Society with limited liability"LLC" Kolganskoye "was established in accordance with the Civil Code Russian Federation... The administrative and economic center of the LLC is located in the village. Zhdanovka at a distance of 24 km from the regional center with. Aleksandrovka, to the regional center of Orenburg - 140 km.
The company has an independent balance sheet, current and other accounts, company name, trademark, round seal. To achieve the goals of its activities, an LLC has the right to conclude transactions on its own behalf, acquire property rights and bear obligations, be a plaintiff and defendant in court. The company is responsible for its obligations with all of its property, and its founders bear risks for the company's obligations within the value of their shares.
LLC operates in conditions of complete independence and self-government, self-financing and self-financing, on the basis of democratic principles.
In accordance with the charter, the purpose of the Company is to make a profit, saturate the market with agricultural goods. It has the right to engage in the cultivation, purchase, processing and sale of agricultural products, selection and seed production, the provision of Catering.
The main activities of the enterprise are production, purchase, storage, processing and sale of agricultural products; wholesale, retail and other.
Climatic conditions farms provide an opportunity for the cultivation of all zoned agricultural crops, but in some years significant damage agriculture cause dry winds, heavy rainfall, rapid snow melting.
Consider the main economic indicators of the enterprise, calculated on the basis of the annual reporting of the enterprise for three years:
Table 2.1 - Size and structure of land
| Type of land | Area, ha | Structure,% | Deviation compared to the base year, ha | ||
| 2011 r. | 2011 r. | 2011 r. | 2011 r. | ||
| Total land area | NS | ||||
| Total farmland of them: | 96,65 | 96,65 | |||
| arable land | 72,02 | 72,02 | |||
| hayfields | 0,12 | 0,12 | |||
| pastures | 24,51 | 24,51 | |||
| Woody shrub plants | 1,15 | 1,15 | |||
| Ponds and reservoirs | 0,17 | 0,17 | |||
| Roads | 0,69 | 0,69 | |||
| Other lands | 1,34 | 1,34 |
This table shows that the largest part of the total land area is arable land - 72.02%. The share of pastures accounts for 24.51% - this is the second indicator. The rest of the lands account for about 3.5%. This structure indicates that the main activity of Kolganskoye LLC is plant growing. Looking at the change in the size of land in 2011 compared to 2011, we see that there were no such changes.
Consider the indicators characterizing the use of land:
Table 2.2 - Land use
Having studied this table, we can say that the level of plowing of agricultural crops. land is 74.52%. And this figure remains unchanged in 2009 and 2011. compared to 2011. And if we talk about the size of the cultivated areas in Kolganskoye LLC, we see that they have undergone some changes. So in 2009 the sown area compared to 2011 decreased by 1353 hectares and amounted to 13389 hectares. In 2011, the sown area increased by 2,799 hectares compared to 2009, and the area was 16,188 hectares. If we compare the indicators of 2011 and 2011, then we see that the sown area has increased by 1446 hectares. According to the table, we can also analyze the utilization rate of arable land. Its change took place according to the same principle as the change in sown areas. As a result, in 2011 it increased by 8.93% compared to 2009 and amounted to 100%.
Let's analyze the table characterizing the size of the studied enterprise:
Table 2.3 - Dynamics of enterprise size indicators
After analyzing this table, we can draw the following conclusions:
The area of s.-kh. land area remained unchanged in 2011 compared to 2011;
Energy resources in 2011 increased by 1.15% compared to 2011 and amounted to 11,960.45 kW;
The average number of employees in 2011 decreased by 4.14% compared to 2011 and amounted to 278 people;
The number of animals decreased by 15.38%;
Revenue underwent a significant increase: the indicator increased by 30.72% compared to 2011.
Thus, we can conclude that the size of the enterprise in 2011 as a whole changed ambiguously compared to 2011. We see an increase in revenue and energy resources and at the same time a decrease in the number of employees and livestock.
An important economic characteristics an enterprise is the number of people working on it. Therefore, we will consider the composition and structure of employees of the enterprise in 2011-2011:
Table 2.5 - Composition and structure of employees of the enterprise by category
| Categories of workers | Average annual number, people | Structure by category,% | Changes in the structure of 2011 to 2011 (+, -) | ||||
| 2011 r. | 2009 r. | 2011 r. | 2011 r. | 2009 r. | 2011 r. | ||
| Workers employed in agricultural production including: | 91,03 | 90,88 | 92,09 | 1,06 | |||
| permanent workers | 62,76 | 68,73 | 70,86 | 8,10 | |||
| seasonal and temporary workers | 11,03 | 7,82 | 8,99 | -2,04 | |||
| employees of them: | 17,24 | 14,33 | 12,23 | -5,01 | |||
| leaders | 0,69 | 0,33 | 0,72 | 0,03 | |||
| specialists | 16,55 | 14,01 | 11,51 | -5,04 | |||
| Ancillary workers industrial enterprises and fisheries | 5,17 | 6,51 | 5,04 | -0,13 | |||
| Employees of housing and communal services and cultural institutions | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Trade and catering workers | 3,79 | 2,61 | 2,88 | -0,91 | |||
| Construction workers | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Childcare workers | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Workers engaged in other activities | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Total | NS |
From this table we see that the largest share in the total workers of the enterprise are workers employed in agriculture. production. In 2011, their share was 92.09%. Also, the main categories include workers employed in ancillary industries. enterprises and industries, and workers in trade and public catering. Their shares in the total number of employees in 2011 amounted to 5.04% and 2.88%, respectively. These indicators underwent some change in 2011 compared to 2011. Thus, the share of workers employed in subsidiary enterprises and industries decreased by 0.13%, while the share of trade and public catering workers decreased by 0.91%. Considering the category of workers employed in agriculture. production, we can say that their share in 2011
increased in comparison with 2011 by 1.06%. This category includes such subcategories of workers as permanent workers, seasonal and temporary workers, and employees. Of these, only the share of permanent workers increased in 2011 compared to 2011 by 8.10%. The shares of seasonal workers and employees decreased by 2.04% and 5.01%, respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that there have been no significant changes in the structure; the most significant was the increase in the share of permanent workers in 2011 relative to 2011 by 8.10% from 62.76% to 70.86%.
Now let's consider the size and structure of the cash proceeds of OOO Kolganskoye. This will make it possible to judge the specialization of the economy.
Table 2.6 - Size and structure of cash receipts
| Industry groups | 2011 r. | 2009 r. | 2011 r. | |||
| in% to the total | proceeds from sales, thousand rubles | in% to the total | proceeds from sales, thousand rubles | in% to the total | ||
| Crop total | 63,53 | 73,45 | 55,82 | |||
| including: Grain | 44,83 | 50,41 | 40,86 | |||
| Sunflower | 10,73 | 11,84 | 5,53 | |||
| Other crop products | 2,00 | 0,50 | 0,46 | |||
| Crop production own production, implemented in a revised form | 5,98 | 10,71 | 8,97 | |||
| Livestock total | 17,70 | 8,59 | 23,50 | |||
| including: Cattle breeding | 4,70 | 1,78 | 6,54 | |||
| Pig breeding | 2,36 | 0,31 | 2,05 | |||
| Horse breeding | 0,20 | 0,03 | 0,11 | |||
| Milk | 8,23 | 5,00 | 11,33 | |||
| Other livestock products | - | 0,02 | 0,34 | |||
| Livestock products sold in processed form | 2,21 | 1,45 | 3,13 | |||
| Goods | 4,67 | 8,87 | 4,59 | |||
| Works and services | 14,10 | 9,09 | 16,09 | |||
| Total |
As the data in the table show, during the period under review, both the size and the structure of the company's revenue have changed significantly. First of all, the size of cash proceeds increased from 34,998 thousand rubles. in 2011 up to 49840 thousand rubles. in 2011 If we talk about the structure of cash proceeds, it can be seen that the share of crop production in 2011. decreased relative to 2011 by 7.71% and amounted to 55.82%. This was mainly due to a decrease in proceeds from the sale of grain, which decreased by almost 2 times, as well as due to a decrease in proceeds from the sale of sunflower seeds. These two crop sectors provided the main reduction in revenues over the period under review. The share of livestock breeding in the revenue structure in the analyzed period increased by 5.8% and amounted to 23.5% in 2011. Also increased in 2011-2011. share of works and services in the revenue structure. The increase was 1.99%. But these changes had practically no effect on the specialization of the enterprise. It has remained the same - crop production, or rather the cultivation of grain crops.
One of critical factors increase in the volume of production at the enterprise is the provision of its fixed assets in the required amount and assortment and more complete and effective use of them.
The specific (production) structure of the fixed assets of Kolganskoye LLC can be judged by the following data:
Table 2.7 - Dynamics of the composition and structure of fixed assets of LLC Kolganskoye in current prices
| Types of fixed assets | At the end of 2009 | At the end of 2000 | At the end of 2011 | Change in 2011 to 2008 (+, -) | ||||
| thousand roubles. | in% to the total | thousand roubles. | in% to the total | thousand roubles. | in% to the total | thousand roubles. | in % | |
| Building | 1,29 | 2,91 | 2,24 | 0,95 | ||||
| Structures and transmission devices | 5,38 | 4,92 | 4,90 | -0,48 | ||||
| cars and equipment | 84,10 | 81,22 | 81,44 | -2,66 | ||||
| Vehicles | 3,05 | 3,31 | 3,56 | 0,51 | ||||
| Production and household inventory | 0,11 | 0,11 | 0,11 | 0,00 | ||||
| Working cattle | 0,37 | 0,31 | 0,28 | -38 | -0,09 | |||
| Productive livestock | 5,71 | 7,22 | 7,48 | 1,77 | ||||
| Total | NS |
The data for filling in the table is taken from the annual reports. According to them, we can conclude that the enterprise in general is characterized by a tendency to increase fixed assets in 2011 relative to 2011. Considering the structure of fixed assets of the enterprise, we can say that the largest share in their value falls on machinery and equipment: so in 2011 it amounted to 81.44%. This is primarily due to the high cost of agricultural machinery. Changes in the structure of fixed assets in the period under review can be considered insignificant. So the biggest change is a decrease in the share of machinery and equipment by 2.66%. It is also possible to note an increase in the share of productive livestock by 1.77% in the total value of fixed assets. In general, over the period under review, we see that in absolute terms, the value of all funds increased in 2011 relative to 2011 by 6391 thousand rubles. First of all, the cost of machinery and equipment increased by 3473 thousand rubles, which indicates that the enterprise is trying to update the means of labor. Also increased in 2011. relative to 2011 the cost of buildings for 759 thousand rubles. The cost of productive livestock has noticeably increased: the increase amounted to 1,632 thousand rubles. But the cost of draft animals, on the contrary, decreased in 2011 compared to 2005 by 38 thousand rubles. In general, we can say that during the period under review, the cost of both the active part of the PF and the passive one increased.
According to the data of the enterprise on the availability, wear and tear and movement of fixed assets, indicators are calculated that are important for assessing the production potential of the company.
Table 2.8 - Analysis of the movement and condition of fixed assets
| Indicators | 2011 r. | 2009 r. | 2011 r. | Change (+, -) in 2011 compared to 2011 |
| Renewal rate,% | 14,70 | 11,60 | 4,00 | -10,70 |
| Retirement rate,% | 2,40 | 3,30 | 3,60 | 1,20 |
| Expiration factor,% | 76,40 | 66,90 | 66,96 | -9,44 |
| Wear factor for the end of the year,% | 23,60 | 33,10 | 33,04 | 9,44 |
| Growth rate,% | 14,40 | 9,30 | 0,41 | -13,99 |
| Replacement ratio,% | 14,20 | 26,40 | 89,66 | 75,46 |
| Fleet expansion coefficient,% | 85,80 | 73,60 | 10,34 | -75,46 |
According to the results, it can be seen that the renewal ratio in the reporting (2011) year in relation to the base year (2011) decreased by 10.70%, and amounted to 4.00%, therefore, the value of the fixed assets received in 2011 was 4.00% of their total cost. A decrease in the renewal rate indicates a decrease in the share of incoming fixed assets by 10.70%. This can also be seen from the balance sheets, as the value of incoming fixed assets declined every year, while the total value of fixed assets increased.
An increase in the retirement rate indicates a decrease in the share of retired fixed assets in their total cost by 1.20%. In 2011, the share of the value of retired fixed assets from their total value was 3.60%.
A decrease in the usefulness ratio of fixed assets by 9.44% indicates that a part of the retained full value of fixed assets decreased by 9.44% in 2011 in relation to 2011. In 2011, the unused portion of fixed assets amounted to 66.96%, worn out 33.04%.
The results of the table show that in the period 2011-2011. there is a sharply decreasing growth rate. In the reporting year, it decreased in relation to the baseline by 13.99%, which indicates a decrease in the share of the total cost of fixed assets that are used to cover disposal by 13.99%. In 2011, only 0.41% of their total cost at the beginning of the year was allocated to cover the disposal of fixed assets.
By doing general conclusion, it should be noted that the receipt of new fixed assets in LLC "Kolganskoye" for the period 2011-2011. decreases sharply, which indicates the saturation of the enterprise with fixed assets necessary for a successful economic activity... To replace the retired fixed assets, the company began to allocate a larger part of the fixed assets introduced in relation to previous years, and a smaller part to expand the fleet, which indicates that the company has reduced the expansion of fixed assets and more covers the retired part of them.
Let us also consider the dynamics of labor productivity in LLC "Kolganskoye", which is an important economic characteristic of the enterprise.
Table 2.9 - Dynamics of labor productivity indicators
The table shows that labor productivity at the enterprise in 2011-2011. changed in proportion to the change in revenue. So in 2009 in relation to 2011 there was an increase in labor productivity by 128.37 thousand rubles. The growth rate in 2009 was 206.36%. In 2011, there is a decrease in labor productivity by 69.77 thousand rubles, i.e. the growth rate is 71.99%. But at the same time, we see an increase in labor productivity in 2011 relative to 2011.
The following table will help to assess the overall performance of the enterprise for the period under review:
Table 2.11 - The main economic indicators of the enterprise
| Indicators | 2011 r. | 2009 r. | 2011 r. | 2011 in% to 2011 |
| Proceeds from the sale of goods, products, works, services, thousand rubles | 34998,00 | 76457,00 | 49840,00 | 142,41 |
| Average annual number of employees, people | 290,00 | 307,00 | 278,00 | 95,86 |
| incl. workers | 214,00 | 235,00 | 222,00 | 103,74 |
| Average annual cost of fixed assets, thousand rubles | 61147,00 | 68302,00 | 71497,00 | 116,93 |
| Profit (+), Loss (-) from sales, thousand rubles | 261,00 | 7171,00 | 5733,00 | 2196,55 |
| Profitability (+), Unprofitable (-) sales,% | 0,75 | 9,38 | 11,50 | 1533,33 |
From this table it can be seen that the company's revenue in 2011 compared to 2009 has significantly decreased, and compared to 2011 increased by 42.41%. The revenue growth rate was 142.41%. The average annual number of employees is quite stable, there is a slight decrease in the number of employees by 4.14% in 2011 compared to 2011. The average annual cost of fixed assets in 2011 compared to 2011 increased by 16.93%. The largest increase was seen in profit from sales. This indicator in 2011 compared to 2011 increased by more than 2000%. The profitability of core activities also significantly increased in 2011 compared to 2011, the increase was 1433.33%. This indicator shows how much profit is obtained from 1 ruble of sales proceeds. An increase in profitability indicates an increase in the company's profit from each ruble of revenue, i.e. the cost of production decreases, and the efficiency of the enterprise increases.
Thus, based on the main economic indicators of the economic activity of Kolganskoye LLC, it can be concluded that the enterprise has a clear tendency to increase the economic potential in 2011 compared to 2011, despite the fact that some indicators have become lower in 2011 relative to 2009. This means that we can judge the increase in the economic
the efficiency of the enterprise.
1.1. Goals and objectives of the analysis of the economic results of the enterprise.
One of the basic requirements for the functioning of enterprises and their associations in an environment market economy are the break-even of economic and other activities, reimbursement of expenses by own income and provision of a certain amount of profitability, profitability of management. The main task of the enterprise is economic activity aimed at making a profit to meet the social and economic interests of the members of the labor collective and the interests of the owner of the property of the enterprise. The main indicators characterizing the results of commercial activities of trade enterprises are turnover, gross income, other income, distribution costs, profit and profitability.
The purpose of the analysis of volumetric performance indicators is to identify, study and mobilize reserves for the growth of income, profits, increase in profitability while improving the quality of customer service. In the process of analysis, they check the degree of fulfillment of plans for turnover, revenues, costs, profits, profitability, study their dynamics, determine and measure the influence of factors on the results commercial activities enterprises, identify and mobilize their growth reserves, especially forecast ones. One of the main tasks of the analysis is also the study economic feasibility and the efficiency of distribution and use of profits.
To achieve these goals, commercial enterprises must solve the following tasks:
Assess the extent to which profit maximization has been ensured;
In cases unprofitable work identify the reasons for such management and determine the ways out of the current situation;
Consider revenues based on their comparison with expenses and identify the profit from the sale;
They study the trends in income changes by major commodity groups and from trading activities in general;
Identify what part of the income is used to reimburse distribution costs, taxes and the formation of profits;
The deviation of the value of the balance sheet profit in comparison with the value of the profit from the sale is calculated and the reasons for these deviations are determined;
Explore various indicators of profitability for the reporting period and in dynamics;
Identify reserves for increasing profits and increasing profitability and determine how and when it is possible to use these reserves;
They study the directions of using the profit and assess whether financing is provided at the expense of their own funds for the development of economic activities.
In practice, external and internal analysis is used.
External analysis is based on published reporting data and therefore contains a limited part of information on the activities of enterprises. The purpose it is an assessment of the profitability of the enterprise, the efficiency of capital use. The results of this assessment are taken into account in the relationship of the enterprise with shareholders, creditors, tax authorities and serve as the basis for determining the position of this enterprise in the market, in the industry and in the business world. Naturally, the published information does not affect all areas of the enterprise, contains aggregated data, mainly about their financial activities, and therefore has the ability to smooth out and veil negative phenomena that take place in the activities of enterprises.
Therefore, external consumers of analytical material try, whenever possible, to obtain additional information about the activities of enterprises in addition to what they publish.
Of greatest importance in assessing performance and determining measures to increase profits and increase profitability is internal analysis... It is based on the use of the entire complex of economic information, primary documents and data of analytical, statistical, accounting and reporting. The analyst has the ability to realistically assess the state of affairs at the enterprise. He can obtain from the primary source reliable information about pricing policy the enterprise and its income, on the formation of profit from sales, on the structure of distribution costs and other expenses, to assess the position of the enterprise on the commodity markets, on the gross (balance) profit, etc.
It is the internal analysis that allows you to study the mechanism for achieving maximum profit by the enterprise. This type of analysis plays a decisive role in the development of the most important issues of the enterprise's competition policy, which are used in assessing the fulfillment of assigned tasks and for developing development programs for the future.
This type of analysis, associated with the study of trends in the past, is called retrospective, and aimed at studying the future - promising.
An integrated approach to the study of the final results of commercial activities allows you to make informed management decisions in the course of current activities, promotes the choice best options action in perspective.
1.2. The main economic indicators of the enterprise
The performance of the enterprise can be characterized by the following indicators:
Economical effect;
Performance indicators;
Payback period;
Liquidity;
Breakeven point of farming.
Economical effect- This is an absolute indicator (profit, income from sales, etc.), characterizing the result of the enterprise. The main indicator characterizing the economic effect of activities manufacturing enterprise, is profit. Profit is what is done for entrepreneurial activity... Profit formation procedure:
Profit P p from the sale of products (sales) is the difference between the proceeds from sales (B p) and the costs of production and marketing of products ( full costЗ pr), the amount of value added tax (VAT) and excise taxes (OCC):
P p = B p - W pr - VAT - OCC.
Profit from other sales (P pr) is the profit received from the sale of fixed assets and other property, waste, intangible assets. It is defined as the difference between the proceeds from sales (In pr) and the costs of this implementation (Z p):
P pr = V pr - W r.
Profit from non-operating transactions is the difference between income from non-operating transactions (D int) and expenses on non-operating transactions (P int):
P int = D int -R int.
Income from non-operating transactions is income from equity participation in the activities of another enterprise, dividends on shares, income on bonds and others. securities, proceeds from the rental of property, received fines, as well as other income from operations not directly related to the sale of products.
Non-operating expenses are the costs of production that did not produce output.
Balance sheet profit: P b = P p + P pr + P int.
Net profit: Пч = Пб - excl.
Retained earnings: PNR = Pch -DV - percent.
Profit can be distributed in the directions indicated in Figure 3.8.
Rice. 1.1. Profit distribution
The reserve fund is created by the enterprise in case of termination of its activities to cover accounts payable. The formation of a reserve fund for enterprises of certain organizational and legal forms is mandatory. Contributions to the reserve fund are made in accordance with applicable regulations.
The accumulation fund is intended for the creation of new property, the acquisition of basic and working capital... The value of the accumulation fund characterizes the enterprise's capabilities for development and expansion.
The consumption fund is intended for the implementation of measures for social development and material incentives for the staff of the company. The consumption fund consists of two parts: the public consumption fund and the personal consumption fund, the ratio between which largely depends on the state structure, historically established national traditions and other political factors. In terms of its natural material content, the consumption fund is embodied in consumer goods and services. ... According to the method of education and socio-economic forms of use, the consumption fund is subdivided into: the wages and income fund, the public consumption fund, the fund for the maintenance of public organizations and the administrative apparatus. The progress of society is usually accompanied by an increase in real wages and incomes, an improvement in the quality of consumer goods and services, the outstripping development of consumer durables and cultural and household purposes, and means of developing the non-productive sphere. However, the growth of the consumption fund has objective limits, its excessive growth will inevitably lead to an unjustified reduction in the accumulation fund, which will undermine the material foundations of expanded reproduction and economic growth. Therefore, it is necessary to strive for the optimal combination of the consumption fund and the accumulation fund in order to ensure both high and stable rates of economic growth and an increase in living standards, real incomes and consumption of the people.
In order to assess the effectiveness of the ongoing processes, you need to develop the rules for this assessment - the criteria. In practice, it is very difficult to define what is good and what is bad. First of all, usually, subjective factors of subjective perception are used. These are external manifestations - the front side. Ranking the quality of ongoing processes by these factors often leads to erroneous conclusions and to the adoption of wrong decisions. For example, a biased overpricing of goods in a warehouse will show an increase in profits in the reporting. However, these goods will not be sold and the company will suffer losses. The underestimation of the cost of fixed assets will give an increase in profits. However, small depreciation charges will lead to a decrease production facilities Therefore, it is very important to analyze the processes, including the analysis of the economic activities of the enterprise, based on correctly selected indicators.
The Russian economic system has entered the era of market relations. Moreover, this is not an evolutionary overgrowth of one economic formation into another, when the laws of economic communication are gradually formed. The transition to market relations took place in a revolutionary way, in leaps and bounds. The initial conditions for the transition to market relations were practically not prepared. These conditions have been forming for a long time. However, a specific theory of modern, Russian market relations has not yet been formed. In most cases, attempts are made to adapt the economic knowledge of the socialist period to new conditions. At large enterprises that have retained their economic stability, these are mainly resource-extracting enterprises, the old management apparatus has been preserved with its own knowledge and stereotypes of thinking. This administrative apparatus calculates economic indicators that were calculated in the Soviet Union. Many of these indicators have lost their significance in modern conditions. Therefore, it is essential to analyze (conduct research) the current state of economic activity and develop approaches to the development of economic indicators.
In the conditions of the administrative-command system, to analyze the activities of the enterprise, it was enough only to study the processes taking place inside the object. The relationship of the enterprise with the outside world was determined by specially created bodies. Therefore, at present the enterprise has much more worries. The old theoretical material is no longer enough.
To carry out planned and analytical calculations in the economy, it is necessary to develop criteria, indicators that can be used to obtain the best results. At different levels of the material and technical level of development of states, the assessment of economic activity also turns out to be different. Index- quantitative characteristics of an economic object, process. There are two definitions of the indicator. 1. From the point of view of assessing economic processes. 2. It is used in the development of information systems. In fact, both definitions should be suitable for each indicator at once. The economic content of the indicator is reduced to a simple definition: what is good and what is bad. In other words, the indicator should adequately reflect the state (level) of the process.
For successful work an economic object, its activities must be constantly regulated. Regulation is the development of control actions on the input flows of an economic object and directly on its essence. For the development of controlling influences, motivating reasons are needed. These reasons are formed as a result of monitoring the activities of the object and studying the environment.
One indicator is not enough for a comprehensive assessment of the activities of the research object. A certain set, a system of indicators should be developed that fully reflects the behavior of the object, satisfies the necessary requirements, allowing effective management of the object. Individual indicators reflect the main goals of the object of management. They should be monitored first. Other indicators show why other indicators change or may change. Therefore, the scorecard can be divided into levels.
Economic indicators can be calculated in monetary and physical terms. Indicators can be planned and actual. Criteria are partial and generalizing (integral).
The scorecard must meet the following requirements.
Be consistent with the goals and objectives of the enterprise.
In accordance with the Civil Code, depending on the goals, enterprises are divided into commercial and non-commercial. The main goal of a commercial enterprise is to maximize profit. Therefore, the indicators of the first level should be associated with profit. These are the indicators, the change of which first of all needs to be paid attention to. However, this does not mean that only you need to pay attention to them. It also does not mean that profit growth is always desirable. You need to take care of a steady increase in profits. The increase in profits can be carried out due to one-time events that can lead to a catastrophe in the future. For example, the sale of fixed assets. The sale of goods at a lower price will increase demand, and therefore profit for the period. In the next period, there will not be enough resources for production, which will lead to a decrease in profits. Profit is calculated as the difference between the other two indicators Revenue from sales of products and the cost of production. Revenue from the sale of products The profit of the enterprise consists of the elements of profit from individual operations and activities. The growth rate of profits is of absolute importance.
Completely and objectively reflect all aspects of the enterprise.
Comply with accounting and reporting methods and techniques.
This requirement suggests that for effective production management, it is necessary to invent as few indicators as possible that require additional collection of information and calculations. Additional calculations, in most cases, require the involvement of additional personnel. We must strive to reduce the management personnel. However, this does not mean that you need to get by with the indicators of generally accepted reporting. These indicators do not provide information about the efficiency of the enterprise. They do not reflect the tendencies of its development. However, all information collected for reporting must be used. There is no need to organize a parallel information collection system. In connection with the transition to market relations in Russia, a large amount of translated literature from various countries, various versions of a market economy has appeared. Each state has adopted its own system of state reporting, its own accounting system. Each company has the right to independently calculate indicators and manage economic activities. However, each company is obliged to calculate the indicators provided by law. Mandatory calculations lay the foundations for building a control system. In our state, a large list of mandatory indicators is laid down by law. In addition, it is not economically feasible to calculate indicators calculated in other countries that have a similar value and do not give an additional effect.
Representative.
It is impossible to thoughtlessly, formally use economic indicators to assess the economic activity of objects of various levels. At large enterprises that have retained their economic stability under the new conditions, mainly resource-extracting enterprises, the old management apparatus has been preserved. This administrative apparatus calculates economic indicators that were calculated in the Soviet Union. Many of these indicators have lost their significance in modern conditions.
Promote increased production efficiency.
Understandable and comparable.
If we compare two periods of the company's financial and economic activity, then we need to develop objective units of measurement for the indicators. For example, if we compare the financial indicators of a Russian enterprise for 1996 and 1997 in rubles, it turns out that the indicators for 1997 are about 1000 times lower than those of 1996. The paradox is explained by the fact that on January 1, 1997, the ruble was denominated 1000 times. The country did not notice any signs of a crisis, although the ruble figures show it. In this case, the expression of indicators of different years not in the currency of one's own country, but in a stable currency, can help. In other words, there will be less distortion of the real image of business processes if the indicators for 1996 and 1997 are expressed in a stable currency, for example, in dollars. It may seem that the problem can be solved more easily. The indicators can be reduced to a single ruble, either 1996 or 1997. However, in this case, we will not take into account other processes that affect the objectivity of displaying the results of economic activity of the object under study. One of these processes is inflation. In simple terms, inflation means a decrease in purchasing power monetary unit... For the most part, it means purchasing power in relation to the currencies of other countries. If the indicators of the financial activity of the enterprise are expressed in a stable currency, for example, in US dollars, then with this understanding of inflation, the objectivity of the indicators will remain. However, the understanding of inflation needs to be considered more broadly. The denomination of the ruble at the beginning of 1997 cannot be regarded as a 1000-fold strengthening of the ruble. If we analyze the activities of an enterprise for the past period and want to compare the real results of activities for individual parts of this period. Such a task arises for analyzing demand by seasons. Such research should be carried out by each enterprise to maintain production efficiency at a given level or to improve production efficiency. For researching market trends and for making decisions.
The effectiveness of innovations is reflected by indicators: absolute economic effect and relative economic effect.
Absolute economic effect- the difference in costs before and after the introduction of innovations for a product, per month, per year. In fact, this is an increase in profits as a result of innovations. It is calculated using the formula.
One of critical indicators characterizing the activities of the enterprise is profitability(efficiency ratio). It is calculated using the formula.
In practice, several classifications and types of profitability are used.
The first classification shows the ratio of the indicator to taxation. According to this classification, there are two types of profitability - gross and net. Gross margin, or simply margin, is obtained if gross margin is used in its calculation. Net profitability is obtained if net profit is used in its calculation.
The second classification is related to the specifics of the object. Product profitability is the ratio of the profit from the sale of a unit of production to its cost as a percentage.
The profitability of production is the ratio of the profit from the sale of products for the period to its cost as a percentage.
Return on sales is the ratio of profit from sales of products for a period to revenue from sales of products for a period as a percentage.
There are other types of profitability as well.
Both profitability classifications are used interconnected. For example, there is an indicator of the net profitability of a product.
For individual entrepreneurs and some types legal entities an important indicator is income. It includes profits and other additional income, for example wages... After income tax is paid, the net income remains. Unfortunately, due to the instability of legislation, the names of indicators and their meaning are often changed by law.
Another indicator of the economic feasibility of introducing innovations (investing) is the payback period of capital investments. It is calculated in days, months or years and is calculated by the formula
To create a production of a new type of product, the cost of which 10 cu, price 11 at. that is, spent 10 thousand cu investments for fixed assets and $ 10,000 for working capital. Produced and sold during the year 1 thousand pieces products. Average depreciation rate is 10%. Taxes paid on profits account for 35% of gross profit.
Answer. R e = 10%; R u = 5%; R n = 10%; R p = 9.1%; T approx = 12.1 years.
Questions for self-examination.
Define the concept of an indicator.
What are economic indicators for?
What are the requirements for economic indicators?
What is the difference between the planned figures and the actual ones?
What are the indicators of economic efficiency?
Economic indicators of the enterprise:
1. Liquidity ratios- show the company's ability to pay off short-term debt obligations.
a. Current liquidity
- the result of dividing the company's current assets by the amount of short-term liabilities. Shows whether the company has enough funds to pay off short-term liabilities. According to IFRS, the value is from 1 to 3.
b. Urgent liquidity
- is calculated as the ratio of more liquid circulating assets to the amount of short-term liabilities. More liquid current assets: cash, accounts receivable, short-term financial investments. Value from 0.7 to 0.9.
c. Net working capital
- the difference between the amount of assets and current liabilities.
2. Odds business activity(turnover)- show how efficiently the company uses its assets.
a. Inventory turnover
- shows the speed at which stocks are sold. Calculated as a ratio variable costs To average cost stocks (measured in number of times).
b. Accounts receivable turnover
- the number of days required for debt collection. It is calculated as the average of the accounts receivable for the year, divided by the sum of the revenue for the year and * 365.
c. Accounts payable turnover
- how many days the company needs to pay its debts. Calculated as the average of the accounts payable for the year divided by the total purchases and * 365.
d. Fixed assets turnover (return on assets)
- is calculated in the number of times. It characterizes the efficiency of using the available fixed assets by the enterprise. A low value of the indicator indicates too large capital investments or insufficient sales. It is calculated as the amount of revenue for the year, divided by the average value of the amount of non-current assets (fixed assets).
e. Asset turnover
- shows the effectiveness of the company using all the assets at its disposal. It is calculated as the sum of the revenue for the year divided by the sum of all assets. Shows how many times a year goes through the production and sales cycles.
3. Solvency ratios- show the ability of the company to settle on long-term liabilities without liquidation of fixed assets.
a. Amount of liabilities in relation to assets
- shows what share of assets is received from short-term and long-term liabilities.
b. Financial independence (%)
- characterizes the firm's dependence on external loans. The higher the indicator, the more loans the company has, the greater the risk of insolvency. Calculated as the sum of short-term and long-term liabilities divided by the amount of the share capital.
4. Profitability ratios- show how profitable the activity of the enterprise.
a. Gross profit
- shows the share of gross profit (%) in sales. Calculated as gross profit divided by sales.
b. Net profit
- is calculated similarly to gross.
c. Assets
- net profit divided by the sum of all assets of the enterprise. Shows how much profit each unit of assets gives.
d. Equity capital
- shows the efficiency of the capital invested by the shareholders. Calculated as net income divided by share capital. Shows how many units of profit each invested unit of capital earned.