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Equipment: tables from the series “Insects - pests of plants and methods of dealing with them”, collections of harmful insects, presentation.
Lesson type: combined.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment.
II. Examination homework(test).
1. Public insects include:
A) ants
B) butterflies
2. Adaptation to collect pollen from a honey bee -
A) chewing-licking mouthparts
B) heels and baskets
B) streamlined body shape
D) wings
3. A bee that has found nectar reports its location to other bees:
A) sounds
B) singing
B) dancing
D) buzzing
4. Ants are guarded because they:
A) destroy forest pests and their larvae
B) eat seeds
B) are good plant pollinators
D) eat aphids
5. Grena silkworm is:
A) doll
B) caterpillar
B) an adult
D) cocoon with silkworm eggs
(Answers: 1-A, 2-B, 3-C, 4-A, 5-D)
III. Exploring a new topic.
The teacher announces the topic of the lesson. The presentation is shown. The study of the material takes place in the process of a conversation, a teacher's story or a speech by students who have previously prepared reports on the topic. In the course of work, students fill out a table in a notebook.
The negative value of insects for humans
The teacher suggests thinking about what methods can be used to combat harmful insects. During the conversation, it turns out that the proposed options can be divided into four groups:
Methods of human struggle with harmful insects
IV. Fixing the material. Set match:
(Answers: 1-E, 2-D, 3-E, 4-Z, 5-B, 6-A, 7-C, 8-F) V. Homework. § 29, questions after paragraph. Literature
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By modern classification of the animal world, the following orders of insects with complete transformation (metamorphosis) are distinguished: detachment Retinoptera, order Caddisflies, order Coleoptera, order Lepidoptera, order Diptera, order Fleas, order Hymenoptera, etc.
All types of these orders in the development cycle have stages: egg - larva - pupa - adult.
Order Reticoptera– wings 4, long, narrow, with few longitudinal and numerous transverse veins. The head is extended downward into the proboscis. The oral apparatus is gnawing. Species: ant lion. Its larvae live in the holes dug by them, where they catch ants that have fallen there. Adults look like small dragonflies.
Detachment Caddisflies - 4 wings, hind wings are larger and fan-shaped. The jaws form a proboscis. Mandibles are absent. The larvae are similar to butterfly caterpillars and live in water, breathe with tracheal gills, build tubular houses for themselves from grains of sand, parts of plants. View - caddis.
Order Coleoptera- 4 wings, the front wings are turned into elytra and do not serve for flight. The oral apparatus is gnawing. The pupae are free (motile). Species - bark beetles. Plant pests.
Order Lepidoptera- wings 4, they are covered with colored scales. The oral apparatus is sucking. The larvae are equipped with false legs and are called caterpillars. Pupae are non-free (non-motile). Species - different types of butterflies, moths, silkworms. Most species (adults and caterpillars) are plant pests. The silkworm is used by man to obtain silk.
Order Diptera– wings 2, hind wings are rudimentary and turned into ground beetles. Mouth apparatus licking or piercing-sucking. The larvae are legless and headless. The pupae are free or barrel-shaped (non-motile). Species - mosquitoes, flies, mosquitoes. They are pathogens or carriers of pathogens of human and animal diseases.
Flea Detachment- no wings, the body is flattened from the sides. The oral apparatus is piercing-sucking. Species - dog flea, human flea. They are carriers of pathogens of human and animal diseases (plague, etc.).
Order Hymenoptera- wings 4, mouth apparatus lacquered. The larvae are often legless. Species - ants, bees, wasps, bumblebees. Meaning: give honey, propolis, wax (bees); ants are aphid carriers, intermediate hosts in the development cycle of some helminths.
general characteristics orders of insects with incomplete metamorphosis
According to the modern classification of the animal world, the following orders of insects with incomplete transformation are distinguished: the Orthoptera detachment, the Termites detachment, the Dragonfly detachment, the Bedbugs detachment (semi-hard-winged), the Homoptera detachment, the Lice detachment, the Lice detachment.
Order Orthoptera- elytra are leathery, at rest straighten along the back, the hind wings are of a delicate structure. Sometimes the wings are underdeveloped. The oral apparatus is gnawing. Species - locusts, cockroaches, grasshoppers. 3purpose: pests of plants (economic damage - locusts); mechanical carriers of pathogens of human and animal diseases (cockroaches).
Squad Termites- fore and hind wings falling off, only in sexual individuals (there are still workers and soldiers). They live in a community, building termite mounds higher than a person's height. The oral apparatus is gnawing. Meaning: pests of wooden buildings, furniture, books.
Dragonfly Squad- 2 pairs of wings, with a continuous mesh of veins. The oral apparatus is gnawing. In the development cycle there is a mobile nymph. The larvae live in water. Meaning: Destroy insects (diurnal predators).
Detachment Bedbugs- wings 4, the front ones are half rigid, and membranous towards the free end. The oral apparatus is piercing-sucking. Species - water striders (harmless), bed bug- a mechanical carrier of human pathogens.
Order Homoptera- wings 4, all the same, with a rare network of veins. The oral apparatus is piercing. Species: aphids, cicadas. Meaning: plant pests.
Squad Lice- no wings (secondarily wingless). The oral apparatus is piercing-sucking. Types: head, clothes, pubic lice. Significance: head and body lice are carriers of human pathogens, and they themselves are the causative agents of human disease - pediculosis.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
TYPE OF SHELL
The Mollusca type belongs to the sub-kingdom Multicellular, the kingdom Animals, the super-kingdom Eukaryotes, the Empire Cellular. The type includes 7 classes, of which three are the most common: class Gastropods (small pond snail, bitinia), class Bivalves (toothless, barley), class Cephalopods (squid, octopuses). In total, there are about 100,000 species in the type (Fig. 60).
Mollusks live mainly in the seas and fresh water bodies, less often on land. They lead a free lifestyle. These are three-layered animals. Dimensions - a few cm.
The body is whole (non-segmented). Consists of head, torso and legs. In most species, it is enclosed in a calcareous shell of various shapes. The shell consists of 3 layers: outer - organic, horny; medium - calcareous; internal - mother-of-pearl.
On the inside of the shell, the entire body is covered by a skin fold - the mantle, due to the activity of which the shell is formed. The space between the body and the mantle is called the mantle cavity. It opens the respiratory organs, secretions, ducts of the sex glands and intestines.
The organ of movement is the leg. This is a muscular unpaired outgrowth of the ventral side of the body.
The secondary body cavity in most species is reduced and is represented by the pericardial sac and the cavity of the gonads. Between the organs there is a loose layer of connective tissue cells - the parenchyma.
The nervous system is scattered-nodal type or in the form of strands dotted with nerve cells. Nerves go to all organs. In species leading an active lifestyle, at the head end there are large nerve nodes - the "brain" and complex sensory organs: touch (tentacles), vision (eyes).
The digestive system begins with a mouth opening, followed by a pharynx (in gastropods, a muscular grater tongue is placed in it). Next come the esophagus, stomach, intestines, into which the liver duct opens, and the digestive tube ends with the anus.
The excretory system is the kidneys of the metanephridial type, which are highly altered metanephridia. One end of the tubular kidney faces the pericardial sac (whole), and the other opens into the mantle cavity.
The circulatory system is not closed. The heart consists of one ventricle and one or more atria. The blood washes all the organs, then collects in the vessels going to the gills, and then the oxygen-enriched blood enters the heart.
Respiratory system - in most species, the respiratory organs are gills located in the mantle cavity. Land and freshwater mollusks have lungs.
3 purpose: commercial (for food, to obtain pearls); crushed shells - feeding birds; pests of agricultural plants; intermediate hosts of helminths; tree destroyers.
General characteristics of the class Gastropods
The class Gastropods belongs to the phylum Mollusca, the sub-kingdom Multicellular, the kingdom Animals, the super-kingdom Eukaryotes, the empire Cellular. There are about 90,000 species in the class ( grape snail, slugs, small pond snail, etc.). According to the way of life, these are free-living organisms, they live in the seas and fresh water bodies, there are terrestrial species. The body of gastropods is three-layered, asymmetrical, ranging in size from 2-3 mm to 60 cm, oblong in shape, convex on the back.
The body is divided into head, torso and leg; covered with a mantle and enclosed in a shell. The shell is entire, sometimes reduced. The head on the ventral side carries a mouth, and on the dorsal side - 1-2 pairs of tentacles and a pair of eyes. The front pair of tentacles is the organ of touch, at the top of the second pair are the eyes. The front part of the head, carrying the mouth, is often extended into a long trunk. The leg is a muscular abdominal outgrowth with a flat crawling sole. Movement is carried out by contraction of the leg muscles. The trunk or visceral sac in most species protrudes above the leg in the form of a large swirling sac. A fold of integument is formed on the body downwards - the mantle fold, under which there is a mantle cavity.
The nervous system is scattered-nodal type. There are 5 pairs of large nerve nodes located in different parts of the body and interconnected by cords. Nerves go from the nodes to the organs. The sense organs - touch and sight - are located on the head.
The digestive system is represented by an intestinal tube, which is divided into sections: mouth, pharynx, esophagus (in some species it has an extension - goiter), stomach, middle intestine and hindgut. In the pharynx is a tongue with cuticular thickenings, the so-called jaws. The ducts of the salivary glands flow into the pharynx, their secret in some predatory species contains free sulfuric acid (up to 4% strength). The duct of the liver flows into the saccular stomach. The secret of the liver breaks down carbohydrates. The process of absorption of nutrients, the deposition of glycogen and fat takes place in the liver. The hindgut opens with powder to the outside.
The excretory system is a kidney of the metanephridial type, which removes liquid metabolic products from the coelom to the mantle region.
The circulatory system is not closed. There is a heart, consisting of a ventricle and an atrium, and blood vessels. The blood in the heart is arterial.
The respiratory system in most aquatic species is represented by gills, in terrestrial species by primitive lungs, and some species breathe through the entire surface of the body. The lungs are special pockets of the mantle. Their walls are densely braided with a network blood capillaries.
Sexual system. Most species are hermaphrodites, but there are also dioecious species. Cross fertilization. The development is direct. Meaning: harmful- pests of agricultural crops, intermediate hosts in the development cycle of helminths, useful- object of fishing (foodstuffs, shells for handicrafts).
General characteristics of the class Bivalve
The class Bivalves belongs to the phylum Mollusca, subkingdom Multicellular, kingdom Animals, kingdom Eukaryotes, empire Cellular. There are 16,000 species in the class - toothless, sea and freshwater pearl oysters, oysters, mussels, shashen (shipworm), etc.
Bivalves live in sea and fresh waters, lead a free lifestyle. The body size of bivalves varies from a few cm to 2 m. The body of bivalves is three-layered, bilaterally symmetrical, consisting of a body and a leg (the head is reduced) enclosed in a bivalve shell. The shell flaps are connected to each other by an elastic ligament, which is located on the dorsal side of the animal. In addition, the sashes are connected by a "lock". This is a connection with the help of odontoid processes of the dorsal margin of one valve, which is included in the corresponding fossae of the dorsal margin of the other valve. For slamming the shell valves, there are closing muscles. The shell consists of three layers: a thin outer stratum corneum, a thick medium calcareous layer, and the thinnest inner mother-of-pearl.
The body of bivalves is covered with a mantle, which forms two folds on the sides. Between the body and the folds is the mantle cavity. In many species, the mantle folds can grow together in places, forming holes (siphons), more often three or two small posterior ones and one large one. The upper posterior opening serves to remove water and excrement from the mantle cavity, while the lower one is used to introduce water into the mantle cavity, which serves for breathing and brings food. Across big hole leg sticks out. On the free edge of the mantle there may be tentacles, eyes. Both shell valves are distinguished by the outer epithelium of the mantle.
The leg is a muscular outgrowth. In many species, it is equipped with a flat crawling sole. In some species, it is flattened laterally and pointed like a knife blade, so it serves not so much for crawling as for digging sand or silt in which animals hide. In immobile forms (mussels, oysters) the leg is reduced or disappears. A number of species have a special gland (byssus gland) on the sole of the foot, which secretes viscous filaments of a secret that quickly hardens in water. With the help of these threads, the animal is attached to underwater objects.
The nervous system is scattered-nodular. It usually consists of 3 pairs of ganglia: peripharyngeal, foot and lying under the posterior intestine. The ganglia are interconnected by nerve trunks. The sense organs are poorly developed: the eyes, the organs of balance, the organs of chemical sense.
The digestive system begins with a mouth opening surrounded by two pairs of tentacles, followed by a short esophagus, passing into a rounded stomach, followed by the midgut and hindgut, which opens with powder into the mantle cavity. In bivalves, the digestive system lacks a tongue, pharynx, jaws, and salivary glands. They feed on plankton.
The excretory system consists of two kidneys of the metanephridial type - tubular sacs that carry liquid metabolic products from the coelom (pericardial space) to the outside.
The circulatory system is not closed. The heart consists of a ventricle and two atria, located on the dorsal side. The respiratory system is represented by gills. Reproductive system - most species are dioecious animals. Sex glands: testes and ovaries are paired and open into the mantle cavity, where insemination takes place. There is no sexual dimorphism. External development, with incomplete metamorphosis.
Meaning: useful- commercial (oysters, scallops, mussels are eaten; lime flour is prepared from the shells, which is used to feed animals; pearls and mother-of-pearl are obtained from barley and pearl oysters); harmful- pests of wood structures (ships, piles, houses).
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
TYPE CHORDS
The integument of the body is represented by skin, consisting of a multilayered epithelium, the skin itself and their derivatives (scales, feathers, hair).
Despite the diversity of species, all chordates have a common structural plan and differ from representatives of other types in four main features.
1. They have an internal axial skeleton represented by a chord. It either remains in adult animals for life, or is replaced by a cartilaginous or bone skeleton - the spinal column. The notochord is a flexible elastic rod that develops from the endoderm and consists of highly vacuolated cells.
2. The central nervous system is located on the dorsal side above the chord. It has the appearance of a tube stretching along the body, and has an internal cavity - the neurocoel. The neural tube develops from the ectoderm and in vertebrates differentiates into the brain and spinal cord.
3. The gill apparatus develops on the anterior part of the digestive tube (pharynx) of the embryos. It is represented by gill slits that pierce the wall of the pharynx, and the skeleton (visceral arches). The gill apparatus is either preserved throughout life, as an organ of water respiration, or is reduced during the development of the embryo.
4. central authority blood circulation - the heart or a vessel replacing it - is located on the ventral side and is laid in the embryo under the digestive tube.
All three-layer chordate animals have bilateral body symmetry, have a secondary body cavity and a secondary mouth. They have the main organ systems: musculoskeletal, nervous, digestive, excretory, circulatory, respiratory, reproductive and endocrine.
3value: are a link in the general food chain, are used by humans (meat, eggs, fat, fluff, feathers, wool, leather, snake venom); are intermediate hosts or carriers of human pathogens, etc.
General characteristics of the Lancelet class
The class Lancelet belongs to the subtype Cranial, type Chordates, subkingdom Multicellular, kingdom Animals, kingdom Eukaryotes, empire Cellular. Modern lancelets number 20 species of small fish-like animals. They live in the seas in the zone of coastal sands. They lead a bottom way of life, burrowing into the sand. They feed passively on plankton.
The body of the lancelets is narrow, elongated, laterally flattened. Dimensions 8-10 cm. On the dorsal side there is a skin fold - the dorsal fin. The caudal end of the body is trimmed with an unpaired caudal fin, which continues on the ventral side only in the posterior part, and paired metapleural folds run along the sides of the body (Fig. 61).
The skin of the lancelet is formed by smooth skin, consisting of two layers: a single-layer epithelium and the skin itself, consisting of gelatinous tissue. Under the skin, striated muscles are located in the form of separate segments, connective tissue layers lie between them. The axial skeleton of lancelets is a chord. It persists throughout the life of the animal. Support septa are located around the chord and neural tube and between the muscle segments. The skeleton of the unpaired fin consists of densely gelatinous rods. Similar rods form the skeleton of the gill apparatus. The internal organs of the lancelets lie in the secondary cavity - the coelom.
The central nervous system is represented by a tube located above the chord. It is not differentiated into the brain and spinal cord. Hesse's light-sensitive eyes are located in the neural tube. Peripheral nerves arise from the neural tube as paired dorsal and ventral roots, one pair for each segment.
The digestive system begins with the mouth, which lies deep in the preoral funnel, followed by the pharynx, midgut, and hindgut, which opens outward through the anus. The voluminous pharynx is half the entire length of the intestinal tube. Its walls are cut by 150 pairs of gill slits leading to the peribranchial cavity, which opens outwards with an opening - the atrial pore. At the bottom of the pharynx there is a groove covered with ciliated epithelium. Food particles are brought into the oral cavity by a stream of water, then along the groove of the pharynx, the cilia of the epithelium move into the middle intestine. The duct of the outgrowth of the intestine, which performs the functions of the digestive gland, opens into it. The midgut is where food is digested and absorbed. In the hindgut, fecal masses are formed, which are thrown out. At the same time, the pharynx performs the function of breathing. The gill septa are densely entwined with capillaries. Water, washing the gill septa, gives oxygen to the blood capillaries.
The circulatory system is closed, one circle of blood circulation, there is no mixed blood. There is no heart, its role is performed by the pulsating abdominal aorta. The blood is colorless.
The excretory system of lancelets is represented by paired metamerically located nephridia located on the sides of the pharynx. Each nephridium is a tube, with one end facing as a whole, the opposite end of the nephridium opens into the atrial cavity, from where the excretion products are brought out through the atrial pore.
The reproductive system is represented only by gonads: testes in males and ovaries in females. The gonads are located in a paired metameric row on the sides of the body. The reproductive system has no excretory ducts. After maturation, the germ cells, when the walls of the gonads rupture, enter the atrial cavity and are then excreted into the external environment. Insemination and development in lancelets is external.
Meaning: are a link in a common food chain; are of great theoretical importance for understanding the origin of vertebrates.
General characteristics of the class Bony fish
The class Bony fish belongs to the superclass Pisces, the Anamnia group (the embryo does not have an aqueous shell), the subtype Vertebrates, the type Chordates, the subkingdom Multicellular, the kingdom Animals, the kingdom Eukaryotes, the empire Cellular. There are about 20,000 species in the class. All of them live in the water, lead a free lifestyle, many species are predators. Fish are three-layered, bilaterally symmetrical animals. Body sizes from a few cm to several meters. The shape of the body is streamlined, flattened from the sides, which contributes to the rapid movement in the water (Fig. 62).
The body is divided into head, trunk and tail. The integument of the body is the skin, consisting of two layers: stratified epithelium and the skin itself with its derivatives (scales). There are many glands in the skin that secrete mucus, which reduces friction when the fish moves. Movement is carried out by paired pectoral and ventral fins, as well as unpaired dorsal, caudal and anal fins. The mobility of the fins, gill covers and body bends are provided by striated muscles that lie under the skin. The muscular system retains a metameric structure.
The skeleton of fish consists of the spine, ribs, fins and skull. The spine is divided into the trunk and tail sections, formed by numerous vertebrae, the upper arches of which limit the spinal canal, where the spinal cord is located. In the trunk region of the spine, ribs join the vertebrae. There are no ribs in the tail section. The skull is divided into the dorsal part (cerebral skull), where the brain, organs of vision, smell and taste are located, and the abdominal part, which forms gill arches and jaws with conical teeth to hold food. The body cavity is secondary.
The nervous system is represented by the brain and spinal cord and nerves extending from them. The brain is divided into 5 sections: anterior, intermediate, middle, cerebellum and medulla oblongata. The hemispheres of the forebrain are poorly developed and serve as the highest olfactory center. The largest size reaches the midbrain. Due to the complex coordination of movements, the cerebellum is well developed. The sense organs are well developed. The olfactory organ is represented by a pair of closed olfactory sacs. The eyes are equipped with eyelids, the lens is almost spherical in shape, adapted for vision at close distances. The organ of hearing and balance is represented only by the paired inner ear. Taste organs - microscopically small taste buds - are located not only in the oral cavity, but also on the surface of the body. The lateral line organs are peculiar sensory organs in fish. They are located in a special channel that runs along the sides of the body from the head to the caudal fin. The channel communicates with the external environment through numerous small holes. The lateral line organs allow the fish to navigate in relation to the direction of water movement.
The digestive system begins with the oropharyngeal cavity, from which the esophagus departs. The stomach is not always separated from the midgut, but is highly extensible, especially in predatory fish. Some of them can swallow prey equal in size to themselves. The duodenum departing from the stomach sometimes forms several blindly ending appendages. It receives the secrets of the liver and pancreas. The intestinal tube is differentiated into the small and large intestines. The latter opens with the anus outward.
Many species of bony fish have a hydrostatic organ - the swim bladder. When the bubble is filled with gas, specific gravity fish decreases, and it passively rises to the surface of the water, and when the amount of gas in the bubble decreases, it sinks to the bottom of the reservoir. Gas enters the swim bladder from the blood capillaries that wrap around the wall of the bladder.
The excretory system is represented by paired primary (trunk) kidneys. They lie on both sides of the spine in the form of ribbon-like bodies. From the kidneys come the ureters, which merge into one unpaired duct that flows into the bladder. The latter opens outwards with a special opening behind the anus.
The circulatory system of bone fish is closed, one circle of blood circulation. Vessels carry either arterial or venous blood. The heart is two-chambered, consists of one ventricle and one atrium. The blood in the heart is venous, it is collected from internal organs and tissues into a common vessel that flows into the atrium. From it, blood enters the ventricle, and then goes through the abdominal aorta to the gills, where gas exchange occurs. Arterial blood from the gills is collected in the dorsal aorta, which, breaking up into smaller arteries, delivers arterial blood to organs and tissues.
The respiratory system of bony fish is represented by the gill apparatus - gill arches, gill filaments and gill covers. Water through the gill slits washes the gill filaments, gives the oxygen dissolved in it into the blood, is enriched with carbon dioxide and exits from under the gill cover. Each gill septum bears a gill consisting of two half-gills.
The reproductive system in males is represented by paired testes, in females by paired ovaries. The vast majority of fish are dioecious animals, but there are also hermaphrodites ( sea bass, crucian carp). Insemination and development is external.
Eggs (eggs) and seminal fluid with spermatozoa are released into the external environment, where fertilization takes place. This process is called spawning. In the fertilized egg, the embryo develops, which then leaves the egg shell and turns into a larva. The latter grows into a fry, which, having reached puberty, turns into an adult.
General characteristics of the class Amphibians
The class Amphibians (Amphibians) belongs to the Anamnii group, to the Vertebrate subtype, the Chordata type, the Multicellular subkingdom, the Animal kingdom, the Eukaryotic kingdom, the Cellular empire. The class is divided into 3 squads: Legless squad (worms), Tailed squad (newts, salamanders); detachment Tailless (frogs, toads). In total, there are about 2000 species in the class. This is a dying class (Fig. 63).
The distribution of amphibians is limited to areas with high temperature and humidity. Habitat: shores of fresh water bodies, damp soils. In tropical rainforests, some species have moved to an arboreal lifestyle. Most amphibians are inactive. Their movements are monotonous (due to unstable body temperature, poor development of the lungs and circulatory system).
By way of life, they are free-living insectivorous animals. In tailless amphibians, the body is short, flattened in the dorsal-ventral direction. The hind limbs are longer than the front ones. In caudates, the body is elongated, laterally compressed, with a long tail and short legs.
The skin consists of two layers: the epidermis and the dermis with numerous glands that secrete mucus. Mucus covers the entire body, preventing the skin from drying out and making it easier to glide in the water. In some species, the mucus is poisonous, that is, it performs a protective function. The skin of amphibians is penetrated by a dense network of blood vessels and performs the function of breathing in water.
The skeleton of amphibians is bone, consists of a brain box, spine and limbs. The spine is divided into 4 sections: cervical, trunk, sacral and caudal. The cervical and sacral regions appear for the first time and each have one vertebra. In anurans, the vertebrae of the caudal region merge into one bone. The trunk vertebrae of tailed amphibians bear short ribs that do not reach the sternum. Anurans have no ribs. The composition of the free forelimbs includes: shoulder, forearm, hand; rear - thigh, lower leg, foot. In typical cases, the limbs have five fingers. The forelimb belt consists of paired crow bones, shoulder blades and clavicles. The belt of the hind limbs consists of three pairs of fused pelvic bones: ilium, ischium and pubis. The brain box is small and flattened.
The muscles are striated, located in segments and provide movement. The muscles of the limbs are more significantly developed. The body cavity is secondary.
Nervous system - consists of the brain and spinal cord and nerves extending from them. The brain consists of 5 sections: anterior, intermediate, middle, cerebellum and medulla oblongata. The forebrain is better developed than in fish and is distinctly divided into two hemispheres. The cerebellum is poorly developed. Visual tubercles are expressed in the midbrain. 10 pairs of cranial nerves leave the brain. Spinal nerves leave the spinal cord and form the brachial and lumbosacral plexuses.
The sense organs in amphibians are becoming more complex. Paired olfactory capsules communicate not only with the external environment (nostrils), but also with the oral cavity, where the choanae open. In this regard, the nasal cavity becomes a through path through which air enters the lungs. The eyes are equipped with three pairs of eyelids, which protect them from drying out on land. The third eyelid is transparent, which allows you to see well in the water, while at the same time protecting the eyeball from damage. The lens flattens, which increases the distance at which the animal sees objects. The structure of the organ of hearing becomes much more complicated. It consists of two sections: the inner and middle ear, closed by the tympanic membrane. In water, the middle ear is covered by a skin fold.
Digestive system - begins with the oropharyngeal cavity, passing into the esophagus. In the oral cavity there are conical teeth, tongue. The ducts of the salivary glands also flow here. A short esophagus leads to a separate stomach. Then follows the duodenum, where the ducts of the liver and pancreas flow. The large intestine receives the ducts of the reproductive and urinary systems and forms a cloaca.
The excretory system consists of two primary kidneys, two ureters and bladder. The kidneys of amphibians in the form of ribbons are located along the spine and remove liquid metabolic products partly from the body cavity, and mostly from the blood through the ureter into the cloaca, where the bladder also opens.
Respiratory system: amphibian respiration is skin-pulmonary. On land, the respiratory organs are the lungs - paired sacs with a highly extensible cellular wall, penetrated densely by blood vessels. In water, the function of breathing is performed by the skin.
The circulatory system is closed. In connection with the appearance of lungs in amphibians, a second (pulmonary, small) circulation develops, but the division of circulation circles is incomplete and one ventricle, therefore, in most of the arteries of the large circle, the blood is mixed (with the exception of the carotid arteries, carrying blood to the head).
The heart is three-chambered, consists of two atria and one ventricle. One large vessel departs from the heart - the arterial cone, which is divided into two aortic arches. The latter, bending around the heart on the right and left, merge into one large vessel - the dorsal aorta, from which smaller vessels depart to all organs and tissues.
The reproductive system - all amphibians are dioecious animals. Paired gonads. The vas deferens open into the ureter. The eggs from the ovary enter the body cavity, from there they are excreted through the oviducts into the cloaca. Insemination is external, development is external with complex metamorphosis.
3 limited value. Destroy harmful insects, their larvae, small rodents; are a link in a common food chain; used in some countries for human consumption; are the object of scientific research (frog). Aromorphoses of amphibians - a five-fingered limb of a terrestrial type; lungs - an organ of atmospheric respiration, the second (small, pulmonary) circle of blood circulation, a 3-chambered heart; middle ear and complication of the organ of vision.
General characteristics of the class Reptiles
Class Reptiles (Reptiles) - real land animals. The class belongs to the Amniote group (their embryo has water shell- amnion), to the Vertebrates subtype, Chordata type, Multicellular sub-kingdom, Animal kingdom, Eukaryote super-kingdom, Cellular empires. Modern reptiles are divided into 4 orders: Beakheads (tuatara), Scaled (snakes, lizards, chameleons), Turtles, Crocodiles. In total, there are about 6000 species in the class (Fig. 64).
Reptiles are cold-blooded animals, therefore they have adapted to live in tropical forests, deserts, and waterless steppes. Reptiles living in the water (crocodiles, turtles) are secondary aquatic, since their ancestors switched from a terrestrial way of life to life in the water. Among reptiles leading a free lifestyle, there are herbivores and predators. Body sizes from a few cm to several meters.
The body of reptiles is divided into head, neck, trunk, tail and limbs. It is covered with dry, glandless skin, which gives appendages - scales, scutes. Only a few species have preserved odorous glands, the secret of which scares away or, conversely, attracts other animals. The skeleton is skeletal and is represented by the skull, spine, chest skeleton, girdles of the fore and hind limbs, bones of the fore and hind limbs. Skull with elongated jaws in the form of a snout.
The spine is divided into 5 sections: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal. In the cervical region up to 8 vertebrae. The ribs are attached to the thoracic vertebrae, which on the ventral side are attached to the sternum, forming the chest.
The lumbar vertebrae also bear ribs, the ends of which end freely.
The girdle of the forelimbs is formed by the sternum, two crow bones, two collarbones, and two shoulder blades. The free forelimbs consist of the shoulder, forearm and hand. The belt of the hind limbs is formed by three pairs of fused pelvic bones: the ilium, ischium and pubis. The free hind limbs consist of the thigh, lower leg and foot. The humerus and femurs are horizontal to the ground, so the reptile's body sags and drags along the ground. The body cavity is secondary.
The muscular system is represented by striated and smooth muscles. For the first time, intercostal muscles appear, which take part in the act of breathing. Powerful chewing and cervical muscles develop.
Answers to the questions of test control ……………………………………………….51.
Literature…………………………………………………………………………………….52.
INTRODUCTION
Throughout their history, having encountered insects in one way or another, people already have vast knowledge about these amazing creatures. Entomologists, chemists, biophysicists, design engineers, geneticists, architects, doctors of various fields study insects.
Unfortunately, within the framework of the course of general biology of the medical university, students are limited to studying the section "Fundamentals of Medical Entomology", which includes a rather superficial overview of representatives of orders of epidemiological significance.
The purpose of our manual is to somewhat expand and deepen the information on this section in addition to the textbook material, which will allow students to save their scarce time by searching for material in various sources.
The textbook "Medical Significance of Insects" is presented in three sections.
The first gives a general description and classification of insects, morphology, biology, epidemiological significance of the most important representatives of orders with complete and incomplete metamorphosis. Descriptions of some transmissible diseases are given.
The second section is devoted poisonous insect, because this important material in the textbooks is presented very briefly. Their toxicological classification is given and descriptions of insects with a stinging apparatus, with poisonous blood and tissues, with a poisonous mouth apparatus, a picture of poisoning and first aid are given.
For a better understanding of the theoretical material is supplied with illustrations.
The third section is represented by questions of test control on the studied material and answers to them.
A bibliography is provided at the end of the manual.
Section I. Morpho-biological characteristics. The epidemiological significance of insects
1. General characteristics of insects.
Insects are the most numerous class of arthropods. It includes over 2 million species. Insects are characterized by a clear division of the body into head, chest, abdomen.
Head consists of four fused segments, bearing respectively four pairs of appendages, which are modified forelimbs.
The first pair - antennae, or syazhki - the organs of smell and touch. The second - the upper jaws - mandibles, the third and fourth pairs - the lower jaws - maxilla. The oral apparatus of insects is formed by the upper lip (skin fold of the head), a pair of upper jaws, a pair of lower jaws and a lower lip, which is formed by the fusion of the second pair of lower jaws. In accordance with the variety of feeding methods, the mouthparts of different groups of insects differ significantly in structure. They can be gnawing, gnawing-sucking, licking, piercing-sucking, sucking type. However, all this diversity is the result of a change in one initial type - the gnawing mouthparts.
Abdomen consists of 4-11 segments. There are no limbs on the abdomen. Only a few species sometimes retain modified remains of limbs, for example, in the form of an ovipositor or forks at the end of the abdomen, which help to make jumps.
Insect covers formed by a single-layer epithelium - the hypodermis and the chitinized cuticle secreted by it, which acts as an external skeleton and protects it from the effects of various factors, incl. mechanical damage. In addition, the chitinous cover prevents the evaporation of moisture from the body of insects. During the growth period, insects molt several times - they shed their chitinous cover, under which a new one develops. The skin is rich in various glands (odorous, wax-releasing), outgrowths in the form of spines, bristles or hairs.
Muscular system represented by bundles that are attached from the inside to the outer skeleton of insects.
Digestive system begins with the oral cavity, where the ducts of the salivary and spinning glands open, like in butterfly caterpillars. The anterior intestine is differentiated into the pharynx and esophagus, which often has an extension - goiter. Some insects have a chewing stomach. The midgut contains numerous folds that appear to be homologous to the livers of other arthropods. The hindgut, in addition to removing the remnants of digestion, takes part in the excretion of metabolic products.
excretory system It is represented by malpighian vessels (of which there may be 100 or more) - long thin tubes that, with their blindly closed end, lie in the body cavity, and with the other - flow into the intestine, at the border of its middle and rear parts. Metabolic products also accumulate in the fat body, which serves as a storage kidney.
Respiratory system insects are represented by a system of tracheal tubes. They permeate the entire body and deliver oxygen directly to the cells. Tracheae arise in the embryo as a protrusion of the ectoderm, have a chitinous lining that prevents the walls from falling off. On the sides of the body there are up to 10 pairs of spiracles (stigmata) leading to the canals, from which the trachea originate.
In connection with the development of the trachea, the open circulatory system simplified, the hemolymph takes almost no part in the exchange of gases, but carries nutrients and hormones to the tissues of the body. Blood circulates in the heart, then moves through the aorta, and from it enters the body cavity, washing all organs.
Nervous system insects is represented by the brain, subpharyngeal ganglion and segmental ganglia of the ventral nerve cord. The brain consists of anterior, middle and posterior sections. Mushroom bodies are located in the forebrain, which are especially developed in insects with complex social behavior (bees, ants). Nerves depart from the brain to the antennae, eyes, upper lip and subpharyngeal node.
Insect development complex. They are dioecious animals with pronounced sexual dimorphism. Postembryonic development is carried out with complete and incomplete transformation.
In the first case (butterflies, beetles, bees, flies, etc.), a larva emerges from the egg, which differs significantly in structure and lifestyle from the adult. She intensively feeds and grows and after several molts turns into a motionless chrysalis. Under the cover of the pupa, the organs and tissues of the larva are restructured, ending with the release of an adult insect - the imago.
With incomplete transformation (locusts, grasshoppers, cockroaches), the larva in structure is basically similar to an adult insect, but differs from it in small size, underdevelopment of wings and reproductive system. The larva grows, periodically molts and turns into an adult insect.
The class of insects includes more than 20 orders, the most important of which are as follows:
Class Insecta (Insects)
Superorder 1. Insects with incomplete metamorphosis (Hemimetabola)
Order Orthoptera (Orthoptera)
Order of cockroaches (Blattoidea)
Squad louse (Anoplura)
Order Hemiptera, or Bedbugs (Heteroptera)
Superorder 2. Insects with complete metamorphosis (Holometabola)
Coleoptera order, or beetles (Coleoptera)
Order Lepidoptera, or butterflies (Lepidoptera)
Order Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera)
Order of the flea (Aphaniptera)
Order Diptera (Diptera)
We will focus on representatives of units of medical importance.
Kalieva Bibigul Serikovna teacher of biology, certified teacher of the II (basic) level, KSU "Gymnasium", Kostanay region, Zhitikara city
Lesson #35 Grade: 7 Date: ________________
TOPIC : Pests of forest and agricultural plants are among the representatives of these orders. Domestication of insects on the example of mulberry and oak silkworm. Insects are carriers of human diseases. Disease vector control.
Methodical goal: Development of cognitive interest in the subject, natural scientific literacy through the prism of the seven modules of the program to improve the quality of education.
Lab work No. 5 “Study of collections of pests of the garden and garden. The study of insect pests.
Educational.
Find out the role of these insects in nature and human life.
Continue the formation of skills to work with a textbook, text.
Developing.
Develop an interest in entomology.
Develop visual memory.
Develop the ability to classify facts, draw generalizing conclusions.
Develop the skills of educational work, i.e. observation techniques.
Nurturing.
Bring up positive attitude to educational work.
Education of environmental literacy.
Lesson type : combined
Pedagogical technologies : critical thinking, problem-based learning, learner-centered learning
Receptions, methods: active methods in teaching, techniques, strategies of critical thinking.
Equipment : interactive equipment, presentation , tables from the series “Insects - pests of plants and methods of dealing with them”, collections of harmful insects.
DURING THE CLASSES
Lesson stages
Teacher activity
Student activities
Notes
Org. Moment
Stage calling
1.Formation of groups - interactive game "Stickers".
2. Development of a rule for working in groups
3. assessment sheets are distributed - with the stages of the lesson
4. select observers in the group
5. select raters in the group
To the music, students choose a sticker and sit in groups according to the chosen color.
Revise the rules of group work
4. riddles
Flying all day
Everyone gets bored
The night is coming
Then it stops.(fly)
Continuing to study insects
The goal is to repeat the orders of insects
5 reception Zig-Zag
Listening and correcting answers.
Zigzag technique (systematic position of insect orders in the cellular empire)
Individual, pair work
Understanding
6. Repetition of material
Filling in the table
Group work fill in the template table for each group
STRAIGHT-WINGED
DIPTERS
HOLIDOPTERA
SCALES-LYE
WEMBALL-TO-WINGED
Group work
7. listening to the answers of the speakers.
Speakers' speech
Speakers' speech
Application
8. create a Scheme according to the types of insect development, enter the squads, representatives.
Group work
Listening to speakers
Work in pairs, groups
Physical education minute
You see the butterfly is flying
You see, the butterfly flies, (We wave our winged arms.)
He counts flowers in the meadow. (We count with a finger)
One, two, three, four, five. (Clap hands.)
For a day, for two and for a month ... (We walk in place.)
Six seven eight nine ten. (Clap hands.)
Even the wise bee (We wave our winged arms.)
(G. Vieru)
Students perform exercises to the music.
All students at the same time
9. demonstration of pictures of insects
Purpose: to get to the topic of the lesson
10. technique Think in pairs - share
Make a table about insect pests and pathogens
Write down the topic of the lesson. Design L.R. No. 5
The negative value of insects for humans
Representatives
Meaning, examples
Orthoptera
Asian locust destroys crops over large areas
Aphids
Inhibit the development of plants, can carry viral diseases of plants
bedbugs
Harmful turtle sucks out the contents of unripe grains.Bed bug is a carrier of diseases, causes anxiety
beetles
Beet weevil larvae feed on beet rootsColorado potato beetle and its larvae reduce the yield of potatoes.Larvae of the weevil beetle - apple blossom beetle - destroy the ovaries of apple trees.Bark beetle and longhorn beetle larvae - tree pests
butterflies
Caterpillars of the cabbage white damage cabbage leaves;codling moth - spoil the fruits of apple trees;gypsy moth - harm the plants of the garden and forest.Pine silkworm caterpillars harm pine; clothes moth - spoil wool products
Hymenoptera
sawfly larvae eat the needles of trees;horntails - feed on wood, damaging trees
Diptera
cockroaches
Black cockroaches and Prussians contaminate food with excrement, can carry pathogens and helminth eggs. Sometimes their secretions cause allergies.
Lice
Carriers of typhus and relapsing fever
Fleas
Carriers of plague, tularemia, typhus
Group work
11.Listening to speakers
12. Fulfillment of PIZ tasks
13. From the proposed text, select ways to deal with insects.
14. Perform testing
Speaker Protection
Solve a biological problem.
A. If you disturb the caterpillar of the cabbage white, then it begins to secrete a caustic liquid from its mouth. What is the significance of such a feature of the behavior of the caterpillar?
(
B. The most common species on Earth is the housefly. It has been proven that this insect originally lived in tropical latitudes, and the best temperature for fly reproduction is +25 degrees. What features of the biology of the housefly allowed the insect to spread widely on Earth, including in northern latitudes?
Q. You can often hear the opinion: “Really modern science cannot find means to kill mosquitoes, because they bring so much trouble to people and animals? Imagine that such a remedy is found. Will a person do the right thing if he uses it? Why?
Disease vectors:
A - Flies.
B - Malarial mosquitoes.
B - Blind.
G - Gadflies.
D - Lice.
Human biological assistants:
E - Ladybugs.
G - Ground beetles.
Z - Ants.
Blood-sucking insects living on the skin of birds, mammals, humans.
Flies, the larvae of which harm various ungulates.
Variegatedly colored small beetles with a semicircular body that destroy aphids in large numbers.
Social hymenoptera insects that exterminate forest pests.
Blood-sucking dipteran insects whose larvae develop in water.
Harms a person, because. carries pathogens of dangerous diseases on its paws.
A family of insects of the Diptera order. The proboscis is piercing-licking, easily pierces the skin of vertebrates. Bites are painful, larvae develop in water, soil. Predators.
The body is elongated, the antennae are filiform, the legs are long, running type. Destroy great amount harmful invertebrates.
(Answers: 1-E, 2-D, 3-E, 4-Z, 5-B, 6-A, 7-C, 8-F)
Reflection
Filling reflective maps
Listening to observers
appraisers.
- What did you learn in class?
- Where did you experience difficulties?
- What did you like about the lesson?
What didn't you like about the lesson?
Where will this knowledge be useful?
Lesson summary
Submission of evaluation sheets.
5 4 3
Just mutual appreciation.
Observer Analysis
Filling reflective maps
Sources, equipment and equipment:
Paper, pens, etc. interactive equipment, markers, ready-made slides, workbooks, textbooks, Internet resources if possible.
Follow-up tasks and reading
A. Tutorial 7cl, §43, s168, abstract Make a table on how to protect insect pests
B. Repeat the material on the topic studied; make tasks from 10 questions;
creative work- find interesting facts about insects;
Compose comparison table type of arthropod
Assignments of an advanced nature: make up 5 questions in order of complexity.
Make a logical-semantic scheme INSECT ORDERS? IN A NOTEBOOK AND ON SINGLE SHEETS
Mini essay “I would love summer if ... not mosquitoes and flies ...”
Analysis and assessment of the lesson
At each stage, evaluate, enter into a general table.
self-assessment,
summative mutual assessment, formative - with finger gestures (students), stickers, criteria-based, formative assessment by the teacher during the lesson, and summative after testing.
Changes to the lesson
Conduct observation of students A, B.S.
Applications Annex 1
Key to insect orders
1) One pair of wings. The back is modified into a halteredetachment Diptera
Two pairs of wings…………………………………………………………………………….2
2) The wings of both pairs are membranous…………………………………………………………..3
The anterior and posterior pairs of wings differ from each other in structure…………………7
3) Transparent wings………………………………………………………………………...4
Wings opaque, densely covered with scales; mouth organs in the form of a spirally twisting proboscis………………………………order Lepidoptera (butterflies)
4) Front and rear wings of approximately the same length…………………………5
Front and rear fenders of various lengths…………………………………………………6
5) The wings are rich in venation; head with large eyes and short antennae; gnawing mouth apparatus; elongated thin abdomen (its length exceeds
5-10 times wide) ……………………………………………………….dragonfly squad
The branches of the veins at the edge of the wings are distinctly bifurcated; antennae are located
between the eyes………………………………………………………detachment Reticoptera
6) The rear pair of wings is linked to the front and smaller than it; at rest, the wings fold along the body, often have a sting…………………Order Hymenoptera
The posterior pair of wings is often considerably shorter than the anterior; body elongated with soft covers; oral organs are reduced; the abdomen, in addition to a pair of long multi-segmented churches, often has an unpaired caudal appendage similar to them; in adulthood lives from several hours to several days……………………………………………………………………………..mayfly squad
7) The front pair of wings turned into opaque hard elytra, devoid of distinct venation; at rest, the elytra are folded to form a longitudinal suture………………………………………………………………..detachment Coleoptera (beetles)
The front pair of wings of a different structure………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8) The front pair of wings is turned into half-elytra with a membranous apical part and a denser leathery rest; at rest, the wings are usually folded flat on the back…………………………………………………..squad Hemiptera (bugs)
The wings are subdivided into denser leathery elytra and a wide, fan-shaped hind pair ……………………….detachment Orthoptera
Card #1
Systematic position:
Kingdom: A type: Class: Squad:
Card #2
Insects of the order ________________________________?
Systematic position:
Kingdom: A type: Class: Squad:
Card #3
Insects of the order ________________________________?
Systematic position:
Kingdom: A type: Class: Squad:
Card number 4
Insects of the order ________________________________?
Systematic position:
Kingdom:
A type:
Class:
Squad:
Application №2
Detachments
Type of development
Number of pairs of wings
oral apparatus
Feature of the development of the wings
Some representatives
Homoptera
With incomplete transformation
Two pairs
piercing-sucking
Mesh
Cicadas, aphids
Butterflies, or Lepidoptera
With complete transformation
Two pairs
Sucking
Mesh with scales
White cabbage, hawthorn, silkworm
Diptera
With complete transformation
1 pair
prickly-sucking
Mesh
Mosquitoes, flies, gadflies, midges
Fleas
With complete transformation
Not
prickly-sucking
Wingless
Human flea, rat flea
Appendix 3
Moved by the flower
All four petals.
I wanted to rip it off -
He fluttered and flew away.
Answer:
Butterfly
Flying, squeaking
Legs long drags,
The case will not miss:
Sit down and bite.
Answer:
Mosquito
On a large colored carpet
Sela squadron -
It will open, it will close
Painted wings.
Answer:
butterflies
He doesn't mind sleeping all day long.
But when the night comes,
His bow will sing.
The musician's name is...
Answer:
Cricket
housewife
Flying over the lawn
Pat over a flower -
He will share the honey.
Answer:
Bee
blue airplane
Sat on a white dandelion.
Answer:
Dragonfly
A bug crawled
For a big daisy.
But fluttered in a hurry
And entangled in the nets.
Guess the kids:
Who set up the nets?
Answer:
Spider
On the chamomile at the gate
Helicopter descended
Golden eyes.
Who is this?...
Answer:
Dragonfly
Not motors, but noise,
Not pilots, but fly,
Not snakes, but sting.
Answer:
wasps
Without a strand spins a thread,
Knits mesh without a needle;
The whole summer strangles the birds,
He eats meat and dries feathers.
Answer:
Spider
Who wears his own house?
Answer:
Snail
Who are they? Where? Whose?
Black streams flow
Friendly little dots
They build their own house on a hillock.
Answer:
Ants
In the autumn it will climb into the gap,
And wake up in the spring.
Answer:
Fly
Eight legs.
Like eight hands
Embroider a circle with silk.
The master in silk knows a lot.
Buy, flies, silk!
Answer:
Spider
Not a bird, but flying
With a trunk, not an elephant,
Nobody teaches
And sits on the nose.
Answer:
Fly
winged fashionista,
The dress is striped.
Growth, though crumbs,
Bite - it will be bad.
Answer:
Wasp
Appendix 4
Knowledge check.
Task number 1. Find an extra insect. Why exactly does it not fit into this company. Justify your answer.
A. Krasotel odorous, ladybug, Colorado beetle, head louse
B. Gladysh, bed bug, water strider, dragonfly large rocker.
Task number 2. Name the insects
Beetles that damage grains of cereals: rye, barley, wheat (bread beetles, or kuzki)
Beetles that in adult and larval state destroy aphids, whiteflies, spider mites (ladybugs)
Beetles that destroy the gypsy moth forest pest (beetles are beautiful)
Daytime predatory insect, with gnawing mouthparts, large eyes on the head, the larvae of which develop in water (dragonfly)
Bed bugs that live on the surface of the water (water meters)
Task 3 Give answers to the questions.
1. The eyes of dragonflies are almost the size of their heads. They provide these insects with excellent vision, which is not characteristic of many members of the insect class. What can explain the good development of the organs of vision in a dragonfly?
(Dragonflies catch small insects in flight, their eyes are indispensable helpers in hunting. Good eyesight is a sign of an insect's adaptability to a predatory lifestyle.)
2. To clarify the method of orientation of the larvae of the cockchafer in the soil, the following experiment was carried out. Carbon dioxide was injected into the soil with a syringe. The larvae began to move towards the injection site. What hypothesis formed the basis of this experiment?
(The experience is based on the assumption that the larvae of the cockchafer locate the roots of the plants they feed on by the carbon dioxide released during respiration)
II .Learning new material
Exercise. Make a table
Squad name
Detachment signs
Representatives
Butterflies (Lepidoptera)
Homoptera
Diptera
Exercise. Reproduction and development of butterflies.
Read the text on page 80, look at picture No. 67, give answers to the questions
Why are butterflies classified as insects with complete metamorphosis?
What kind of life do caterpillars lead?
What is the external structure of the caterpillar (body shape, body color, mouth apparatus)
III. Consolidation of the studied material.
Task number 1
What order do the following insects belong to?
House fly (dipterous)
Human flea (fleas)
Malarial mosquito (dipterous)
Horsefly bull (dipterous)
Task number 2. Choose the correct answer.
Butterflies have mouthparts:
a) licking
b) chewing
c) sucking
d) piercing-sucking
2. Butterflies have:
3. Butterflies have development:
a) straight
b) with incomplete transformation,
c) with complete transformation.
a) licking
b) chewing
c) piercing-sucking,
d) sucking
5. Homoptera have:
d) don't have wings
6. Homoptera have development:
a) straight
b) with incomplete transformation,
c) with complete transformation.
a) chewing
b) licking
c) piercing-sucking,
d) sucking
8. Diptera have:
c) one pair of membranous wings,
9. Diptera development:
a) direct;
b) with incomplete transformation;
c) with complete transformation.
10. Fleas have oral apparatus:
a) chewing
b) piercing - sucking,
c) licking
d) gnawing licking
11. Flea development:
a) complete transformation
b) straight
c) with incomplete transformation.
a) two membranous wings,
b) one pair of wings,
c) no wings
d) two pairs of transparent wings
Task number 3.
Solve a biological problem.
A. If you disturb the caterpillar of the cabbage white, then it begins to secrete a caustic liquid from its mouth. What is the significance of such a feature of the behavior of the caterpillar?
(The release of a caustic liquid is a protective device for cabbage white caterpillars)
B. The most common species on Earth is the housefly. It has been proven that this insect originally lived in tropical latitudes, and the best temperature for fly reproduction is +25 degrees. What features of the biology of the housefly allowed the insect to spread widely on Earth, including in northern latitudes?
(High fertility, settling in and around a person’s dwelling, moving with people, falling into a state of hibernation during an unfavorable period (in winter)
Q. You can often hear the opinion: “Is it really impossible for modern science to find means for the destruction of mosquitoes, because they bring so much trouble to people and animals?” Imagine that such a remedy is found. Will a person do the right thing if he uses it? Why?
(Wrong. Mosquitoes occupy a certain place in the community of organisms: adults feed on, for example, birds, mosquito larvae and pupae - aquatic animals.)
Testing
Choose the correct answer.
Butterflies have mouthparts:
a) licking
b) chewing
c) sucking
d) piercing-sucking
2. Butterflies have:
a) two pairs of membranous wings
b) two pairs of wings covered with scales,
c) one pair of membranous wings,
d) two pairs of transparent wings
3. Butterflies have development:
a) straight
b) with incomplete transformation,
c) with complete transformation.
4. Homoptera have oral apparatus:
a) licking
b) chewing
c) piercing-sucking,
d) sucking
5. Homoptera have:
a) two pairs of scaly wings,
b) two pairs of transparent wings,
c) two pairs of membranous wings.
d) don't have wings
6. Homoptera have development:
a) straight
b) with incomplete transformation,
c) with complete transformation.
7. Diptera have oral apparatus:
a) chewing
b) licking
c) piercing-sucking,
d) sucking
8. Diptera have:
a) two pairs of membranous wings;
b) two pairs of transparent wings;
c) one pair of membranous wings,
d) two pairs of wings covered with scales
9. Diptera development:
a) direct;
b) with incomplete transformation;
c) with complete transformation.
10. Fleas have oral apparatus:
a) chewing
b) piercing - sucking,
c) licking
d) gnawing licking
11. Flea development:
a) complete transformation
b) straight
c) with incomplete transformation.
a) two membranous wings,
b) one pair of wings,
c) no wings
d) two pairs of transparent wings
Butterflies have mouthparts:
a) licking
b) chewing
c) sucking
d) piercing-sucking
2. Butterflies have:
a) two pairs of membranous wings
b) two pairs of wings covered with scales,
c) one pair of membranous wings,
d) two pairs of transparent wings
3. Butterflies have development:
a) straight
b) with incomplete transformation,
c) with complete transformation.
4. Homoptera have oral apparatus:
a) licking
b) chewing
c) piercing-sucking,
d) sucking
5. Homoptera have:
a) two pairs of scaly wings,
b) two pairs of transparent wings,
c) two pairs of membranous wings.
d) don't have wings
6. Homoptera have development:
a) straight
b) with incomplete transformation,
c) with complete transformation.
7. Diptera have oral apparatus:
a) chewing
b) licking
c) piercing-sucking,
d) sucking
8. Diptera have:
a) two pairs of membranous wings;
b) two pairs of transparent wings;
c) one pair of membranous wings,
d) two pairs of wings covered with scales
9. Diptera development:
a) direct;
b) with incomplete transformation;
c) with complete transformation.
10. Fleas have oral apparatus:
a) chewing
b) piercing - sucking,
c) licking
d) gnawing licking
11. Flea development:
a) complete transformation
b) straight
c) with incomplete transformation.
a) two membranous wings,
b) one pair of wings,
c) no wings
d) two pairs of transparent wings
Task number 3.
House fly (dipterous)
White cabbage (lepidoptera)
Cicada striped (Hydroptera)
Human flea (fleas)
Aphid ordinary (Homoptera)
Malarial mosquito (dipterous)
Silkworm (lepidoptera)
Horsefly bull (dipterous)
Citrus whitefly (Hydroptera)
Gooseberry moth (lepidoptera)
Date ____________________
Activity
puzzles
cross
survey
jacksow
Thin and thick questions
Puzzles
Project Protection
test
Outcome
score
For the lesson I am: tired, not tired
Grade 7 grade 34 lesson
Student F.I. ________________________________________ class _____________________-
Theme of the lesson _________________________________________________________________________
Date ____________________
Activity
puzzles
cross
survey
jacksow
Thin and thick questions
Puzzles
Project Protection
test
Outcome
score
Reflection after the lesson
In the lesson I worked: actively, passively
I am satisfied with my work in the lesson, dissatisfied
For the lesson I am: tired, not tired
The lesson seemed to me: short, long, ordinary
My mood: improved, got worse, stayed the same
Lesson assignments for me: easy, difficult
Grade 7 grade 34 lesson
Student F.I. ________________________________________ class _____________________-
Theme of the lesson _________________________________________________________________________
Date ____________________
Activity
puzzles
cross
survey
jacksow
Thin and thick questions
Puzzles
Project Protection
test
Outcome
score
Reflection after the lesson
In the lesson I worked: actively, passively
I am satisfied with my work in the lesson, dissatisfied
For the lesson I am: tired, not tired
The lesson seemed to me: short, long, ordinary
My mood: improved, got worse, stayed the same
Lesson assignments for me: easy, difficult
Habitat, structure, lifestyle
Insects are the largest class of animals. It includes over 1 million species. Insects live everywhere: in forests, gardens, meadows, fields, orchards, on livestock farms, in human dwellings. They can be found in ponds and lakes, on the body of animals.
The body of insects consists of a head, thorax and abdomen. On the head there are a pair of compound eyes, a pair of antennae, on the chest - three pairs of legs, and most have one or two pairs of wings, on the sides of the abdomen - spiracles.
Insects differ in the shape of the body parts, the size of the eyes, the length and shape of the antennae, and other features. Their antennae, mouth organs, and legs are especially diverse. Some of the insects have lamellar antennae (many beetles), others are filiform (grasshoppers), others are pinnate or club-shaped (butterflies), etc. like butterflies, etc. The hind legs of grasshoppers are jumping, those of swimming beetles are swimming; The front legs of the bear are digging. All these and other structural features have developed in insects in connection with adaptation to certain living conditions.
Rice. Bombardier (beetle). Family - ground beetles
Peculiarities internal structure insects are associated mainly with the respiratory, excretory and nervous systems. The respiratory organs of insects - the trachea - are highly branched. In small insects, gas exchange occurs by diffusion. Large insects ventilate the trachea (when the abdominal walls relax, air is sucked into the trachea, and when contracted, it goes out into the external environment). The excretory organs of insects are numerous tubules, the free ends of which are closed. The excretory products that enter them drain into the posterior intestine. Insects have fat cells with a supply of nutrients and water. They also deposit some substances that are unnecessary for the body.
Differences in the nervous system of insects are associated with enlargement of the supraesophageal ganglion (it is often called the brain), a decrease in the number and enlargement of the nodes of the abdominal nerve chain. More complex structure nervous system is manifested in the complexity of the behavior of insects. A bee, for example, having found flowering nectar-bearing plants, upon returning to the hive, crawls on the combs, "dances", describing certain figures, by which other bees set the direction to the place of honey collection. Ants close the entrances to the anthill at night, bring wet needles to the surface, and after drying they drag them deep into the anthill.
Types of insect development
Insects are dioecious animals. In some insects (locusts, bugs), from fertilized eggs laid by females, larvae develop that look like adults. Eating intensely, they grow, molt several times and become adult insects. In other insects (butterflies, beetles, flies), the larvae are not similar in appearance and nutrition to adults. The larvae of the cabbage butterfly, for example, are worm-like and feed not on nectar, like butterflies, but on cabbage leaves. Their oral apparatus is not sucking, but gnawing. After a few molts, the caterpillars turn into pupae that do not feed and do not move, but complex changes occur under their chitinous cover. After some time, the cover of the body of the pupa bursts and an adult insect emerges from it.
Development that occurs in three phases, and insect larvae at the same time look like adults, is called incomplete transformation. The development of insects, which proceeds in four phases (including the pupal phase), and the larvae do not look like adults, is called complete transformation.
Development with transformation enables insects to survive under adverse living conditions ( low temperature, lack of food) at one or another less vulnerable stage of development. Insects with complete transformation have the greatest advantages. Their larvae do not compete with adults: they usually use different food and develop in other habitats.
Major orders of insects
In the class of insects, from 30 to 40 orders are distinguished. The largest of them are the orders of Orthoptera, Homoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera.
Squads of insects with incomplete metamorphosis. The Orthoptera order includes locusts, grasshoppers, crickets, and bears. They are characterized by gnawing mouthparts, two pairs of longitudinally veined wings, and a (usually) hopping hind pair of legs. Many orthopterans make and perceive sounds (in grasshoppers, the sound apparatus is located on the front wings, and the auditory apparatus is on the shins of the front legs). Their antennae are filiform. The females of many species have an ovipositor. The order Homoptera includes aphids, cicadas, etc., feeding on plant sap, having a piercing-sucking proboscis and 2 pairs of transparent wings.
The order Hemiptera, or bugs, includes terrestrial and aquatic insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts, two pairs of wings (semi-rigid upper and membranous lower), highly developed odorous glands. Of the representatives of this order, the most common are green forest bugs, long-legged water strider bugs. The bed bug, which feeds on the blood of people and animals living in human housing, belongs to the same detachment.
Squads of insects with complete metamorphosis. The order Coleoptera, or beetles, includes insects with rigid anterior wings and membranous hind wings. In most beetles at rest, the rigid wings completely cover the membranous and protect them from damage. The mouthparts of beetles are gnawing. The Coleoptera order includes May beetles, ground beetles, ladybugs, weevils.
Butterfly Papilio demoleus. Photo: Jeevan Jose
For the vast majority of insects of the order Lepidoptera, or butterflies, two features are characteristic: a scaly cover on two pairs of wings and a sucking mouth apparatus, usually coiled. The antennae of diurnal butterflies are usually club-shaped, those of nocturnal butterflies are feathery. Worm-like butterfly larvae (caterpillars), in addition to three pairs of jointed legs, have false legs - outgrowths of the body. Caterpillars have chewing mouthparts.
Diptera - flies, mosquitoes, horseflies, etc. - have one pair of membranous wings. The hind wings are transformed into flask-shaped organs - halteres. Mouthparts of Diptera are piercing-sucking or licking. The larvae do not have legs. They develop in water, soil, in the decaying remains of plants, live animals and corpses.
Insects are the most numerous class of animals, there are more than 1 million species. There are about 40 orders of insects, which are divided into two groups - insects with incomplete transformation and insects with complete transformation.
Examples of insect orders with incomplete metamorphosis are orthoptera, homoptera, and hemiptera. Examples of orders with complete metamorphosis are Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera.
Features of the order Orthoptera
Representatives: grasshoppers, locusts, crickets.
- Gnawing mouth apparatus.
- The wings of the first pair are narrow with longitudinal venation, the wings of the second pair are fan-shaped.
- Hind legs jumping type (not all).
- Many can make sounds and perceive them (grasshoppers make sounds with their front wings, and the hearing organ is on their feet).
Features of the order Homoptera
Representatives: aphids, suckers, shield insects.
Aphids live on the shoots of trees, shrubs and grasses, forming clusters. There are usually a lot of suckers on the leaves of fruit trees.
- They feed on plant sap.
- A piercing-sucking mouthpart with a proboscis.
- Two pairs of soft transparent wings (not all).
Features of the order Hemiptera (bugs)
Representatives: green forest bugs, water strider bugs, bed bugs.
- They lead a terrestrial or aquatic lifestyle.
- Piercing-sucking mouthparts.
- A pair of semi-rigid upper wings and a pair of membranous lower wings.
- Developed odorous glands.
Features of the order Coleoptera (beetles)
Representatives: ladybugs, weevils, dung beetles, ground beetles, May beetles.
- Rigid forewings protect the hind wings from damage.
- Mouth apparatus gnawing type.
Features of the order Diptera
Representatives: flies, mosquitoes.
- One pair of membranous wings. The hind ones are modified into halteres.
- Mouth-apparatus piercing-sucking or licking.
Characteristics of the insect squad
- Legless larvae that develop in soil, water, plant and animal remains.
Features of the order Lepidoptera (butterflies)
- Scale cover of wings.
- The sucking mouthparts are coiled.
- Cirrus (in nocturnal) or club-shaped (in diurnal butterflies) antennae.
- Butterfly larvae are caterpillars.
They have outgrowths of the body - false legs. Mouth apparatus gnawing type.
Features of the order Hymenoptera
Representatives: bees, wasps, ants, riders.
- Two pairs of membranous transparent wings.
- Mouth apparatus gnawing or licking.
- Females have an ovipositor at the end of the abdomen, which in some species is turned into a sting and is associated with venom glands.
- Worm-like, most often legless, larvae.
Detachment Coleoptera, or beetles
The front wings, or elytra, are very rigid and strong.
They cover the upper side of the abdomen and the membranous wings of the second pair located here. It is these membranous wings that are used for flight.
They are slightly longer than the elytra and are folded and hidden under them when at rest.
The mouth organs of beetles are of the gnawing type. The main tools for crushing food are the upper jaws, often called mandibles, or mandibles. Sometimes they turn into ornaments, reaching extraordinary development in males ( bug—deer).
The elytra and wings of beetles are attached to the mesothorax and metathorax. The prothorax forms a wide ring, top part which is called the pronotum.
From below, three pairs of legs are attached to the three thoracic segments, which are extremely diverse in beetles. Usually they are long, running, in aquatic forms - swimming, in those living in the soil - digging; sometimes the hind legs increase in size, their thighs thicken - the legs become jumpy. The legs end with paws, the segments of which bear pads from below, and in some species - suckers.
Beetles are fully metamorphosed insects that lay eggs after mating.
The larvae emerge from the eggs, the body of which consists of 3 thoracic and 10 abdominal segments. The development of larvae is completed in a few months, rarely stretches for three to five years. Further, the larva turns into a pupa, and from a pupa into an adult insect.
This order includes beetles that damage a wide variety of cultivated plants (Chafer, bread beetle, clickers, whose larvae are called wireworms, Colorado beetle, apple beetle), forest plants ( beetles—bark beetles, beetles—lumberjacks,); beetles destroy food barn weevil, bread fleas).
Predatory beetles destroy agricultural pests ( ground beetles, ladybugs), beetles that eat animal excrement and dead parts of plants are of great sanitary importance ( beetles—dung beetles) and animal carcasses ( beetles—dead eaters). Some beetles have moved to life in fresh water ( beetles—swimmers, beetles—water lovers).
Over 30 thousand species.
Lepidoptera order, or butterflies
Of all insects, butterflies are the most famous. The most important feature of the detachment is that they are covered with scales, the structure and location of which determine the quirkiness and variety of colors. Therefore, butterflies are called Lepidoptera.
Insects. Troops Dragonflies, Mayflies
Scales are modified hairs. Along the edge of the wing are very narrow scales, almost like hairs. Closer to the middle they are expanded, but their ends are sharp. And even closer to the base of the wing, wide scales sit in the form of a flattened, hollow pouch attached to the wing by means of a short stalk.
The scales are arranged on the wing in regular rows across the wing: the edges of the scales face the lateral margin of the wing, and their bases are covered in a tiled manner by the ends of the previous row.
Usually, all four wings are developed in Lepidoptera; however, in females of some species, wings may be underdeveloped or absent altogether.
The forewings are always larger than the hindwings. In many species, both pairs of wings interlock with each other using a special hook, or “bridle”.
The mouthparts are sucking. They are represented by a soft proboscis that can coil and unfold like a clock spring. The basis of this oral apparatus is made up of strongly elongated inner lobes of the lower jaws, which form the flaps of the proboscis. The proboscis is elastic and mobile.
Lepidoptera are insects with complete metamorphosis.
Their larvae are very diverse in shape. Butterfly larvae are called caterpillars, their body consists of a head, 3 thoracic and 10 abdominal rings. They use a silky thread to build a cocoon, inside which pupation takes place.
And only after a few weeks the butterflies fly out.
This group includes silkworm, leaf rollers, glassware, moth, scoops, pigeons, cabbage, moths, hawk moths other. About 140 thousand species.
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All about insects
Insect - what does this name mean? It says that his torso is divided into parts. Insecta is a Latin word that literally means "divided, dissected." The Russian word "insects" is also explained by the fact that the wasp's body is divided into three segments (parts of the body) - notches.
Class Insects, their orders, main features and significance (Table)
The ancient Greek word entomon, with a similar meaning "divided", is preserved in the name of the science of insects - entomology. The scientific name of species is based on the principle of binary nomenclature: genus name + species name. For example, the name of the honey bee is made up of the name of the genus Apis and the name of the species mellifera. Thus, the scientific name of the honey bee is Apis mellifera.
In the tropics there are many species of insects, but in Europe there are currently at least 30,000 species.
In order to somehow understand this diversity, biologists 200 years ago began to systematize knowledge about animals, based on their typical features. Similar to each other and capable of reproduction, they attributed to the same species. Species that had a common ancestor and are thus related were grouped into genera.
Many genera form a family, several families - a detachment, several orders - a class, classes are combined into types, which, in turn, belong to the animal kingdom. Thus, each species gets its own place in the natural system.
In 2002, scientists discovered an unknown insect in the rocky canyons of Namibia. It looked like a cross between a praying mantis, an Annam stick insect, and a grasshopper. Shortly before this, similar insects were discovered in amber that had solidified 45 million years ago; they were classified as extinct species.
Squads of insects
At present, the class of insects is subdivided into more than 30 orders.
At the same time, the orders of cockroaches, zorapters and large-winged ones include less than a hundred species, hymenoptera, butterflies and beetles - more than a hundred thousand species. The first two orders are not found in Europe. Representatives of other, less well-known detachments, although they are found in our area, live secretly, and their size is so small that in order to see them, you need a microscope.
The insects presented here can be found during a normal walk in the field and forest.
Fly - mayfly
Mayflies die a few hours after birth; the maximum life span of a fly is a few days.
Adult mayflies do not feed. Their only task now is to find a partner and lay eggs. As larvae, mayflies spend one to three years at the bottom of streams, rivers and lakes. All this time they feed on algae, parts of plants and small invertebrates (crustaceans).
beetles
Coleoptera are the largest order of insects, with over 300,000 species.
They have mastered all areas of habitat - from land to fresh water. Among them there are herbivores and predators, some feed on manure and carrion. In beetles, the rigid forewings (elytra) cover the flying hindwings. Usually, before taking off, the beetles raise their rigid elytra and spread their hind wings.
Common silverfish and forktails
In many orders of insects, there are wingless species that have lost wings in the process of evolution.
These are, in particular, forktails and silverfish. Forktails are no more than 1-2 millimeters long, live in the ground, where they feed on rotting plant and animal remains. These insects owe their name to a special jumping fork on the underside of the abdomen. If they are disturbed, they can jump far in an attempt to protect themselves.
The most famous representative of silverfish is the common silverfish, Lepisma saccharina, which can sometimes be found in our kitchens and bathrooms.
Locusts and Grasshoppers
Locusts and grasshoppers need strong hind legs in order to quickly hide from the enemy.
When locusts use their wings, they are able to cover noticeable distances with lightning speed. By their long hind legs, powerful body, strong head and leathery wings, locusts and cicadas are easy to distinguish from other insects.
The Italian locust feeds almost exclusively on plants; true grasshoppers and crickets are omnivores. For them, animal food (insects and their larvae) can make up more than half of the diet.
Characteristics of insect orders with various variations of sucking mouth organs.
Order Diptera (diptera) Appearance diptera is characteristic, primarily due to the reduction of the hind wings, which are turned into short halteres.
However, these are not useless rudiments. Covered with a large number of sensitive receptors, the halteres stimulate the nervous system and ensure the rapid activation of the forewings and the launch of Diptera, while simultaneously being flight stabilizers.
Diptera usually have a large, often spherical head with large eyes, which in males may touch on the forehead.
The most common orders of insects
Antennae are of two types - multi-segmented in the suborder of long-whiskered dipterans and three-segmented in the suborder of short-whiskered dipterans. Mouth organs are transformed into various proboscis. In those who feed on liquid organic substances, these are sucking or licking-sucking organs, in bloodsuckers they are piercing-sucking.
In connection with the diptera, the mesothorax is especially developed.
Noticeable costalization of the wing is observed; thickening of the anterior veins and shifting them to the anterior margin. The flight of Diptera is very perfect, especially in hoverflies, with a quick start and hovering in the air.
Mosquitoes can make up to 1000 wing beats per second, although they fly relatively slowly.
Diptera larvae are legless and rarely have false ventral limbs. In long-whiskers with a separate head, however, in most fly larvae, the head capsule is reduced, and the oral appendages are represented by a pair of retractable hooks. Pupae are free, or in a false cocoon - puparia. When the fly emerges from the puparium, its shell at the top is either torn longitudinally (in straight-sutured dipterans) or in a circle, and folds back in the form of a small lid (in round-sutured dipterans).
Order Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera). This order includes both rather primitive sawflies, whose caterpillars, similar to butterfly caterpillars, feed on plants, and insects with the most highly organized nervous system and extremely complex biology - ants, bees and wasps.
Adult insects have two pairs of membranous wings covered with relatively sparse veins, and small forms are usually almost or completely devoid of venation. The hind pair of wings is smaller and is of secondary importance in flight.
In living insects, both pairs of wings are usually fastened with hooks to each other and work as a single plane. The mouthparts are gnawing or licking-gnawing. In the latter case, the lower lip and lower jaws are extended and form a proboscis with a tongue at the end.
Such a mouth apparatus serves to suck nectar from flowers. Mandibles are well developed in all species and are used not only for feeding, but also for building nests, digging soil, etc.
d. Antennae are simple, club-shaped, comb-shaped, pinnate, are both straight and geniculate. The tibia and tarsus of the fore leg sometimes bear a special apparatus for cleaning the antennae and tarsi, formed by a pectinate spur at the end of the tibia and a notch on the first segment of the tarsus.
Lepidoptera, or butterflies (Lepidoptera) differ from other orders of insects in such features as sucking mouth organs that look like a thin, coagulating proboscis, a colored scaly cover of the wings, as well as development with complete transformation, i.e.
the presence in their development of a caterpillar, which is a worm-like larva, and a pupae.
The smallest scales located on the wings of butterflies served as the basis for assigning the name to the detachment of these insects - "Lepidoptera", since they are their main distinguishing feature.
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