height. The berries are dark red, large (6-8 g). The taste is excellent. The average yield is 14 kg per tree.

LENINGRAD BLACK
The tree is medium-sized, spreading. Winter hardiness is satisfactory. The variety is disease resistant. Fruits weighing up to 3.5 g, dark red, almost black, broadly ovoid. The pulp is tender, very sweet, the juice is dark-colored. The yield is high.

REVNA
The tree is medium-sized, the crown is pyramidal, of medium density. Winter hardiness is above average. The variety is highly resistant to coccomycosis. Partially self fertile. Fruits weighing about 5 g are dark red, to almost black in color. The pulp is juicy, dense, excellent sweet taste. The yield is high.

TYUTCHEVKA
Tree of medium size, crown spherical, semi-spreading, rare. Winter hardiness is good. Resistance to moniliosis is high, to coccomycosis is average. The fruits are large, weighing 5.5-6 g, dark red. The pulp is red, dense, juicy, sweet. The yield is high.

How to get high yields without much effort fruit crops? Very simple - you need to plant zoned varieties that are best suited for growing in your area.

Apple tree

From summer varieties - Melba, Rossoshanskoye August;
from autumn - Zhigulevskoe,
from winter varieties- Lobo, Rossoshanskoye striped, Northern synapse, Spartan.

Pear

In the western and southwestern regions of the Central Black Earth Region, it is possible to grow varieties of both summer and autumn groups. In the north and northeast, more winter-hardy summer varieties should be used. Marble - the main summer variety in all five areas, highly winter-hardy, needs good wind protection. Rossoshanskaya beautiful zoned in the Voronezh region, also winter-hardy. Space zoned in the Belgorod and Kursk regions, very fast-growing. Dessert Rossoshanskaya zoned in the Voronezh region, fruitful, pears are stored until November. Autumn Yakovleva zoned in the Voronezh and Kursk regions, high-yielding. Bere Russian is promising for the Voronezh and Belgorod regions, the fruits are stored until December-January.

Cherry

We value this crop for its precocity, good winter hardiness, and high and annual yields. The best of the early varieties are Generous Rossoshanskaya and Effective. The basis is cherries of medium ripening: Crimson - winter-hardy; Griot Rossoshansky - high-yielding; Prima - resistant to coccomyosis; Rossoshanskaya black - zoned in the Voronezh region; Salute - harvested annually; Tambovchanka is winter-hardy; Surgenevka - zoned in the Voronezh, Belgorod, Oryol regions; Black large - high-yielding. The old Russian variety of late ripening Lyubskaya is zoned in many regions of Russia.

Plum

It has long been growing in the Central Chernozem region, mainly in household plots. Fraternal winter-hardy, large-fruited. Hungarian Voronezh is zoned in the Belgorod region. Hungarian Rossoshanskaya has fruits with a small bone. Sunrise is large-fruited and high-yielding. Eurasia-21 is zoned in the Voronezh and Belgorod regions. Award - table variety, zoned in the Voronezh region. The record has large fruits, zoned in the Voronezh region. Renklod Soviet high-yielding, zoned in the Voronezh, Belgorod and Kursk regions. Rossoshanskaya large-fruited gives very large plums in 50 g.

Cherries

Durable and high-yielding culture, less damaged by diseases and pests. But - weakly winter-hardy, flower buds freeze especially often. In the south of the Voronezh region, the Rossoshanskaya large is zoned. In the varietal composition - Check mark, Original, Early pink, Rossoshanskaya gold, Julia.

Apricot

It is also easily damaged by frost, it is not yet in the standard assortment. On the plots of the production variety testing of the Rossoshanskaya station, the following varieties stood out in terms of winter hardiness and early fruiting: Pogremok, Russian-Bulgarian, Voronezh large, Dessert, Son of the red-cheeked and Stepnyak Rossoshansky.

Currant

The most vitamin berry. The varietal composition is adopted as follows: black - Memory Michurin, Belarusian sweet, Minai Shmyrev, Student; red and white - Red Cross, Dutch Red, Versailles White, Firstborn, Chulkovskaya, Generous and Uteborgskaya; golden - Sweet, dense meat.

Gooseberry

It is also called northern grapes. In our zone, zoned Russian and Yubileiny are recommended, as well as Northern grapes, Moscow red, Mleevsky yellow, Canned Coptivator and Eaglet.

strawberries

In the Central Chernozem region, varieties Festivalnaya, Zenga-Zengana, Early Makherauha are zoned. Highlighted as promising Yasna and Redgauntlet.

Raspberries

Latham, Krimzon Mammut, Otbornaya Sheina, Kenby, Newburgh were selected as the best varieties for the Chernozem region.

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A rare summer resident of central Russia does not try to plant at least one cherry tree on his site, even knowing that this culture is very whimsical and capricious. When it is possible to harvest, it is said about the skill of the owner, and if the berries were not waited for, then they usually appeal to the fact that the role of the cherry was reduced solely to pollination of cherries growing nearby.

Cherry varieties for central Russia

The concept of the middle zone of Russia is conditional and does not coincide with the division into regions adopted in the State Register of the Russian Federation. It covers the North-West region (with the exception of the Kaliningrad region), the Central and Central Black Earth, as well as almost the entire Volga-Vyatka and Middle Volga regions. The climate in such a territory is heterogeneous, but in general it is characterized by warm, rather humid weather in summer and moderately cold snowy winters. Average temperatures range from -12 o C in winter to +21 o C in summer.

I. V. Michurin made the first scientific attempts to adapt the southern culture to new conditions. The hatched cherry became the foundation for further breeding work to create new cold-resistant varieties. The variety of obtained types of cherries allows us to classify them according to many characteristics, primarily by the color of the fruit.

Yellow cherry varieties

Cherry fruits are colored in red, yellow, pink and orange. Sweet cherries with yellow berries are not as picky about climatic conditions as their relatives, therefore they are more adapted to grow and bear fruit in climatic conditions the middle zone, where severe winters are not uncommon.

Drogana yellow

Drogana yellow - an old variety with amber large fruits. Their average weight is about 6–7 g, some reach 8 g. The taste of berries is sweet, dessert, but they are poorly transported.

Drogan cherry yellow is suitable for compotes and jams, but not for freezing, after defrosting the shape of the berries is not preserved

The fruits of Drogana yellow ripen by the end of June or July, do not fall off. Trees are productive from 4–5 years old and bear fruit for another 20 years. Productivity is stable, up to 30 kg per tree.

The variety is self-infertile, pollinating cherries are Denissen yellow, Gaucher. It is frost-resistant and, thanks to late blossoming, does not suffer from returning frosts. Approved for cultivation in the Lower Volga and North Caucasus regions, but through the efforts of gardeners, it has successfully expanded the distribution zone.

Drogana yellow tolerates drought well, and in rainy summers, the skin of the fruit cracks and is affected by fruit rot. Cherry fly also does not leave Drogana berries unattended. However, cherries are not exposed to fungal diseases.

Leningrad yellow

Leningradskaya yellow - a common late-ripening cherry, the berries ripen at the end of August. The skin is honey-yellow, the pulp is moderately tart, but sweet and juicy. The fruits weigh 3.4 g.

Cherry berries Leningrad yellow do not deteriorate, do not lose their taste and appearance within two weeks after harvest

On average, it gives 15 kg from one tree. Winter-hardy. It is immune to bacterial rot, does not suffer from pests, including fruit fly damage.

Self-infertile. It is pollinated by varieties Leningradskaya black or Leningradskaya pink. These three types of cherries were obtained at the Pavlovsk experimental station of VIR, located near St. Petersburg. Pomologists of the station have created winter-hardy varieties of sweet cherries that are successfully cultivated in the North-West region, although they are not formally included in the State Register.

Oryol amber

Oryol amber - early-ripening cherries, berry picking begins in the second half of June. The fruits are intense yellow with a slight blush, weighing 5.6 g. The pulp is dense, juicy, sweet. Cherries are most often consumed fresh.

The berries of the Oryol amber have a very thin skin that attracts bees, besides, ripened fruits are prone to shedding

From the age of 4, the Oryol amber bears fruit, increasing its yield every year. From one adult tree, you can collect up to 33–35 kg of berries. Needs pollinators, Vityaz, Iput, Gostinets, Severnaya and Ovstuzhenka varieties are suitable.

The variety is not included in the State Register. It grows in the Central Black Earth and Middle Volga regions.

Homestead yellow

Homestead yellow was obtained at the end of the 20th century. Rounded ruddy berries weigh an average of 5.5 g. The pulp is pleasantly cartilaginous, sweet, with a slight sourness.

Home garden yellow is not intended for cultivation on an industrial scale, because it is poorly stored and transported

It blooms early and gives an early harvest, which begins to be harvested in the second half of June. Regular fruiting from the sixth year without the participation of pollinators. The yield is up to 15 kg per tree.

The advantages of this variety include high frost resistance. Homestead yellow zoned in the Central Black Earth region.

Chermashnaya

Chermashnaya - medium-sized, early-ripening and early-growing cherries. The berries are round, yellow, some develop a blush. The taste is dessert, sweet and sour (sweetness is more pronounced, sourness is barely perceptible). The average fruit weight is up to 4.5 g. Berries are consumed fresh.

Chermashnaya cherry is transportable both for close and for far distance, most importantly, harvest in dry weather and tear off the berries along with the tails

The variety is productive, gives up to 30 kg of berries from one tree. When planting two-year-old seedlings, they are harvested after four years. Self-infertile. As pollinators, the varieties Fatezh, Crimean, Bryansk pink, Iput, Leningrad black or Chocolate cherry are recommended.

Chermashnaya is resistant to fungal stone fruit diseases. Included in the State Register for the Central Region.

Winter-hardy varieties of cherries

In unstable winter weather, when colds are replaced by periods of thaw, wood is affected near the cherry, frost cracks appear. And return spring frosts are detrimental to the kidneys, because of which the crop suffers. Breeders managed to develop varieties of sweet cherries that are resistant to cold by buds and wood. In addition to the yellow-fruited Leningradskaya and Homestead, it is worth remembering a few more winter-hardy varieties.

Veda

Veda - late cherry. The fruits are flattened-heart-shaped, medium-sized. Weight - a little more than 5 g. Under the ruby skin lies juicy tender flesh. The yield of the variety is up to 25 kg per tree. Fruits in 4-5 years. The State Register recommends growing in the Central Region.

To improve the pollination of any sweet cherry, including the Veda variety, during the flowering period, you can spray the branches with water with honey or sugar, bees will flock to the sweet

Bryansk pink

Bryansk pink - very late cherry. The berries are round, coral. The veins show through the thick skin. Cartilaginous elastic pulp of rich sweet taste. Fruit weight - 4.5 g. Needs pollinators, the best varieties are Iput, Ovstuzhenka, Revna, Tyutchevka. The average yield is 20 kg per tree. The trees are early-growing, winter-hardy, not susceptible to coccomycosis. Sweet cherry Bryansk pink is included in the State Register for the Central Region.

100 g of any sweet cherry, for example, the Bryanskaya pink variety, contains 14–15 mg of vitamin C (the daily norm for an adult is 70–100 mg)

and the way

Iput - a variety of sweet cherries with dark pomegranate-colored fruits. Heart berries weigh an average of 5 g, although the weight can reach up to 10 g. The peel in conditions of excessive moisture cracks. The pulp is dense, dark red, sweet and juicy.

Iput blooms early and gives an early harvest. Fruiting from 4-5 years. The average yield is 20 kg per tree, twice as much in good years. Gives a crop only in the vicinity of pollinators. Varieties Revna, Bryansk pink, Tyutchevka are suitable for pollination.

Winter-hardy, not affected by fungal diseases. Cherry Iput is included in the State Register and approved for cultivation in the Central Black Earth region.

For Iput cherries, breeders chose a name that seems strange to many, and the name is given in honor of the river flowing through the Bryansk region

Odrinka

Odrinka is a late sweet cherry with round, dark red berries with a rich taste. The maximum fruit weight is 7.5 g, on average they weigh 5.4 g. Blooms late and produces a medium late crop. Begins fruiting at 5 years old. Productivity - 25 kg from a tree. Self-infertile, the best pollinators are Ovstuzhenka, Rechitsa, Revna. Winter-hardy, not susceptible to fungal diseases. In the State Register for the Central Region.

In addition to other advantages, any sweet cherry, like the Odrinka variety, is very decorative - in spring it is covered with fragrant flowering, in summer - with juicy fruits.

Revna

Revna - medium late cherry. Flattened-rounded fruits weigh no more than 5 g, although some are almost 8 g. The skin is red to black in mature berries. The pulp is dark, dense, juicy, excellent in taste. Revna bears fruit from 5 years. Partially self-fertile, the best pollinators for this sweet cherry are Ovstuzhenka, Tyutchevka, Raditsa, Iput. When adjacent to other varieties, the average yield is 25 kg per tree, and the maximum reaches 30 kg. Shows winter hardiness and resistance to fungal pathology. The variety is included in the State Register for the Central Region.

pink pearl

The berries of winter-hardy cherries Pink pearls are not very large, weighing an average of 5.4 g. According to the taste characteristics, the fruits are pleasant, they are characterized by sweetness. The variety tolerates temperature changes, is drought-resistant and at the same time actively bears fruit. The first harvest appears in the 5th or 6th year, and the first berries appear in mid-July. The indicator relative to one mature plant reaches 13–18 kg. The variety is self-infertile and needs pollinators. For this purpose, the Michurinka or Michurinskaya late cherries, Adelina, Ovstuzhenka, Plaziya, Rechitsa varieties are used. It is on state variety testing.

To enhance pollination and attract insects, next to any cherry, including the Pink Pearl variety, you can plant honey herbs: lemon balm, mint, oregano

Fatezh

Fatezh is a dessert variety of sweet cherry. The berries are small, round, medium early ripening, weigh 4.5 g. The skin is red or red-yellow. The pulp is juicy, has a cartilaginous structure and a pale pink color. The taste is sweet with sourness. Fruits are well transported. The variety is self-fertile, Chermashnaya, Iput, Bryansk pink are recommended as the best pollinators for it. In the neighborhood of pollinators, it gives up to 35 kg of yield from one tree. Resistant to fungal diseases and frost-resistant. Included in the State Register for the Central Region.

Fatezh cherries are a recognized pollinator for almost all other cherries, with the exception of undersized ones.

Often, gardeners increase the winter hardiness of sweet cherries by grafting. In this case, the seedlings retain the characteristics of the selected varieties, while showing resistance to cold and disease due to the hardy rootstock.

undersized sweet cherry

In small garden plots, tall cherry trees with a spreading crown cause a lot of trouble. Breeders offer varieties with limited growth, convenient for care and harvesting. Such cherries are called dwarf or columnar. Fruiting in such trees occurs earlier than in tall cherries, sometimes even in the year of grafting. However, it is recommended to cut off the flowers of the first year.

In fact, these trees are an overgrown central conductor 2–3 m high with short skeletal and bouquet branches. . To facilitate care and limit the growth of trees, it is also practiced to form sweet cherries in the form of a bush, in several trunks. Due to the structural features, compact seedlings take up less space on the site, they are planted closer. Often columnar trees need additional support.

Dwarf trees, more than other types of cherries, are demanding on external conditions, they need a lot of illumination of the site, the absence of wind and sudden changes in temperature. In addition, they do not tolerate watering flaws and are not drought tolerant.

Seedlings of dwarf trees retain maternal properties, therefore, not only grafting is used for reproduction, but also planting seeds. As a rule, seedlings obtained from stones adapt better to the local climate.

Dwarf trees look advantageous in small areas due to their unusual shape and dense flowering. Often self-fertile, and the taste is not inferior to large-sized ones. There are not so many varieties that can survive harsh winters. Most often, suppliers offer Helena, Sylvia and Little Sylvia, Black Columnar cherries. The variety Sam is proposed as a pollinator, catching up with large trees in height.

Photo gallery: columnar varieties of cherries

Columnar trees can be planted close to each other, at a distance of 1-2 m Cherry varieties Helena can tolerate cold, but it is better to create additional protection for the winter so that it does not die Sylvia sweet cherry is a very valuable industrial variety suitable for transportation and storage under normal conditions up to 7 days The Little Sylvia variety retains all its properties for several weeks if stored in the refrigerator. Pruning is not needed for undersized varieties of sweet cherries, like the Black Columnar, they themselves stretch upwards Sam cherries have the highest resistance to fruit cracking among all cherries, therefore they are valued in regions with large quantity precipitation

Cherries with large fruits

As a rule, large-fruited cherries grow in warm regions, are prone to various diseases, do not tolerate cold and temperature fluctuations. In particular, this is the yellow Drogana already described above - its fruits reach 8 g. There are other varieties that are worth talking about.

It can be noted winter-hardy, the weight of the berries of which is within 8 g. These dark, sweet berries with a slight sourness have one drawback: with excessive humidity or temperature changes, the skin of the fruit cracks. Due to this, quality and transportability deteriorate. In the presence of pollinators (varieties Iput, Ovstuzhenka, Tyutchevka), the Bull's heart is capable of producing up to 40 kg of berries from one tree. The berries ripen by the end of June. It is grown mainly in the southern Black Earth region.

Cherry berries Bull's heart gives one of the largest among all varieties, but they do not tolerate transportation well and immediately burst (because the pulp is very juicy)

Some gardeners cut off up to a third of the flowers to increase the size of the fruit, artificially reducing the number of ovaries. In this case, the remaining berries receive more nutrition and develop better.

Self-fertile cherries

Due to the peculiarities of the structure of the flower, the sweet cherry is mainly a cross-pollinated plant. Most varieties of sweet cherries are self-fertile, however, self-pollinating cherries also exist.

The berries of the Narodnaya Syubarova sweet cherry reach a weight of 5–7 g. This is an example of an unpretentious sweet cherry that grows on any soil and in almost any climate. Despite the cold snowy winters and strong winds, in the second half of July, bright scarlet berries ripen on sweet cherries. Up to 40-50 kg of crop is harvested from a tree and without the presence of other varieties. Not included in the State Register. Distributed in the Crimea and the Volgograd region, but gardeners manage to expand the cultivation area of Narodnaya Syubarova due to the unpretentiousness and winter hardiness of the variety.

Self-fertile sweet cherry Narodnaya Syubarova, like other self-fertile crops, in the presence of pollinators will bring more fruit

The partially self-fertile varieties include the early medium Ovstuzhenka, the average weight of which is 4 g. The berries are dark cherry in color, medium-sized, slightly elongated, with dark sweet pulp. Without pollinating trees, berries form only 10% of the flowers. The best neighbors are Iput, Raditsa, Bryansk pink. Productive variety (up to 20 kg per tree). Ovstuzhenka is not affected by coccomycosis and is resistant to cold, enduring frosts down to -40 ° C without damage. In the State Register for the Central Region.

Cherry Ovstuzhenka does not like weeds very much, it is necessary to weed the near-trunk circle in a timely manner, annually increasing it by 50 cm

There are other partially self-fertile varieties, for example, Revna, but it also bears fruit better in the presence of pollinators. Without neighborhood with other varieties, 5–10% of flowers are tied.

Early cherry

Cherry begins to bear fruit at 5-6 years. Cherries Iput, Veda bear fruit from 4-5 years. The four-year-olds of the Oryol Amber and Chermashnaya are not inferior to Adeline in terms of yield. But there are also champions.

There is a sweet cherry that yields a crop already in the third year after planting. This is the Orlovskaya pink variety, the flattened-rounded berries of which are even, with an average weight of 3.5 g. Peel and pulp Pink colour. Tastes sweet with mild sourness. Productivity of a grade - 20 kg from a tree. Self-infertile, pollinating varieties - Vityaz, Iput, Gostinets, Severnaya and Ovstuzhenka. Its advantage is resistance to fungal diseases and precocity. Approved by the State Register for cultivation in the Central Black Earth region.

The Orlovskaya pink cherry variety surpasses all varieties in terms of frost resistance: after testing with severe frost, the tree continued to bear fruit

Adelina is a little behind the Oryol rose, giving the first harvest for the 4th year. The variety is mid-season. Heart-shaped berries are painted in ruby color. The average weight of Adelina fruits is within 5.5 g. The pulp is juicy, cartilaginous structure. Due to the dense texture of the pulp, the fruits are perfectly transportable. Self-infertile variety, the best neighbors will be varieties Poetry and Rechitsa. The yield is low, a little more than 20 kg per tree. Included in the State Register for the Central Black Earth Region.

If you want to protect the entire already small crop of Adeline cherries from birds, then the nets that cover the trees can help.

Sweet cherry varieties

The sweetest cherry for the middle band:

Adeline;
Bryansk pink;
Iway;
Revna;
Ovstuzhenka;
Chermashnaya.

In addition to these varieties, it is worth mentioning the mid-season Tyutchevka cherries, the fruits of which are dark red, juicy, dense, weighing 5.3 g. It needs pollinators, the varieties Bryansk pink, Iput, Ovstuzhenka, Raditsa, Revna are recommended. In a typical year, 25 kg is harvested per tree. An excellent cold hardy and disease resistant cherry. Included in the State Register for the Central Region.

Sweet cherry variety Tyutchevka Sweet cherry has good resistance to many diseases, but can be affected by coccomycosis and clasterosporiasis

Features of planting and growing cherries in central Russia

When planting sweet cherries, it is necessary to take into account the climatic features of the region, the composition and level of soil acidity, as well as varietal features the cherry itself. According to I. V. Michurin, the variety ensures the success of the business.

Cherry prefers to grow in warm, lit areas, protected from penetrating winds. It does not tolerate stagnant water and acidic soils, therefore, before planting trees, the soil is deoxidized by adding 3–5 kg of dolomite flour to the planting pit for these purposes. All stone fruits love light soils, so sand is added to the soil mixture to improve its composition (in proportion to dolomite flour), and crushed limestone is poured into the bottom of the pit to improve drainage and provide the cherry with calcium.

Seedlings are purchased from reliable suppliers or large nurseries. Check the condition of the kidneys and root system. The buds must be awakened, and the root system developed and completely cover the container.

It is preferable to purchase containerized cherry seedlings, since the closed root system is not injured during transportation and is subjected to less stress during planting.

Prepare a place on the site in advance. The projection area of the crown corresponds to the prevalence of the roots, so more space is left for high varieties. In addition, the need for pollinators is taken into account. Planting holes are dug at a distance of 3-4 meters from each other. For planting one seedling:

Dig a hole with a diameter of 80 cm and a depth of up to 70 cm.
Separate the top fertile layer.
Crushed stone is poured to the bottom for drainage.
Dolomite flour and sand (1:1) are mixed with their own fertile soil layer, adding organic matter (humus, compost or peat in equal amounts), and fall asleep back.
The planting stake is fixed and a seedling is placed nearby so that the root collar rises above the soil level.
Tie the tree to a stake.
Compact the earth around the seedling, forming an irrigation hole.
Water abundantly (up to 3-4 liters of water).
To reduce the evaporation of moisture, cover the trunk circle with mulch.

Sweet cherries are characterized by intensive growth, so it is advisable to immediately cut the central conductor to a height of 50–60 cm in order to form a tiered crown in the future. If the skeletal branches are already formed, then cut them so that they are shorter than the trunk.

The formation of a sparse-tiered crown provides the plant with optimal development

When boarding, make organic fertilizers so that in the next few years the soil under the trees is not fertilized. Further watering of seedlings is carried out if necessary. Excessive soil moisture leads to rotting of the roots, and during the period of fruit ripening - to their cracking. Important periods for watering sweet cherries are the time of flowering and the formation of the ovary, immediately after harvest and a month before the expected permanent cold weather (early or mid-October). The rest of the time, cherries are watered based on the characteristics of the climate.

Video: planting cherries

It is recommended to prophylactically treat cherry seedlings with a 1% solution in early spring. blue vitriol or Bordeaux liquid to prevent fungal diseases. If necessary, repeat the procedure before flowering.

Regular pruning is carried out in early spring in order to remove damaged branches and form the crown correctly. Weak, thickening, inward-growing, criss-crossing branches are removed, thereby indirectly regulating flowering and ensuring yield.

In autumn, it is recommended to whitewash not only the trunks, but also the main skeletal shoots to protect the bark from frost cracks. In the early years, it is recommended to cover the seedlings before the winter cold by wrapping the trunks with corrugated cardboard or other material in order to protect the plantings from rodents.

Cherries

This season we are pleased to offer you a wide range of sweet cherry varieties. Here you can find varieties for every taste - like the northern ones, bred by F.K. Teterev and M.V. Kanshina for the middle zone of horticulture, and bred in the south of the Black Earth region and in neighboring regions of Ukraine, which are of high quality.

Varieties for the south of the Black Earth Zone

Olenka

early pink

mid-early variety of the Rossoshanskaya station selection, fruits ripen in mid-June, medium, weighing 5-6 g, yellow with a large dark red blush, the flesh is juicy, tender, good taste; the variety is very productive, an adult tree gives 70 - 80 kg of fruit, maturation is not simultaneous, which is valuable for a home garden.

farewell

a new very large-fruited variety of selection of the Donetsk Horticulture Station, the fruits ripen in mid-June, large, 10-12 g, dark red, the flesh is dense, sweet with a slight acidity, excellent taste.

enviable

a new variety of our selection, the fruits ripen in mid-June, very large, 9-10 g, dark red, very dense, crispy, sweet with a slight acidity of excellent taste.

Fedora

a new variety of our selection, ripen in mid-June, the fruits are very large, 11 - 13 g, dark red, very dense, crispy, high taste, average winter hardiness.

Yaroslavna

an excellent variety of Donetsk station selection, fruits ripen at the end of the second decade of June, large, 7-8 g, dark red, black when fully ripe, juicy, excellent sweet taste with light acid, intense color.

Velka

a new variety of our selection, characterized by high winter hardiness of the tree, the fruits ripen at the end of the second decade of June, very large, 10 - 11 g, dark red, dense, excellent sweet taste with very light acidity.

Rossoshanskaya gold

variety of Rossoshanskaya station selection, medium winter hardiness; fruits ripen at the end of the third decade of June, medium, 6-7 g, bright yellow, sometimes with a slightly noticeable blush on the sunny side, the flesh is juicy, amazingly sweet with a honey flavor, excellent taste.

Krepyshka

new variety of our selection, characterized by restrained growth of the tree, the fruits ripen at the beginning of the third decade of June, large, 9 - 10 gr., dark red, medium density, sweet with a slight acid taste.

violent

a new variety of our selection, winter hardiness is average, the fruits ripen in the third decade of June, very large, 12-14 g, dark red, sweet with a slight acidity, excellent taste.

Worthy

a new variety of our selection, characterized by good winter hardiness and high yield, the fruits ripen at the end of June, very large, 11-13 g, dark red, dense, sweet with a slight acidity, excellent taste.

Rossoshanskaya large

cultivar of the Rossoshansk station selection, ripens at the end of June, fruits are large, 8-9 g, dark red, dense, sweet with a slight acidity.

Annushka

variety of selection of the Donetsk Experimental Horticulture Station, fruits ripen at the end of June, large, 9-11 g, dark red, very dense, with crispy sweet pulp of dessert taste, one of the best varieties of sweet cherry in terms of taste.

Julia

the most popular cherry variety in the Chernozem region, bred at the Rossoshansk station, winter hardiness is high, the tree is vigorous, very productive, at the age of 15 it gives up to 120 kg; fruits begin to ripen in early July, large, 7-8 g, yellow with a large pink side, good taste.

northern varieties

Although these varieties are inferior to the varieties listed above in terms of fruit quality, they generally surpass them in winter hardiness. They winter well in the south of the Non-Black Earth Region, north-west of Russia, and in places with a favorable microclimate in the Volga region and even in the Urals.

Dawn

variety bred by F.K. Black grouse at the Pavlovsk VIR station (Leningrad region), the fruits ripen at the end of the second decade of June, medium, 5-6 g, yellow with a large red blush, tender, sweet with a slight acidity, good or excellent taste.

Leningrad black

like the previous variety, bred at the Pavlovsk station, the fruits ripen in the third decade of July, medium, 5-6 g, almost black, tender, very juicy, good sweet with a slight acid taste.

Bryansk pink

variety bred by M.V. Kanshina at the Research Institute of Lupine (Bryansk), one of the most winter-hardy varieties of sweet cherries, the fruits ripen very late, in the third decade of July, below average size, 4-5 g, yellow with a large pink blush, dense, crispy, good taste.

Veda

new variety M.V. Kanshina, is distinguished by high winter hardiness of the tree and flower buds, the fruits ripen late, at the end of the first decade of July, large 6-7 g, dark red, dense, dessert sweet with a slight acid taste, not inferior in quality to southern varieties.

Ovstudenka

a new variety of Lupine Research Institute (Bryansk), the fruits ripen early, medium, 5-6 g, dark red, juicy, tender, good sweet with a slight acid taste.

Revna

selection variety M.V. Kanshina, late ripening, fruits are medium and above average, 4 - 6 g, dark red, dense, sweet with a slight acidity, good or excellent taste.

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Cherry varieties

As a result of centuries-old selection, which took place spontaneously for a long time, more than 4 thousand varieties of bird cherries were obtained, so it is rather difficult for a novice gardener to navigate in such a variety. All existing varieties are traditionally divided into early, middle and late. Among them there are self-fertile and self-pollinated varieties, with different resistance to natural whims, significantly different in appearance and quality characteristics of the fruit. At the beginning of the last century, Russian scientists began to breed winter-hardy sweet cherries that can withstand the frosts of the middle zone.

Which of the early varieties are worthy of attention?

Ovstudenka- self-infertile sweet cherry of early ripening, recommended for cultivation in the central regions. The variety forms compact, low trees, resistant to winter freezing and return frosts in spring. High and stable yields of sweet and juicy medium-sized dark raspberries (up to 6.5 g) and universal use make the variety popular among gardeners. An additional advantage is good immunity to coccomycosis and moniliosis.

Story- not the most productive self-fertile variety, loved by gardeners for its large size (up to 12 g) and excellent commercial qualities of very sweet berries with dense pulp. They do not crack in the rainy season and tolerate transportation well. Cherry Tale is not afraid of winter frosts, has a high immunity to most fungal diseases.

Mid-season cherries - the best varieties

Usually medium varieties give a harvest from mid-June. They tolerate return frosts worse, but compared to early cherries, they have better commercial qualities of fruits.

The most large-fruited and productive late varieties

Region Preferences

Cherry is a capricious tree that loves warmth and fertile slightly alkaline or neutral soils. That is why it feels best in the south of Russia and in the Central Black Earth region. However, there are unpretentious and frost-resistant varieties that can be cultivated even in the Urals and Siberia. With good and proper care, even in these regions, experienced gardeners get good yields of delicious berries.

Here are some suggestions for growing in the middle zone.

For the regions of southern Russia and the Black Earth region the choice of varieties is much larger. The best representatives are Ariadne, Poetry, Oryol pink.

Odrinka- self-infertile cherries of medium late ripening form low trees with a pyramidal crown, which practically do not get sick, have high winter hardiness and are not afraid of sunburn. Frost well tolerated and flower buds. Very large (up to 7.4 g) and remarkably sweet fruits of dark raspberry color with elastic and juicy pulp have a universal scope. The most suitable varieties for pollination are Rechitsa, Revna, Ovstuzhenka.

Veda- frost-resistant table variety of late ripening. Medium-sized trees are characterized by high yields, forming large (up to 7.0 g), juicy and very tasty berries of dark cherry color. Sweet cherry Veda has an increased immunity to coccomycosis and other fungal infections, is not capable of self-pollination. The best partner varieties are Tyutchevka, Revna, Bryanochka, Iput.

Sweet cherry varieties for the central Chernozem region

In the last period (10–15 years) in the middle zone of fruit growing, the interest of the population in the culture of sweet cherries has increased significantly. Many varieties of sweet cherries of the "northern" group show sufficient winter hardiness in the conditions of the current climate warming, moreover, they are more resistant to dangerous diseases, are more productive and surpass many varieties of cherries in fruit quality. In the southern part of the Central region in 2002, for the first time, the cherry culture was introduced into the industrial assortment. Cherry varieties of the "northern" group are included in the list of zoned or are promising for the Central Chernozem region. Most of them contain varieties obtained by M.V. Kanshina (Bryansk) at the All-Russian Research Institute of Lupine: Iput, Revna, Bryanskaya Rose, Ovstuzhenka, Rechitsa; varieties created by a team of authors (A.F. Kolesnikova, E.N. Dzhigadlo and others) of the All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crops Breeding (Orel): Poetry, Orlovskaya pink, Orlovskaya amber, Malysh and varieties Adelina and Ariadna, created jointly with the team of the All-Russian Research Institute of Genetics and Breeding of Fruit Plants. I. V. Michurina (Michurinsk).

Despite the extensive zoned assortment of cherries, it lacks varieties that are highly resistant to coccomycosis and moniliosis, highly winter-hardy, self-fertile, with a restrained tree size and a compact crown of very early and early ripening. It is desirable to have varieties with dense, juicy, brightly colored pulp, with fruits of high palatability and simultaneous ripening, dry separation of the stalk. The creation of such varieties of an intensive type is an urgent goal in sweet cherry breeding for the coming years.

The characteristics of some varieties recommended for cultivation in the natural and climatic conditions of the Central Chernozem region are given.

Adeline.

Ariadne.

General purpose variety. The variety is partially self-fertile, early ripening. Average harvest 1996–2000 amounted to 5.4 t/ha. The variety is winter-hardy, weakly affected by diseases and pests.

The advantage of the variety is high winter hardiness, early ripening, high annual yield, fruits of high taste.

Ipath.

Baby.

The pulp is yellow, medium density, juicy, the juice is colorless. The fruits contain dry substances - 14.0%, sugars - 10.4%, acids - 0.4%. The stone is broadly elliptical, weighing 0.2 g. The peduncle is long. Dessert variety. Flowering in the middle. Self-infertile. Ripening of fruits in average terms. It enters fruiting in the 4th year. The average yield is 7.5 t/ha. Maximum 12.8 t/ha. Winter hardiness is high.

Poetry.

Early pink.

Countrywoman

June

Joy

Symphony(Leningrad black? Golden loshitskaya). The tree is characterized by good winter hardiness and high yield.

Amber

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My Homestead

Varieties of fruit trees for the Central Chernozem region

I will make a reservation right away - this list is a reference one, found on the internet. Will be updated as more information is collected.

Apple tree. From summer varieties - Melba, Rossoshansk august; from the autumn Zhigulevskoe, from winter varieties - Lobo, Rossoshanskoe striped, northern synapse, Spartan. Promising varieties - Steppe beauty, winter April, Renet of Voronezh, Rossoshanskoe crimson and Rossoshanskoe lezhkoe, The latter variety is valued for its exceptional keeping quality - when stored in an ordinary cellar, it does not lose its qualities until a new harvest.

Pear. In the western and southwestern regions of the Central Black Earth Region, it is possible to grow varieties of both summer and autumn groups. In the north and northeast, more winter-hardy summer varieties should be used. Marble- the main summer variety in all five areas, highly winter-hardy, needs good wind protection. Rossosh beautiful zoned in the Voronezh region, also winter-hardy. Space zoned in the Belgorod and Kursk regions, very fast-growing. Dessert Rossoshanskaya zoned in the Voronezh region, productive, pears are stored until November. Autumn Yakovleva zoned in the Voronezh, Tambov, Kursk and Lipetsk regions, high-yielding. Bere Russian promising for the Voronezh and Belgorod regions, fruits are stored until December - January.

Cherry we value it for its early maturity, good winter hardiness, and high and annual yields. From the early varieties - Generous Rossoshanskaya and Effective. The basis is cherries of medium ripening - Crimson winter-hardy, Griot Rossoshansky high-yielding, Prima is resistant to coccomyosis, Rossosh black zoned in the Voronezh region, Firework- harvested annually Tambovchanka- winter-hardy, Surgenevka zoned in the Voronezh, Belgorod, Oryol regions and Black large high-yielding. Late ripening old Russian variety - Lyubskaya, zoned in many regions of Russia.

Plum has long been growing in the Central Chernozem region, mainly in household plots. Fraternal- winter-hardy, large-fruited. Hungarian Voronezh zoned in the Belgorod region. Hungarian Rossoshanskaya has fruits with a small stone. Sunrise- large-fruited and high-yielding. Eurasia-21 zoned in the Voronezh and Belgorod regions. Reward- table variety, zoned in the Voronezh region. Record has large fruits, zoned in the Voronezh region. Renklod soviet- high-yielding, zoned in the Voronezh, Belgorod, Tambov, Lipetsk and Kursk regions. Rossoshanskaya large-fruited gives very large plums of 50 grams.

Cherries durable and high-yielding, less damaged by diseases and pests, but weakly winter-hardy, flower buds freeze especially often. In the south of the Voronezh region it is zoned Rossoshanskaya large. In the varietal composition - Checkmark, Original, Early pink, Rossoshanskaya gold, Julia.

Apricot also easily damaged by frost. At present, varieties stand out in terms of winter hardiness and precocity: Rattle , Russian-Bulgarian, Voronezh large, Dessert, Son of the red-cheeked and Stepnyak Rossoshansky.

Sweet cherry varieties for the black earth

Editorial

The proposed brochure describes in detail the botanical characteristics, morphological features of the tree and the biological characteristics of sweet cherries, without knowledge of which it is impossible to obtain high yields of this crop.

At present, scientists of the Russian Federation have created wonderful varieties for cultivation in the natural and climatic conditions of the Central Black Earth Region. You will learn in detail about the methods of propagation of rootstocks and seedlings of sweet cherries and will be able to independently master the technology for the production of planting material. Decide on the choice of a site for laying a garden, master important agrotechnical measures for the care of young and fruit-bearing cherry plantations.

We wish you good luck!

The meaning of culture

Sweet cherry is the most important stone fruit crop, which has become widespread in the Central Black Earth region and is very popular among the population.

Cherry fruits are among the early fruits; they are supplied to the markets and trade organizations of the Voronezh region mainly from the southern regions of our country. Only a small part of the population consumes fruits from the backyard garden.

The fruits have very good taste and high nutritional qualities and are a fresh product. In addition, sweet cherries are distinguished by high technological properties and are widely used for industrial processing, mainly for canned compotes, which are recognized as one of the best in comparison with those of other stone fruits.

The assortment of cherries presents a variety of fruit colors from yellow, pink, red and dark red to almost black. Compotes from varieties with yellow and pink fruits are highly valued, compote syrup turns yellow, and from varieties with red and dark red fruits, compote acquires a beautiful cherry or ruby color. Part of the cherry fruit is used for freezing and a small part is dried. In addition, jams, compotes, juices and wine are used in the confectionery industry from cherries.

According to the consistency of the pulp, sweet cherries are divided into two very different groups of varieties: bigarro - varieties that produce fruits with firm elastic pulp and gini - varieties with soft pulp. Varieties with dense cartilaginous pulp have higher qualities and are better transported.

Among sweet cherries, plants with fruits of different ripening periods predominate. Cherry fruits different varieties differ markedly in chemical composition. These differences are due to both the biological characteristics of the varieties and the conditions of the growing season. Fruits of late ripening have the highest dry matter content. Fruits contain 10.7–24.8% dry matter, 7.1–17% sugars, 0.19–0.80% organic acids, 3.8–26.2 mg% vitamin C, 62.0–115, 0 mg% tannins and dyes. The high content of easily digestible forms of sugars (glucose and fructose), low acidity, the presence of hematogenous substances (iron and folic acid) make cherries an indispensable dietary product.

Salicylic acid was found in the fruits, so it is useful to use cherries for rheumatic and colds.

Thanks to the pectin contained in all types of cherries - both sour and sweet, cherries protect the intestinal mucosa from irritation.

Cherry fruits are used to stimulate the kidneys in their disease, have a good diuretic effect, help to reduce weight and improve the general condition of the body. Cherry varieties, painted in dark, almost black colors, help strengthen the walls of blood vessels and capillaries, preventing atherosclerotic manifestations and helping with hypertension. Due to the presence of coumarin compounds, the blood clotting threshold is lowered, and thus the formation of plaques and blood clots is prevented, and sweet cherries also help in the treatment of anemia. With a weakening of the motility of the stomach (atony), cherry juice is useful. It is also used to stimulate digestion, for pain in the stomach, to bind and remove excess cholesterol in the body. Cherry also has an analgesic effect, used for gout, arthritis, rheumatism. Decoctions of the stalk from the fetus regulate cardiac activity, are used for neurosis, increased irritability.

Cherry seeds contain up to 30% fatty oil, which includes amygdalin glucoside and laurocerazine glucoside, which is often disposed of, although it could find practical application. But essential oil, contained in the seeds up to 1%, is distilled off and used in perfumery and alcoholic beverage production. Gum flowing from cracks and wounds on the trunks is a valuable product used by textile workers in the finishing of fabrics. The bark of trees contains up to 10% of tannins (tannins), which is why it is in demand in the leather industry. The wood is valued by carpenters. Cherry pipes and mouthpieces are very popular among smokers. Hoops are made from young trunks and branches. Very decorative tree and a good honey plant (36–40 kg of honey from 1 ha).

The history of the distribution and creation of sweet cherries

Sweet cherry originates from the bird cherry Prunus avium L, which is common throughout Europe - from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean Sea. The center of the greatest diversity of bird cherry genes, or area of origin, are Western Asia, Caucasus, Transcaucasia (Georgia, Armenia) and Iran. Even in the piled buildings of the Neolithic era in the area of Lake Constance, the bones of this cherry are found. In the Ancient East and among the Romans, bird cherry was known as a fruit crop.

The first written report about cherries was made by the Greek writer Theophrastus, who lived in the 4th century BC. He does not indicate whether there were varieties at that time, so it can be assumed that the Greeks considered the sweet cherry as a forest species. After 100 years, the sweet cherry is already mentioned as a fruit tree. The Greek physician Diphilus Sifnius, who lived in the 3rd century BC, writes that Cerasus has a good juice, which is used as a medicine for inflammation of the stomach, and red cherries are better than black ones. He divides this breed into two varieties - red and Milesian (named after the city of Miletus in Asia Minor). In the 1st century AD, Dioscorides wrote about cherries.

The first detailed description of the sweet cherry as a cultivated plant was made by the Roman writer Pliny, who lived in the 1st century AD. He describes 10 varieties of cherries growing in Rome, among which he singles out technical groups: cherries and cherries, and the latter is subdivided into gini and bigarro.

Another Roman writer Varro devoted a whole chapter to sweet cherries, where he touches upon issues of agricultural technology, from which it can also be concluded that the culture of sweet cherries has been familiar to the Romans for a relatively long time.

There is also no doubt that in the Crimea, sweet cherries were cultivated by Greek colonists and Genoese settlers. P.I. Sumarokov, who visited the Crimea in 1799, describing the gardens of the Crimea, notes that there, along with apple trees and other fruit trees, there is also sweet cherry. V Kievan Rus, where horticulture was developed, cherry was probably among the fruit trees. Ancient songs, where the cherry is often mentioned, serve as a sure proof of the spread of this culture in Ukraine.

In the course of two thousand years, the sweet cherry, under the influence of cultural care and from the best forms, has undergone noticeable changes, as a result of which cultivars have appeared. Already at an early stage in the development of sweet cherries, a variety with dense pulp appeared - the current bigarro.

In the 1st century AD, when describing 10 varieties known then in Rome, cherries are mentioned, which differed from other varieties in their high taste and hard pulp.

At present, the cherry culture is associated with the countries of the Old and New Worlds located in the Northern Hemisphere. Cherry has become widespread in Europe, where more than 80% of the world's cherry production is grown. In neighboring countries, sweet cherry occupies about 50 thousand hectares. Cherry occupies a large area on the territory of the Melitopol district of the Zaporozhye region of Ukraine.

The improvement of sweet cherries went almost exclusively through the selection of random seedlings. Currently, there are up to 4,000 varieties of cherries in the world, but they all originate from one species - bird cherries. Now it grows wild in the deciduous forests of Western Asia, Southern Europe, North Africa, in the mountains of the Caucasus, Crimea, and Ukraine.

In Russia, less than 10 thousand hectares are occupied by cherries, industrial cherry orchards are concentrated in the southern regions - the North Caucasus and Nizhnevolzhsky, where Western European and Ukrainian varieties mainly grow. There are relatively small areas of sweet cherries in the central and northern regions of the Russian Federation, but the insufficient winter hardiness of the available varieties does not allow the promotion of sweet cherries to more northern regions.

In sweet cherry, flower buds and bark on the trunk, as well as in the forks of skeletal branches, are especially sensitive to frost. Cherry trees have a good regenerative ability, with the exception of old and sick ones, their bark is well restored after freezing.

Breeding sweet cherry varieties in different regions of Russia pursued one goal - obtaining productive varieties with high quality fruits. But due to the fact that the regions differ greatly in the conditions of their growth, the ways of obtaining these varieties were different.

In central Russia, it was necessary to obtain high-yielding varieties sweet cherries with winter hardiness of flower buds and wood resistant to fungal diseases.

I. V. Michurin began the first work on the northernization of sweet cherries. Then, in the Central Chernozem zone, they were continued by S. V. Zhukov and E. N. Kharitonova (I. V. Michurin Central Genetic Laboratory, Michurinsk), A. N. Venyaminov (Voronezh State Agrarian University), S. I. Mashkin (Voronezh State University), A. Ya. Voronchikhina (Rossoshansk Zonal Horticulture Experimental Station) and others.

Thanks to the work of Russian breeders, the cultivation of sweet cherries becomes possible in the northern regions of the Central Chernobyl region.

In the Central Black Earth region, the most favorable conditions for its cultivation in industrial gardens are available in the southern part of the Voronezh, Belgorod and Kursk regions. Under the condition that cherry plantations are located on elevated, well-protected areas, more winter-hardy varieties of sweet cherries of the northern selection bear fruit annually. In terms of yield, they are superior to many varieties of cherries.

Work on the "northernization" of sweet cherries in the middle zone of fruit growing is carried out by breeders of a number of research institutions: the All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crops Breeding (Orel), VNIIGiSPR named after. I. V. Michurin and All-Russian Research Institute of Horticulture. IV Michurin (Michurinsk), Donetsk experimental station, Ukrainian NIIS and some others.

In Voronezh, A. N. Veniaminov worked on breeding winter-hardy varieties of sweet cherries, and then under his leadership O. Kh. Mishchenko and M. V. Kanshina. Several hundreds of hybrid seedlings were obtained by free pollination and crossing of Leningrad, Belorussian and Michurin varieties, from which 100 selected forms were selected according to a complex of economically valuable traits, and from them varieties Kommunarka, Kompaktnaya Veniaminova, Symphony, etc. were selected, which tolerate harsh winters well. in Voronezh.

In the last 35 years, work on the “northernization” of sweet cherries has been carried out on a larger scale and more successfully by the fruit growing department of the All-Russian Research Institute of Lupine (Bryansk Region), where 14 winter-hardy varieties have been bred.

As a result of synthetic breeding, selection from generation to generation of winter-hardy hybrids from intervarietal and distant ecological and geographical crossings, carried out by breeders in the middle zone of fruit growing, over a period of more than 120 years (starting with the work of I. V. Michurin), an ecological group of sweet cherries was created - "northern" .

Morphological characters and biological features

Currently, varieties with desired combinations of traits are created by directional crossing. To breed new varieties of sweet cherries, breeders used wild cherries and bushy (steppe), common and Bessey cherries.

Wild cherry belongs to the genus Cerasus: plum subfamily (Prunoideae), rose family, Cerasus avium L species. a large number short fruit branches.

The leaves of the sweet cherry are large (up to 16 cm long), obovate, glossy, coarsely serrated at the edges. The flowers are large, in umbrellas, white or pink. Fruits are spherical or ovoid, up to 1.5 cm in diameter, yellow, red or black. The pulp is juicy, sweet. The fruits are used fresh and for processing, and the seeds for rootstocks. Trees are long-lived (up to 100 years), fruitful.

Above ground system. Most varieties of sweet cherry form very large trees, up to 20 m tall. It is characterized by rapid growth, especially in young age. The bark at a young age is brown, reddish or silvery in color, with numerous stripes, and can peel off in transverse thin films.

Trees have a strongly developed trunk (leader), which is subordinated to skeletal branches. The crown of the sweet cherry is spherical or pyramidal, sparse or dense, but usually rare; branches relatively thick, often with acute angle discharge.

Sweet cherry belongs to the species with a weak shoot-forming ability. Skeletal branches are covered with long-term overgrowing fruit branches, average age who are approximately 10-12 years old.

Sweet cherries are characterized by three types of buds: generative, vegetative and mixed type, which are respectively placed on fruit and growth shoots. The generative (flowering) bud of sweet cherry has a more rounded shape compared to the vegetative (leaf) bud. It is located at the base of long growths and on bouquet branches. The inflorescence consists of 3-5 solitary flowers that bloom in the form of an umbrella without a median flower and carry stipule-shaped covering leaves at the base of the pedicels. The inflorescences located on the bouquet branches are concentrated on the sides and cover the vegetative apical bud. The number of inflorescences depends on the position and thickness of the bouquet branch and on the variety. The flowers are bisexual, white, up to 3 cm in diameter, as a rule, appear on the shoots shortly before the leaves bloom, forming few-flowered, almost sessile umbrellas. There are five sepals and petals, many stamens, one pistil. Blooms for two weeks.

Rice. 1. Cherry blossom

The fruits are real drupes, with a fleshy, juicy pericarp. Fruits are distinguished by shape: oval, spherical or heart-shaped, and by color from light yellow (almost white) to dark red (almost black), wild-growing fruits are smaller than cultivated ones, up to 2 cm in diameter. The stone is spherical or slightly elongated, with a smooth surface. Seeds are made up of a skin, germ and endosperm. The color of the peel is yellowish-brown, sometimes with a dark red tint.

Compared to other species, sweet cherry trees form a limited number of skeletal branches with a small number of branching orders. It is characterized by a rather rare crown with weak branching. Sweet cherry lays flower buds on annual growths and on shortened fruit formations (bouquet twigs). On one bouquet branch there can be 6–8 flower buds and one (usually in the middle) growth bud (Fig. 1).

On growth annual growths, fruit buds, as a rule, are located in the lower part. In the upper part are the growth buds. Flower buds die off after fruiting, and the branches become bare. Growth buds, germinating, give a bouquet twig or growth shoot. Bouquet branches closer to the top develop better and carry more flower buds. The main part of the crop (70–90%) is formed on bouquet branches and only a small part (10–30%) is formed on annual growths.

Sweet cherry has a high bud budding and a weak shoot-forming ability, which leads to a relatively weak crown thickening. Due to the high awakening of the buds, many bouquet branches are formed, on which the bulk of the crop (53–91%) is formed in full-grown trees, which indicates a tree-like type of fruiting.

Flower buds can also be laid on the growths of the previous year, including the growth type. Bouquet twigs of sweet cherry are distinguished by considerable durability - they live up to 10-12 years, which, together with the high budding awakening, leads to the formation of a large fruiting zone and a significant leaf canopy inside the crown. As a result, the skeletal branches are exposed slowly. Together with the trunk, they thicken well and are able to withstand heavy loads of berries.

The ratio of flowering and vegetative buds on annual growths, as in all stone fruits, depends on their length. With a decrease in the length of the shoots, the number of flower buds increases; on shoots shorter than 10 cm, only one apical bud is vegetative, and all lateral buds are generative. With a shoot length of 20–30 cm, the ratio of buds is approximately equal, and with an increase in length to 40–50 cm, the number of flower buds is 25–30%. Lateral branches are formed only on growths longer than 30 cm, and on weaker ones - only bouquet branches. With the weakening of growth processes, the formation of strong shoots stops, and the yield gradually decreases, which necessitates the use of anti-aging pruning and increased plant care.

Branches can be thick, medium thickness and thin. The angle of departure is sharp and straight. Varieties with sharp branching angles are less desirable as branch breaks are common.

Sweet cherries begin to bear fruit more often at the age of 5–7 years and at the age of 10–12 years they give good yields. According to the date of entry into fruiting, varieties are divided into groups: early-fruiting, medium- and late-fruiting.

Cherries bloom earlier than cherries and apples, but later than apricots. Depending on the variety and the weather in spring, flowering lasts from 13 to 27 days, and some varieties - 8-16 days, so cherry varieties are divided into: early flowering, medium and late flowering.

Most cherry varieties are self-fertile, so to create high yields, it is necessary to plant the best pollinating varieties in the garden.

It takes 32 days from the beginning of flowering to the beginning of ripening of fruits of very early varieties of cherries, 42 days for early ones, 48 days for medium early ones, 56 days for medium ripening, 59 days for medium late ones, 63 days for late ones, and 68 days for very late ones.

root system. The root system is predominantly horizontal, but under favorable conditions, well-branched vertical roots can also form. The tap root is formed only during the 1–2 years of life, and over time it branches.

The development of the sweet cherry root system depends on the growth strength of the stock, the type of soil and its granulometric composition. The bulk of the roots can be located at a depth of 16–83 cm, but their placement depth can vary. It has been established that trees with a more powerful root system have a larger crown size.

By 15–17 years of tree growth in the garden, the root system spreads over the entire row spacing. In a soil layer of 10–40 cm, on average, from 70 to 90% of horizontal roots are located. Trees grafted onto wild cherries have a developed horizontal root system, while trees grafted onto antipka have a very weak root system.

The best rootstock for this crop was wild cherry, and in the central parts of the northern, steppe and southern zones, antipka is most often used as a rootstock. Wild cherries in all zones have a more powerful root system than antipka. Therefore, when propagating, the effect of a scion on a rootstock and a rootstock on a scion should be taken into account, it is necessary to assess the suitability of the rootstock, which must be taken into account in terms of the following indicators: the general condition of the trees, the trunk circumference, the yield, otherwise you can make an incorrect conclusion and selection of variety-rootstock combinations.

The relationship of sweet cherries to natural factors

Temperature. Cherry is a thermophilic plant. In terms of winter hardiness, it is inferior to apple, pear, cherry, plum. Sweet cherries do not tolerate extreme heat relatively well, and the fruits ripen better in cooler summers. Varieties of sweet cherry are divided into 3 groups according to the nature of winter hardiness: winter hardy, medium winter hardy, low winter hardy.

Frosts primarily damage fruit buds, more resistant wood is able to withstand frosts below 30-34 ° C. Fruit formations are damaged at -24 °C. The winter hardiness of sweet cherries is determined by a whole range of factors: the readiness of trees for winter, the characteristics of fertilization, the location of the garden, slopes and their steepness. The most characteristic winter injuries of sweet cherry are burns of the trunk and main skeletal branches, freezing of wood and freezing of flower buds.

Frosts of 29–30 °C often cause great damage to seedlings in the nursery.

Light. Sweet cherry is a photophilous breed. Its branches become bare faster and fruiting decreases with a lack of light in the crown. Therefore, it is important to provide the sweet cherry with an appropriate nutritional area and, with skillful pruning, create the best conditions for the light regime in the crown of the tree.

Water. The exactingness of sweet cherries to water is high, but it depends primarily on the rootstock on which the plant is grafted. For example, sweet cherries grafted onto antipka are more drought tolerant than grafted onto wild cherries, especially common sour cherries. Sweet cherry does not tolerate excess water in the soil and the close standing of groundwater.

The soil. Cherry grows well on loose, deep soil, in which there is no stagnation of groundwater. It works well on alluvial soils of river or lake origin, with a moderate sand content. If the soil layer is thin, and the subsoil is impervious to roots or consists of coarse sand, then the cherry grows poorly on such soil and it is short-lived. On deep soils, on the contrary, it becomes powerful and durable.

On too dense clay soils, sweet cherries do not grow well and often die if the clay is not in such proportion with the rest of the soil that makes it accessible to air and water, in combinations necessary for the normal development of the roots. Sweet cherries do not tolerate wet soil, but they require a sufficient amount of water, since the need for sweet cherries is greater than that of some other fruit trees.

Own-rooted cherry trees on light loamy soils have advantages over trees grafted onto antipka. On heavy loamy chernozem soils, cherries grafted onto wild cherries grow better than own-rooted trees grafted onto antipka. Trees with a more powerful root system have a larger crown.

For good growth of plantings, the soil must be fertile and sufficiently loose, permeable to air and water, and at the same time able to retain a sufficient supply of moisture in the upper layers and in the subsoil.

Ordinary calcareous chernozems with good water-physical properties, with a low lime content (1–2%), can also be used for planting cherry plantations, provided that the planting material is grafted on an antipka. Sweet cherries grafted on common sour cherries suffer from chlorosis on such soils.

Sweet cherry varieties for the central Chernozem region

Adeline. The trees are medium-sized, up to 3.5 m high, the crown is pyramidal, sprawling, of medium density. It bears fruit on bouquet twigs and growths of the previous year. Fruits weighing 5.5–6.0 g, heart-shaped, 23 mm high, 24 mm thick (Fig. 2). The pulp is dark red, medium density, cartilaginous, the juice is red. The fruits contain dry soluble substances - 16.2%, sugars - 11.9%, acids - 0.6%. The stone is round, weighing 0.2 g. It makes up 3.6% of the weight of the fetus, light yellow in color. Stem length 46 mm, thickness 0.8 mm. The separation from the fetus is good. Dessert variety. Flowering in the middle terms (May 10–15). The variety is self-fertile, good pollinators are varieties of medium ripening. Fruit ripening in the middle terms (July 15). Begins bearing at 4 years of age. Average yield - 7.9 t/ha, maximum - 14.2 t/ha. has a high winter hardiness.

Rice. 2. Fruits of sweet cherry varieties Adeline

Ariadne. The trees are vigorous, with a pyramidal crown. Flowers large, white. Fruiting on bouquet twigs and on growths of the previous year. The fruits are medium, one-dimensional, weighing 4.6 g, maximum - 5.5 g. The shape is flat-round. The top is indented. The coloration is dark red.

The pulp is red, juicy, cartilaginous. Juice colored. The taste is sweet, score 5 points. The fruits contain dry substances - 17.5%, sugars - 14.3%, acids - 0.7%, P-active catechins - 330 mg / 100 g, ascorbic acid - 10.8 mg / 100 g. , separates from the pulp well. The peduncle is long, of medium thickness. Transportability is good.

Ipath. Trees of medium size, with a broad-pyramidal, well-leafed crown. The kidneys are large. Leaves oblong-ovate, large. the petiole is short or medium, thick, has 2–3 large colored glands. In inflorescence 3-4 flowers, large, saucer-shaped corolla, petals touching, white. It bears fruit on twigs. Fruits weighing 5.3–9.7 g, 21 mm high, 22 mm wide, 20 mm thick, obtuse-shaped, dark red, almost black when fully ripe (Fig. 3). The flesh is dark red, medium density. The juice is dark red. The fruits contain dry matter - 16.6%, sugars - 11%, acids - 0.5%, ascorbic acid - 11.5 mg / 100 g. The stone is ovoid, weighing 0.27 g, light brown. The stem is short, thick. The fruits come off the stalk well. General purpose variety. Flowering early. The variety is self-infertile. The ripening period is early. Enters fruiting at 4-5 years. The average yield is 7.3 t/ha, the maximum is 14.6 t/ha. Winter hardiness is good.

Rice. 3. Fruits of the cherry variety Iput

Baby. Trees of medium vigor, up to 3.5 m high, pyramidal crown, spreading, raised, medium density, shoots medium, straight, yellowish, buds 4 mm, ovoid, oval leaves, petiole 46 mm long, 2.8 mm thick . It bears fruit on twigs and fruit twigs. Fruits weighing 3.6 g, heart-shaped, 21 mm high. fruits are yellow.

Poetry. Trees of medium vigor, up to 3.5 m high, pyramidal crown, flat, medium density. Shoots are medium, straight, brown. Kidneys 5 mm. Leaves are oval. Petiole 49 mm long, 2.9 mm thick. The number of flowers in the inflorescence is 3, the corolla is 27.8 mm in diameter. Petals are white and loosely spaced. It bears fruit on bouquet twigs and growths of the previous year. fruits weighing 5.5 g, 18.2 mm wide, 14.3 mm thick. Heart-shaped. The fruits are yellow with a dark red integumentary color. The pulp is creamy, dense, cartilaginous, sweet and sour (Fig. 4). The juice is colorless. The fruits contain dry matter - 17.8%, sugars - 12.4%, acids - 0.44%. The stone is ovoid, weighing 0.4 g, light yellow. Dessert variety. Flowering in the middle terms (May 10–15). The variety is self-infertile. Fruit ripening is average - in the second decade of July, simultaneous. The average yield is 6.9 t/ha, the maximum is 11.1 t/ha. Winter hardiness is average.

Rice. 4. Poetry cherry fruits

Early pink. The trees are medium-sized, up to 4.5 m with a rounded spreading crown. Shoots are straight, with long internodes. Vegetative buds are very large 6–7 mm, generative buds are smaller than 4–5 mm. The leaves are oval. The petiole is long, 30–50 mm; stipules are absent. The inflorescence usually has 2-3 flowers with a diameter of 30-50 mm, broadly cupped, the petals are round, snow-white. Fruits with an average weight of 5.0 g, a height of 21 mm, a width of 23 mm, a thickness of 19 mm, a shape from obtuse-heart-shaped to round-oval. The main color of the fruit is creamy yellow, the flesh is creamy, tender or medium density, closer to guineas than bigarro, very juicy. Winter hardiness is good.

Countrywoman(seedling variety Pobeda). The tree has a high yield and good winter hardiness. The fruits are medium (4.5 g), flattened, almost black. The pulp is dark red, juicy, medium density, very good taste. The stone is small, well separated from the pulp. The fruits are suitable both for fresh consumption and for making compotes. Ripens in mid-July.

June(seedling from the second generation of southern varieties). The tree is characterized by good winter hardiness and high yield.

The fruits are medium (4 g), heart-shaped, dark red. The pulp is red, juicy, medium density, excellent taste. Stone of medium size, semi-separable. Table variety, ripens in mid-June.

Joy(seedling from the second generation of southern varieties). The tree is characterized by high productivity and good winter hardiness. The fruits are medium (4.1 g), cylindrical, dark red. The pulp is dark red, tender, juicy, very good taste. Stone of medium size, separating. Variety table and canning. The fruits ripen in the first decade of July.

Symphony(Leningrad black x Golden loshitskaya). The tree is characterized by good winter hardiness and high yield.

The fruits are medium (4.2 g), oblong, almost black. The pulp is dark red, tender, juicy, very good taste. The bone is large, separated. The variety is suitable for fresh consumption and for making compotes. The fruits ripen in early July.

Amber(seedling variety Pobeda). The tree has good winter hardiness and high productivity. The fruits are large (7.1 g), heart-shaped, yellow. The pulp is yellow, dense, juicy, good taste. The stone is medium, semi-separable. The fruits are suitable for fresh consumption and for technical processing, ripen in mid-July.

Voronezh State Agrarian University has preserved winter-hardy varieties of sweet cherries, which, after the harsh winter of 2006, blossomed and bore fruit. Varieties are resistant to disease, durable, different in terms of ripening, taste and color of fruits.

Cherry breeding

Cherry propagates by seed and vegetatively. The seed propagation method is used for growing rootstocks and own-rooted cherry trees. In production conditions and scientific institutions, the vegetative method of reproduction is used, i.e., varietal cherry seedlings are grown by grafting with a cutting or bud, resulting in a plant consisting of two parts: a rootstock and a scion. Each of these organisms has its own characteristics: metabolism, a set of amino acids and proteins, a reaction to environmental conditions, and a life rhythm. On the basis of the created anatomical unity between the stock and scion, an exchange of plastic substances is established and a deep physiological and biochemical interaction takes place. This is what causes a change in the properties of both components of the vaccine, that is, their mutual influence.

Rootstock and scion have a certain physiological selectivity, so not every variety-rootstock combination can be highly productive and resistant to growing conditions.

For cherries, seedlings of wild cherries, Magaleb cherries (antipka) and common cherries can be used as a rootstock.

wild cherry successfully used in areas of industrial culture in the south. It is compatible with all varieties of sweet cherry, forms vigorous and durable trees. Wild cherries prefer rich, light, sufficiently moist and aerated soils with deep groundwater. Sweet cherry grows successfully on powerful black soils and alluvial, non-saline and non-waterlogged soils of river valleys without close groundwater standing.

The disadvantage of wild cherries as a stock is its weak frost and drought resistance. Based on this and taking into account its requirement for soil, seedlings grafted onto this rootstock should be planted in more southern, well-moistened areas or under artificial irrigation.

In the Central Black Earth region, it is preferable to use seeds of local varieties of sweet cherry and cherry-cherry as more winter-hardy.

Antipka used in areas of industrial cultivation of sweet cherries, but has both positive and negative features that must be taken into account. This stock is not well compatible with all varieties, and compatible cherry trees always have weaker growth, but they enter the fruiting season earlier, are less durable and die faster than those grafted onto wild cherries.

The positive aspects of this rootstock - great frost and drought resistance, the development of vigorous seedlings in the nursery, the ability of the root system to penetrate the soil to a depth of more than 4 m and undemanding soils - allow it to be successfully used. Therefore, antipka is recommended to be used in more northern, steppe and insufficiently moistened southern regions. Some scientists note that sweet cherries grafted on antipka cherries often die, especially when grown on rich loamy chernozem with nitrogen nutrition. Cherry grows better on sandy loamy soil, although even here some of the trees may die from incompatibility with the stock. A sign of incompatibility is premature autumn yellowing of the leaves.

Common cherry has good winter hardiness, can successfully grow on heavy and saline soils, so it is the only rootstock for sweet cherries in the Russian Federation.

Trees grafted on wild cherries are characterized by strong growth, grafted on antipka - short-lived and low yields, on seedlings of steppe cherries - are highly drought-resistant, winter-hardy of the root system, strong growth and resistance to chlorosis, on common sour cherries - are more weakly grown, but suffer from chlorosis when grown on soils with a high content of carbonates.

Sweet cherry varieties are well compatible with seedlings of local sweet cherry and cherry varieties, they grow and develop normally on different types of soils.

Cherry and cherry seeds, after being freed from the pulp, are sown to a depth of 3–4 cm in well-moistened ridges with a distance between rows of 20–25 cm, in a row of 3–5 cm. -6 cm or other mulching material that prevents the ridges from drying out until autumn. When night temperatures drop to 3–5 ° C, the shelter is removed and replaced with fallen leaves with a layer of 5–6 cm. stratification and sprout together in the spring.

The terms of stratification of sweet cherry seeds are 150–170 days, and they may vary depending on weather conditions during the period of fruit ripening. When carrying out artificial stratification, it is desirable to thoroughly rinse the seeds after being freed from the pulp, sprinkle with steamed sawdust or sand. Before sowing (April 5–27), the seeds are stored in the basement at a temperature of 3–5 ° C for preliminary stratification, covering the box from above with a film from drying out. It is necessary to monitor the moisture content of the seeds, but do not dry or overmoisten.

In the dry spring-summer period, seedlings of seed rootstocks, when 4-6 leaves are formed, can stop growing and lay the apical bud, after which it is difficult to make them grow again. Therefore, when 3-4 leaves appear, give abundant watering with nitrogen fertilization(10 g of urea per 10 liters of water). After 15–20 days, a second watering is given with fertilizing with nitrogen (30 g of urea per 10 l of water) and microelements. Subsequent waterings are carried out if necessary monthly, already without fertilizers.

Rice. 5. Cherry budding

When the first signs of coccomycosis appear, the plants are sprayed in time with cineb.

Seedlings are dug up in early October, the leaves are sniffed, the top is cut off, leaving a stem 20–25 cm long. Standard seedlings are planted in a nursery at a distance of 15–20 cm in a row and 70 cm between rows and watered abundantly. Weak seedlings are discarded.

budding cherries can be carried out from the end of June and during July. 7-10 days before budding, the nursery is watered or it starts a few days after heavy rainfall. When budding sweet cherries on cherry seedlings, it is better to do it in the early morning hours, when the air humidity is usually about 60% (Fig. 5).

The gap in time between the processes of budding and tying should not be more than 2-3 minutes, because in seedlings open tissues in the air quickly oxidize and turn brown.

When budding a sweet cherry in a T-shaped incision, it is impossible to touch the wood of the rootstock, otherwise the shield will float with glue and die, which reduces the yield of seedlings to 10-15%. By fulfilling all of the above conditions, it is possible to receive annually up to 70% of seedlings from the number of planted rootstocks.

Sweet cherry seedlings are resistant to dry air and it is better to bud in the morning and evening hours. They are budded into a T-shaped incision of the bark or “butt”, with a shield up to 1.5–2 cm long. Do not tie the grafted kidney with a film, but leave it free. A month after vaccination, the film strapping is removed.

When budding sweet cherries, the shield can be spudded with soil or covered with sawdust just before winter. However, early hilling, when the shields are not sufficiently prepared for the winter, can lead to their dampening in winter.

With late budding, when the bark ceases to lag behind, the scutes are poorly overgrown with callus, an appearance of survival is created, but in winter many buddings die. With early budding on a cherry rootstock, accustomed eyes may germinate prematurely, but this happens very rarely. In this case, the shoot must be pinched, then it will survive the winter, and will germinate in the spring.

After overwintering, in mid-April, the aerial part of the rootstock (seedling) is removed to the grafted eye. Rootstocks with unattached buddings are grafted with a cutting of sweet cherry using the “copulation without tongue” method, leaving two buds on the cutting or “butt” budding. Vaccination "copulation with tongue" can cause gum disease.

Cuttings for spring grafting are harvested at the beginning of winter and stored until grafting in a cold place in sawdust. Storage at a positive temperature destroys the cuttings - outwardly normal, but do not take root.

On developing seedlings in summer, 2–3 times the rootstock shoots and side shoots (1–2 pcs.), Formed in the lower part of the sweet cherry stem (below 20–25 cm), are removed to the ring without leaving stumps.

In a one-year-old sweet cherry seedling, pinch the top of the central conductor when it reaches a height of 70–75 cm, cutting it off at a height of 55–60 cm, in order to form side shoots at a given height. By autumn, annual cherry seedlings form full-fledged crowns with 3-4 lateral shoots. Such crowning leads to the fact that 80–85% of annual seedlings form full-fledged crowns. Seedlings that are not crowned in the first year of growth in the nursery, after planting in the garden, lose a year to form a crown and later bear fruit.

On the territory of the Central Chernozem region, cherry seedlings cannot be planted in the garden in autumn, because the wood of the same year has not matured enough and they are less frost-resistant. Until spring, seedlings should be stored in the basement, sprinkling the roots with wet sawdust or sand, protecting them from mice.

Soil preparation and planting cherries

Many areas of the Central Chernozem region, due to their soil conditions, are suitable for winter-hardy varieties of sweet cherries in home gardening. It is necessary to avoid planting only on soils with dense subsoils, do not use saline soils and areas where groundwater is closer than 2 m from the soil surface.

For cherries, flat places or gentle slopes should be allotted. In the northern regions, the best slopes are the southern ones, as they are warmer.

Rice. 6. Soil content in a young garden

When choosing a place for cherry plantations, preference should be given to elevated places provided with good air drainage. For good plantation growth, the soil must be sufficiently loose, permeable to air and water, and at the same time able to retain a sufficient supply of moisture in the upper layers and in the subsoil.

The best soils for sweet cherries should be considered loamy and light clay gray, dark gray forest soils. Favorable soils are typical, leached and ordinary chernozems of the same granulometric composition. Soils with a high content of carbonates are of little use, and soils with signs of solonetsity and waterlogging are completely unsuitable.

The area allotted for planting sweet cherries must be protected from the action of the prevailing and cold north and northeast winds by plantings or buildings.

When growing sweet cherries, soil preparation and planting of seedlings are essential. It should be carried out at the scheduled time, because the quality of the implementation of measures has a great and lasting effect on the survival rate of trees and stable fruiting.

On the site allocated for planting cherries, in the fall, plowing or digging the soil to a depth of 30 cm is carried out.

Cherry planting is recommended only in the spring at the earliest possible date. In this case, sweet cherry seedlings take root well, overwinter better in the first year after planting, suffer less from air drought and high air temperatures. In late-planted cherry trees, when hot weather sets in, the young leaves that have appeared are often observed to dry out, despite timely watering. The survival rate of seedlings in this case will be very low.

In order to spend early landing, all preparatory work(layout of the site, digging holes) must be done in the fall.

Almost all varieties of sweet cherries are self-fertile, that is, they are not able to be pollinated by their own pollen. Sometimes varieties may appear on the site that are not able to be pollinated by previously planted varieties, which reduces the yield. To avoid infertility, it is necessary to have two to four mutually pollinating varieties in one area in order to increase productivity and extend the period of fresh fruit consumption.

Holes 80 cm wide and 50–60 cm deep are dug for planting cherries. 10–15 kg of humus, 300–400 g of superphosphate and 50 g of potassium chloride are added to each hole. In sweet cherry trees, from the addition of superphosphate and potassium salt to manure, the total length of the roots noticeably increases with a completely insignificant increase in the weight of the roots. The total length of fine and medium roots exceeds by 81% the length of the roots after manure application.

Before applying fertilizers to the planting pit, they are thoroughly mixed with the ground. Half of the mixture is poured onto the bottom of the pit, and half is poured directly to the roots when planting a tree. Before planting, seedlings are stored in the winter in a dig or basement.

In early spring, when the soil allows the work to be done, cherry seedlings are planted in the garden. Before planting, they are carefully examined, and damaged by rodents and broken ones are rejected, diseased, rotten, torn and dried roots are cut with a sharp knife. On healthy roots, only the ends are cut, which can interfere with planting.

When transporting and unloading seedlings, they should be protected from drying out small roots (put on the roots plastic bag or temporarily dig), wounds, broken kidneys, and pressure injuries.

When planting, the entangled roots are straightened, all the voids between the branches of the roots are filled with earth, and the earth is compacted above the roots. After all the roots of the seedling have been covered with earth, its root neck (grafting site) should be 2-3 cm above the soil level. For properly planted seedlings, after the earth has settled in the planting hole, the root neck should be at the level of the soil.

After planting, a hole is made around the seedling and watered abundantly (20–30 l / tree). After watering, the surface of the soil around the tree is sprinkled with dry earth or mulched with manure. In dry weather in spring, planted trees are watered at intervals of two weeks, in the summer months watering is carried out monthly, August watering is especially important (the second decade of the month).

If in winter there were frosts down to -30 ° C and after a year of growth in the garden the young trees froze, they must be cut off for reverse growth. Already in the second year of growth in the garden, with good care, sweet cherries significantly increase frost resistance, young trees can withstand the most severe winters.

Cherry plantation care

Care of young plantings. All work on the care of young cherry plantations is aimed at creating favorable conditions for survival and good growth of trees. Regardless of the time of planting cherries in the garden, it is better to prune the seedling after planting in the spring. If the seedling is without lateral branches in the form of one long shoot, it is shortened at a height of 70–80 cm in order to ensure that the crown is established at a given height.

After planting seedlings with lateral branches, they are shortened, leaving shoots 50–55 cm long. The guide should be 20–25 cm longer than the upper branches. When shortening the branches and the conductor, pruning is done on a healthy kidney. Pruning of lateral branches in sweet cherry varieties with a narrow pyramidal crown shape is done on the outer bud, and in varieties with a weeping crown shape, on the inner bud.

The soil is cultivated on the area of the near-stem circle, which expands by about 0.5 m every year.

Table 1. Approximate doses of fertilizers for cherries in a young garden (according to B. M. Vedenov)

The most suitable system for keeping soil in an orchard is black fallow (Fig. 6). With such a system, the soil is digged to a depth of 18–20 cm in the fall. The first loosening of the soil is carried out early in the spring to a depth of 10–12 cm, the second - during the flowering period, the third - before the fruits ripen, the soil is loosened by 8–10 cm, which contributes to better growth shoots and the formation of large and high-quality fruits.

Young cherry trees are fertilized annually. In the first two years after planting, only nitrogen fertilizers are applied along with irrigation. Subsequently, complete mineral fertilizer is applied annually, organic fertilizers - after 2-3 years. Approximate doses of fertilizers in a young garden are presented in table 1.

In a young garden, doses are calculated based on the area of \u200b\u200bthe near-stem circle. Fertilizers are applied to the entire area under the tree and 50 cm beyond its crown projection. The best results are obtained by applying mineral fertilizers to a depth of 20–25 cm along the diameter of the near-stem circle.

For sweet cherries, the simultaneous application of manure and mineral fertilizers in autumn is more effective than in spring. Part of the nitrogen fertilizers is applied as top dressing during the period of active growth. It is not recommended to apply them at the end of summer, this delays the growth and reduces the frost resistance of plants.

To increase the frost resistance of cherry trees in the second half of the growing season, trees should be sprayed with phosphorus and potassium at the rate of 30 g of superphosphate and 20 g of potassium salt per 10 liters of water.

Cherry develops well with sufficient, but not excessive moisture. With a lack of moisture in the soil, the leaves curl and crumble. In dry years, good results are obtained by late-winter water-recharging irrigation. Autumn irrigation saves trees from drying out and freezing, promotes a friendly start of vegetation in spring, reduces the need for vegetation irrigation, and on fruit-bearing sweet cherry trees increases productivity.

During the growing season, cherries are watered early with a vein, if the spring is dry - before flowering, 15–20 days before fruit ripening, which increases the yield of sweet cherries. Watering before harvest leads to cracking of the fruit. The plant should be watered to the depth of active roots (40-50 cm). After watering, the soil is mulched or loosened to prevent the formation of a crust. Very useful are autumn watering, the so-called moisture-charging.

In sweet cherries, especially young plantations, in early spring (mid-March), under the influence of direct sunlight during the daytime, the bark becomes very hot, which causes the growth of cells of the bark and cambium, and a decrease in temperature at night kills them, which causes burns, and especially the shtamb suffers from the south or south-west side.

Rice. 7. Sparse-tiered cherry crown: 1 - with two orders of skeletal branches; 2 - with one order

The resistance of trees to burns depends on the characteristics of the varieties and the conditions of the water and nutrient regime during the growing season. Trees with a low trunk are less affected by burns. Therefore, in order to prevent burns of sweet cherries, it is necessary to whitewash the boles and forks of the main branches with slaked lime or acrylic paint for whitewashing trees in late autumn or early spring (the first decade of March). For whitewashing, a thick solution of lime is also used with the addition of 0.5 l of skim milk (milk), 50 g of table salt and 25 g of copper sulfate per 10 l of solution.

Crown shaping and pruning before fruiting. The best formation crown for sweet cherries is considered to be sparse-tiered. To do this, in each tier, three main skeletal branches are placed, extending from the conductor at an obtuse angle, and all other shoots in the tier are removed to the ring. The distance between the tiers is 45–50 cm (Fig. 7).

In the second year, they begin to form a crown. Sweet cherries can be formed according to the type of rounded or flat crowns. The main shoots for the crown are selected taking into account the adopted formation system. With a rounded crown, 3-4 shoots are chosen, directed in different directions. Since the shoots often depart at an acute angle, the angles of departure should be corrected with spacers or braces. The conductor is cut to 70-80 cm to lay the second tier of the crown. In the second and third tiers, 2-3 skeletal branches are left. The distance between the tiers should be at least 50 cm. Shortening causes additional branching, and hence an increase in the number of side branches. Extra branches do not always need to be deleted. Bending down, they can be turned into fruit formations.

Due to the fact that the stem and base of the skeletal branches of sweet cherry suffer from sunburn, it is recommended to form trees with a low stem in the form of a short bush with three to five trunks. To do this, in the spring, the annual is cut off above the fifth or sixth bud, giving more opportunity to develop the lower buds and shoots. Cherry takes the form of a bush, if you do not remove strong lateral shoots above the grafting site. These are future trunks and skeletal branches of the bush. Abroad, in intensive plantations, the formation of a cherry crown in the form of a hedge is widespread. This creates favorable conditions for harvesting.

When forming the type of hedge, you must adhere to the following rules:

1. After the first year - forming a hedge-like crown without pruning and stimulating branching.

2. From the fifth year - pruning to encourage growth and branching while maintaining the hedge system.

3. After the seventh year - restorative pruning so that the average length of the shoots is at least 40 cm.

Such formation makes it possible to speed up the entry of the tree into fruiting, limit the size of the crown, facilitate tree care and obtain higher yields.

Caring for fruit trees. The formation of a crop in sweet cherries takes place in a very short time. At the same time, tree growth processes are going on, usually ending in late July - early August, and sweet cherry consumes a large amount of water and nutrients. Therefore, the maintenance of black fallow, weed control, activities that ensure optimal humidity soil, fertilization are crucial for yield and annual growth.

With the entry of cherry trees into fruiting, it is necessary to apply moderate doses of organic (10–12 kg/m) and mineral fertilizers (ammonium nitrate 45–55 g/m; potassium nitrate 27–33 g/m; superphosphate 55–83 g/m; wood ash 120–150 g/m). The reaction of cherries to fertilizers begins only from the fourth year after fertilization, which increases the yield.

From an organizational point of view, it is better to combine the application of organic and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, in this case, the dose of mineral fertilizers is reduced by half, and applied once every 2–3 years. Nitrogen fertilizers are applied annually. Microfertilizers are necessary for normal growth: boron, manganese, zinc, copper and others.

Pruning during the fruiting period is reduced to moderate thinning of the crown, removal of dry and intertwining branches. Only strong shoots are shortened, more than 50 cm.

If necessary, the crown is lowered, for which the conductor is transferred to a well-located side branch (Fig. 8).

Rice. 8. Reducing the height of cherry trees (the dotted line indicates the removed parts of the central conductor and branches)

Shorten first upper part the central conductor at a height of 2.0–2.5 m, above a single skeletal branch (if this operation was not done at a young age 2–3 years after the completion of crown formation). The upper single branch should be close in thickness to the central conductor and depart from it at an angle of at least 45 °C. Then they are shortened by transferring to the outer, less often to the lateral branches, skeletal branches of the upper tiers, which exceed the specified drop height. The level of decrease in height is monitored by a measuring rail.

Crown care after a decline consists in shortening and thinning out strong growing and thickening crown restoration shoots.

When growth is attenuated, when growths reach 15–20 cm or are completely absent, rejuvenating pruning is carried out on 3–4-year-old wood. From the remaining branches, strong shoots grow next year, from which new branches are formed in subsequent years.

Sweet cherry responds positively to shaping and pruning at all ages. Since sweet cherry flower buds are concentrated on perennial bouquet branches and on annual growths, even before fruiting, when the tree tolerates pruning more easily, it is necessary to shorten more powerful shoots in order to create many branches closer to the conductor and the bases of the branches. This helps to increase the strength and compactness of the crown.

The shortening of the shoots depends on the variety: the shoots of such varieties are greatly shortened, in which the flower buds are located closer to the base of the shoot; and moderately - in which the flower chains are located throughout the shoot.

At an older age of the tree, pruning should be intensified, especially by thinning thickened, bare and weakened branches, and lightly shortening the ends of the branches to well-developed side branches of two to three years old wood. With good nutrition, sweet cherry trees give moderate growth, do not create strong thickening, without shortening and thinning, they bear fruit annually.

Old trees that stop growing and begin to dry out branches are rejuvenated. With high agricultural technology, they restore their crowns in 3–4 years and begin to bear fruit. Pruning is carried out in the upper part of the crown, and intertwining branches are removed in the lower part; cut into lateral branches, as the sweet cherry has underdeveloped dormant buds.

On adult fruit-bearing trees, the old (outer) layers of the bark gradually coarsen. This is not dangerous for the fruit tree, but the uneven surface of the trunk and main branches becomes a haven for pests. Therefore, in plantations, periodically (once every two or three years), special scrapers carefully clean off the old bark without affecting living tissues. In areas of the middle lane, such an operation can be carried out in the fall, - at the end of winter or early spring. Cleaned boles whiten.

Cherry diseases and their control

Cherry is one of the rarely grown stone fruits due to such fungal diseases as coccomycosis, moniliosis, perforated spotting (clusterosporiosis). To create high yields, it is advisable to carry out measures to protect plants from diseases.

The most common disease of stone fruit crops is moniliosis, manifested in the form of a monilial burn, leading to the death of young shoots and fruits. On the infected parts of trees in wet weather, ash-gray pads are formed - the spore mass of the pathogen, which is carried by wind, rain, and insects. Mass infection occurs during the flowering period - the pores fall on the stigma of the pistil of the flower, germinate, give the mycelium, which spreads into the ovary and pedicel. The fungus penetrates into the fruits, from them - into the shoots and twigs, which turn brown and die. The strong development of the disease affects all flower shoots and the tree looks like it was burnt by fire, hence the name of this form of the disease - monilial burn. In summer, the disease develops on fruits in the form of gray rot (Fig. 9). Infection of fruits occurs by spores, penetrate through places of mechanical injury or damage by insects. The fruits show a small dark spot spreading over the entire surface. The fruits shrivel and dry up. Most of they crumble, and some hang on a tree until the next year. The fungus overwinters in affected inflorescences, shoots, branches and dry fruits.

Rice. 9. Monilial burn on fruits

clusterosporiosis, or perforated spotting - a dangerous disease that affects the buds, flowers, leaves, fruits, shoots, branches. Light brown spots with a red-brown border appear on the leaves, the diseased tissue crumbles and holes remain. In case of severe damage, the leaves fall off, the trees become bare and their productivity decreases.

On the shoots, the spots are initially rounded, then, as the shoot grows, they stretch in length, crack, and gum is released from them - a sticky yellowish thick mass. On the fruits, the spots are initially small red, then acquiring a reddish-brown color, slightly depressed. At the ovary, the affected tissue stops growing and dries to the bone. Especially dangerous is the autumn lesion of the kidneys during the period of leaf fall. Affected kidneys die, turn black and become shiny, like varnished. Death can reach 80%. Mycelium overwinters in affected shoots or conidia in gum-producing wounds.

coccomycosis became the dominant disease that threatened the cultivation of sweet cherries. The pathogen overwinters in affected branches and fallen leaves. It affects leaves, non-lignified growths, fruit cuttings, in late varieties and green fruits. Rounded or irregularly shaped reddish-brown spots appear on the leaves, merging over time, often covering the entire surface of the leaf. On the underside, in wet weather, white-pink pads are clearly visible - conidial sporulation of the fungus. The leaves turn yellow prematurely and by the end of July up to 90% of the tree crown can crumble. Fruit cuttings turn brown and are also covered with a white-pink bloom. Depressed brown spots form on the fruits.

contribute to the development of the disease wet weather and weakening of trees.

Disease control. In autumn, after leaf fall or in spring, before bud cracking, sprinkle fallen leaves with urea against wintering forms of pathogens (400 g per 10 l of water). If such treatment was not used, then at the very beginning of the growing season, carry out an early spring uprooting spraying of trees with 3% Bordeaux liquid. With a strong spread of spots on varieties of medium and late ripening sweet cherries, treatments are recommended - before flowering, after it and after 10-12 days with 1% Bordeaux mixture or copper oxychloride (40 g per 10 l of water) or abiga-peak (40-50 g per 10 liters of water).

If during the flowering period it is cold rainy weather, then spraying with copper oxychloride or abiga-peak is mandatory against a monilial burn. These drugs do not adversely affect the pollination process, the bees are isolated for a day. And do not forget immediately after flowering and 2-3 weeks after it, systematically cut and burn all twigs and inflorescences with signs of moniliosis.

On sweet cherry, preventive measures are very important: removal and destruction of diseased shoots, branches, mummified fruits, supplemented by agrotechnical measures: repeated digging of the soil to the depth of a shovel bayonet with the incorporation of fallen affected leaves, etc.

Harvest

Cherry fruits for immediate consumption are removed at full maturity, for canning 3-4 days earlier, when the pulp of the fruit is somewhat firmer (canning) consistency, and for transportation - 5-7 days before full maturity.

The fruits are removed with whole stalks or cut with scissors, leaving 2/3 of the length of the stalk (counting from the fruit). The fruits are removed carefully so that the bouquet branches do not break off along with the stalk.

Sweet cherries are transported over long distances in specially equipped vehicles at a temperature of 0–0.5 °C, which allows preserving the quality of the fruit for up to two weeks. When harvesting cherries, small plastic boxes are used. The use of convenient packaging makes it possible to reduce labor costs, reduce damage to fruits, they are better ventilated and stored longer.

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