As we have already mentioned, social groups are divided into small and large groups according to their number. Small groups are groups of several people (up to 10) who are well acquainted and regularly interact with each other personally, for example, a school class, a team of workers, etc.
Large groups are groups where personal contacts between all members are impossible, in this case, the relationship is purely formal, for example, school students, factory workers, etc. There are no close personal contacts, and communication takes place according to formal rules.
If we consider the historical development of society, then it can be noted that in traditional society, small groups (family, clans) were of leading importance, and in modern society, large (classes, professional groups).
G. Simmel believed that "the size of a group is closely correlated with the degree of development of the individuality of its representatives. The size of a group is directly proportional to the degree of freedom enjoyed by its members: the smaller the group, the more united it should act, the more closely it should keep its members in order to protect their own integrity. from the hostile influences of the external environment. "Simmel G. Soziologie: Untersuchundeniiber die Formen der Vorgosellschaftung. 3. Aufl.Munchen; Leipzig, 1923, P. 534 As the group grows, the degree of freedom increases, intelligence, the ability of consciousness is born.
Large social groups are quantitatively not limited social communities that have stable values, norms of behavior and socio-regulatory mechanisms (parties, ethnic groups, industrial and industrial and public organizations). General and social psychology. Textbook for universities. - M .: Publishing group NORMA-INFRA-M, 1999, S. 227
Classification of large social groups on various grounds: The world of psychology. Large group psychology.
1.by the nature of intergroup and intragroup social ties:
objective - people are united by a community of objective ties that exist independently of the consciousness and will of these people;
subjective psychological - groups arise as a result of the conscious unification of people;
2. by the time of existence:
long-existing - classes, nations;
short-lived rallies, gatherings, crowd;
3. by the nature of organization:
organized - parties, unions;
unorganized - the crowd;
4. by the nature of occurrence:
consciously organized - parties, associations;
emerged spontaneously - the crowd;
5. by contact of group members:
conditional - are created according to a certain characteristic (gender, age, profession), people do not have direct contacts with each other;
real groups - real-life groups in which people have close contacts with each other (meetings, meetings);
6. by openness:
open;
closed - membership is determined by internal settings.
Large social groups can be divided into types: Concept and types of social groups.
1. Society is the largest social group, which is the main object of theoretical and empirical research.
2. Territorial groups are formed on the basis of ties that have developed on the basis of the proximity of the place of residence.
3. Target groups are created to perform functions related to certain activities.
4. The intelligentsia is a social group professionally engaged in skilled mental work, which requires special education. The intelligentsia is distinguished: medical, industrial, scientific, pedagogical, military, cultural and artistic, etc. Sometimes in the literature there is a fairly broad interpretation of the intelligentsia, including all intellectual labor, including employees - secretaries, bank controllers, etc.
5. People of mental and physical labor are considered as separate groups that differ markedly in content, working conditions, education level, qualifications, cultural and everyday needs.
6. The population of the city and the population of the village are the main types of settlement of people, differing according to the place of residence. Differences are expressed in the scale, concentration of the population, the level of development of production, saturation with objects of cultural and household purposes, transport, communications.
Among the variety of large groups, two can be distinguished that are subjects of the historical process - ethnic groups and classes.
An ethnic group, or ethnos, is a stable social community historically formed in a certain territory, possessing stable characteristics of culture, language, mental make-up, behavioral characteristics, consciousness of its unity and difference from other similar formations. At the highest stage of development, many ethnic groups form a stable socio-economic integrity - a nation. General and social psychology. Textbook for universities. - M .: Publishing group NORMA-INFRA-M, 1999, P. 276
In system social production distinguish between social classes. Their existence is due to the division of labor, the differentiation of social functions, the isolation of organizational and executive activities. Ibid., P. 277
The subjects of out-of-group behavior are the public and the masses. Ibid., P. 277
The audience is a large group of people with common episodic interests, subject to a single emotionally conscious regulation with the help of universally significant objects of attention (meeting participants, lecture listeners).
Mass - aggregate a large number people who make up an amorphous formation, who do not have direct contacts, but are united by common stable interests (large and small masses, stable and situational, etc.).
In the historical development of society and the specific development of groups, individual social communities go through several definite stages. They correspond to the level of development of the groups. According to the classification of Diligensky G.G. There are three such stages. Social psychology. Study guide / Otv. ed. A.L. Zhuravlev. - M .: "PER SE", 2002, S. 169
The first - low level - typological. It is characterized by the fact that the members of the group are objectively similar to each other in some way. These signs can be essential in the regulation of their individual behavior, but they do not constitute the basis for the creation of a psychological community. People united on these grounds represent the totality of individuals, but they do not constitute a unity.
The second level of development is characterized by the fact that its members are aware of their belonging to this group, identify themselves with its members. This is the identification level.
The third level presupposes the readiness of the group members for joint actions in the name of collective goals. They are aware of the community of their interests. The level of solidarity or the level of integration.
The level of development of the socio-psychological community of groups determines their real role in the socio-historical process as a whole, represents the psychological component of socio-historical phenomena.
In the structure of large social groups, two subtypes can be distinguished: The world of psychology. Large group psychology.
The first is ethnic groups, classes, professional groups. They are distinguished by the duration of existence, the pattern of occurrence and development.
The second is the audience, the crowd, the audience. They are short-lived and arose by chance; for some time they were included in the general emotional space.
The fundamental difference between large groups of the first and second subtypes is in the mechanisms that regulate intragroup processes.
The so-called organized large groups are governed by specific social mechanisms: traditions, customs, mores. It is possible to isolate and describe a way of life typical for a representative of such groups, peculiarities of character, self-awareness.
Unorganized large groups are socially governed psychological mechanisms emotional nature: imitation, suggestion, infection. They are characterized by a commonality of feelings and moods at a certain point in time, which, however, does not indicate a deeper psychological community of participants in this kind of social formations.
All identified large social groups are characterized by common features that distinguish these groups from small groups.
1. In large groups, there are regulators social behavior- these are customs, customs, traditions. They describe the lifestyle of the group. Within the framework of a certain way of life, the interests, values and needs of the group acquire special significance.
2. An important role in the psychological characterization is played by the presence of a specific language. For ethnic groups it is a common characteristic, for other groups “language” acts as a certain jargon.
The common features that are characteristic of large groups cannot be absolutized. Each type of these groups has its own peculiarity: you cannot line up a class, nation, profession, youth.
The significance of each type of large group in the historical process is different, as are their characteristics. Therefore, all characteristics of large groups must be filled with specific content.
We examined a large social group, gave its characteristics, described its structure, now we will get acquainted with the psychological mechanisms of self-regulation in these groups.
Large social groups are formed on the basis of people's awareness of the objective conditions of their existence, nourishes and actualizes their fundamental interest.
they are rightly considered the main subjects of social development.
General characteristics of large social groups
Whatever the role of small social groups and interpersonal communication in the formation and development of the individual, by themselves they do not create historically specific social norms, values and other essential elements of social psychology. These elements are formed on the basis of the historical experience of large social groups, generalized by cultural and ideological systems, which is transmitted to an individual through a small group.
These include social classes, ethnic associations (nations, nationalities), which are characterized by the duration of existence, the pattern of emergence and formation; crowd, audience, etc., based on randomness, short-lived existence, and the like.
Classification of large social groups
Like any social subjects, large social groups are classified according to different signs... By the nature of the connection, two types of large communities of people are distinguished: 1) social classes, ethnic groups, etc. Objective social connections are the basis. The belonging of people to these groups is not predetermined by their will, consciousness, but is a consequence of the action of objective factors; 2) parties, public, professional associations, etc. A person comes to them as a result of a conscious desire to unite on the basis of certain goals and values. Longer (classes, nations) and shorter (rallies, crowds, etc.) large social groups are distinguished according to the duration of their existence. By the nature of their organization, large social groups are divided into those that arose spontaneously (crowd, public), and those that were organized deliberately (associations, parties, etc.). Social psychology also distinguishes conditional (gender-age, professional) and real large groups. An important feature of the classification is contact and interaction. So, to real large groups with close contacts, first of all, rallies and meetings are referred to. Large groups can be closed or open. The most common is the division of large groups into social groups that have formed in the process historical development societies play a certain role in the system of social relations and differ in duration, stability (ethnic, professional, age and gender groups, etc.), and spontaneously formed communities that are unstable, short-term (crowd, audience, audience).
Common signs of large social groups
Large social groups are in the sphere of influence of specific regulators of social behavior - mores, traditions, morality. These regulators are formed by social practice, with which the group is associated. An important characteristic large social groups is the language. Ethnic groups cannot exist without her. A sign of other groups (professional, age, etc.) is jargon as a kind of speech.
The peculiarities of the life position of large social groups, together with the regulators of behavior, form their way of life.
The lifestyle of a large social group is a set of stable typical forms of community life.
Typical forms of life of peoples, classes, other social groups, individual individuals are manifested in material and spiritual production, in the socio-political and family and household spheres. Based on the way of life, it is possible to determine how people live, what interests they are guided by, what their thinking is. In this case, the subject of analysis can also be special forms of communication, the type of contacts and relationships, interests, values and needs. The way of life of a community testifies to its relation to society, to work, other communities and individuals. Since each type of large social groups is endowed only with its inherent properties, significantly differs from others (the ethnic group differs from the professional), then their General characteristics must have specific content. Ethnography and ethnopsychology are involved in the study of large social groups, comparative studies, sociology, statistical analysis, psycholinguistics, etc.
The structure of the psychology of large social groups
The structure of the psychology of large groups is made up of various mental properties, mental processes and mental states. More precisely selection essential elements psychology of large groups covers the mental warehouse as a stable formation (national character, traditions, customs, tastes and the emotional sphere as a dynamic formation (needs, interests).
The mental make-up of the group and the mental make-up of the personality, which refer to it, are not the same, since the formation of the group's psychology is influenced by collective experience, the degree of assimilation of which is determined by individual psychological characteristics. So, the psychological characteristics of the group are not a simple sum of the traits inherent in each personality, but express the typical, characteristic of all individuals.
Research methods of psychology of large social groups
Typical features of the psychology of large social groups are enshrined in morality, traditions and customs. This prompts social psychology to use the methods of ethnography, which is characterized by the analysis of certain products of culture. One of the forms of using these methods is intercultural research. It is o comparative studies (compare different cultures, social groups).
Often social psychology, when analyzing the psychology of large social groups, uses methods traditional for sociology, especially various methods of statistical analysis. Not uncommon for social psychology There are also techniques from the field of linguistics, since during the study of large social groups one has to analyze sign systems.
A person participates in social life not as an isolated individual, but as a member of social communities - a family, a friendly company, a work collective, a nation, a class, etc. His activities are largely determined by the activities of those groups in which he is included, as well as interactions within and between groups. Accordingly, in sociology, society acts not only as an abstraction, but also as a set of specific social groups that are in a certain dependence on each other.
The structure of the entire social system, the totality of interrelated and interacting social groups and social communities, as well as social institutions and relations between them is the social structure of society.
In sociology, the problem of dividing society into groups (including nations, classes), their interaction is one of the cardinal and is characteristic of all levels of theory.
Social group concept
Group is one of the main elements social structure society and is a collection of people united by any essential feature - common activity, general economic, demographic, ethnographic, psychological characteristics... This concept is used in jurisprudence, economics, history, ethnography, demography, psychology. In sociology, the term "social group" is commonly used.
Not every community of people is called a social group. If people are just in a certain place (on a bus, at a stadium), then such a temporary community can be called “aggregation”. A social community that unites people only on one or several similar grounds is also not called a group; the term "category" is used here. For example, a sociologist might classify students between the ages of 14 and 18 as youth; elderly people who are paid benefits by the state are entitled to benefits in terms of payment utilities, - to the category of pensioners, etc.
Social group - it is an objectively existing stable community, a set of individuals interacting in a certain way based on several characteristics, in particular, the shared expectations of each member of the group in relation to others.
The concept of a group as an independent one, along with the concepts of personality (individual) and society, is already found in Aristotle. In modern times, T. Hobbes was the first to define a group as "a known number of people united by a common interest or common cause."
Under social group it is necessary to understand any objectively existing stable set of people connected by a system of relations governed by formal or informal social institutions. Society in sociology is viewed not as a monolithic entity, but as a set of many social groups interacting and being in a certain dependence on each other. Each person during his life belongs to many similar groups, including a family, a friendly collective, a student group, a nation, etc. The creation of groups is facilitated by similar interests and goals of people, as well as the realization of the fact that by combining actions, a significantly greater result can be achieved than by individual action. Wherein social activities each person is largely determined by the activities of those groups in which he is included, as well as interaction within and between groups. It can be argued with complete confidence that only in a group does a person become a person and is able to find complete self-expression.
Concept, formation and types of social groups
The most important elements of the social structure of society are social groups and . As forms of social interaction, they represent such associations of people, joint, solidarity actions of which are aimed at meeting their needs.
There are many definitions of the concept of "social group". So, according to some Russian sociologists, a social group is a collection of people who have common social characteristics, who perform socially required function in the structure of the social division of labor and activity. The American sociologist R. Merton defines a social group as a set of individuals who interact in a certain way with each other, who are aware of their belonging to this group and who are recognized as members of this group from the point of view of others. He identifies three main features in a social group: interaction, membership and unity.
Unlike mass communities, social groups are characterized by:
- stable interaction, contributing to the strength and stability of their existence;
- a relatively high degree of unity and cohesion;
- clearly expressed homogeneity of the composition, suggesting the presence of signs inherent in all members of the group;
- the possibility of entering broader social communities as structural units.
Since each person in the process of his life is a member of a wide variety of social groups, differing in size, nature of interaction, degree of organization and many other characteristics, it becomes necessary to classify them according to certain criteria.
There are the following types of social groups:
1. Depending on the nature of the interaction - primary and secondary (Appendix, Scheme 9).
Primary group, by definition Ch. Cooley, is a group in which the interaction between members is direct, interpersonal and differs high level emotionality (family, classroom, peer group, etc.). Carrying out the socialization of the individual, the primary group acts as a link between the individual and society.
Secondary group- this is a larger group, in which interaction is subordinated to the achievement of a specific goal and is of a formal, impersonal nature. In these groups, the focus is not on the personal, unique qualities of the group members, but on their ability to perform certain functions. Organizations (industrial, political, religious, etc.) are examples of such groups.
2. Depending on the way of organizing and regulating interaction - formal and informal.
Formal group Is a group with a legal status, interaction in which is regulated by a system of formalized norms, rules, laws. These groups have a deliberately set goal, statutory hierarchical structure and act in accordance with the administratively established order (organizations, enterprises, etc.).
Informal grouparises spontaneously, based on common views, interests and interpersonal interactions. It is deprived of official regulation and legal status. These groups are usually led by informal leaders... Examples are friendly companies, informal associations among young people, rock music lovers, etc.
3. Depending on the individuals belonging to them - ingroup and outgroup.
Ingroup- this is a group to which the individual feels a direct belonging and identifies it as “mine”, “our” (for example, “my family”, “my class”, “my company”, etc.).
Outgroup - this is a group to which a given individual does not belong and therefore evaluates it as “alien”, not his own (other families, another religious group, another ethnic group, etc.). Each individual of the ingroup has its own scale for evaluating outgroups: from indifferent to aggressively hostile. Therefore, sociologists propose to measure the degree of acceptance or closeness in relation to other groups according to the so-called "Scale of social distance" Bogardus.
Reference group - it is a real or imaginary social group, the system of values, norms and assessments of which serves as a standard for the individual. The term was first coined by the American social psychologist Hyman. The reference group in the system of relations "personality - society" performs two important functions: normative being for the individual a source of norms of behavior, social attitudes and value orientations; comparative, acting as a standard for the individual, it allows him to determine his place in the social structure of society, to evaluate himself and others.
4. Depending on the quantitative composition and the form of implementation of connections - small and large.
Is a directly contacting small group of people united to carry out joint activities.
Small group can take many forms, but the original are "dyad" and "triad", they are called the simplest molecules small group. Dyadconsists of two people and is considered an extremely fragile association, in triad actively interact three persons, it is more stable.
The characteristic features of the small group are:
- small and stable composition (as a rule, from 2 to 30 people);
- spatial proximity of group members;
- stability and duration of existence:
- a high degree of coincidence of group values, norms and patterns of behavior;
- intensity interpersonal relationships;
- a developed sense of belonging to a group;
- informal control and information saturation in the group.
Large group- This is a group that is numerous in its composition, which is created for a specific purpose and the interaction in which is mainly mediated (labor collectives, enterprises, etc.). This also includes numerous groups of people with common interests and occupying the same position in the social structure of society. For example, social-class, professional, political and other organizations.
A collective (lat. Collectivus) is a social group in which all vital connections between people are mediated through socially important goals.
Characteristic features of the team:
- combination of interests of the individual and society;
- commonality of goals and principles that act for team members as value orientations and norms of activity. The team performs the following functions:
- subject - the solution of the problem for which it is created;
- socio-educational - combination of interests of the individual and society.
5. Depending on socially significant features - real and nominal.
Real groups are groups distinguished according to socially significant criteria:
- floor - men and women;
- age - children, youth, adults, the elderly;
- income - rich, poor, well-to-do;
- nationality - Russians, French, Americans;
- marital status - married, single, divorced;
- profession (occupation) - doctors, economists, managers;
- place of residence - townspeople, villagers.
Nominal (conditional) groups, sometimes called social categories, are allocated for the purpose of conducting a sociological study or statistical accounting of the population (for example, to find out the number of privileged passengers, single mothers, students receiving personal scholarships etc.).
Along with social groups in sociology, the concept of "quasigroup" is distinguished.
A quasigroup is an informal, spontaneous, unstable social community that does not have a specific structure and value system, the interaction of people in which is, as a rule, an external and short-term nature.
The main types of quasigroups are:
AudienceIs a social community united by interaction with a communicator and receiving information from him. The heterogeneity of the given social education due to the difference personality traits, and cultural property and the norms of the people included in it, determines and varying degrees perception and assessment of the information received.
- a temporary, relatively unorganized, unstructured accumulation of people united in a closed physical space by a common interest, but at the same time devoid of a clearly perceived goal and related to each other by the similarity of an emotional state. Highlight the general characteristics of the crowd:
- suggestibility - people in a crowd are usually more suggestible than outside;
- anonymity - the individual, being in the crowd, as if merges with it, becomes unrecognizable, believing that it is difficult to "calculate";
- spontaneity (infectivity) - people in a crowd are subject to rapid transmission and change in emotional state;
- unconsciousness - the individual feels invulnerable in the crowd, out of social control, therefore his actions are "saturated" with collective unconscious instincts and become unpredictable.
Depending on the way the crowd is formed and the behavior of people, the following types are distinguished in it:
- random crowd - an indefinite set of individuals, formed spontaneously without any purpose (to observe a suddenly appeared celebrity or a traffic accident);
- conventional crowd - a relatively structured gathering of people influenced by planned predetermined norms (spectators in the theater, fans in the stadium, etc.);
- expressive crowd - a social quasigroup formed for the personal pleasure of its members, which in itself is already a goal and a result (discos, rock festivals, etc.);
- active (active) crowd - a group that performs some action, which can act in the form of: gatherings - an emotionally agitated, violent crowd, and the revolted crowd - a group characterized by particular aggressiveness and destructive actions.
In the history of the development of sociological science, various theories have emerged that explain the mechanisms of crowd formation (G. Le Bon, R. Turner, and others). But for all the dissimilarity of points of view, one thing is clear: to manage the command of the crowd, it is important: 1) to identify the sources of the emergence of norms; 2) identify their carriers by structuring the crowd; 3) to purposefully influence their creators, offering the crowd meaningful goals and algorithms for further actions.
Among quasigroups, social circles are the closest to social groups.
Social circles are social communities that are created for the purpose of exchanging information between their members.
Polish sociologist J. Szczepanski identifies the following types of social circles: contact - communities that constantly meet on the basis of certain conditions (interest in sports competitions, sports, etc.); professional - gathering to exchange information exclusively on a professional basis; status - formed about the exchange of information between people with the same social status(aristocratic circles, women's or men's circles, etc.); friendly - based on the joint holding of any events (companies, groups of friends).
In conclusion, we note that quasigroups are some transitional formations that, with the acquisition of such characteristics as organization, stability and structuredness, turn into a social group.
History
The word "group" got into the Russian language at the beginning of the 19th century. from Italian (it. groppo, or gruppo- node) as technical term painters, used to indicate several figures that make up the composition. ... This is exactly how his dictionary of foreign words of the early 19th century explains, where, among other overseas "wonders", the word "group" is also contained as an ensemble, a composition of "figures, a whole, and so adjusted that the eye looks at them at once."
First written appearance of a French word groupe, from which its English and German equivalents later derived, dates from 1668. Thanks to Moliere, a year later, this word penetrates into literary speech, while still retaining its technical connotation. The wide penetration of the term "group" into a wide variety of areas of knowledge, its truly common character create the appearance of its " transparency", That is, understandability and general availability. It is most often used in relation to some human communities as a set of people, united by a number of signs of a certain spiritual substance (interest, purpose, awareness of their community, etc.). Meanwhile, the sociological category "social group" is one of the most difficult for understanding due to significant discrepancy with ordinary ideas. A social group is not just a collection of people united by formal or informal characteristics, but a group social position that people occupy. "We cannot identify the agents who objectify the position with the position itself, even if the aggregate of these agents is a practical group mobilized for united actions for the sake of common interest."
Signs
Types of groups
Large, medium and small groups are distinguished.
Large groups include aggregates of people existing on the scale of the entire society as a whole: these are social strata, professional groups, ethnic communities (nations, nationalities), age groups (youth, pensioners), etc. Awareness of belonging to a social group and, accordingly, its interests as their own occurs gradually, as organizations are formed that protect the interests of the group (for example, the struggle of workers for their rights and interests through workers' organizations).
The middle groups include production associations of employees of enterprises, territorial communities(residents of one village, city, district, etc.).
Diverse small groups include groups such as family, friendships, neighborhood communities. They are distinguished by the presence of interpersonal relationships and personal contacts with each other.
One of the earliest and most famous classifications of small groups into primary and secondary was given by the American sociologist C.H. Cooley, where he distinguished between the two. "Base group" refers to those personal relationships that are direct, face-to-face, relatively permanent, and deep, such as those in a family, a group of close friends, and the like. "Secondary groups" (a phrase that Cooley did not actually use, but which came about later) refers to all other face-to-face relationships, but especially to groups or associations such as industrial, in which a person relates to others through formal , often a legal or contractual relationship.
Structure of social groups
A structure is a structure, a device, an organization. The structure of the group is a way of interconnection, its interposition component parts, elements of the group (carried out through group interests, group norms and values), forming a stable social structure, or configuration of social relations.
The existing large group has its own internal structure: "core"(and in some cases - kernels) and "periphery" with a gradual weakening with distance from the core of the essential properties by which individuals identify themselves and a given group is nominated, that is, by which it is separated from other groups distinguished according to a certain criterion.
Specific individuals may not possess all the essential features of the subjects of a given community, they constantly move in their status complex (repertoire of roles) from one position to another. The core of any group is relatively stable, it consists of the carriers of these essential traits - the professionals of symbolic representation.
In other words, the core of a group is a set of typical individuals who most constantly combine the nature of its activity, the structure of needs, norms, attitudes and motivations, identified by people with a given social group. That is, the agents occupying the position should form as social organization, a social community, or a social corpus that has an identity (recognized self-image) and is mobilized around a common interest.
Therefore, the core is a concentrated exponent of all the social properties of the group, which determine its qualitative difference from all others. There is no such core - there is no group itself. At the same time, the composition of the individuals included in the "tail" of the group is constantly changing due to the fact that each individual occupies many social positions and can move from one position to another situationally, due to demographic movement (age, death, illness, etc.). or as a result of social mobility.
A real group has not only its own structure or construction, but also its composition (as well as decomposition).
Composition(lat. compositio - compilation) - the organization of social space and its perception (social perception). The composition of a group is a combination of its elements, forming a harmonious unity, which ensures the integrity of the image of its perception (social gestalt) as a social group. The composition of a group is usually determined through indicators of social status.
Decomposition- the opposite operation or the process of dividing the composition into elements, parts, indicators. The decomposition of a social group is carried out by projection onto various social fields and positions. Often, the composition (decomposition) of a group is identified with a set of its demographic and professional parameters, which is not entirely true. It is not the parameters themselves that are important here, but to the extent that they characterize the status-role position of the group and act as social filters that allow it to exercise social distancing, so as not to merge, not to be "blurred" or absorbed by other positions.
As for the membership of a specific individual in a group as an element of the composition, then indeed he collides with the surrounding world that surrounds him and positions him as a member of the group, i.e. his individuality in this situation becomes "insignificant", in him as a person, as a member of a group, they see, first of all, a whole group.
Functions of social groups
There are various approaches to the classification of the functions of social groups. American sociologist N. Smelzer distinguishes the following functions of groups:
Social groups now
A feature of social groups in countries with developed economies is their mobility, the openness of the transition from one social group to another. The convergence of the level of culture and education of various social and professional groups leads to the formation of common socio-cultural needs and thereby creates conditions for the gradual integration of social groups, their value systems, their behavior and motivation. As a result, we can state the renewal and expansion of the most characteristic in modern world- the middle class (middle class).
Notes (edit)
see also
- Party
Links
- Determination of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation No. 564-О-О on the constitutionality of the prohibition of incitement to hatred towards social groups in Article 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation
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