There are three main types of bells:
Open, or free, pupae - have free, only imaginal appendages pressed to the body (,). Among pupae of this type, two groups are distinguished - with mobile and with immobile or reduced ones. The first ones are the most primitive, they use mobile ones to get out of the cocoon and can themselves make movements; they are characteristic of retinoptera, scorpion flies, caddis flies and toothed moths ( Micropterygidae). Pupae with immobile or reduced, do not have the opportunity to use the latter when leaving the cocoon; this includes the pupae of most beetles and hymenoptera, fleas, fenoptera, and many dipterans.
Covered pupae- have imaginal appendages closely adhered to the body and adhered to the body due to the fact that during the latter it secretes a secret, which, when hardened, covers the pupa with a hard shell. They are characteristic of most butterflies, and some dipterans, some beetles (for example, ladybirds) and chalcids.
Hidden dolls- are covered with a hardened, un-discarded larval skin, which, therefore, plays the role of a shell, or false cocoon. Such a false cocoon is often called puparium... Within this puparium is a typical open pupa; in this regard, some authors consider this type to be just a modification of open pupae. They are characteristic only of higher dipterans (round-seam).
Insects are amazing creatures. Some of them are striking in their beauty, others are frightening only by their appearance, still others can be useful to a person, and the fourth are a danger to him. Doesn't matter if it hurts little creature, or quietly crawls on the ground, without affecting people's livelihoods: some species of "insects" reproduce in a special way. What insects have a pupa?
What is a chrysalis?
The pupa is nothing more than a stage in the development of a certain individual, characteristic of insects predisposed to. While in this state, the insect undergoes a complete change of organs and tissues belonging to the larva into the structure of an adult. As a rule, pupae are motionless, they do not change in size and do not eat food.
After completing the growth process, the larva ceases to feed, switches to a sedentary lifestyle, in last time sheds its skin and only then turns into a pupa. Appearance the pupa does not allow to call it an adult, however, it is already acquiring a list of signs that allow it to be compared with a transformed insect. For the majority, before turning into a pupa, it is wrapped in a cocoon. The material for its creation is, as a rule, silk. Cocoons of some species of butterflies are selected to create fabrics such as silk and comb. What insects have a pupa? Their list is quite extensive: the mentioned butterflies, praying mantises, hornets, wasps, May beetles, houseflies, ants and others. Let's talk in more detail about some of the representatives of this group.
Butterfly
When answering the question of which insects have pupae, you should pay attention to butterflies. Immediately after the formation, the pupa of this insect remains open: its small legs and wings adhere very weakly to the body, they can be easily bent back.
However, the soft outer shell hardens rather quickly, the limbs are firmly glued to the body with a special liquid. On a superficial examination, the pupa is very similar to a caterpillar, but if you are careful, you can notice some features of an adult butterfly: the makings of wings, a sketch of the head, abdomen, proboscis and antennae. The strong shell of the pupa, as a rule, is devoid of hair, but some species of butterflies still have individuals decorated with small numbers of them.
What insects have a pupa besides a butterfly?
Housefly
The female is capable of laying up to 120 eggs at a time, and in her entire life this number increases to two thousand if environment turns out to be favorable. The egg develops completely within 8-50 hours. The housefly is an insect prone to complete transformation. Its larvae reach a length of thirteen millimeters, do not have legs, the shape from the side of the mouth is pointed, the tip is truncated. They live in feces, as well as in other rotting substances with a semi-liquid structure.
After about two weeks, the larva completes its last molt and crawls to a secluded place, where it turns into a pupa. This phase of the house fly's life lasts about three days. An adult lives up to a month, but at favorable conditions this period may be doubled. After one and a half days after the completion of the transformation, the fly is able to reproduce.
Besides the fly, which insects have a pupa? There are enough of them.
Ant
In search of information about which insects have a pupa, you can encounter ants. Their life begins with the appearance of an egg, from which larvae emerge very quickly.
By itself, it practically does not move, working individuals take care of it: they feed it, transfer it to special "rooms". Having passed all the larval stages, the future ant pupates. The insect is not able to independently get rid of the shell covering the pupa, so the adults help it finally be born.
The life cycle of a butterfly's development consists of four phases: an egg, a caterpillar, a pupa, and an adult insect (imago). Depending on the type and climatic conditions during the year, both one and several generations of butterflies can develop. The duration of development of some species is two years or more.
Types of butterfly eggs
Butterfly eggs come in various shapes - round, flattened, oval, spindle-shaped, smooth or with a cellular surface, covered with spines or ribs. The color of the eggs is also different, more often whitish, light green or yellow, in addition, brownish, brownish-purple, reddish. Eggs of many species change color as they develop.
The manner in which the eggs are laid may differ from one species to another. Eggs can be laid one by one or several, or in large groups, up to several hundred in one clutch. Oviposition can occur on leaves, stems, flowers, plant fruits, in cracks in tree bark, on soil, lichens, on dry plant residues. Females of some species, after laying, cover their eggs with hairs from their abdomen.
How long is the egg stage in a butterfly?
Egg stage y different types can last from several days in the warm season to many months if the eggs overwinter. As the egg develops, a caterpillar forms inside it, which then gnaws the shell and comes out. In some species, the formed caterpillar hibernates inside the egg and comes out only in spring. Caterpillars of many species eat the shell of their eggs immediately after emergence.
The body of caterpillars consists of thirteen segments, of which three are thoracic and ten are abdominal. The thoracic segments bear a pair of articulated legs, the abdominal segments usually have five pairs of false legs, some types of abdominal legs have two or three pairs, or they are underdeveloped. The appearance of caterpillars is very diverse and often differs even in closely related species.
Many are bright and variegated, some have outgrowths in the form of horns, thorns, and bumps. The surface of the body is smooth with sparse scutes or covered with thick hairs, warts, spines. The proportions of the body are also different: some caterpillars are short and thick, others are thin and long.
What do caterpillars eat?
Caterpillars of most species of butterflies feed on green parts of plants - leaves, flowers, unripe fruits. Some develop inside branches and trunks, feed on wood, on lichens and on dead plant parts, on animal debris such as wool, down, feathers, and also on wax.
Some species are predators, feeding on ant larvae and worms.
How long is the caterpillar stage?
The caterpillar stage can last from several weeks to several years, depending on the species and conditions of development. As the caterpillars grow, they molt several times, shedding old covers; some species, after molting, eat their previous shell. At the end of its development, the caterpillar molts again and turns into a pupa.
The transformation of a caterpillar into a butterfly - pupa stage
Pupation is the most vulnerable process in a butterfly's developmental cycle, and most caterpillars prepare for it carefully. The pupal stage in different species can last from several days to several years. A long pause (arrest in development) of pupae is an adaptation that allows the species to survive unfavorable years. In the event that in the first year unsuitable conditions developed and the butterflies that emerged from the pupae died, the population is replenished due to the pupae diapausing before, which are released the next year.
The butterfly formed inside the pupal membrane has very short, soft wings. When exiting the pupa, she needs to climb onto some vertical surface in order to dangle her wings, which will give them the opportunity to straighten out. After that, the wings gradually harden, and during this time the butterfly sits motionless.
The body of a butterfly consists of three sections - the head, chest and abdomen, which carries the internal organs.
The head bears antennae, palps, compound faceted eyes and mouthparts. In the overwhelming majority of butterflies, the mouth organs of the sucking type are a thin long proboscis tube, which at rest is coiled into a spiral. Many butterflies are underdeveloped oral apparatus and thus unable to feed, subsisting on the energy reserves accumulated during the caterpillar stage.
The antennae of butterflies are the organ of smell and are of various shapes- filamentous, clavate, feathery, comb and others. The sense of smell of some butterflies is highly developed; males of such species are able to catch the smell of a female at a considerable distance.
The chest of butterflies carries three pairs of articulated legs and two pairs of wings, while females of some species have underdeveloped wings or even wingless, and in some species also legless. The patterns on the wings of butterflies form the scales covering them, hence the scientific name of the order - Lepidoptera.
Types of butterflies
The color of the wings of butterflies is varied. In some, they are beautifully and brightly colored, while in others, on the contrary, they have a modest patronizing color, which allows them to be invisible on flowers and grasses, tree bark, stones, lichens. Many species are characterized by sexual dimorphism, that is, a pronounced external difference between the male and the female in the color, shape and size of the wings, as well as in the structure of the antennae. Occasionally, there are separate, atypically colored individuals called aberrants.
Gynandromorph butterflies, that is, individuals that combine the characteristics of a male and a female, are extremely rare. The gynandromorphs of the species, which are characterized by pronounced sexual dimorphism, look very unusual. In this case, on one side of the butterfly's body, wings are located with the color of the male, and on the other, with the color of the female.
Most butterflies are active at dusk and at night, while a much smaller number of species are active during the day. However, it is daytime butterflies are the most visible and, as a consequence, the best studied. Many butterflies are good flyers, some species are characterized by regular migrations, which often determines their wide distribution. Others, on the contrary, inhabit only small geographic regions, such species are called endemics.
Butterfly development - video
Butterflies are insects with a so-called full cycle of transformation. Between the larval stage (caterpillar) and the adult stage (butterfly) there is an intermediate pupal stage. And all development can be represented as follows: an egg - a caterpillar - a pupa - a butterfly.
Most diurnal and moths give birth to one generation per year, with adult butterflies only occurring for a few weeks at certain times of the year and then disappearing again until the next year. The offspring left by butterflies hibernate in the egg, caterpillar or pupa stage, depending on the species of the butterfly. Some butterflies - buckthorn, daytime peacock, and others - hibernate in a numbness at the imaginal stage. The adults of these species are found throughout the year.
Many species of butterflies give birth to two generations a year. In this case, adult insects appear in late spring and again in summer. Caterpillars that emerge from eggs laid in the spring grow rapidly, while caterpillars that emerge in the summer may not turn into butterflies until nine months later.
Butterflies, giving one generation a year in the northern regions, can lay eggs two or even three times a year to the south. Mountain butterflies usually give birth to one generation per year. Some butterflies living in cold climates manage to complete development in only two years, the same is typical for caterpillars living in wood and on roots.
When is it dangerous to help? The story of one butterfly ...
One day, a man found a butterfly cocoon and took it home.
He decided to watch the transformation process. The cocoon opened, and for several hours in a row this man watched what difficulties the butterfly had to go through to get out. For a long time she tried to get out through a small hole and suddenly a moment came when it seemed to him that the butterfly gave up and stopped fighting. Everything looked as if she was stuck and became completely motionless.
Taking pity on her, the man decided to help her and cut the cocoon. Thanks to this, the butterfly got out of the cocoon, but its body was swollen like that of a caterpillar, its wings were small and unopened. The man expected her wings to strengthen and grow and her body to transform, but nothing else happened. The butterfly pitifully dragged its swollen body in a circle, now doomed to this all its life.
Man, out of his kindness, did not understand that he had intervened in the natural process of nature. The efforts that the butterfly made were simply necessary for the metamorphosis. Making its way through the narrow opening of the cocoon, the liquid from the butterfly's body would transfer into the wings, making them large and strong for flight.
Having deprived the butterfly of its struggle, man condemned it to a miserable existence and deprived it of a wonderful future.
Likewise, people become strong and successful and transform into a better image only when they go through certain difficulties and put in a lot of effort.
The life cycle of a butterfly consists of four stages: an egg, a larva, a pupa, and an adult. Butterflies are insects with a so-called full cycle of transformations, since the larva is completely different from the adult. The transition from one stage to another or transformation is called metamorphosis.
Testicles- this is the first phase of insect development. The testicles must be preserved intact, so the butterflies take care of this, some lay them in the soil, others fill the testicles with secretions from the glands, which harden in the air - a capsule is obtained, the capsules are usually masked to match the color of the surface. Another method is that insects cover the testicles with hairs or scales that are scraped off the abdomen. The female lays eggs in portions, which can contain several pieces, and can reach hundreds of eggs. Depending on the species, they are arranged in layers, in a line or in a ring around the shoot of the plant, which the caterpillars will feed on. In some species, the female scatters eggs in flight. The development of the embryo depends on climatic conditions and can last from several days to several months, especially when the insect hibernates at the egg stage.
From the testicles emerge larvae - caterpillars... They actively feed, grow and accumulate substances for the next transformations. The caterpillar has three pairs of articulated legs, armed with claws, and several (up to 5 pairs) false legs, equipped with bunches of claws, which allows it to hold well on the support. Caterpillars of diurnal butterflies are very diverse in color and external structure... They have a gnawing mouth apparatus and, for the most part, feed on leaves. different plants... Caterpillars grow rapidly. Gradually, the outer covers (cuticles) of the larva become too tight for her, and they need to be replaced. Molting occurs, preceded by a growth period. Most larvae have 5 or even more if the larva hibernates. Therefore, the lifespan of the larva can reach from several weeks to several months, and in woodworms even up to 2-3 years.
At the last molt, the caterpillar turns into chrysalis... The color and shape of the body of butterfly pupae are no less varied than that of caterpillars. Butterfly pupae do not feed or move, they are usually attached to branches, leaves, various subjects(the so-called "belted" and "hanging" pupae), or lie freely on the soil - among the fallen leaves and in the soil litter. The duration of the pupal developmental stage can vary from several weeks (in some tropical species) to nine months or more (in those living in temperate climates where winters are long). During this period, organs and tissues change and acquire the features characteristic of adults, wings and muscles are formed.
A butterfly emerges from the pupa. Adult butterfly (imago) reaches puberty quickly and is ready to reproduce in a few days. Depending on how quickly the butterfly fulfills this main purpose, it lives from several days to several weeks. The exception is wintering butterflies, which can live for more than 10 months.
Butterflies are Lepidoptera related to insects that have full cycle transformation. Their distinctive feature from other representatives of the order - the presence of chitinous scales on the hind and front wings. These elements have the finest optical components, which, when interacting with ultraviolet light, allow you to see a color gamut that the human eye cannot perceive.
To find out how a butterfly develops, you first need to understand what the cycle with complete transformation includes. This process contains the following stages:
- egg stage;
- caterpillar (larva) stage;
- pupal stage;
- the stage of an adult insect (imago).
In the same way as the development of a butterfly, other representatives of Lepidoptera - moths and moths - turn into adults.
Mating butterflies
So, in order to understand how a butterfly develops, it is necessary to start with the main stage of the life cycle - mating. Important factors in reproduction are the shape of the wings and their color, as well as courtship options - dancing and mating flights. Males can spot a female more than one kilometer away. Pheromones, as well as odorous scales located on the legs or on the wings, allow you to find partners for each other.
Mating of these insects occurs on plants or on the ground for 20-25 minutes to several hours. All this time, individuals are motionless. By mating, the female gets the opportunity to receive sperm, trace elements and proteins from the male. It is the last two components that play an important role in the formation and laying of eggs. In some species of butterflies in females, after mating, an appendage of chitin appears on the abdomen, which the male forms at the end of the process. It is necessary in order to exclude the possibility of repeated fertilization with another male. 
Egg stage
The first in the butterfly is the egg. In butterflies they have a varied shape and are enough hard shell... They are angular, round, spherical. Their outer surface is embossed with symmetrical tubercles and depressions. The color range has a transition from white to green, sometimes there is a color pattern on the outer surface.
Usually females can lay more than 1000 eggs in one clutch. Depending on the species of these insects, they can leave them both in a group of up to 10 pieces or individually. The egg stage lasts from 8 to 15 days.
Caterpillar stage
The butterfly larva is a worm-like caterpillar. She has a pronounced gnawing mouth apparatus. The caterpillar has a special secretion that, hardening in the air, forms a silk thread. The larvae are mainly phytophages, that is, their food is flowers, leaves and plant fruits.
There are also such types of caterpillars that eat the larvae of ants, aphids and worms. These species are predators. On the body of the caterpillar there are 10 abdominal segments with five pairs of thick legs and 3 thoracic segments with three pairs of articulated legs. The body has a smooth skin with thorns, warts and hairs. Typically, caterpillars live on the ground, trees, bushes, but some of them, such as broad-winged moths, can live under water. They can be divided into two large groups:
- caterpillars prone to a free lifestyle;
- caterpillars prone to a hidden lifestyle.
The latter construct portable covers from a silky thread, in which they live. They wear it on themselves and hide in it. Also caterpillars in the form of a refuge build themselves a cigar-shaped cover from leaves, having previously fastened it with a silk thread. The developmental cycle of a butterfly at this stage can last for several years. Caterpillars of northern latitudes can enter a state of diapause until the next summer. For example, the life cycle of the larva of the wolfberry, which lives in Greenland, can last up to 14 years.
Chrysalis stage
In butterflies, pupae are inactive. The main type characteristic of Lepidoptera is glued. In some families, such as the cocoon moths, the pupa lives inside a cocoon that has been woven by a caterpillar. The shape is cylindrical, sometimes round. - from light colors to dark with stripes and blotches. Usually the pupa is located inside glued leaves on the trunks and flowers of plants with already clearly visible rudiments of the abdomen, wings, legs and proboscis. There is no nutrition at this stage of development.
Insect stage
An adult, finally formed insect emerging from a pupa is called an "imago". At this stage in the development of the butterfly, the magical metamorphosis ends. The pupa acquires an oily-transparent shell about a day before the insect emerges from it. Then the imago crawls out, tearing the hard integument. Most females come out later than males. When they harden, they straighten, and the final color appears on them, then the insect will fly up. The imago is sexually mature and can reproduce. This sequence of development of the butterfly allows you to respond to changes in nature. For example, to improve or worsen climatic conditions, precipitation, temperature.
So, having figured out how the development of a butterfly occurs, we have solved another riddle in nature - how did it actually become possible magical transformation from an unsightly green caterpillar to a beautiful flying insect.
Butterflies are insects with complete transformation, or holometamorphosis. Their life cycle includes four phases:
Larva (caterpillar)
Adult insect (imago)
Butterfly larvae are called caterpillars. The body of a caterpillar consists of a head, 3 pectoral and 10 abdominal rings. In addition to three pairs of chest legs, caterpillars also have so-called "false" or "abdominal" legs, which can be up to 5 pairs. Unlike adult Lepidoptera, their caterpillars always have a gnawing mouth apparatus. It is at this stage that growth and accumulation occurs. nutrients for the entire life of an insect. As soon as it is born, the caterpillar begins to feed - it eats the shell of the egg, then it is taken for the leaves of the plant on which it sits. But if the caterpillar did not happen to find itself on the right plant, then she will not immediately get used to a different kind - she will starve, rejecting food. As the caterpillar devours a large number of food for a short time, it is growing rapidly. In the process of growth, the caterpillar sheds - sheds its skin; This is due to the fact that it is inelastic and cannot stretch when the abdomen enlarges. Most caterpillars molt 4-5 times. After the last molt, the caterpillar turns into a pupa.
A specific physiological feature of the caterpillars is the presence of a pair of tubular spinning, or silk-separating, glands, which open with a common channel on the lower lip. These are altered salivary glands, in which the main function of salivation is replaced by the production of silk. The secretions of these glands quickly harden in the air, forming a silk thread, with the help of which some caterpillars fasten the leaves rolled into a tube, others hang in the air, descending from a branch, and others surround themselves and the branches on which they sit with cobwebs. Finally, in caterpillars, silk thread is used to build a cocoon, inside which pupation takes place.
According to their lifestyle, caterpillars can be divided into two groups: 1) caterpillars leading a free lifestyle, which live more or less openly on plants; 2) caterpillars leading a hidden lifestyle. Free-living caterpillars inhabit both grassy and woody plants feeding on leaves, flowers and fruits. A hidden lifestyle involves living in portable covers, which the caterpillars weave from silky threads. Moving along the plant, the caterpillars carry a cap on themselves, hiding in it in case of danger. This is done, for example, by the caterpillars of bagworm butterflies.
An intermediate position between these two biological groups is occupied by leaf rolls. This is the name of the caterpillars, which build shelters from the leaves, rolling them up and fastening the folded parts with a silky thread. When building such a shelter, one or more leaves are used. For many caterpillars, the leaf rolls up into a cigar-shaped tube. Caterpillars living in "societies" usually arrange special, sometimes complex nests, braiding branches, leaves and other parts of plants with cobwebs. Large spider nests form caterpillars of the apple ermine moth (Hyponomeuta malinellus), which are dangerous pests gardens and forests. Large groups caterpillars of marching silkworms (family Eupterotidae) live in spider nests; This is how, for example, the caterpillars of the oak marching silkworm (Thaumetopoea processionea), rarely found in the forests of Southwestern Ukraine, behave.
Caterpillars hatched from eggs in May keep in groups in a spider's nest. When the leaves on the tree are already heavily eaten, they descend from it and crawl along the ground in search of food, always in a certain order: one caterpillar crawls in front, followed by another caterpillar, touching it with its hairs. In the middle of the column, the number of caterpillars in a row increases, at first 2, then 3-4 caterpillars crawl side by side. Towards the end, the column narrows again. In July - early August, pupation takes place right there in the nest, and each caterpillar weaves an oval cocoon for itself. Butterflies fly out in two to three weeks.
All caterpillars living inside various plant organs lead a hidden lifestyle. These include miners, moths, drillers and gall producers. Miners are called caterpillars that live inside the leaves and their petioles and lay internal passages inside the chlorophyll-bearing tissues - mines. Some miners do not eat out all the contents of the sheet, but are limited or limited to certain areas.
When miner caterpillars live inside a leaf in groups, so-called bloated mines can occur. So, caterpillars of the lilac moth (Caloptilia syringella), belonging to a special family of moth moths (Gracillariidae), first live several pieces together in one common mine, which has the form of a wide spot, which can occupy most sheet. These mines are strongly swollen from the gases accumulating in them. The epidermis covering the mine quickly turns yellow. Later, the caterpillars emerge from their mines and, skeletonizing the leaves, roll them into tubes. Before pupation, they go into the ground.
The life of Lepidoptera is very peculiar, the caterpillars of which develop in the aquatic environment. In the middle of summer, along the banks of reservoirs, the surface of which is covered with leaves of white lilies and yellow water lilies, you can often find a small butterfly with beautiful yellowish wings, the complex pattern of which consists of strongly curved brown lines and whitish spots located between them irregular shape... This is a water lily, or marsh moth (Hydrocampa nymphaeata). She lays eggs on the leaves of various aquatic plants, from their bottom side. Greenish larvae hatching from eggs first mine plant tissues. At this time, their spiracles are greatly reduced, so breathing occurs through the surface of the skin. After molting, the caterpillar leaves a mine and builds a special cap from the cut pieces of pondweed and water lilies, and the breath remains the same. The caterpillar hibernates in this cap, and in the spring leaves it and builds a new cap. To do this, she gnaws out two oval or round pieces from the sheet with her jaws, which she holds on the sides with cobwebs. Such a cover is always filled with air; at this stage, the caterpillar has well-developed stigma and trachea, and it is breathing now atmospheric air... Crawling on aquatic plants, the caterpillar drags a cap with it in the same way as caddisflies do. It feeds on scraping the skin and pulp from the leaves of aquatic plants with its jaws. Pupation takes place in a sheath.
The shape and color of their body are closely related to the way of life of the caterpillars. Caterpillars, leading an open lifestyle, often have a cryptic coloration that harmonizes well with the surrounding background. The effectiveness of the protective paint can be increased due to the peculiarities of the pattern. So, in the caterpillars of hawk moths, oblique stripes pass along the general green or gray background, which dismember the body into segments, making it even less conspicuous. The protective coloration, combined with the characteristic form, often leads to the appearance of a protective resemblance to the parts of the plants on which the caterpillar lives. In moths, for example, caterpillars are similar to dry knots. Along with the cryptic coloration in caterpillars leading an open lifestyle, there is also a bright demonstration coloration, indicating their inedibility.
Some caterpillars take a threatening pose at the moment of danger. These include the caterpillar of a large harpy (Cerura vinula), which has a very peculiar shape: it has a large flat head, a wide body in the front part, narrows strongly towards the rear end, on top of which there is a "fork" consisting of two strongly odorous filaments. It is worth disturbing the caterpillar, as it immediately assumes a threatening pose, lifting up the front part of the body and the tip of the abdomen with a "fork".
Pupa in Lepidoptera has an ovoid elongated shape, with a pointed posterior end. Its dense outer covers form a hard shell; all appendages and limbs are soldered to the body, as a result of which the surface of the pupa becomes solid, the legs and wings cannot be separated from the body without violating the integrity of the integument. Such a pupa is called a covered pupa. She cannot move, but she retains some mobility of the last segments of the abdomen.
In the life cycle of insects, the pupa is the most vulnerable stage. Therefore, it is important to find a safe place for pupation. Pupae that attach to plants are almost indistinguishable from leaves and branches.
The pupae of diurnal butterflies are very bizarre: usually angular, often with a metallic sheen, without a cocoon. They attach to various objects, and either hang with their heads down (hanging pupa), or are girded with a thread, and then their head is turned up (girded pupa). In many Lepidoptera, the caterpillars weave a silky cocoon before pupation, in which the pupa develops.
The pupal stage lasts several days, in some species - up to three years. The duration of the pupal stage is very much dependent on external conditions - temperature and humidity.
When the pupa bursts, a butterfly emerges from it. When she is born, she first of all looks for a place where she can freely spread her wings. The butterfly then dries them for several hours. Gradually, the wings lose their elasticity and get stronger. Now you can take the first flight.
Most butterflies emerge from pupae in the early morning, when it is not yet hot and the air is humid with dew. Straightening and drying your wings at this time is much better than at noon when the sun is beating down.
When the butterfly is ready to fly, it rushes in search of a partner. After mating, the female lays eggs and the life cycle repeats from the beginning.
PUPPET PUPPET
stage individual development insects with complete transformation, following the larva. K. does not eat and is usually motionless. In it there is an intense internal. restructuring, in the process of a cut the insect turns from a larva into an adult - an imago; in this case, most of the larval organs are destroyed, and the organs of the imago are formed anew from special primordia - the imaginal discs. The duration of the stage To. From 6 to 10 days (in a number of flies) to many. months (if K. falls into diapause). There are 3 types of K. The free(open) To. wings, antennae, and legs are tightly pressed to the body, but not linked to it (eg, in retinoptera, hymenoptera, most beetles); K. caddis flies and a camel even actively move with the help of their limbs. Covered To. The general cover covers the legs, antennae, and wings (for example, in butterflies, long-wattled and longitudinal short-tailed dipterans); such K. are less mobile than free ones. Larvae usually pupate in cocoons and other shelters, less often openly. Hidden, or barrel-shaped, K. larval skin during the last molt is not discarded, but turns into a false cocoon (puparium), in which K. lies, for example. in flies and gall midges.
.(Source: "Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary." - M .: Sov.Encyclopedia, 1986.)
dollStage of development of insects with complete transformation. The larvae of butterflies, beetles, dipterans and other insects turn into a pupa after the last molt. Usually pupae are motionless, they do not grow, do not feed. Often, before pupation, the larvae surround themselves cocoon... During the transformation of the larva into a pupa and the transformation of the pupa into the next stage - imago there is a deep internal restructuring. The duration of this stage can be from several days (6-10 in flies) to several months (in wintering butterfly pupae).
.(Source: "Biology. Modern illustrated encyclopedia." Ed. A. P. Gorkin; Moscow: Rosmen, 2006.)
Synonyms:
See what "PUPPET" is in other dictionaries:
PUPE, an intermediate stage in the life of all insects that go through the full cycle of METAMORPHOSIS: from the EGG to the LARGE, then to the pupa, and from it to the IMAGO (adult). Pupae are usually covered with a hard protective shell, but some insects, like ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary
Doll, baby, beauty, little baby, crane, coroplastic, beauty, written beauty, beloved beauty, figurine, chrysalis Dictionary of Russian synonyms. doll 1. see figurine. 2.cm ... Synonym dictionary
PUPPET, the stage of development of insects with complete transformation (beetles, butterflies, Diptera, Hymenoptera and others), during which an adult insect is formed from the larva. Pupae do not feed, usually immobile; in most species are covered with ... ... Modern encyclopedia
The stage of development of insects with complete transformation (beetles, butterflies, Diptera, Hymenoptera, etc.); at the pupal stage, the larva forms into an adult adult insect (see Metamorphosis) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
PUPPET, dolls, wives. 1.reduced caress. to doll (colloquial). 2. transfer. Pretty, smartly dressed girl(colloquial fam.). 3. An insect in an intermediate stage of its development (from larva to full maturity), which at this time looks motionless, as if ... ... Explanatory dictionary Ushakova
PUPPET, and, wives. 1.see the doll. 2. The insect is in the stage of development from larva to full maturity. K. butterflies. Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
- (Pupa) dormant stage in the development of animals associated with transformation. It is most common in the class of insects, it is also found in spiders (some mites, eg water mites), crustaceans (barnacles Cirripedia), as well as echinoderms in ... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
chrysalis- One of the stages of individual development of insects with complete transformation; To. Does not eat and is usually completely immobile or inactive; at the stage To. Development of organs characteristic of imago occurs from the imaginal disks of larvae. [Arefiev V.A., ... ... Technical translator's guide
This term has other meanings, see Chrysalis (disambiguation). Pupa of black-spotted ragia Pupa, stage of development ... Wikipedia
Doll (chrysalis) (inosk.) About unnatural people in general; dapper, wasteful in outfits, empty, stupid, frivolous woman Cf. A forty-five-year-old sugar doll ... She does not spend money on purpose, because it is in her nature ... Everything, ... ... Michelson's Big Explanatory Phraseological Dictionary
Insects have two main types of development, according to which they are divided into two large divisions.
Development with incomplete transformation passes in three stages: egg - larva - imago (adult insect), without being accompanied by abrupt changes ( rice. 1). The larvae are similar in structure to adult insects and turn into them immediately after the end of development and the last molt.
Development with complete transformation passes in four stages: egg - larva - pupa - imago. The larvae differ sharply from the imago, therefore, after completing development, they turn into the resting stage of the pupa, in which the organization of the body is transformed from larval to imaginal.
The structure and shape of eggs
Insect eggs are rich in yolk and are covered with two shells. They are varied in size, shape and color. Egg sizes usually range from tenths of a millimeter to several millimeters. Eggs are oval in shape (many beetles, butterflies, flies), elongated (grasshoppers and locusts), spherical (turtles bugs), hemispherical (scoop bugs), barrel-shaped (shield bugs), bottle-shaped (daytime butterflies), stemmed ( lacewing) ( rice. 2).
Rice. 2. Shapes of insect eggs Females various insects lay eggs in places suitable for further development larvae. Fertility of insects (the number of eggs laid by a female during her life) is varied. In some species, it is small - on the order of several dozen eggs, in the majority about several hundred, in a number of species - several thousand. The fertility of sexually mature females of social insects reaches several million eggs. In some insects, females lay eggs singly or scattered, but most lay them in compact groups - ovipositions.
The structure and types of larvae
The main functions of the larval stage are nutrition, growth, development. In insect development, the larva is the only growing stage. Its size can increase tens and hundreds of times. Therefore, the larvae moult several times, shedding the old cuticle in the form of a larval skin and at the same time forming a new one designed for further growth.
Imagine lines, or nymphs,- insect larvae with incomplete transformation. These larvae are similar in structure to adult insects. On the thoracic region, they have three pairs of well-developed legs, faceted eyes, a mouth apparatus similar to that of the imago, and well-developed antennae. They develop external wing buds. Usually, the imago larvae are similar to the imago also in their lifestyle and feeding habits. In pests with incomplete transformation, larvae and adults always damage plants in a similar way. Some exceptions are the aquatic larvae of dragonflies and mayflies, which have organs of water respiration - tracheal gills. They are sometimes called naiads.
Insect larvae with complete transformation are sometimes called true... These larvae can have a different number of limbs, less developed than in adult insects; or limbs are missing. The larvae are devoid of faceted eyes, the organs of vision are simple eyes... They lack external wing buds, antennae are short or undeveloped, the mouth apparatus is most often gnawing, it can be of a completely different structure than that of an adult. Insect larvae with complete transformation can differ sharply from adults in their lifestyle and feeding habits. In pests with complete transformation, damage can be caused either by the larva, or by adults, or by insects in both stages of development.
In insects with complete transformation, three types of larvae are distinguished ( rice. 3).
Rice. 3. Types of insect larvae with complete transformation Campode larvae(from the Latin name of the primary wingless insect kampodey, similar to representatives of this type) - active, often predatory, with developed appendages of the larva's body. They have well-developed three pairs of chest legs, completely dissected, their length usually exceeds the width of the body. The thoracic and abdominal regions are relatively clearly distinguished. Antennae are developed, large upper jaws are characteristic. The integument is usually pigmented. This type of larvae is found in some families of the order Coleoptera (ground beetles, rove beetles, ladybugs) and in all Retinoptera.
Worm-like larvae- a very large and heterogeneous group. Their body is elongated, weakly subdivided into the thoracic and abdominal regions. Three pairs of chest legs are short or absent. According to the presence of legs and the development of the head, three forms of worm-like larvae are distinguished. Larvae with heads and legs are found in insects of a number of families of the order Coleoptera and have a varied appearance. Larvae of Lamellar beetles (beetles and dung beetles) are thick, C-shaped; larvae of leaf beetles are noticeably convex from above; The larvae of click beetles and darkling beetles (wireworms and false wireworms) are long, thin, cylindrical, with compacted integuments. Larvae with a head and without legs are also found in some representatives of the families of the order Coleoptera (golden beetles, barbel, weevils), in most groups of the order Hymenoptera (wasps, wasps, bees, ants) and in some species of the order Diptera (most mosquitoes). Only a number of representatives in the order Diptera (most flies) have larvae without legs and an outwardly pronounced head. The head section of these larvae is retracted into the prothorax, the head capsule is underdeveloped.
Caterpillar larvae have an elongated body and a large number of short legs. Unlike other larvae, in addition to three pairs of thoracic legs, they have several pairs of accessory abdominal legs. These short undivided larval appendages do not appear in adult insects. There are two forms of caterpillar larvae. Real caterpillars - Lepidoptera larvae have from 2 to 5 pairs of abdominal legs. The caterpillars of most butterflies have 5 pairs of legs located on the 3rd -6th and 9th abdominal segments. However, in some families, the number of abdominal legs is reduced to 4 (crested), 3 (metal scoops) and 2 pairs (moths). False caterpillars are larvae of some families of sawflies, representatives of the order Hymenoptera. They have developed large quantity abdominal legs - 6-8 pairs.
The structure and types of pupae
In insects with complete transformation, the larva, after completing development, turns into a pupa. The larvae of most insects pupate in the soil, sometimes openly on or inside plants. Chrysalis- the resting stage, however, intensive opposite processes are going on in her body: the disintegration of larval organs and tissues and the formation of organs and tissues of the imago. By the end of development, the pupa acquires the basic structural features of an adult insect: developed wings, legs, antennae, the mouth apparatus of the imago, and faceted eyes. The appendages are compactly folded and pressed to the body. The body is often covered with an additional protective shell. On this basis, there are three main types of pupae ( rice. 4).
Rice. 4. Types of insect pupae Open, or free, pupae do not have a shell; all appendages of the body are well distinguishable, free. The resemblance of pupae to adults is clearly manifested. This type of pupae is found in the vast majority of Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, as well as in insects of the order Retinoptera. Very rarely, open pupae are found in Lepidoptera and Diptera.
Covered pupae have a thin leathery translucent shell through which legs, wings, antennae and other parts of the body can be distinguished. The shell is formed by the secretions of the skin glands of the larva at the time of pupation. This type of pupae is characteristic of the overwhelming majority of Lepidoptera, part of the Diptera order, and is very rare in Coleoptera and Hymenoptera.
Hidden dolls enclosed in a dense opaque shell - puparium, through which parts of the body cannot be distinguished. This shell is a larval skin, which is not shed as usual during pupation, but only peels off from the body and serves as a protective cover. A hidden pupa is characteristic of most Diptera (most flies).