Make an analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise. Features of financial reporting in non-profit organizations

It is necessary not only commercial companies but also institutions public sector. It is impossible to make effective management decisions without a professionally conducted EA. AFHD is based on the assessment and comparison of financial statements.

Stages economic analysis:

• familiarization with the data of financial statements and information about the FCD of the institution;
• mathematical calculations and comparison of accounting data;
• formation of conclusions on the performed calculations.

It is advisable to conduct EA in comparison of several reporting periods, this approach allows you to more accurately determine the dynamics of changes.

Relationship with financial audit

The audit of economic activities is directly related to the assessment of the effectiveness of the use of resources and assets of the organization. First of all, financial audit reveals the correctness of maintaining accounting and reporting. Without an independent assessment of accounting and reporting, it is impossible to conduct a reliable EA.

Management accounting, financial planning, auditing, analysis of financial and economic activities together allow you to quickly and accurately identify unused hidden reserves of the organization and increase financial stability.

Types of FCD audit

There are two main types of economic analysis of financial and economic activities:

1. An assessment of the property status of an enterprise makes it possible to determine the effectiveness of the use of the company's fixed assets in production or the fulfillment of a state (municipal) assignment. According to the identified reserves of unused property, the management of the organization can make an appropriate decision: inclusion of fixed assets in production, sale of fixed assets, lease. The management decision on the reserves of the property position makes it possible to exclude inefficient expenses for the maintenance, maintenance and operation of the fixed assets.
2. Assessment of the financial position reveals the level of solvency, financial stability, profitability of the enterprise. EA in this area reveals the inefficient use of Money organizations. Inefficient spending includes artificially high wages administrative staff, irrational staffing employees and more.

Analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise, example

Let us consider AFCD using an example not commercial organization producing consumer goods. For calculations, we use the following initial data:

We carry out a comprehensive AFHD:

1. We determine the dynamics of indicators characterizing the qualitative and quantitative use of resources. For the calculation, we use the indicators of the reporting and previous periods.

1. We calculate the savings or overspending of the use of resources, as well as dynamic changes in the cost of resources and resource efficiency.

Any society to ensure a normal (quite comfortable) level of his life activity, he performs many types of specific labor. For this purpose, certain organizations are created that jointly carry out a particular mission and operate on the basis of certain rules and procedures. An enterprise (organization) is an organizationally separated and economically independent main (primary) link in the production sphere of the national economy that manufactures products, performs work or provides services.

In the practice of management, each enterprise, as a complex production and economic system, carries out many specific activities. Each enterprise independently plans its activities and determines the prospects (strategy) of development, based on the demand for manufactured products (work, services performed) and the need to constantly increase its own profits, and also provides logistics for production.

The functioning of the enterprise is accompanied by a continuous circulation of funds, carried out in the form of resource costs and income generation, their distribution and use.

Every business has a specific goal. There may be several goals, they are usually set by the owners, and to achieve them, material and human resources are used, with the help of which financial and economic activities are carried out. That is, in essence, financial and economic activity is a tool for achieving hierarchical, economic and other goals facing a particular enterprise.

Financial and economic activity is a purposefully carried out process of practical implementation of the functions of an enterprise related to the formation and use of its financial resources to ensure economic and social development. It is carried out at all stages life cycle enterprise: from the moment of its birth to the moment of its liquidation as an independent business entity. The process of carrying out the financial and economic activities of an enterprise is characterized by a wide range of its financial relations with various subjects of the country's financial system.

The financial and economic activity of the enterprise is characterized, first of all, by the number and range of products, as well as the volume of its implementation. The volume of products produced directly depends on the availability and quality production capacity, the availability of the necessary raw materials, materials or components, personnel of appropriate qualifications, markets for the sale of products.

In turn, the volume of manufactured products affects all other aspects of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise - the cost of products, the amount of profit received, profitability production, the financial condition of the enterprise.

The financial and economic activity of enterprises is a purposeful activity based on decisions made, each of which is optimized based on intuition or calculations. The risk of making a decision is understood as the probability that the results of the implemented decision do not correspond to the set goals.

There are a lot of factors influencing the financial and economic activity of an enterprise or organization. Not all of them can be analyzed. The most important are the available resources - financial, material, personnel.

Purpose of financial and economic activity- getting the best possible results. The tasks that are solved when the goal is achieved are: ensuring production process resources and their management; organization of the production and technological process; generating positive results. The objectives of the management of financial and economic activities are: planning, control, adjustment, analysis, efficiency improvement.

Financial and economic activity acts as an activity, first of all, about its basis - the finances of the enterprise. However, the effectiveness of the organization of finance acts as the financial condition of the enterprise. The latter depends on the effective organization of the entire cash flow. Therefore, financial and economic activity as a concept covers wide range activities within the enterprise, consisting of control over the provision of cash settlements, the receipt of cash income and the implementation of expenses, the formation and distribution of cash savings and financial resources.

The diverse financial and economic activities of the enterprise are carried out on the basis of planned and forecast current and operational financial documents. The objects of planning, regulation and control in them are monetary and financial relations, materialized in the corresponding indicators. The main objects of financial and economic activity are those diverse monetary and financial relations of enterprises that constitute the content of enterprise finance.

The efficiency of the financial and economic activity of an enterprise should be understood as its result, obtained or potentially possible in the process of converting certain resources into the final product (work, service). The level of efficiency of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise is characterized by the level of its costs, results and financial condition. That is why, in order to determine the level of efficiency of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise, it is necessary to calculate a set of indicators characterizing its cost intensity, performance and financial condition.

To determine the essence of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise, it is necessary to define the main components of its elements. Such elements are: the finances of the enterprise, the structure of the enterprise's assets, the structure of the enterprise's property, the goals of financial analysis, the subjects of analysis.

Savitskaya G.V. writes that under market conditions, the finances of enterprises are of particular importance. The growing role of enterprise finance should be seen as a worldwide trend.

The main goal of assessing the financial and economic activities of an enterprise, according to Strazhev V.P., is to obtain a small number of key (most informative) parameters that give an objective and accurate picture of the financial condition of the enterprise, its profits and losses, changes in the structure of assets and liabilities, in settlements with debtors and creditors, which will be discussed in the next paragraph of the final qualifying work.

Analysis financial reporting enterprise allows you to identify the relationship and interdependence between various indicators of its financial and economic activities included in the reporting. The results of the analysis allow interested persons and organizations to make management decisions based on an assessment of the current financial situation and activities of the enterprise in previous years and its potential for the coming years.

To analyze the financial condition commercial enterprise a system of absolute and relative indicators is used, as well as financial ratios related to their measurement. The most important of them are indicators characterizing:

Solvency - the ability of the enterprise to pay off its obligations;

Financial stability - the state of financial resources, their distribution and use, ensuring the development of the enterprise based on the growth of profits and capital while maintaining solvency and creditworthiness under conditions of an acceptable level of risk;

Business activity - efficiency of use by the enterprise of the means;

Profitability (profitability) - the level of profit relative to the invested funds or costs of the enterprise;

Efficiency of own (share) capital use.

The calculation of financial ratios is based on the determination of the ratios between individual reporting items. The general methodology for such an analysis is to compare the calculated coefficients with industry average norms, generally accepted standard coefficients, or similar activity data for a number of years.

Compilation of a comparative table in two recent years with the identification of absolute and relative (in percent) deviations in the main reporting indicators;

Calculation of relative indicators for several years as a percentage in relation to the base year;

Calculation of indicators for a number of years as a percentage of any final indicator (for example, to the balance sheet total, the volume of sales);

The study and analysis of coefficients, the calculation of which is based on the existence of certain relationships between individual reporting items.

The wide distribution and use of coefficients is of interest due to the fact that they eliminate the distorting effect on the reporting material of inflation, which is especially important when analyzing in the long term.

Solvency analysis

The solvency index characterizes the ability of the enterprise to fulfill its debt obligations. The calculation and analysis of this indicator is of great importance for the enterprise, since its low potential may be the reason for the termination of its payments. The analysis examines the current and long-term solvency.

Current solvency can be determined from the balance sheet by comparing the amount of its means of payment with term obligations. Most the best way when the company always has free cash sufficient to pay off existing liabilities. But the enterprise is also solvent in the case when it does not have enough free cash or it does not exist at all, but the enterprise is able to quickly realize its assets and pay off creditors.

The most means of payment include cash, short-term securities, part of receivables, for which there is confidence in its receipt. Term liabilities include obligations and debts subject to repayment: short-term bank loans, accounts payable for goods and services to the budget. The solvency of the enterprise is indicated by the ratio of means of payment to urgent obligations. If this ratio is less than 1, then it is likely that the company will not be able to pay off its short-term debt on time. This issue can be resolved in the process of analysis additional information on the terms of payment of accounts payable, receipt of receivables, etc.

The solvency of the enterprise is estimated by liquidity indicators. There are two concepts of liquidity. According to one of them, liquidity refers to the ability of an enterprise to pay its short-term obligations. According to another concept, liquidity is the willingness and speed with which current assets can be turned into cash. At the same time, the degree of depreciation of current assets as a result of their rapid sale should also be taken into account.

A low level of liquidity is the lack of freedom of action for the administration of an enterprise. A more serious consequence of low liquidity is the company's inability to pay its current debts and obligations, which may lead to the forced sale of long-term financial investments and assets and, ultimately, to non-payments and bankruptcy.

Solvency is often determined by the liquidity of the balance sheet. Analysis of the liquidity of the balance sheet consists in comparing the funds of the asset, grouped by the degree of their liquidity and arranged in descending order of liquidity, with the liabilities of the liability, grouped by their maturity and in ascending order.

Depending on the degree of liquidity, that is, the rate of conversion into cash, the assets of the enterprise are divided into the following groups:

And 1 - the most liquid. These include all cash (cash and accounts) and short-term financial investments. Cash is absolutely liquid.

And 2 - quickly implemented. This includes accounts receivable and other current assets.

A 3 - slowly implemented. These include stocks, with the exception of the items "Deferred expenses", as well as "Long-term financial investments".

And 4 - difficult to implement. These are intangible assets, fixed assets, construction in progress.

Liabilities are grouped according to the degree of urgency of their payment.

P 1 - the most urgent. These include accounts payable and other short-term liabilities.

P 2 - short-term. These include borrowed funds from the "Short-term liabilities" section.

P 3 - long-term. This includes long-term borrowings and other long-term liabilities.

P 4 - constant. They include the statutory fund and other items from the "Capital and reserves" section, as well as "Deferred income", "Consumption funds" and "Reserves for future income and expenses".

To maintain the balance of assets and liabilities, the total of this group is reduced by the sum of the items "Deferred expenses" and value added tax.

The balance is considered absolutely liquid if A1? P1, A2? P2, A 3? P 3, A 4? P 4. In the case when one or more inequalities of the system have a sign opposite to that fixed in the optimal variant, the liquidity of the balance to a greater or lesser extent differs from the absolute one. At the same time, the lack of funds in one group of assets is compensated by their excess in another group, although compensation takes place only in terms of value, since in a real payment situation, less liquid assets cannot replace more liquid ones.

It is advisable to present the balance sheet items summarized in groups in the form of Table 6.

Such an assessment of liquidity is not final, since each passive group of the balance sheet may turn out to be provided with completely different active values ​​than those indicated in the comparable group.

For a more accurate assessment of the liquidity of the balance sheet, it is necessary to analyze the following liquidity indicators:

The current liquidity ratio is calculated as the ratio of current (current) assets to current liabilities:

Current assets include inventories less deferred expenses, cash, accounts receivable and short-term investments. Current liabilities include borrowed funds (Section "Current Liabilities") and accounts payable.

The resulting figure is compared with the average for groups of similar enterprises. It can be assumed that the higher this ratio, the better the position of the enterprise. But, on the other hand, an overestimated coefficient may indicate an excessive diversion of the enterprise's own funds into different kinds its assets, surplus inventories.

Theoretically, the value of this indicator in the range of 2 ... 2.5 is considered sufficient, but depending on the forms of calculation, the turnover rate of working capital, the duration of the production cycle, this value may be significantly lower, but they are evaluated positively at a value greater than 1.

Table 6. Analysis of the liquidity of the enterprise

The quick liquidity ratio determines the ability of an enterprise to fulfill its current obligations from quickly liquid assets:

It shows what part of short-term liabilities can be immediately repaid at the expense of cash, funds in short-term financial investments, as well as proceeds from settlements with customers.

The value of this coefficient, equal to 0.8 ... 1, is considered optimal. With an equal indicator of total liquidity for two enterprises financial position preferable to one of them, which has more high ratio urgent liquidity.

The absolute liquidity ratio is calculated as the ratio of cash, short-term financial investments to current liabilities. It characterizes the ability of the enterprise to immediately pay off its short-term obligations at the expense of cash and easily realizable short-term financial investments. Theoretically, this indicator is considered sufficient if this value is higher than 0.2 ... 0.25:

To assess current liquidity, net working capital is also used, which represents the excess of current assets over current liabilities. There will be a shortage of working capital when current liabilities exceed current assets.

Calculation of liquidity ratios is the most critical stage of the analysis, therefore, it is necessary to use information for a number of years, which will make it possible to identify trends in their change.

To assess long-term solvency (more than one year), the most important is profit and the ability to earn, since these are the factors that determine the financial health of the enterprise.

To assess the ability of the enterprise to constantly make a profit from its activities in the future, the cash adequacy ratio of the KP is calculated. It reflects the company's ability to earn cash to cover capital expenditures, increase working capital and pay dividends. The numerator and denominator use data for 3-5 years.

The coefficient KP 1 equal to one means that the enterprise is able to function without resorting to external financing.

1. Analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise: goals, objectives, subject, functions

The content of the analysis of financial and economic activity consists in a comprehensive study of the technical level of production, the quality and competitiveness of products, the provision of production with materials, labor and financial resources and the efficiency of their use. This analysis is based on systems approach, complex accounting of various factors, high-quality selection of reliable information and is an important function of management.

The purpose of the analysis of financial and economic activities enterprises - increasing the efficiency of its work on the basis of a systematic study of all types of activities and generalization of their results.

The objectives of the analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise are:

Identification of the real state of the analyzed object;

Study of the composition and properties of the object, its comparison with known analogues or basic characteristics, normative values;

Identification of changes in the state of the object in the spatio-temporal context;

Establishment of the main factors that caused changes in the state of the object, and taking into account their influence;

Forecast of the main trends. The subject of analysis of financial and economic activities enterprise is the analysis of production and economic results, financial condition, the results of social development and the use of labor resources, the state and use of fixed assets, the cost of production and sales of products (works, services), evaluation of the effectiveness of the organization.

The object of analysis of financial and economic activities enterprise is the work of the enterprise as a whole and its structural divisions(shops, brigades, sections), and subjects public authorities, research institutes, foundations, centers, public organizations, funds mass media, analytical services of enterprises.

Functions of analysis of financial and economic activity enterprises are: control, accounting, stimulating, organizational and indicative.

2. Analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise: meaning and tasks

Financial condition of the enterprise- This is an economic category that reflects the state of capital in the process of its circulation and the ability of a business entity to self-develop at a certain point in time. The financial condition of the enterprise is characterized by a set of indicators reflecting the process of formation and use of its financial resources. financial condition may be stable, unstable(pre-crisis) and crisis. The ability of an enterprise to make payments on time, finance its activities on an extended basis, withstand unforeseen shocks and maintain its solvency in adverse circumstances indicates its sound financial condition, and vice versa.

An integral part financial work at the enterprise is the financial analysis and assessment of the financial condition of the enterprise.

Financial analysis includes blocks:

General (preliminary) analysis;

Analysis of financial stability;

Balance liquidity analysis;

Analysis of performance results;

Comprehensive analysis and performance evaluation.

The specific direction of the analysis, its constituent blocks, the set of indicators are determined by the goals and experience of the financial analyst.

The objectives of the analysis are: identification of changes in the values ​​of financial indicators that have occurred over the period;

Determining the most likely trends in the financial condition of enterprises;

Determination of factors affecting the financial condition of the enterprise;

Establishment of measures and levers of influence on the finances of the enterprise in order to achieve the desired financial result.

The results of the analysis are necessary for internal (enterprise services, management) and external users (enterprise managers, owners, creditors, investors, suppliers).

The information base of financial analysis is the data of accounting and reporting, the analysis of which helps to restore all the main aspects of the economic activity of the enterprise in a generalized form, that is, with the degree of aggregation necessary for the analysis.

3. Ways of analyzing financial statements

The practice of financial analysis has developed the following basic techniques for reading financial statements:

Analysis of absolute data of financial statements;

Horizontal analysis, i.e. consideration of financial indicators in dynamics, as a rule, for several years, or at the beginning and end of the analyzed period;

Vertical (structural) analysis, in which the balance sheet total is taken as 100% and is determined specific gravity the main items of the asset or liability of the balance sheet;

Trend analysis, in which each position of the balance sheet is compared with the corresponding indicators of previous periods, and thus the trend is determined, i.e. the main trend in the dynamics of the analyzed indicator (position). With the help of the trend, possible values ​​of the indicator are predicted in the future, i.e., a prospective analysis is carried out;

Analysis of financial ratios, i.e., the calculation of relative indicators according to reporting data that characterize the financial condition of the enterprise as a whole.

In addition to these standard techniques for analyzing financial statements, comparative and factor analysis are also used in practice, which require system accounting data.

Comparative (spatial) analysis- this is an on-farm comparison of individual indicators of subsidiaries, divisions, workshops, within the same enterprise and an inter-farm comparison of indicators this enterprise with indicators of enterprises-competitors, with average industry and average general economic indicators.

Factor analysis- this is an analysis of the influence of individual factors on the performance indicator using various research methods. Factor analysis can be either direct, which consists in splitting the result indicator into component parts, or reverse, when individual elements combined into an overall score.

4. Methods of financial analysis

When conducting financial analysis, the following methods are used:

Comparison, when the financial indicators of the reporting period are compared with those of the base or planning period, while the correctness and comparability of indicators are of particular importance;

Grouping - with this method, homogeneous indicators are grouped and reduced to larger ones, which makes it possible to identify development trends and influence factors;

Chain substitutions - the method consists in replacing a separate indicator with a reporting one, which ultimately allows you to determine and measure the influence of factors on the final financial indicator;

Coefficient operates by comparing relative indicators that have the same units of measurement with each other.

In order to conduct a general analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise, an analytical (comparative) balance sheet is drawn up, which includes the main aggregated (enlarged) indicators of the balance sheet, its structure, dynamics and structural dynamics. This balance allows you to bring together, systematize and analyze the initial assumptions and calculations. In addition, such a presentation of balance sheet data makes it possible to simplify the work of horizontal and vertical analysis. Comparative balance sheet items are formed at the discretion of the analyst and with varying degrees detail.

An analysis of the financial performance of the enterprise allows you to identify their dynamics, as well as to determine due to which structural shifts the change in indicators occurred. Tables for analysis can be compiled (with varying degrees of detail) on the balance sheet, assets and liabilities, property and sources of funds, on the results of the enterprise and other analyzed areas.

At the initial stage of the analysis, the analyst may be interested in following characteristics: the total value of property (currency or balance sheet total), the value of immobilized assets (fixed and other non-current assets), the amount of working capital, the amount of receivables, the amount of the most liquid funds, the cost of equity and the amount of borrowed capital, the amount of long-term loans and borrowings.

5. The relationship of managerial and financial analysis of the enterprise

AT market economy The accounting system is divided, as a rule, into financial and analytical accounting. Accordingly, accounting is divided into financial (general) accounting and management (analytical) accounting.

Financial Accounting performs the task of informing external users about the financial results of the enterprise. First of all, the state represented by tax and other regulatory authorities acts as such a user. Financial accounting and reporting are regulated by national and international standards accounting, which provide the interests of external users in reliable and accurate information about the activities of the enterprise.

The financial analysis, based on the data of the official financial statements of the enterprise, acquires the character of an external analysis carried out outside the enterprises by all interested parties (the state, investors, creditors, etc.). When analyzing only official reporting, a small part of the information about the activities of the enterprise is used, which does not allow to fully disclose all aspects of its activities.

The main forms of official financial reporting are: balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement. Each form of financial statements allows you to solve certain problems. The balance sheet is the basis for analysis economic condition enterprises. The income statement discloses financial results organization's activities. The cash flow statement characterizes cash flows enterprise and its solvency.

It should be noted that the key issue of both managerial and financial analysis is the question of the efficiency of using enterprise resources to make a profit, which is the main financial goal of any commercial organization. Making a profit is a necessary condition for maintaining the economic viability of an enterprise, the possibility of its further development.

6. Features of the financial analysis of the enterprise

Features of external financial analysis are:

The plurality of subjects of analysis, external users of information about the activities of the enterprise;

Variety of goals and interests of the subjects of analysis;

Availability of standard methods, accounting and reporting standards;

Orientation of the analysis only to the public, external reporting of the enterprise;

Limitation of analysis tasks due to incomplete information about the activities of the enterprise;

Maximum openness of the results of the enterprise's activities to external users.

The main content of the financial analysis carried out by external users on the basis of official accounting data is:

Analysis of absolute indicators of profit;

Analysis of relative profitability indicators;

Analysis of the financial condition, financial stability, liquidity of the balance sheet, solvency of the enterprise;

Analysis of the effectiveness of the use of own and borrowed capital.

In addition to these main areas, an external financial analysis of an enterprise's activities can be supplemented by such aspects as an analysis of the state of stocks, the state of receivables and payables, an analysis of the movement of fixed assets, etc. In this regard, explanations to the balance sheet are of particular importance for all users of financial statements. and income statement. In addition to these aspects, they reflect information on the organization's tangible and intangible assets, leased fixed assets, types of financial investments, authorized, reserve and additional capital, the number and types of shares of a joint-stock company, other non-operating income and expenses, issued obligations and payments received, etc.

The balance sheet, income statement and the additional data listed above are a solid information base for the economic analysis of the enterprise. On their basis, one can judge the fulfillment of obligations by the enterprise to shareholders, investors, creditors, suppliers, as well as possible financial difficulties experienced by the organization.

7. Features of management accounting of the enterprise

Management accounting consists of a mixture of traditional and operational accounting, which allows you to make informed operational management decisions in the interests of the owners and administration of the enterprise. Management accounting is not regulated by the state, its organization and methods are determined by the management of the enterprise. The organization of management accounting implies knowledge of not only traditional accounting, but also the analysis of economic activity, technical and economic planning, and statistical skills.

In a broad sense, management accounting is understood not only as accounting itself, but also as the entire enterprise management system, including the organizational structure of departments and management bodies, information interaction between various departments, etc. For this reason, management accounting is often called internal accounting, in contrast to from financial (external). At the same time, management accounting at the enterprise also faces narrower practical tasks, for example, calculating the cost of production and ensuring sales without loss.

Thus, the information basis of management accounting is production, financial, accounting information. The subject of management accounting is the owners and administration of the enterprise, and the practical result is expressed in the substantiation of specific management decisions developed on the basis of administrative accounting and analysis data.

The following features of management analysis can be distinguished:

Orientation of the results of the analysis to the goals and interests of the management and owners of the enterprise;

Use of all internal sources information for situation analysis and decision-making;

Lack of regulation of management analysis from the side government agencies and the lack of official forms on which the analysis is based;

The complexity of the analysis, the study of all aspects of the enterprise;

Integration of accounting, analysis, planning and decision making;

Maximum secrecy of the analysis results in order to preserve commercial secrets.

8. Features of financial reporting in non-profit organizations

Financial management in non-profit organizations is the least developed area of ​​financial management from a methodological point of view. At the same time, non-profit organizations have their own specifics that require appropriate management models and adequate logic for making financial decisions. In the Russian economics and practice, there are no clear ideas about the financial analysis of the activities of non-profit organizations, the formation of their funds, reporting, which would adequately reflect the specifics of the activities of non-profit organizations and at the same time retain the usual schemes drawn up on common language business.

The specifics of the financial statements of non-profit organizations are expressed in the following:

1. Non-profit organizations may not submit as part of their financial statements the Statement of changes in capital (Form No. 3), Statement of cash flows (Form No. 4), Appendix to the balance sheet (Form No. 5) in the absence of relevant data.

3. Public organizations(associations) that do not carry out entrepreneurial activities and do not have turnovers for the sale of goods (works, services, except for the retired property), the financial statements do not include the Statement of changes in capital (Form No. 3), Statement of cash flows (Form No. 4) , Appendix to the balance sheet (Form No. 5) and explanatory note to balance.

4. Non-profit organizations, when filling out the Balance Sheet Form (Form No. 1), in the “Capital and Reserves” section, instead of the groups of articles “Authorized capital”, “Reserve capital” and “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)”, include the group of articles “Target financing”.

9. The concept and classification of enterprise costs

A clear delineation of costs depending on their economic purpose is a defining moment in the practical activities of the enterprise. At all levels of management, grouping of costs is carried out, the cost of production is formed, sources of financing are determined.

Enterprise costs are broadly divided into three types:

The cost of production and sale of products, forming its cost. These are current costs covered from the proceeds from the sale of products in the process of circulation of working capital;

The cost of expanding and updating production. As a rule, these are large one-time capital investments for new or modernized products. They expand the applied factors of production, increase the authorized capital. The costs consist of capital investments in fixed assets, an increase in the working capital ratio, the costs of forming an additional work force for new production. These costs have special sources of financing: depreciation fund, profit, issue valuable papers, credit, etc.;

Costs for socio-cultural, housing and other similar needs of the enterprise. They are not directly related to production and are financed from special funds, formed mainly from distributed profits.

The costs of production and sale of products (works, services) are classified according to a number of criteria:

According to their role in the production process, they are divided into main and overhead;

According to the method of inclusion in the cost of production, costs are divided into direct and indirect;

According to the dependence of costs on changes in the volume of output, they are divided into fixed and variable;

According to the methods of accounting and grouping costs, they are divided into simple and complex, that is, they are collected in groups according to their functional role in the production process or at the place of cost;

According to the terms of use in production, current costs and one-time costs differ.

10. The economic significance of the cost, the tasks of analyzing the cost of production

Production cost(works, services) is a valuation of products (works, services) used in the production process natural resources, raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, fixed assets, labor resources, as well as other costs for its production and sale. The cost price reflects the amount of current costs that are of a production, non-capital nature, ensuring the process of simple reproduction at the enterprise. The cost price is an economic form of compensation for consumed factors of production and the most important indicator economic efficiency of entrepreneurial activity. It reflects all aspects of the economic activity of the enterprise, accumulates the results of the use of all production resources. The level of cost depends on the financial performance of the enterprise, the pace of expansion of production, sales volume.

Tasks of product cost analysis:

Assessment of the validity and tension of the estimate for the cost of production, production and distribution costs based on the analysis of cost behavior;

Identification of the dynamics and degree of implementation of cost estimates at cost;

Determining the factors that influenced the dynamics of cost indicators, the magnitude and reasons for the deviation of actual costs from estimated ones;

Analysis of the cost of individual types of products.

Analysis of the cost of production is aimed at identifying opportunities to improve the efficiency of the use of material, labor and financial resources in the process of production, supply and marketing of products. The study of the cost of production allows us to give a more accurate assessment of the level of profit and profitability indicators achieved at the enterprise.

The main sources of information for cost analysis are the form of the annual report No. 2 "Profit and Loss Statement", form No. 5 "Appendix to the balance sheet", calculations of certain types of products, cost estimates and their actual implementation in the context of individual items of management and business expenses, cost estimate and other documents.

Analysis of financial and economic activity- this is a systematic, comprehensive study, measurement and generalization of the influence of factors on the results of an enterprise by processing certain sources of information (indicators of the plan, accounting, reporting). The components of the analysis of financial and economic activities are financial and managerial analyses.

The content of the analysis of financial and economic activities- a deep and comprehensive study of economic information and the functionality of the analyzed business object in order to make optimal management decisions to ensure the implementation of the enterprise's production programs, assess the level of their implementation, identify weaknesses and intra-economic reserves.

The role of AFHD. Based on the results of the analysis, management decisions are developed and justified. AFCD precedes decisions and actions, substantiates them and is the basis of scientific production management, ensures its objectivity and efficiency. An important role is given to analysis in the determination and use of reserves for increasing the efficiency of production.

Meaning. AFHD promotes the economical use of resources, the identification and implementation of best practices, the scientific organization of labor, new equipment and production technology, and the prevention of unnecessary costs.

When analyzing financial statements, you can use various methods (both logical and formalized). But the most commonly used methods of financial analysis include:

1) the method of absolute, relative and average values.

Absolute value method characterize the number, volume (size) of the process under study. Absolute values ​​always have some unit of measurement: natural, conditionally natural, cost (monetary).

Natural units of measurement are used in cases where the unit of measurement corresponds to the consumer properties of the product. For example, textile production is measured in meters, agricultural production - in centners and tons, as for electrical energy, it is measured in kilowatts.

The calculated absolute indicator, for example, is the absolute deviation. This is the difference between two absolute indicators of the same name:

±ΔP = P1 – P0

Where P1 is the value of the absolute indicator in the reporting period, P0 is the value of the absolute indicator in the base period, ΔP is the absolute deviation (change) of the indicator.

Relative value is calculated as the ratio of the actual value of the indicator to the base of comparison, i.e. by dividing one quantity by another. The relative value is calculated in fractions of a unit, coefficients.

You can compare indicators of the same name related to different periods, different objects or different territories. The result of such a comparison is represented by a coefficient (the comparison base is taken as one) expressed as a percentage and shows how many times or by how many percent the compared indicator is more (less) than the base one.

2) Comparison method- the most ancient, logical method of analysis. The question of comparison is decided on the principle of "better or worse", "more or less". This is largely due to the peculiarities of the psychology of a person who compares objects in pairs. When comparing, they use different techniques, for example, scales.

3) Vertical analysis– presentation of the financial report in the form of relative indicators. This representation allows you to see the share of each balance sheet item in its total. Mandatory elements of the analysis are the time series of these values, through which you can track and predict structural changes in the composition of assets and their sources of coverage.

Main features of vertical analysis:

The transition to relative indicators allows for a comparative analysis of enterprises, taking into account industry specifics and other characteristics;

Relative indicators smooth out the negative impact of inflationary processes, which significantly distort the absolute indicators of financial statements and thus make it difficult to compare them in dynamics.

4) Horizontal analysis balance is to build one or more analytical tables in which absolute balance sheet indicators are supplemented by relative growth (decrease) rates. The degree of aggregation of indicators is determined by the analyst. As a rule, base growth rates are taken for a number of years (contiguous periods), which makes it possible to analyze the change in individual balance sheet items, as well as to predict their value.

Horizontal and vertical analysis complement each other. Therefore, in practice, it is possible to build analytical tables that characterize both the structure of the reporting of the financial form and the dynamics of its individual indicators.

5) Trend analysis is a part of prospective analysis, it is necessary in management for financial forecasting. The trend is the way of development. The trend is determined based on the analysis of time series as follows: a graph of the possible development of the main indicators of the organization is constructed, the average annual growth rate is determined, and the forecast value of the indicator is calculated. This is the easiest way to financial forecasting. Now, at the level of an individual organization, the settlement time period is a month or a quarter.

6) Factor analysis is a method of complex and systematic study and measurement of the impact of factors on the value of effective indicators.

To create a factor system means to present the phenomenon under study as an algebraic sum, a quotient or a product of several factors that affect the magnitude of this phenomenon, and is functionally dependent on it.

7) Financial ratios are used to analyze the financial condition of an enterprise and represent relative indicators determined from the data of financial reports, mainly from the data of the balance sheet and income statement.

The criteria for assessing the financial condition of an enterprise using financial ratios are usually divided into the following groups:

Solvency;

Profitability, or profitability;

Efficiency in the use of assets;

Financial (market) stability;

Business activity.

Methods of complex analysis of financial and economic activity.

a set of analytical methods and rules for studying the economy of an enterprise,

next steps.

1) the objects, purpose and tasks of the analysis are specified, a plan of analytical work is drawn up.

2) a system of synthetic and analytical indicators is developed, with the help of which the object of analysis is characterized.

3) the necessary information is collected and prepared for analysis (its accuracy is checked, it is brought into a comparable form, etc.).

4) a comparison of the actual results of management with the indicators of the plan of the reporting year, the actual data of past years, with the achievements of leading enterprises, the industry as a whole, etc. is carried out.

5) factor analysis is performed: factors are identified and their influence on the result is determined.

6) unused and promising reserves for increasing production efficiency are identified.

7) there is an assessment of the results of management, taking into account the action of various factors and the identified unused reserves, measures are being developed for their use.

Elements, techniques, and methods of analysis that are used at various stages of the study to:

Primary processing of the collected information (verification, grouping, systematization);

Studying the state and patterns of development of the objects under study;

Determining the influence of factors on the performance of enterprises;

calculation of unused and prospective reserves for increasing production efficiency;

Summarizing the results of the analysis and comprehensive assessment of the activities of enterprises;

Substantiation of plans for economic and social development, management decisions, various events.

The concept and classification of economic reserves.

Economic reserves are constantly emerging opportunities to improve the efficiency of activities. Reserves are considered to be reserves of resources (raw materials, materials, equipment, fuel, etc.) that are necessary for the smooth operation of the enterprise. They are created in case of additional need for them.

1) On a spatial basis: on-farm, sectoral, regional, nationwide

2) On the basis of time:

Unused reserves are missed opportunities to improve production efficiency relative to the plan or the achievements of science and best practices over the past periods of time.

Under the current reserves understand the possibility of improving the results of economic activity, which can be implemented over the near future (month, quarter, year).

Prospective reserves are usually calculated on long time. Their use is associated with significant investments, the introduction of the latest achievements of scientific and technical progress, the restructuring of production, a change in production technology, specialization, etc.

3) According to the stages of the product life cycle:

pre-production stage. Here, reserves for increasing production efficiency can be identified by improving the design of the product, improving the technology of its production, using cheaper raw materials, etc. It is at this stage that objectively contains the largest reserves for reducing the cost of production.

At the production stage, new products, new technologies are mastered and then mass production is carried out. At this stage, the amount of reserves is reduced due to the fact that work has already been done to create production facilities, purchase the necessary equipment and tools, and establish the production process. These are reserves associated with improving the organization of labor, increasing its intensity, reducing equipment downtime, saving and rational use of raw materials and materials.

The operational stage is divided into the warranty period, during which the contractor is obliged to eliminate the problems identified by the consumer, and the post-warranty period. At the stage of operation of the facility, the reserves for its more productive use and cost reduction (saving electricity, fuel, spare parts, etc.) depend mainly on the quality of the work performed in the first two stages.

Reserves at the disposal stage are opportunities to generate income as a result of the reuse of disposal materials and reduce the cost of disposing of the product after its life cycle ends.

4) by stages of the reproduction process:

In the field of production - the main reserves - increasing the efficiency of resource use

In the sphere of circulation - the prevention of various losses of products on the way from the producer to the consumer, as well as the reduction of costs associated with the storage, transportation and sale of finished products).

5) by the nature of production: in the main production, in auxiliary production, in service production

6) by type of activity: in operating activities, investment activities, financial activities

7) by economic nature: extensive, intensive

8) by sources of education:

Internal - which can be mastered by the forces and means of the enterprise itself

External is a technical, technological or financial help to a business entity from the state, higher authorities, sponsors, etc.

9) by detection methods:

Explicit - reserves that are easy to identify based on accounting and reporting materials.

Hidden - reserves that are associated with the implementation of the achievements of scientific and technical progress and best practices and which were not provided for by the plan.