Management can be successful only when its constant and continuous development is ensured, when changes are introduced that ensure not only the vitality of the organization, but also the accumulation of the potential for innovation. The development of such a process is facilitated by the study of control systems. As a result of such research, the most effective options building control systems.

If you rely only on experience, common sense and intuition, then it is impossible to accept correct decisions... For proper management and decision-making, there is a need to investigate situations, conditions, problems and factors of the effectiveness of the controlled organization, a reasonable choice of decisions is needed from the entire possible number of options.

Therefore, a comprehensive study of management systems helps to determine the correct direction for the development of an organization. Each organization is in constant development, this process consists of solving many problems that follow one after the other, perhaps arise together. This sometimes happens unexpectedly, acute moments often do not leave time for thinking about situations. If decisions are not made in a timely manner, then for the organization it can turn into a crisis.

Therefore, it is necessary to study control systems, which helps to carry out control with high quality The essence of such research is to recognize problems and problem situations, and then determine their place in the general system of accumulated knowledge. Then you need to identify the content, properties and patterns of behavior and their development.

After such an analysis, the study of control systems finds ways, opportunities and means in order to use already new knowledge about in the practice of solving emerging problems. Each study has a goal, organization and methodology for its implementation, the results obtained, which should be able to implement them in practice.

The study of control systems cannot be carried out separately from Therefore, along with the control system itself, the controlled system also acts as an object (corporation, association, firm, enterprise, and others). The fundamental element in the research process is a person, since it is his activity that determines the existence and further development this system.

The most complete is a substantive and parametric study of control systems, since it considers all possible objects and their interaction. The subjects and parameters of control systems become for the researcher an aspect of the manifestation of the essence of this control system. Usually these are tendencies and problems that arise in the course of the enterprise's activities.

Problems are usually some real contradictions that need to be resolved. These can be problems in the very organization of management, mechanisms of motivation, professionalism of staff, use computer technology etc. As a rule, practical results emerge as a result of the conducted research. These may be recommendations for the necessary change in some aspects of the functioning of the management system, for improving the quality and improving the practice of all personnel and the manager.

Recommendations can be of economic, socio-psychological, organizational content. Can relate to different areas: management motivation, information support, changes in the operating conditions, the quality of activities, competitiveness, the main development trends and additional factors development.

QUANTITATIVE METHODS

PARAMETRIC METHOD

The parametric method is based on a quantitative and qualitative description of the studied properties of the control system (object of research) and the establishment of relationships between parameters both within the control and controlled subsystems, and between them. This allows, using a pre-selected nomenclature of parameters based on actual data, to quantify the object under study. Dependencies between parameters can be both functional and correlation.

Each SU has a number of specific properties that distinguish it from any others. An SU property is an objective feature of a system that manifests itself during its creation and operation.

The properties of the future CS are formed and taken into account when drawing up a design assignment and directly during the design itself. While creating new system these properties are realized and concretized. In the process of operation, the manifestation and maintenance of the properties of the control system takes place. The more complex the SU, the more complex the complex of properties it possesses, the more complex the forms of their manifestation.

Properties can be simple or complex. A simple property is, for example, the number of management personnel, service life technical means management, etc. An example of a complex property is the productivity of managers, which includes the volume of functions performed and the number of personnel.

Any property of the system can be characterized verbally, numerically, graphically, in the form of a table, function, i.e. with the help of its signs.

Sign - distinctive feature, characteristic of any set of objects. An example of qualitative characteristics can be the type of OSU, management method, method of assessment of MS, method of calculating the number of personnel, etc. Of significant importance among the qualitative features are alternative features that have only two mutually exclusive options, for example, the presence or absence of errors in the work of personnel. In addition to the qualitative alternative signs of the properties of CS, there can be multivariate signs.

For an objective assessment of any system, it is necessary to quantitatively characterize its properties. A quantitative characteristic of the properties of the research object is given by the parameters . A special case of the CS parameter is an indicator - a quantitative characteristic of the essential properties of a system that are significant for its existence and functioning. Consequently, the parameter of the system should be perceived as a broader concept, since it can characterize any properties of the system or its components.

Qualitative characteristics can also affect the type of functional dependence of the SD indicators on its parameters. For example, the method used for the distribution of management functions in a department, which is a qualitative feature, has a significant impact on the dependence of the quality level of the performed functions of personnel on the available professional staff (economists, marketers, engineers, etc.) - the structural parameter of the management system. In addition to structural, there are geometric and other parameters.

In the parametric method, parameters are one of the most important basic characteristics both elements of the CS, and the whole system as a whole. They reflect the relationship of elements, states and trends in their development.

Sections of a parametric study:

1. General characteristics systems characterizing purposefulness, reliability, adaptability, self-control, consistency.
2. Structure parameters: number of levels, number of components by level, structure of headcount, capacities, funds, financial portfolio, equipment park, etc., product portfolio, etc., organizational structure, the number of basic connections, the intensity of connections, the degree of continuity.
3. Process parameters: duration (duration of the cycle and its phases), intensity, speed, efficiency, efficiency.
4. The parameters of the environment and the position of the organization in the environment: market volume and market share of the enterprise, the size of accounts payable and receivable, the degree of commitment of consumers to the company's products.
5. Options material base: magnitude production facilities, incl. for certain types of equipment and technological transitions, specific parameters of equipment (repair complexity, maintainability), capital-labor ratio, power-to-weight ratio, size of production reserves.
6. Personnel parameters: total number, including by divisions, number by transitions, number by flows, number by professional and qualification groups, number by educational level, by demographic characteristics.
7. Product parameters: the volume of the manufactured product in physical terms for certain types, product or assortment groups, product quality parameters: product cost, price, production volume in value terms.
8. Economic efficiency parameters: productivity (multi-valued: gross, net, realized, etc.), profitability (sales, capital, costs, etc.), return on assets.

Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of SU are closely interrelated. In the study of SU, the following are mainly used:

• quantitative absolute and relative parameters (as special cases - indicators). Indicators in absolute terms are used to describe the objects under study (the number of PPPs, the number of departments, personnel costs, etc.), and the relative indicators are used to characterize, for example, the growth rate of sales, profits, headcount, staff productivity, etc. ;
• qualitative features, descriptively characterizing one or another property of the system (the way of influencing the controlled object, the method of assessment, etc.);
• classification signs (parameters) characterizing those properties of the system that cannot take part in the assessment, but allow the object under study to be attributed to a certain class (list of employee specialties, list of TSU brands, OSU types);
• ordinal (rank) parameters that make it possible to qualitatively distinguish the studied objects from each other, which is expressed in assigning them, for example, points (assessment of progress, assessment of an athlete's performance), categories (for workers, athletes, officials), job ranks (engineer 3, 2 and 1st category, senior, leading and chief engineer).

CS indicators can be single, complex, integral and generalized.

A single indicator of EA is an indicator related to only one of the properties of EA. For example, the single indicators are the number of PPP, the number of management functions. Its kind is a relative unit indicator, which is the ratio of a unit indicator to the normative (basic) indicator, expressed in relative units or percentages.

Normative (base) indicator is an indicator taken as the initial (reference) indicator in comparative assessments of the SU. For example, indicators of progressive SU or competitors are taken as basic ones.

Basic indicators can also be single, complex, integral and generalized.

A composite indicator is an indicator related to several properties of a product. With the help of this indicator, it is possible to characterize in general a subsystem, an element of the control system.

A variety of a complex indicator that allows, from an economic point of view, to assess the totality of system properties, can be an indicator that reflects the ratio of the total beneficial effect from the operation of the CS and the total costs of its creation and operation, determined by the formula:

Group and generalized (defining) indicators also belong to complex indicators.

The complex indicator of SU, related to a certain group of its properties, is called group.

Generalized indicator SU- an indicator related to such a set of its properties, according to which a decision was made to evaluate the system.

The entire system of indicators considered (Fig. 21), as a rule, is used to assess MS.



Rice. 21

Due to the fact that each SU can have an infinite set of properties, indicators, respectively, there can be the same set. Depending on the purpose of use, a certain number of indicators are selected, which are used. To facilitate practical use indicators carry out their classification.

At the same time, the unity of methods of classification, definition and application of indicators is of great importance.

The classification of indicators can be made:

• by the number of characterized properties, that is, they can be single and complex (group, integral, generalized);
• by the way of expression (dimensional and dimensionless units of measurement, including points, percentages);
• by the method of determination (sociological, expert, calculated, experimental);

• by the impact on quality when the absolute value of the indicator changes (positive, negative);
• by type of restriction (no less, no more, no less and no more);

Indicators with restrictions, characterizing a certain property of the control system, when exceeding the permissible numerical value turn the effect to zero. Therefore, when assessing such indicators, one should pay Special attention... They can be called indicators of a veto on an effect. For the most part, this applies to indicators of purpose, reliability, safety and environmental friendliness.

• by the stage of determination - research and design and operational indicators (indicators determined during research and design are called research and design, and those formed during the operation of systems are called operational);
• by application for assessment (basic, relative);
• towards different properties(adaptability, efficiency, flexibility, continuity, etc.).

Of particular importance for an objective assessment are those indicators that are classified according to the types of restrictions on normative and technical documentation (NTD) of their numerical values ​​(Fig. 7.8). In some cases, the values ​​of permissible limits are determined by specialists based on the conditions of use and the corresponding requirements of consumers.

When evaluating behavior, it is necessary to stipulate (both in manual and machine calculations) that for indicators with constraints the condition of the following types must be met. 1. For positive indicators:

Rice. 7.8. Indicators of the control system, classified by type of limitation by scientific and technical documentation of their numerical values

Indicators with limitations

Unlimited (non-critical, that is, not having restrictions in the NTD on changing the numerical values ​​of indicators)

Unlimited positive (uncritically positive, i.e. not having restrictions in the NTD on changing the numerical values ​​of indicators; with an increase in their numerical values the effect increases)

Unlimited negative (uncritically negative, that is, there are no restrictions in the NTD on changing the numerical values ​​of indicators; with an increase in their numerical values, eff fect is decreasing)

Limited (critical, i.e. having restrictions in the NTD on changing the numerical values ​​of indicators)

Limited positive (critically positive, that is, having in the NTD restrictions on changing the numerical values ​​of indicators "from below" and "not less", for which, with an increase in their the numerical value tends to increase the effect)

Limited negative (critically negative, that is, having in the NTD restrictions on changing the numerical values ​​of indicators "from below" and "no more", for which, with an increase in their numerical value is characterized by a decrease in the effect)

Limited positive-negative (critical positive-negative, that is, having in the NTD restrictions on changing the numerical values ​​of indicators from the existing nominal value "from below - above" and "not less - not more", for which, with an increase and decrease in the numerical value from nominal a decrease in the effect is characteristic)

This means that if the restrictions are not observed, this indicator is equal to zero and the level of SD also becomes equal to zero. For the most part, this refers to the indicators of purpose, reliability, safety and environmental friendliness, since their values ​​must comply with the requirements of standards or other scientific and technical documents of countries - consumers of these products.

An objective assessment of SD can be given only on the basis of a system of interrelated parameters and indicators. Moreover, each indicator must meet the requirements:

• concretization and modification depending on the objectives of the assessment;
• development and improvement of the object of assessment;
• ensuring the unity of quantitative and qualitative characteristics;
• targeting;
• comparability;
• interconnectedness;
• you just;
• informativeness;
• reliability and objectivity.

Considering that CS are intended for long-term operation, it is advisable to take the limiting probabilities of correct operation and failure as the main indicators of the reliability of a system that produces products of the first category. These probabilities can be expressed as the relative fractions of the time that the system will accordingly provide uninterrupted control.

The general procedure for using the parametric method in the study of CS objects involves the following actions.

1. build a tree of properties of the research object and its components;
2. identify the properties of the properties of the object under study by classes;
3. to determine the nomenclature of parameters characterizing the properties of the studied CS object;
4. group the selected parameters;
5. carry out scaling (by types of scales: ordinal; intervals; relations; differences; absolute) parameters;
6. carry out standardization of parameter values;
7. measure parameter values;
8. to develop models of mutual correspondence of the compared components and parameters of the object (Fig. 22);
9. calculate generalized assessments of the state of the object and its components.

Rice. 22. Model of parametric mutual correspondence of parameters control systems

STATISTICAL METHODS RESEARCH OF CONTROL SYSTEMS

In statistical analysis, a certain random sample is processed, which is understood as the results of N sequential and independent experiments with a random variable or event. The sample should ensure that the study is representative. The volume of processed information must be sufficient to obtain results with the required accuracy and reliability.

It is used to study processes and objects based on mass data obtained from statistical or accounting documentation, based on the results different kinds surveys and experiments.

Statistical analysis can be used to study both internal and external environment... When studying the internal environment greatest value has a study: the influence of various factors on the formation of profit (formation economic indicators due to the influence of a set of significant factors): formation and development of the organization's personnel; formation and development of the organization's potential; product quality, etc.

As part of the study of the external environment great importance has a statistical analysis of the state of the market, analysis of differentiation of demand, assessment of consumers (their ability to pay), competitors, suppliers, business partners.

The most commonly used methods of statistical analysis of control systems are: regression analysis; correlation analysis; analysis of variance; time series analysis; factor analysis.

Regression analysis

Regression analysis aims to study the dependence of one random variable on a number of other random and non-random variables (regression is the dependence of the mathematical expectation of a random variable on the values ​​of other random variables). For example, after holding N experiments on a statistical model obtained a set of realizations of random variables { X i Y i ,}, i= 1, 2, 3, ..., n, whereX is the independent variable and Y- function. Processing this array of random variables allows them to be represented as a deterministic linear regressive model of the type:

Y = a 0 + a 1 X,(3.1)

where a 1 – regression coefficient, the average number of units by which the effective indicator will increase or decrease when the factor value changes by one unit;
a 0 – the minimum value of the effective trait at a zero value of the factor.


(3.2)

where x j(0) are the "base" values ​​of all k variables in the vicinity of which the nature of the process under study is analyzed.

Expression (3.3) is a linear function, however, if the values Δx j, - are large enough or the function Y is substantially nonlinear, then a higher order expansion can be used.

When analyzing the regression model (3.3), the values ​​of the coefficients a j show the degree of influence j-th variable per function Y, which allows you to divide all the variables into "essential" and "insignificant". The regression model is of greatest interest for predicting the behavior of functions Y. In practice, regression analysis is often used to create a so-called empirical model, when processing the results of observations (or characteristics existing systems), obtain a regression model and use it to evaluate prospective systems or system behavior under hypothetical conditions.

The accuracy and reliability of the estimates obtained depend on the number of observations and the location of the predictive values. NS j relatively basic (i.e. known at some point in time) NS j (0) The greater the difference Δx j , the lower the forecast accuracy.

Correlation analysis

The correlation method is one of the economic and mathematical research methods that allows you to determine the quantitative relationship between several phenomena of the system under study. It is used to determine the degree of relationship between random variables (correlation is the relationship between random variables, which expresses the tendency of one quantity to increase or decrease with the increase or decrease of another).

The correlation dependence, in contrast to the functional one, can manifest itself only in the general, average case, i.e. in the majority of cases - observations. That's why correlation is a probabilistic relationship between phenomena, in which average value parameters of one of them changes depending on the others. The correlation between two phenomena is called a pair, and between several - multiple.

When using the correlation method, there are funktion, those. the investigated resultant indicator and factor signs on which the resultant depends - arguments. This classification is based on a qualitative analysis, i.e. all possible variables are subdivided into dependent and independent from the studied phenomenon.

The correlations in the dependent variables cannot be rigid and have the character of incomplete connections. If in the case of an increase (or decrease) in the argument, the resulting indicator (function) also increases (or decreases, respectively), then the correlation is called direct (positive), and if vice versa - inverse (negative). In the absence of any dependence of the function on the argument, there is no correlation.

The tightness of the correlation relationship with a linear relationship is estimated by the correlation coefficients, with a nonlinear relationship - by the correlation ratio.

The correlation characteristic is the correlation coefficient equal to the mathematical expectation of the products of deviations of random variables x i and NS j from their mathematical expectations and normalized relative to the standard deviations of these random variables.

If the number of random variables is more than two (r > 2 ), then a square correlation matrix of size (r x r), whose elements are the correlation coefficients k ij , and the diagonal elements are equal to one (i.e. k ij =1 ). The correlation coefficients change from zero to one, and the larger its value, the closer the relationship between random variables.

Estimates of correlation coefficients are calculated from the values ​​of estimates of mathematical expectations and standard deviations obtained by statistical processing of the results of realizations of random variables.

It should be noted that the correlation coefficient can range from 1 to 0 and from 0 to + 1. The closer the calculated correlation coefficient is to +1 (with direct dependence) and to -1 (with inverse relationship), the higher the tightness of the connection. Accordingly, with correlation coefficients of +1 or -1, functional connections take place.

The most important task of the correlation method is to determine the type of the correlation equation (regression equation).

The simplest form of such an equation, characterizing the relationship between two parameters, can be the equation of a straight line (Fig. 7.1):

Y = a + bX, (7.1)

where X, Y are the independent and dependent variables, respectively;

a, b - constant coefficients (a defines the origin, b is the angle of inclination of the straight line).

An example of a one-way not linear relationship there can also be a formula of a different type, for example, in the presence of a power dependence:

The conclusion about the straightforward nature of the dependence can be checked by a simple comparison of the available data or graphically (by registering in rectangular system the coordinates of the values ​​Y and X, the location of which on the graph allows us to conclude that the idea of ​​the linear nature of the relationship between the two studied parameters is correct or erroneous).

Another task of the correlation analysis method is to determine constant coupling coefficients between variable parameters that will best correspond to the available actual values ​​of Y and X.

In this case, as a criterion for assessing the adequacy of the linear relationship to the actual data, one can use the minimum of the sum of squares of deviations of the real statistical values ​​of Y from those calculated according to the equation of the straight line accepted for use.

ANOVA

Analysis of variance is used to test statistical hypotheses about the influence of qualitative factors on the indicators, i.e. factors that cannot be quantified (for example, a qualitative factor - the organization of production, affecting quantitative indicator- profit from production). This is how it differs from regression analysis, in which factors act as parameters that have a quantitative measure (for example, a quantitative factor is production costs).

In the analysis of variance, the qualitative factor is represented by j-ty possibilities by states (for example, possible schemes for organizing production), for the assessment of which, for each of them, n j experiments.

Next, statistical estimates are calculated in each n j group of experiments and in the general sample N, and then the relationship between them is analyzed. According to this ratio, the hypothesis about the influence of the qualitative factor on the indicator is accepted or rejected.

Time series analysis is used in the study of a discrete random process occurring on a time interval T.

The results of experiments or observations obtained on a given interval are presented in the form of a time series, each value Y i which includes deterministic f(t) and random z(t) components:

The deterministic component describes the influence of deterministic factors at a point in time t, the influence of many random factors is described by a random component. The deterministic part of a time series is called a trend. This time series is described by a trend model:

k - number of time functions, linear combination

which determines the deterministic component ( i from 1 to k);

φ i (t) - function of time.

In the process of analysis, the form of the function of time φ i (t) <0 постулируется исследователем в виде рабочей гипотезы. Это может быть степенная функция t n , or trigonometric. The trend coefficients and the estimate of the variance of the random component are determined by statistical processing of the results of the experiment or observations.

By presenting a random process in the form of time series, it is possible, firstly, to study the dynamics of this process, secondly, to single out factors that significantly affect the indicators and determine the frequency of their maximum impact, thirdly, to conduct an interval or point forecast of the indicator Y for some period of time Δ t (a point forecast indicates only a point near which a predicted indicator can be located, an interval forecast indicates an interval of finding this indicator with a certain specified probability).

Factor analysis

In order to ensure the effective functioning of the organization, it is necessary, when making management decisions, to take into account all significant factors affecting the functioning and development of the enterprise, both external (affecting at the level of the macro environment and contact environment) and internal.

Factor analysis is part of multivariate statistical analysis, which is part of mathematical and statistical methods. The essence of the factor analysis method is to select the most significant from the set of studied factors that affect the studied object.

A factor is usually an independent variable, often called a cause, and which is logically dependent on the effect of the phenomenon under study and determines its magnitude.

For example, the used computer hardware and its software are an essential factor in the labor productivity of management workers (accountants, managers, economists, etc.); changing factors of labor costs and labor productivity affect the change in production volumes.

The factor can be single, i.e. influencing the effect of one variable, or complex, i.e. affecting several variables at the same time. The complex factor associated with all variables is called general.

Unlike correlation analysis, the method under consideration does not require subdividing all variables into dependent and independent, since in it all variables (factors - causes) that determine the phenomenon are considered equal. It should be borne in mind that some of the variables may be stable for a certain period of time, i.e. not changing.

For example, an increase in the volume of production with a constant number of workers in the analyzed periods of time and with an increasing labor productivity is a consequence of changes in only one factor - labor productivity.

The description of the influence of factors on the activities of an organization is highly complex, since the effect of many factors is latent (hidden).

The selection of factors influencing the object under study is carried out, as a rule, on the basis of their classification, theoretical justification and by means of their qualitative analysis. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the interaction of factors with each other. The number of factors should be limited to the required minimum. It is necessary to abstract from unimportant factors.

For each selected factor, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of its quantitative assessment, since it will be required in the future when determining the correlation dependences between them and assessing their influence on the object of study.

The factor analysis method is widely used in the analysis of the influence of various factors (labor, use of equipment, use of production facilities in general, use of raw materials and materials, organization of production, technology, etc.) on production volumes, quality of products, wages fund, results of economic activities and the development of the enterprise as a whole.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

__________________________

FEDERAL EDUCATION AGENCY

__________________________

MOSCOW ENERGY INSTITUTE

(TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY)

________________________________________________________________

R.M. AKCHURIN

Tutorial

Moscow Publishing house MEI 2006

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

__________________________

FEDERAL EDUCATION AGENCY

__________________________

MOSCOW ENERGY INSTITUTE

(TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY)

_____________________________________________

R.M. AKCHURIN

Research of management systems of organizations

Course Manual

"Research of control systems" for students,

students in the areas of "Management" and "Economics"

Moscow Publishing house MEI 2006

Approved by the MPEI educational department as a teaching aid for students

Prepared at the Department of Management and Information Technology

IEP MEI (TU)

Reviewers: Dr. Tech. Sciences, prof. S.V. Egorov,

Cand. econom. Sciences, Assoc. L.F. Cherneva

Akchurin R.M.

A-448. Research of management systems of organizations: a tutorial. –M .: Publishing house MEI, 2005 - 100p.

ISBN 5-7046-1318-7

The tutorial sets out the main goals and objectives of the study of management systems of organizations. The following aspects of the functioning and development of management systems of an organization are considered: the mission and goals of the organization, management functions, the structure of management systems, optimal planning of the activities of organizations.

Designed for students studying in the areas of "Management" and "Economics".

ISBN 5-7046-1318-7 © Moscow Power Engineering Institute (TU), 2005

Research of management systems of organizations

1. The main tasks of the study of management systems of organizations

The main objective of the discipline "Research of management systems" (IMS) is to study the following aspects of the functioning and development of the management system (MS) of the organization:

mission and goals of the organization;

management functions;

structure of the SU;

planning of the organization's activities;

operational management of the organization;

modeling of management structures;

optimal reconstruction (or synthesis) of the management structure;

methods of making management decisions;

incentive systems for management personnel;

culture of organization and means of transmission of culture;

SU environment;

research of the effectiveness of SU.

Organization is a deliberately coordinated social entity with defined boundaries that functions on a relatively constant basis to achieve a common goal or goals.

The words “consciously coordinated” mean management, and “social education” means that an organization consists of people or their groups interacting with each other. An organization has relatively defined boundaries that can change over time. The advantage of the organization as a system is that a person, being part of a team, can more successfully achieve their goals than individually. Sometimes some goals cannot be achieved by an individual individual and are only achieved as part of an organization.

Study - scientific knowledge of a process, the study of an object or phenomenon. Research of control systems (IMS) includes analysis, diagnostics, forecasting and synthesis.

Analysis - a method of scientific research by considering individual aspects, constituent parts of an object or process. As the main tasks, it includes:

analysis of the objectives of the SU;

analysis of management functions;

analysis of the structure of the control system;

analysis of factors influencing the functioning of the research object;

analysis of the dynamics of functioning and development of the research object and its elements.

Diagnostics represents the identification of the object of research, its state, structure, behavior. Diagnostic tasks can be divided into the following.

Determination to which of the groups of the studied population the considered object belongs to. This is the problem of qualitative identification of an object.

Revealing the difference of this object from other objects of the already identified group. This is a quantitative identification task.

Identification of the capabilities of the system (since problems can be considered not only as discrepancies between the desired and actual state of the object, but also as potential opportunities).

Synthesis - the method of scientific research of any subject, phenomenon, consisting in the knowledge of it as a whole, in the unity and interconnection of its parts.

Synthesis can be focused on the generalization of information and on the design of more advanced control systems.

The key direction of the IMS is analysis, which is focused on identifying management problems, as well as their identification (qualitative and quantitative). In this case, various formalized and expert methods are used. Various approaches to the analysis are possible:

by the degree of detail - general and detailed analysis;

by the scope of the research object - full and partial;

by frequency of carrying out - systematic and express analysis.

Note that when diagnosing control systems, both the reference (normative) values ​​of the elements and other elements of the system act as a comparison base. For example, a comparison of the functions of the system with its goals and structure, with resource provision is carried out in order to identify the degree of their compliance (adequacy).

An important technique in the analysis is decomposition , during which more detailed problem situations and factors causing a common problem are identified.

When analyzing the object of research, it is necessary description , which can be divided into the following types:

parametric (presentation of the main parameters of the research object);

functional (presentation of the main functions of the research object);

structural (description of the elements of the research object and their interrelationships).

Each of these types of descriptions of the research object can be subdivided into static and dynamic, deterministic and probabilistic.

After the analysis, the system is diagnosed. Analysis and diagnosis are closely related. It is possible to repeatedly return to the analysis and clarify the conclusions after the analysis procedures for a more accurate diagnosis of the research object. As part of the analysis, descriptive and explanatory research hypotheses are put forward and tested.

Forecasting - methods of obtaining information, allowing, based on the analysis of past and existing internal and external relations inherent in the object, as well as their possible changes, to make a scientifically sound judgment about the future development of the object with a certain probability.

Forecasting includes both analysis tasks and diagnostic tasks, but in relation to the future, and not to the baseline period.

The results of analysis, diagnostics and forecasting are:

identified problems of the control system;

determination of their influence on the control object;

sources, conditions and factors of occurrence of problems;

preliminary identification of possible directions for overcoming problems and improving the efficiency of the management system.

Before proceeding to the study of goals, strategies, functions of the management system, it is necessary to define the concepts: "management", "system", "management system", describe the characteristic features of management systems of organizations.

Management can only be truly successful when it is in constant and continuous development, when it is focused on changes that ensure the vitality of the organization and the accumulation of its potential for innovation. This turns out to be practically possible under the condition of research of control systems, which implies as its result the development and proposal of the most effective options for building a control system.

In the process of management development, new realities and new needs arise, which in a certain way are reflected in the content of management. In modern management, research activities account for at least 30% of the working time and efforts of managers. In the future, the share of research activities will increase. This is one of the main trends in the development of management. Today, there are no simple solutions in management: the conditions of management are becoming more complicated, a person is becoming more complex in his socio-psychological characteristics. It is impossible to make decisions relying only on experience, intuition and common sense or formally assimilated knowledge. It is necessary to study situations, problems, conditions, factors of the effectiveness of the organization's activities, it is necessary to make a reasonable choice of solutions from an ever-growing number of their options.

Each organization is in constant development. Its development is the solution of many problems that follow one after another or together, arise unexpectedly, manifest themselves sharply and do not give time for reflection. Failure to address them on time can turn into a crisis. Therefore, the study provides a management approach that provides for high quality management decisions.

The essence of the study of control systems

Research is a type of human activity that consists of the following components:

recognition of problem situations and the problems themselves, the establishment of their place in the system of accumulated knowledge;

identification of properties, content, patterns of behavior and development;

finding ways, means and opportunities to use new ideas or knowledge about a given problem in the practice of resolving it.

Any research is characterized by the purpose, object and subject of research, methodology and organization of its conduct, results and possibilities of their practical implementation. .

The purpose of the research is to search for the most effective options for building a management system and organizing its functioning and development. The main task of the study is to find a solution to the problem that either removes the existing obstacle to development, or identifies a factor that ensures normal, desired functioning or development. The decision obtained as a result of the research may have the form of some act of activity, or it may be a concept of activity for the near future. The best variant of the research result is the development of a program for improvement, modernization or reconstruction, reforming the management system in the full range of its characteristics and parameters.

The object of research is the control system. From a methodological point of view, it is very important to understand and take into account the class of this system. It belongs to the class of socio-economic systems. And this means that a person is its fundamental element, since it is the activity of a person that determines the characteristics of all processes of the functioning and development of such a system. No matter how perfect modern technical means are, the control system is based on human activity. You can study technology, but you cannot study it in isolation from a person and from all the factors of its use in his activity.

The control system cannot be considered in isolation from the control object. Therefore, in the study of control systems, the object of research, along with the system of control itself, is a controlled socio-economic system (enterprise, firm, corporation, association, etc.). Its main feature also lies in the fact that the fundamental element here is a person, whose activity determines both the existence and the development of this system and largely depends on how the management of this activity is organized, to what extent the management corresponds to his interests and motives of behavior, for what purposes and taking into account what factors it is carried out.

The subject of the study of control systems is the most significant aspect of the manifestation of the essence of the control system under consideration for the researcher, a kind of problem, that is, it is a real contradiction that requires its resolution. The subject of study can be problems in the organization of management, professionalism of personnel, mechanisms of motivation, the use of computer technology, etc.

Methodological approaches to the study of control systems

The methodological approach to the study of control systems is the perspective of the study, it is, as it were, a starting position, a starting point that determines its direction in relation to the goal. The approach can be aspectual, systemic and conceptual. The aspect approach is the choice of one facet of the problem according to the principle of relevance or according to the principle of taking into account the resources allocated for research. So, for example, the problem of personnel development can have an economic aspect, socio-psychological, educational, etc.

A systematic approach requires the maximum possible consideration of all aspects of the problem in their interconnection and integrity, highlighting the main and essential, determining the nature of the relationships between aspects, properties and characteristics.

The systematic approach is used in solving socio-economic, socio-political, engineering and technical and other problems that offer the study or design and creation of systemic objects of high complexity, as well as their management.

The system always exists and functions within the framework of its environment - the environment. The properties and functions of the elements of the system are determined by their place within the whole. In this case, one should not forget about the relative independence and specific properties of the elements that enter into certain interrelationships with each other. The integrity of the system is concretized and implemented through connections. For example, an economic organization as an open system interacts with the environment, exchanges materials, energy, people, information with it. The environment, its factors affect the system and can influence the internal life, elements and connections in the organization system, can lead to a change in the functioning of elements, subsystems.

In the process of researching the control system, it is revealed what constituent parts, elements the control system consists of, how they interact with each other and with the environment. For the formation of the system, the compatibility of the elements with each other is necessary, the possibility of establishing productive links between them.

The set of connections leads to the concept of the structure and organization of the control system. The structure of the organization of material elements, their connections give the control system stability, stability .

The requirement for the effectiveness of management in the system necessarily leads in the process of analysis to the formulation and development of a system of goals, direction of connections, and behavior. In particular, in many cases there is a problem of the relationship between functioning and development, stability and innovation. In each management system, there are two types of goals: internal (corporate) and external - the production of goods, the provision of services, etc. In this regard, it is necessary to carry out coordination between the types of goals, that is, to establish priority and establish subordination in each type separately. Management of activities and its organization must necessarily be "expedient".

Goal-setting has as its continuation the setting of tasks - the formulation of previously set goals and sub-goals in the specific conditions in which the organization exists and intends to develop.

The conceptual approach presupposes the preliminary development of the research concept, i.e., a set of key provisions that determine the general direction, architectonics and continuity of the research.

The approach can be empirical, pragmatic and scientific.

The empirical approach is mainly based on experience, the pragmatic one - on the task of obtaining the nearest result. The most effective is, of course, the scientific approach, which is characterized by the scientific setting of research goals and the use of the scientific apparatus in its conduct.

The problem is formulated in different ways. It can be just a statement of the object of research in terms of its name or specificity. For example, management personnel, motivation of productive activity, etc. But such a statement of the problem does not always help focus on the contradiction, reflecting its peculiarity and essence.

Formulation of a problem by means of a question contributes to a more accurate idea of ​​its content, because a question is a form of thinking focused on obtaining a specific answer in the form of judgments. The judgment, the conclusion of any research can be regarded as the received answer to some question. Examples of research questions and their designs are:

How does the management system reflect the needs and conditions of the organization's development?

Why is the organization losing ground in the competition?

Where can I find additional resources to complete the project?

How to develop a strategy?

The practical results of the study of the management system are, as a rule, recommendations for changing certain aspects of its functioning, improving the quality of the managerial activity of the manager and all management personnel. These recommendations can be of socio-psychological, economic, organizational content, they can relate to the field of information support for management, motivation of management, changes in the conditions of activity, taking into account additional factors in the development of the company, the quality of activities, assessing development trends, competitiveness and etc. The research results are opportunities that allow to improve management efficiency and ensure sustainable and long-term development of the organization.

Of course, the study also has theoretical results - understanding the problem, identifying the patterns of functioning and development, the concept of managing the system under certain conditions, given not from the position of a specific situation, but categorically. Depending on the depth of penetration into the essence of the problem and the level of generalization of theoretical results, it becomes possible to significantly expand practical results, solve an important national economic problem, and provide an opportunity for replicating new management experience.

Any research requires a certain resource provision. Without the necessary resources (human, informational, financial, economic, technical), it is impossible to conduct a modern study (and even more so, it is impossible to implement its conclusions in practice). Therefore, an important problem in the study of control systems is the allocation of resources necessary for its implementation and implementation.