Emotions are positive and negative. Video: Disney cartoon for children puzzle, our emotions

The experience of both positive and negative emotions Creates an interesting dynamics and gives food for reflection.

Professional and academic studies of positive and negative emotions show that the experience of positive and negative feelings in the ratio of 3 to 1 leads people to turnstanding torqueAfter which they become more resistant to adverse factors and easily achieve what they can imagine.

With a positive attitude, we learn to see new opportunities, we are easier to change from failures, communicate with other people, and become more perfect.

We are constantly experiencing emotions in our everyday liferelated to people, life experience or events. We allow you to involve yourself in positive and negative emotions, which means it is necessary to consider these emotions in the aspect, which is really important to us.

Balance feelings

All Muslims know that it is necessary to show moderation in everything, strive for the balance and the world with themselves and the fact that Allah gave us for a short time.

We must avoid extremes in all things, including emotions: any excessive emotions can be destructive, whether positive or negative.

Positive emotions are such positive feelings as love, hope, enthusiasm, decisiveness, gratitude, optimism, babysitting, and confidence. Negative emotions are irritation, boredom, embarrassment, sadness, fear, discontent, depression.

The Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings to him, said the words that were transferred to a reliable Hadise, told by Bukhari:

"None of you crawls truly to love your brother just like yourself."

So you are in positive settingYou are experiencing positive emotions when you look at the blessings that you get in life. Remember that you have much more than many other people. Therefore, pay for a few minutes and pray for your brothers and sisters around the world that do not have what you have. Do it while you are in a positive state of mind.

When we thank anyone, we appreciate the contribution of a person in us and the more degree of our gratitude - the more positive we will see in the surrounding and ourselves.

The more we notice how Allah blessed us, we see His presence in our life, the more our heart will be alone.

"Here the Lord has announced:" If we celebrate, I will twist you ... "Koran (Sura Ibpaxim 14:07).

Take a small break at a time when you are busy and thank Allah. You will never be able to thank Allah for everything he gave you, but you truly appreciate the presence of Allah in your life.

Now, let's briefly consider negative emotions that we can feel: maybe we are disappointed because they have not implemented our capabilities, or we feel anxiety, depression or envy. Only we know when we feel these emotions, but what really matters - it is how we appeal to these emotions.

Since the month of Ramadan left us, we sometimes feel guilty for the fact that you did not have time to make a lot of enough this month, but let it stop us on the path of further improvement. Even if we made a mistake, someday we recognize it immediately before Allah or those who we offended.

Never arrogant, since the arrogance was the reason for the fall of the Shaitan.

Prophet (peace and blessing of Allah) said:

"Each action is based on its intention" (Bukhari)

and in another Hadith transferred:

"The best actions are those who are small and consistent" (Bukhari and Muslim).

Let's decide which consistent positive changes can be part of our life forever. It can help take any alarms and negative thoughts and use them as motivation to help manifest themselves with positive changes in our actions and actions in this life and in the life of the future.

Finally, we will try not to feel depressed and never lose hope. When we are looking for happiness in this life, we experience the needs in many areas: beautiful clothes, tasty food, beautiful house, excellent wife or husband, etc. However, if a person is grateful to Allah, he will receive what he really needs - true happiness!

It is difficult for me to deal with my feelings - the phrase, with which each of us came across: in books, in the cinema, in life (whose or her own). But it is very important to be able to deal with their feelings.

Wheel of emotions Robert Plotchik

Some consider - and perhaps they are right, that the meaning of life in feelings. And in fact, at the end of life, only our feelings, real or in memories remain with us. Yes, and the measure of what is happening, too, our experiences may be: than they are richer than, more diverse, brighter, the more fulfiguous we feel life.

What is feelings? The simplest definition: feelings - this is what we feel. This is our attitude to one or another (objects). There is a more scientific definition: feelings (higher emotions) are special mental states that are manifested by socioly determined experiences that express the long and sustainable emotional relations of a person to things.

What feelings differ from emotions

Feelings are our experiences that we experience through the senses, and we have five. Feelings are visual, auditory, tactile, taste and smell sensations (our sense of smell). With sensations, everything is simple: the stimulus - the receptor - the feeling.

Our consciousness is intervened in emotions and feelings - our thoughts, installations, our thinking. Our thoughts affect emotions. Conversely - emotions affect our thoughts. About these relationships Read more Talk to a little later. But now let's remember once again one of the criteria for psychological health, namely, paragraph 10: we are responsible for our feelings, they depend on us. It is important.

Fundamental emotions

All human emotions can be distinguished by the quality of the experience. The most vividly this aspect of the emotional life of a person is presented in the theory of differential emotions of the American psychologist K. Isard. He highlighted ten qualitatively different "fundamental" emotions: interest-arousal, joy, surprise, grief-suffering, anger-rage, disgust, disgust, contempt, dissemination, fear of horror, shame-shyness, wing-repentance. The first three emotions of K. Isard refers to the positive, the rest of the seven - to the negative. Each of the fundamental emotions underlies the entire spectrum of states that differ in terms of severity. For example, as part of such a single-variable emotion, as joy, you can allocate joy-satisfaction, joy delight, joy-smoothness, joy-ecstasy and others. From the connection of fundamental emotions, all other, more complex, complex emotional states arise. For example, anxiety can combine fear, anger, guilt and interest.

1. Interest is a positive emotional state that promotes the development of skills and skills, the acquisition of knowledge. Interactive interest is a feeling of capture, curiosity.

2. Joy - positive emotion associated with the ability to fully satisfy the current need, the probability of which before it was small or undefined. Joy is accompanied by self-satisfaction and satisfaction with the outside world. Obstacles to self-realization are obstacles and for the emergence of joy.

3. Surprise - not having a clear positive or negative sign Emotional reaction to sudden circumstances. Surprise brakes all previous emotions, directing attention to a new object and can go to interest.

4. Suffering (grief) is the most common negative emotional state associated with obtaining reliable (or apparent) information on the impossibility of meeting the most important needs, the achievement of which before it seemed more or less likely. Suffering has the character of asthenic emotion and more often flows in the form of emotional stress. The most severe form of suffering is a grief associated with an irrevocable loss.

5. Anger is a strong negative emotional state that occurs more often in the form of affect; Arises in response to an obstacle in achieving passionately desired purposes. Anger has the character of a raven emotion.

6. Disgust - negative emotional state caused by objects (subjects, people, circumstances), contact with which (physical or communicative) comes into a sharp contradiction with the aesthetic, moral or ideological principles and installations of the subject. Disgust if it is combined with anger, maybe interpersonal relationship motivate aggressive behavior. Disgust, like anger, can be directed towards yourself, while reducing self-esteem and causing self-arrangement.

7. Despite is a negative emotional state that occurs in interpersonal relationships and generated by the mismatch of life positions, views and behavior of the subject with such a sense object. The latter are submitted to the subject as lowlands that do not correspond to the adopted moral standards and ethical criteria. The person treats whom he despises.

8. Fear is a negative emotional state that appears upon receipt by the subject of information about possible damage for its life well-being, about real or imaginary danger. Unlike the suffering caused by direct blocking of the most important needs, a person, surviving the emotion of fear, has only a probabilistic forecast of possible disadvantage and acts on the basis of this forecast (often insufficiently reliable or exaggerated). The emotion of fear can have both a light and asthenic character and leak either in the form of stressful states, or in the form of a sustainable mood of the depression and anxiety, or as an affect (horror).

9. Shame - a negative emotional state, expressed in awareness of the inconsistency of its own thoughts, actions and appearance not only by the expectations of others, but also their own ideas about appropriate behavior and appearance.

10. Wines - a negative emotional state, expressed in the awareness of the non-residents of his own act, thoughts or feelings and expressing in regret and repentance.

Human feelings and emotions table

And I also want to show you a collection of feelings, emotions, states that a person experiences during his life is a generalized table that does not claim to be scientifically, but it will help to understand it better. The table is taken from the "Community of Dependent and Considerable", the author is Mikhail.

All senses and emotions of a person can be divided into four types. This is fear, anger, sadness and joy. Which type include this or that feeling can be found from the table.

Anger Anger Disturbance Hatred Offense Angry DOSADE Irritation Avenue Insult Militancy Rebellion Resistance Envy Arrogance Disobedience Contempt Disgust Depression Vulnerability Suspicion Cynicism Alertness Concern Anxiety Fear Nervousness Trembling Concern Fean Anxiety Excitement Stress Fear Exposure to an obsession Feeling threat Stunity Fear Sadness A feeling of deadlock Interest Lost Disorientation Incoherence Feeling trap Loneliness Isolation Sadness Sadness Gore Oppression Gloom Despair Depression

Devastation Helplessness Weakness Vulnerability Spreful Severity Depression Disappointment Backwardness Shyness Feeling of lack of love Endness Surability Nimuality Adducity Fatigue Stupidity Apathy Complacency Boredom Depletion Disorder Prostration Wastiness Impatience Hot temper Yearning Blues Shame Wines Juice Infringement Embarrassment Inconvenience Severity Regret Ukole conscience Reflection Sorrow Alustitude Awkwardness Surprise Defeat Soloman Amazement Shock Impressionability Desire Enthusiasm Emotion Excitation Passion Ambassy Euphoria

Trembling Spirit of rivalry Solid confidence Determination Self-confidence Audacity Readiness Optimism Satisfaction Pride Sentimentality Happiness Joy Bliss Funny Delight Triumph Luck Pleasure Creditness Dreamy the charm Prerequisite for advantage Appreciation Hope Interest Interest Interest Liveness Livity Calm Satisfaction Relief Mirity Relaxity Contentment Comfort Restraint Susceptibility Forgiveness Love Serenity Location Adoration Delight Awe Love Attachment Security Respect Friendliness Sympathy Sympathy Tenderness Generosity Spirituality Puzziness Confusion

And for those who read the article to the end. The purpose of this article is to help deal with their feelings, which they are. Our feelings are largely dependent on our thoughts. Irrational thinking often underlies negative emotions. By correcting these mistakes (working on thinking) we can be happier and achieve more in life. There is an interesting, but stubborn and painstaking work on yourself. You are ready?

It will be interesting for you:

P.S. And remember, just changing your consumption - we will change the world together! © Econet.

Why do I need emotions? Briefly speaking, emotions perform very important functions - they simplify life and give it taste.

Emotions simplify life quite original - instead of a long multilateral analysis of interaction with a person, we feel: "I hate it" or "I am delighted with him." If we are afraid of anything, fear keeps us from nonsense. Sad prefers to repeat the error. Joy confirms the correctness of solving a complex task.

Emotions are such a kind of feedback mechanism to "man conscious" from his own soul. Emotions are a signaling system. They are born in order to provide a person or joyful, or a prenegenial news. Namely: positive emotions report to a person that he moves in the right direction and satisfies its needs. Negative emotions suggest that the needs of a person are not satisfied.

Our emotions are guided by us when we find out in a difficult situation and are confronted with too important tasks so that their decision can be provided to one only intelligence - with a danger that hurts the loss, stubborn progress towards the goal, despite the disappointment, tying relationships with a partner, creating a family. Each emotion implies a characteristic readiness for its action, each indicates to us the direction that has already proven itself when solving repetitive complex tasks that life poses. In the process of repetition of these eternal situations throughout the history of our evolutionary development, the value of our emotional repertoire for survival was confirmed by its consolidation in the nervous system in the form of congenital automatic aspirations of the human heart.

The fact that emotions give life taste (motivated) everyone knows. For example, we strive for joy and avoid grief. It is so obvious that no explanation is required. It is less known that this taste or motivation is created only if one person has and positive, and negative emotions. As in the electrical network, two poles are needed to turn on the light bulb, and in emotional life you need two poles - experience experience of positive and negative emotions. Here the analogy with electricity ends - negative emotions does not have to be as much as positive. Positive emotions can be much more. Just do not try to do without negative emotions. Brandly healthy and happy children are going and telling our scary stories. In a more mature age, people tend to experience the experience of negative emotions, but they have a desire to engage in the so-called extreme sports - such where there is a real danger of serious injury or even death. As you know, the risk causes fear - strong negative emotion. It turns out that in extreme sports, people are looking for negative emotions. But if there are many negative emotions in everyday life, then they are not looking for them. Then the fashion for extreme sports as a whole reflects well-being in society, and well-being in society is not so bad.

Emotion (from the French word Emotion - excitement, comes from Latin emoveo - shock, waves) - this is the reactions of man and animals on the impact of external and internal stimuli, having a pronounced subjective color and covering all types of sensitivity and experiences. Associated with satisfaction (positive emotions) or dissatisfaction (negative emotions) of the various needs of the body. Differentiated and sustainable emotions arising based on the highest social needs of a person are usually called feelings (intellectual, aesthetic, moral).

Otherwise, it can be said that emotions are a special class of subjective psychological states reflecting in the form of immediate experiences, sensations of pleasant or unpleasant, human relationships to peace and people, the process and results of its practical activity. The class of emotions includes moods, feelings, affects, passions, stress. These are the so-called "clean" emotions. They are included in all mental processes and human states. Any manifestations of its activity are accompanied by emotional experiences.

Thanks to emotions, we better understand each other, we can judge about each other's states and is better to designate joint activities and communication. Wonderful, for example, is the fact that people belonging to different cultures are able to unmistakably perceive and evaluate each other such emotional states as joy, anger, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise. This, in particular, also applies to those peoples that have never been in contact with each other.

Manifestation of emotions. What features can you determine that a person is experiencing some emotion? Allocate five levels of manifestation of emotions.

1. Subjective manifestation plan for emotions.
2. Manifestation of emotions in behavior.
3. Manifestation of emotions in speech.
4. Vegetative level of emotion.
5. Manifestation of emotions at the biochemical level.

Consider how objectively you can judge that a person is experiencing certain emotions based on their manifestation on each of the specified levels.

1. Subjective manifestation plan for emotions. Here, the reflection of emotions occurs in the internal experiences, closely related to personal experience Individual and based on it.

2. Manifestation of emotions in behavior. Emotions are an event not only psychological, and their functional purpose It is not exhausted by versatile influences at the level of subjective reflection. According to R. Descarte, "the main action of all human passions is that they encourage and set the soul of a person to desire why these passions are being prepared by his body." Thus, since emotions signals the significance of what is happening, the preparation in the emotional state of the body for better perception and possible actions is so appropriate, which would be surprising if it were not entrenched in evolution and did not become one of the characteristic features of emotional processes.

C. Darwin notes that the free expression of emotions through external signs makes these emotions more intense. On the other hand, suppressing the external manifestation of our emotions, as far as it turns out to be possible, leads to their mitigation. The one who gives the will of the rapid television strengthens its rage. The one who does not hold back the manifestation of fear will experience it in reinforced degree. He who, being depressed grief, remains passive, misses the best way reestablish peace of mind. Darwin emphasizes that all these conclusions arise, on the one hand, from the fact of the existence of a close connection between all the emotions and their external manifestations, on the other hand, from the fact of the direct influence of our efforts on the heart, and, therefore, on the brain.

The manifestation of emotions, of course, can be observed in facial expressions, gestures, movements of people.

3. Manifestation of emotions in speech. One of the features of affects is that they arise in response to the situation already in fact and therefore the formation of specific experience is the formation of affective traces. The meaning is that a person mentally returning to the event, which caused the state of affect, is experiencing similar emotions.

Such affective traces ("affective complexes") "detect the tendency of obsession and tendency to brake." The effect of these opposite trends is clearly detected in the associative experiment. The associative experiment is used in the K.G. developed by K.G. Jung Method for the diagnosis of past state of affect. The psychologists of Jung's school found that the affect, first of all, violates the normal course of associations, and with a strong affect association, they usually delay sharply.

This phenomenon was used to identify the involvement of the suspect to the crime. The crime is always associated with a strong affect, which in persons who committed it (especially for the first time) takes a very acute character. As A.R. is rightly noted. Luria, "It is difficult to assume that there is no trace left for this affect of the crime in the psyche of his person. On the contrary, much convinces us that mental traces after each crime remain in a very noticeable form. "

The tasks of experimental diagnostics of involvement in the crime are reduced to be able to cause the desired affective traces and, on the other hand, to be able to objectively trace and fix them. Both of these tasks were carried out in the associative experiment method. This method is that a test is made by some word, which he should answer the first word to his head. In normal cases, the subject easily responds with its word to his presented. This response word always turns out to be appropriate special associative laws and is usually not accidentally selected.

The case changes dramatically when the test is presented by a word that excites him this or that affective memory, one or another affective complex. In this case, the associative process is kept sharply. The subject or comes to mind at once a lot of response words, which confuse his usual stroke of associations, or nothing comes to mind, and it cannot give any associative response required from him for a long time. If he still gives this reaction, it is possible to immediately notice its peculiar impaired: it passes with the hints, the verbose and her form itself is often more primitive than usual.

A.R. Luria explains this by the fact that "a verbal irritability can provoke associated affective states, and these affective moments perversion of the following stroke of associations. If we have in front of the criminal, the affective traces of which we want to open with the help of this method, we do as follows. By in a detailed manner, having examined the situation of crimes in a detail, we choose those details from it, which, in our opinion, are quite closely connected with it and however, they awaken affective traces of only involuntary to the crime, while remaining for those who are not interested in completely indifferent words. "

Speaking about the manifestation of other emotions in speech, it should be noted that the voting force usually increases in the state of emotional arousal, and its height and timbre are significantly changed.

Considering the question of the relationship of congenital and acquired by the voice of emotion by the voice of J. Reikovsky says that such manifestations are due to congenital mechanisms as a change in the power of the voice (with a change in emotional arousal) or voices shake (under the influence of excitement). "With an increase in emotional excitement, the number of functional units is increasing, actualized to the action, which affects the increase in activation of muscles involved in voice reactions."

4. Vegetative level of emotion. The methods used to determine emotions at this level allow you to track the background emotional state of the subject. The reactions of the vegetative nervous system (VNS) on the experienced emotions to a person is harder to control than their speech and behavior. As correlates of emotions in the vegetative level, change of pulse, the increase in heartbeat, respiration, the change in the diameter of the pupil, the electrical resistance of the skin (skin-galvanic reaction) is used.

The emotions experienced by man causes the activation of the nervous system and, above all, the vegetative department, which in turn leads to numerous changes in the state of internal organs and the body as a whole. The nature of these changes shows that emotional states cause either the mobilization of the actions, energy resources and protective processes of the organism, or, in favorable situations, its demobilization, configuration of internal processes and the accumulation of energy. This explains the change in the indicators listed above.

C. Darwin When analyzing the expression of emotions, a person notices that "if the movement (or changes) is some kind of immacient accompanying any mental states, we immediately see expressive movements in them. They can be attributed to them<...> Raising hair on end, sweat speech, change in capillary blood circulation, difficulty breathing and voice or other sounds. In humans, respiratory organs are of particular importance as a means of not only direct, but even more indirect expression of emotions. " Darwin also emphasizes that "from all expressions, redness from shame, apparently, is the most specific feature of a person, and moreover, it is characteristic of everyone or almost all human races, regardless of whether the color of their skin is noticeable or imperceptibly.

In modern science, when determining emotions, methods based on the VNS reaction are more used. The most striking example is the use of the "Lie detector", which is used not only in the special services, but also in some commercial organizations. The detector registers changes in the depth and respiratory rate, measures pressure and registers changes in sweating.

By registering changes in these indicators, we can conclude that a person is experiencing some emotions, but we do not have sufficient data to indicate what particular emotion is experiencing the subject.

Thus, the study of emotions in the vegetative level also does not provide objectivity.

5. Manifestation of emotions at the biochemical level. The biochemical method for determining emotions is also indirect. It is associated with the hormonal activity of the body, which ensures the physiological response of a person on experienced emotions. The method is based on the analysis taken from the test physiological fluids (blood, urine). According to the content of the corresponding hormones in them, they determine how strong the subjects were susceptible. From what has been said, it is clear that, given the exact quantitative measurements, this method is quite reliable. Its disadvantages include the fact that it does not allow to track what is happening in the body of the test change associated with emotions in the background. Some discreteness is required in measurements.

It should also be noted that this method does not allow to determine which emotion is experiencing a test.

Comparing the considered methods of studying the manifestations of emotions, it can be noted that methods based on the allocation of behavioral (including mimic) and speech (including voice) signs of experienced emotions are most convincing and functional. An even greater degree convincingly looks like the method of determining emotions on the VNS reaction.

On the origin of emotions. Emotions and feelings arose and developed in the process of evolution. What was their adaptive meaning?

Animal life is characterized by uneven loads. There were no exception and ancestors of a person. Periods of extreme tension alternate with peace and relaxation periods. During the hunting and persecution of production, in a fight with a strong predator, threatening life, or at the time of escape from danger from the animal, a voltage and returns of all forces are required. It is necessary to develop the maximum power in a critical moment, even if it is achieved with the help of energetically unprofitable metabolic processes. The physiological activity of the animal switches to "emergency mode". In such a switching and consists of the first adaptive function of emotions. Therefore, natural selection has consolidated in the animal kingdom, this is an important psychophysiological property.

Why did the organisms that constantly work on "elevated" facilities did not appear during evolution? The need for emotion mechanisms to bring in combat readiness would be: they would always be in the "Alertness" state, but the state of combat readiness is associated with very high energy costs, with uneconomical spending nutrients and wear of the body; It would be necessary for huge amounts of food, and most of She would be wasted. For an animal body, it is unprofitable: it is better to have a lower level of metabolism and moderate force, but at the same time have backup mechanisms that in the proper moment mobilize the body to function in more intensive mode, allow you to develop high power when there is an urgent need to develop.

Another emotion function is alarm. Hunger makes the animal look for food long before the reserves of nutrients in the body are depleted; The thirst drives to search for water, when the reserves of the liquid are not yet exhausted, but already we were cold; The pain is the signal that the tissues are damaged and are under threat of death. The feeling of fatigue and even exhaustion appears much earlier than the energy reserves in the muscles are approached by the end. And if the fatigue is removed by the powerful emotions of fear or rage, the animal's body after that is able to do even a lot of work.

Finally, the third adaptive function of emotions is their participation in the process of learning and accumulation of experience. Positive emotions arising from the interaction of the body with a medium contribute to the consolidation of useful skills and actions, and negative causes to shy away from malicious factors.

As you can see, the role of emotions in the life of animals is very large. Therefore, they are talking about the biological feasibility of emotions as a mechanism of adaptation to changing conditions external environment. The mechanism of emotions turned out to be beneficial for the animal, and natural selection, acting with an ambiguous force for many generations, secured this property.

In certain situations, emotions may be harmful, coming in contradiction with the life interests of the animal. Emotion of rage helps a predator in pursuit of production, raising his strength. But the same rage deprives him caution and diligence and thus can lead to death. It is carried out by regularity inherent in any biological adaptation mechanism: in general, this mechanism contributes to the survival of the species, but in private manifestations is not always useful, and sometimes harmful.

In the process of evolution, in parallel with the development of the nervous system, the assessment of the situation in the brain is becoming more and thinner. If at first the assessment is common in the type "useful - harmful", "dangerous - safely", "nice - unpleasant," then the estimates become more specific, more accurate, more "fractional".

Estimates of the first type are carried out by changing the state of a large number of nerve elements and connections between them. This processing information on emotional programs. But besides such a rough approximate processing, there are more differentiated programs, with a small "strip width", but more accurate. These are mental programs that have arisen during the evolution of later emotional programs.

A person has information processing begins with emotional programs. They give the most overall rating Situations and those "narrow space" for processing logical programs. But such a scheme is not tough. Interim results of information processing have an opposite effect on the flow of emotions and feelings.

The mismatch of these programs may occur. It is possible that the separation of thinking from feelings is based on some mental disorders.

The interaction of feelings and thinking specifically manifests itself in the fact that the feelings affect the mechanisms of memory, selectively reviving only some information from the past experience and braking others. In this way, the character of the association, the content of the associative process is predetermined.

The man inherited the mechanism of emotions from his animals ancestors. Therefore, part of human emotions coincides with animal emotions: rage, hunger, thirst, fear. But these are the simplest emotions associated with the satisfaction of organic needs. With the development of the mind and higher human needs on the basis of the emotion apparatus, more complex human feelings were formed.

Thus, we distinguish emotion from feeling. Emotion during the evolution arose before feeling, it is inherent not only to a person, but also an animal, and expresses attitudes to the satisfaction of physiological needs. The feelings developed on the basis of emotions when interacting with the mind, during the formation of social relations and inherent only to a person.

As for the term "emotional states", it is equally referred to feelings and to emotions. The border between emotion and feeling is not always easy. In the terms of the physiology of the highest nervous activity Their difference is determined by the degree of participation of the cortical and especially interimaging processes.

The feeling is one of the forms of reflection of reality, expressing the subjective attitude of the person to the satisfaction of his needs, to the correspondence or inconsistency of any ideas.

A significant part of human needs is formed by upbringing, begged by society (for example, hygienic and cultural needs). Many feelings are so fasting with mental activity that they do not exist outside of this activity.

If a person is not aware of the danger, the feeling of fear does not occur. But much later, when the danger was realized, a person can bother fear, and he literally chils at the thought of what threat he was subjected.

Sometimes an offensive hint comes immediately, and then anger comes with a delay. It happens that the remote memory resurrects former feelings: a man happily smiles, remembering the pleasant event that happened in the past.

In the story L.N. Tolstoy "Haji Murat" The main character, telling the story of his life, did not hide, as one day in his youth, during the fastened ficker, the fight was frightened and ran away. His interlocutor Loris Melikov, knowing the tried courage of Haji Murat, was surprised. Then Haji Murat explained that he had always recalled this shame and when he recalled, he was not afraid of anything.

Shame turned out to be stronger than fear thanks to the property of memory resurrect former feelings. It helped to suppress fear, and subsequently, apparently, led to partial "atrophy of fear."

In general, the feeling of shame belongs a huge role in the formation of the moral and ethical qualities of the person. J. B. Shaw expressed this aphoristratically: "No courage - there is a shame."

Below we will give a list of the most famous feelings. We will discuss that no transfer cannot exhaust the variety of emotional states. It is appropriate to compare with the colors of the solar spectrum: the main tones are seven, but how many intermediate colors and how many shades can be obtained when mixed!

In addition, depending on the elected criterion of feelings in different ways are grouped. For example, they are divided into positive and negative on the basis of delivered pleasure or displeasure. You can highlight feelings aimed at other people, and feelings aimed at yourself. First include love, gratitude, envy, contempt. To the second - complacency, shame, repentance. There are feelings associated with the evaluation of the events of the world, grief, disappointment, joy. A whole group of feelings is associated with instinct of self-preservation - fear, anxiety, fright. There are "intermediate" feelings that can be attributed to several groups: for example, anger and annoyance can be directed on others, and on themselves. Such "transitional units" are inherent in any classification.

Ignoring emotions and feelings can lead to violations of the emotional sphere, various psychological problems, reduce the body's resistance and cause diseases. Emotions and feelings are given to man as a guide to preserve their psychological integrity. If a person does not listen to them and does not make faithful conclusions about what they want to tell him, in his inner world there is a conflict that, if not to correct this situation is only aggravated with time. Difficulties in the form of problems of the lack of motivation (desire) and the need for motivating themselves with something, misunderstandings of their place in life, as well as conflicts in the form - I want and I can not; I can not want; It is necessary, but I do not want; I want, but not necessary; I do not know what I want; It is necessary or I want to immediately 2 contradictory goals, etc. - are originally generated by this conflict. This conflict usually begins in childhood, when the emotional needs of the child is ignored by their parents or even specifically break (some believe that it will make the child stronger). So the child disoriented in understanding his feelings, the right (adequate) attitude towards them, forms destructive beliefs for the future. People use various techniques Moorotivation, work with emotions, beliefs, etc., but they are needed only until there is a given internal conflict in humans.

Functions and role of emotions

Speaking, for which the person and animals need emotions, their functions should be distinguished and role. The emotion function is a narrow natural purpose, work performed by emotions in the body. Their role (generalized value) is the nature and degree of participation of emotions in something determined by their functions, or their influence on something other than their natural purpose, i.e. The secondary product of their functioning. The role of emotions for animals and humans can be positive and negative. The function of emotions, based on their feasibility, is predetermined by the nature of being only positive, otherwise, why would they appear and secure? It can be argued that emotions can have an organism and destructive effect. But this is due to the excessively pronounced accompanying emotions of physiological changes in the body associated with the quality of regulation (emotional), but with its intensity. This is the role of emotions, and not their function. Vitamins and Salt are useful for the body, but their overweight can lead to a disease or poisoning. So with emotions. After performing its biological functions, the emotions "do not ask" a person, it is useful for him or harmful from his point of view. The role of emotions is estimated precisely from personal positions: interferes with the emerged emotion or its lack of achieving the goal, violates or no human health.

It is about the role of emotions, and not about their functions, there were still standings and epicuretes, discussing the issue of their utility or harm. This dispute continues in our time, as there is data both for and against each point of view.

The differences between the function and the role can be clearly illustrated on the engine device, the function of which is the movement of man and animals in space, and the role of this movement is determined by the cognition of the environment, approaching the power supply and mastering it, etc., i.e. The fact that a person or animal acquires in the process of executing the motor apparatus of its function.

The role of "positive" and "negative" emotions

"Negative" emotions play a more important biological role compared to "positive" emotions. It is not by chance that the mechanism of "negative" emotions is functioning in a child from the first days of its appearance, and "positive" emotions appear much later. "Negative" emotion is alarm, danger to the body. "Positive" emotion is a returnable well-being. It is clear that the last signal is not necessary to sound for a long time, so emotional adaptation to good comes quickly. The alarm signal must be supplied until the danger is eliminated. As a result, only "negative" emotions may be stagnant. Under these conditions, human health really suffers. "Negative" emotions are harmful only in excess, as it is harmful to everything that exceeds the norm. Fear, anger, rage increase the intensity of metabolic processes, lead to the best power of the brain, reinforce the body resistance to overloads, infections, etc.

For the body, it is important not to preserve monotonously positive emotional states, but their constant dynamism within a certain, optimal intensity for this individual. At the same time, there is evidence that the level of development of the intelligence is higher in preschoolers with the predominance of "positive" emotions and below with the predominance of "negative".

From the point of view of P. V. Simonov, the nervous mechanisms of positive emotional reactions are more complex and thin than negative. He believes that "positive" emotions have an independent adaptive value, i.e., the role of "positive" emotions is different from the role of "negative" emotions: "Positive" emotions encourage living systems to actively violate the achieved "balancing" with the environment: "The most important role Positive emotions are an active breach of rest, comfort, the famous "balancing of the body with an external environment".

"Negative emotions," says Simonov, "as a rule, ensure that evolution has already been achieved or individual development Subject. Positive emotions are revolutionized by behavior, prompting to look for new, not yet satisfied needs, without which the pleasure is unthinkable.

This does not indicate the absolute value of positive emotions. They may be due to primitive, egoistic, socially unacceptable needs. In such cases, we will undoubtedly give preference to such negative emotions as anxiety for the fate of another person, compassion for those who fell into trouble, indignation of injustice. The social value of emotions always determines the motive that caused it to life. "

Without a "positive" emotion, Simonov notes, it is difficult to imagine those forms of development of reality that are not dictated by the immediate utilitarian effect: the game, artistic creativity and perception of works of art, theoretical knowledge. He believes that in these areas of human activity, the prompt influence of the "negative" emotions is negligible if it is in general.

It seems that this statement is unnecessarily categorically. He is contrary to the manifestation of frustration as a desire to prove to itself and other accidents of creative failure. Does people perceive the works of art only for positive experiences? Why then the audience cry on the performances in the cinema?

Speaking about the role of emotions in a person's life, it is wrong to raise the question for which, for what purpose, someone is experiencing emotions. Such issues are legitimate for consciously put goals. Emotions occur most often involuntarily. Therefore, in relation to them, you can only put the question: what is the benefit or harm can be a person from the occurrence of one or another emotion (based on the nature destined by them)?

Responding to this question, it should be borne in mind that the positive role of emotions is not associated directly with "positive" emotions, and a negative role with "negative". The latter can serve as an incentive for human self-improvement, and the first to be a reason for complaunt. Much depends on the purpose of human purpose and the conditions of its upbringing. The opinions of scientists about the meaning of emotions and the functions they perform are diverged. However, Naesnenna main function Emotions are their participation in managing human and animal behavior.

The role and functions of emotions in behavior management and activities

Reflective-Evaluation Role of Emotions
Even Ch. Darwin wrote that emotions arose in the process of evolution as a means, with which living beings establish the significance of certain conditions to meet their needs. This role of emotions is manifested at the expense of the subjective component of the emotional response (experiencing) and mainly on initial stage arbitrary control (if the need and deployment on its basis of the motivational process) and at the final stage (when evaluating the result achieved: satisfying the need, implementing intent).

The reflective function of emotions is recognized not by all scientists. V. K. Vilyunas (1979) believes that "emotions perform the function not to reflect objective phenomena, but the expressions of the subjective relations to them." And he is perhaps right. To reflect reality, animals and humans have analyzers and thinking. They perform the role of a mirror, which reflects what is. Like a person what he sees in the mirror or not - it does not depend on the mirror, it does not give an assessment reflected. The assessment (ratio) depends on the subjective perception of the visible, which is compared with the references, desires, human tastes.

It should be noted that about the ratio of experience and evaluation (which is primary, and what is secondary) among scientists there are various opinions. Some believe that the experience is preceded by an assessment; Others, on the contrary, believe that the assessment precedes the emergence of emotions, and the third write that emotion can replace the assessment or accompany it.

This discrepancy is caused by the fact that the authors mean different classes of emotional phenomena. With an emotional tone of sensations, the experience of pleasant or unpleasant appears first, and then its assessment is as useful or harmful. Obviously, the same occurs at unconditional reflector emotions (for example, fright). In the case of the occurrence of emotions, the situation is first rated, and then experience (emotion) may appear. For example, when a person comes to the window of his apartment located on the third floor or above, and looks down, thinking: "And what if you jump down?", "That he has an assessment of this situation as dangerous, but without the experience of fear. But the fire happened and now he has to jump out of the window. In this case, the assessment of the situation will explicitly cause fear of this person.

The evaluation role of emotional response along with the development of the nervous system and the psyche of living beings was modified and improved. If at the first stages, it was limited to a message to the body about a pleasant or unpleasant, the next level of development appeared, obviously alarm on useful and harmful, and then about the non-hazardous and dangerous and, finally, more widely - about meaningful and insignificant. If the first and partly the second stage could only be provided with such an emotional response mechanism as an emotional tone of sensations, then the third stage required another mechanism - emotions, and the fourth - feelings (emotional installations). In addition, if the emotional tone of sensations is able to give only gross differentiation of stimuli and related sensations (pleasant - unpleasant), then emotion provides more subtle, and most importantly - psychological differentiation of situations, events, phenomena, showing their importance for the body and man as a person . It was also important that the fact that emotion arises relatively reflexively and thus makes it possible to react to distant stimuli in advance to distant stimuli in advance, on the emerging situation. The rage already at the sight of the enemy, published, with sounds, the smell of the enemy makes it possible to use an animal to fight with the enemy with the maximum use of all power resources, and fear is escape.

It is obvious that the process of conscious comparison of what it turns out, with what should be, can flow from a person without the participation of emotions. They are not needed as a mechanism of comparison. Another thing is an assessment of what happened. It can really be not only rational, but also emotional, if the result of activities or the expected situation are deeply significant for the subject. At the same time, it is not necessary to forget that emotion is a reaction to some event, and any reaction is a post-factum response, i.e. That is already affected or has already passed, it is over, including on the ending comparison of information. Of course, an emotional assessment can be connected to the process of rational (verbal-logical) comparison of information, staining in positive or negative tones of one or another paradigm and thereby giving them a greater or smaller weight

However, for this, emotions should have another feature: to force the body to urgently mobilize their capabilities, the energy that the emotional tone of sensations cannot do.

Motivational role of emotions
Emotions play a prominent role at all stages of the motivational process: when evaluating the significance of an external stimulus, when the need for the emergence and evaluation of its significance, when predicting the possibility of meeting the need, when choosing a goal.

Emotions as an assessment of the significance of the external stimulus. At the first (motivational) stage, the main purpose of emotions is to signal the benefits or harm for the body of a particular incentive, the phenomena that are applied by a certain sign (positive or negative) before they are subjected to a conscious, logical assessment. On this occasion, P. K. Anokhin wrote: "Making almost instantaneous integration of all functions of the body, emotions themselves and first of all can be an absolute signal of useful or harmful effects on the body, often even earlier than the localization of the impacts and a specific response mechanism are determined. The reactions of the body "(" Emotion Psychology ", 1984).

Emotions reflect not only the biological, but also the personal significance of external incentives, situations, events for a person, i.e. What is worried about. Emotion is such a form of reflective mental activity, where attracts to the surrounding information. Emotions are aware of the awareness by a person of the situation, signaling about a possible pleasant or unpleasant outcome, and in this regard talking about anticipating function of emotions. Performing this reflective-appraisal role, determining that it is significant for a person, and what is not, there are thus emotions contribute to the orientation of a person in various situations, i.e. Perform an estimated function.

Emotions as a signal about the need that appeared. The reflective-assessment role of emotions is also manifested in their relationship with the needs acting as internal incentives. The close relationship of emotions with the needs is obvious, and it has been not surprising that P. V. Simonov developed the theory of emotions, largely based on the conditionality of emotions by the needs and the probability of satisfaction of the latter, and B. I. Dodonov created a classification of emotions based on the types of needs.

Subjective reflection of needs must be carried out by special mental phenomena, fundamentally different from those that reflect the objective properties of reality. Although the actualization of the need is also an objective event, it should be reflected in the psyche. It should not be as other events, since it should be not one of many for the subject, but a central, all-consuming event that makes attention, mobilizing adaptive resources, etc.

Emotions as a way of marking meaningful purposes. It is not only the need for an accented reflection of needs. To meet them, the subject should act with the needs themselves, but with those subjects that they answer. This means that the need should be reflected not only by itself along with other reflected objects (for example, in the form of experience in hunger, thirst, etc.), but still well-proof in the form of reality and the necessary conditions and items that The result of such a selection becomes targets.

It can not be reflected only by cognitive processes. As a reflected object, the goal is one of the many elements of the medium that acts as other, for analyzers, causing the corresponding delayed motor reactions and, by virtue of this perceived in the image. In this regard, the goal is in no way allocated among other objects of reality, nor in its reflective image. The objective properties of the thing reflected by the subject in the form of actions possible with it do not contain signs indicating its necessity at the moment the body. Therefore, in the structure of the image there must be something that, reflecting the state of the needs of the body, would have joined the individual reflective elements of the medium, thereby highlighting them among others precisely as targets and encouraging individuals to achieve them. In other words, in order for the mental image, as a field of potential action, it could serve as a basis for building and regulating activities, it must be "equipped" with a special mechanism that would disturb the balance between the same possible actions and direct an individual to choose and preference some of them.

This role of isolation in the image of a person needs and motivated to them and perform numerous varieties of predensive, emotional experiences.

Emotions as a mechanism that helps make a decision. Emotions, pointing to items and actions with them, which are capable of satisfying the need, thereby contribute to the decision-making. Very often, however, the achievement of the desired is not ensured by the information necessary for the decision-making. Then the compensatory emotion function is manifested, which consists in replacing information that lacks deciding or making a judgment about anything. The emerging in a collision with an unfamiliar object, emotion gives this object the appropriate color (he likes or not, he is bad or good), in particular, due to its similarity with previously encountered objects. Although, with the help of emotion, a person makes a generalized and not always reasonable assessment of the object and the situation, she still helps him get out of a dead end when he does not know what to do in this situation.

Emotions are not at all replenishing information regarding real signs of threat and opportunities to eliminate it. The liquidation of the deficit of information occurs in the process of search operation and learning. The role of emotions is emergency replacement, compensation for the meaning of knowledge at the moment. All this concerns the cases related to the deficit of information and, therefore, negative emotions.

The compensatory and stimulating function of the inherent and positive emotions. In this case, the function is manifested not at the moment of emotion, but on longer segments of adaptive behavior. Even small and private success is able to inspire people to overcome difficulties, i.e. Positive emotion strengthens the need to achieve the goal.

In fact, in the process of probabilistic forecasting, emotions help evaluate future events (anticipation of pleasure, when a person goes to the theater, or waiting for unpleasant experiences after the exam, when the student did not have time to prepare to him), i.e. Perform a prognostic function. Emotions make it easier to find the right exit from the situation, in connection with which they speak about their heuristic function. Consequently, emotions are involved not only at the first stage of the motivational process, when the significance of a particular external or internal incentive is determined, but also at the decision phase.

The decision-making of the decision is connected with the authorizing (including the switching direction and the intensity of activity) with the function of emotions (to make contact with the object or not, maximize their efforts or interrupt the state). The "switchant" function of emotions is found both in the area of \u200b\u200bcongenital forms of behavior and in the implementation of conditionally reflex activities, including its most complex manifestations. The most brightly, this function of emotions is manifested in competition of motives, when the dominant need is allocated, which becomes a vector of targeted behavior. Fight needs to be destroyed in "Armor" of emotions. Emotions help this struggle, as they denote the importance of this or that need at the moment.

The dependence of emotions on the likelihood of satisfaction needs extremely complicates the competition of relevant motives, as a result of which the behavior is often reoriented to a less important, but easily achievable target: "Title in the hands" defeats the "crane in the sky."

The emotions of the authorizing function can be based on the protective function of the emotion of fear. He warns a person about the real (or imaginary) danger, thereby contributing to the better thinking of the situation that has arisen, a more thorough definition of the likelihood of achieving success or failure. Thus, fear protects a person from unpleasant consequences for him, and possibly from death.

Insurance role of emotions. Emotion in itself concludes an attraction, desire, desire aimed at the subject or from him, as well as an attraction, desire, the desire is always more or less emotionally. In general, the question of where the energy charge is taken from, quite complicated. To eliminate the presence in the motivation to the action of energy of emotions, it is impossible, but it is also possible to assume that emotions themselves are also possible.

The role of emotions in the assessment of the results achieved. The feature of emotions is that they directly reflect the relationship between motives and the implementation of these relevant activities. Evaluating the course and result of activity, emotions give a subjective color to what is happening around us and in ourselves. This means that at the same event, different people can emotionally react differently. For example, the fans will lose their favorite team to disappointment, grief, the fans of the opponent's team are joy. People perceive in different ways and works of art. No wonder the people say that there is no taste and the color of the comrade and that they do not argue about tastes.

Emotion as value and need
Although emotions themselves are not motifs (which are considered as complex education, including the need, the ideal (represented) target and motivators, i.e. factors that influenced the decision and the formation of intention), they can act in the motivational process Only as the "adviser" or the energy amplifier of the motivation arising in the process of motivation, but also the most likely, however, is not actions to meet the need, and the motivational process. This happens when a person has a need for emotional sensations and experiences and when a person is aware of them as value.

Understanding emotions as values \u200b\u200bleads to the idea that a person has a need for "emotional saturation", i.e. In emotional experiences. Indeed, another famous mathematician B. Pascal said that we think that we were looking for peace, but in fact we were looking for excitements. This means that emotional hunger can directly determine the motivational process.

The need for emotional saturation is physiological, despite the fact that the emotions themselves carry psychological content. He justifies this by the fact that every body should function, otherwise its involution will occur, degradation. Consequently, emotion centers need functioning, i.e. In the manifestation of emotions in order to preserve its reactivity.

About the need of a person in positive emotions writes E. Fromm. Indeed, a person makes many things for the sake of pleasure, pleasure: Listening to music, reads the book that liked him, and more than once the book, rides on the American slides, to experience the "thrill", etc. Therefore, emotion performs in the form of a goal (man Doing something for the sake of getting the desired experience). Realizing the same goal is a value for a person, or a motive of behavior.

The completeness of satisfaction of the emotional need depends on the quality of the subject of satisfaction. So, listening to music when it reproduces on top quality equipment with a plate causes emotions of greater intensity and in larger quantitiesthan from a third-class cassette tape recorder. By analogy, it can be said that the depth and intensity of the emotional experience when listening to music on the stereo player will be greater than on monophonic, and the presence at the concert will deliver more emotional pleasures than listening to the same musical work at home. In the same way, a larger emotional impression will be available at the art gallery than browsing the house of albums, slides and postcards.

Activation and energy role of emotions
The effect of emotions on the physical possibilities of man and animals was known for a long time. B. Spinosa wrote that emotions increase or reduce the "body ability to action".

The activation and energy role of an emotional response manifests itself mainly due to its physiological component: changes in the vegetative functions and the level of excitation of the cortical brain departments. According to the effect on the behavior and human activity, the German philosopher I. Kant (1964) divided emotional reactions (emotions) to the shtical ("wall" in Greek - power), enhancing the life of the body, and asthenic - weakening it. A lightweight fear can contribute to the mobilization of human reserves due to emissions into the blood of an additional amount of adrenaline, for example, with an active-defensive form (escape from danger). It contributes to the mobilization of the forces of the body and inspiration, joy ("enveloped by success", speak in such cases).

Acceleration and strengthening reactions supporting the individual and species existence of living systems represents one of the brightest features of the emotional response. It is that in case of emotion occurs, the nerve centers are activated, carried out by non-specific structures of the brain barrel and transmitted by non-specific excitation paths. According to the "activation" theories, emotions ensure the optimal level of excitation of the central nervous system and its individual substructures. The activation of the nervous system and, above all, its vegetative department leads to changes in internal organs and the body as a whole, leading to either the mobilization of energy resources, or to their demobilization. From here you can talk about the mobilization function of emotions.

P. K. Anokhin spoke of "motivational tone", thanks to which all life processes are supported at an optimal level.

Being an active state of a system of specialized brain structures, emotions affect other cerebral systems regulating behavior, the processes of perception of external signals and the extraction of these signals from memory, the vegetative functions of the body. In case emotional tension The volume of vegetative shifts (the increase in heartbeat, lifting blood pressure, emissions to the bloodstream hormones, etc.), as a rule, exceeds the real needs of the body. Apparently, the process of natural selection fastened the expediency of this redundant resource mobilization. In the situation of pragmatic uncertainty (namely, it is so characteristic of the emergence of emotions), when it is not known how much and what will be required in the next few minutes, it is better to go for unnecessary energy spending than in the height of tense activities - struggle or flight - to remain without sufficient oxygen and metabolic "Raw materials."

The redundancy tension of the emotional response as an energy reaction has a consequence of a huge excess energy, and therefore a lot of unnecessary side results are obtained. But they are inevitable in the interests of a great task - focusing the entire body on the reaction of a certain kind.

Physical health in people with strong nervous system More in the emotion of joy than with the emotions of suffering, and in persons with a weak nervous system - with the emotions of suffering than with the emotions of joy (though, at the level of reliability only in terms of the capacity of the work).

Destructive role of emotions
Emotions can play in human life not only positive, but also a negative (destructive) role. They can lead to disorganization of human behavior and activity.

Uselessness and even the harmfulness of emotions is known to everyone. Imagine, for example, a person who should cross the street; If he is afraid of cars, he will lose composure and run. Sadness, joy, anger, weakening attention and common sense, often force us to commit unwanted action. In short, the individual, who lost their emotions, "loses his head."

Emotion causes memory violations, skills, leads to a replacement of difficult actions easier. The negative effect of experiences associated with the previous failure, on the speed and quality of intellectual educational activities of adolescents.

In many cases, the disorganizing role of emotions is obviously connected not so much with their modality, as with the power of emotional excitement. Here the "law of force" is manifested here by I. P. Pavlov (with very strong stimuli, the excitement goes into the proceedable braking) or that the same is the law of Yerks Dodeon. The weak and average intensity of emotional excitation contributes to an increase in the efficiency of perceptual, intellectual and motor activity, and the strong and superal - reduce it.

However, the modality of emotions is important. Fear, for example, may disrupt the behavior of a person associated with achieving any goal, causing a passive-defensive reaction (stupor with strong fear, refusal to perform the task). This leads either to refuse to work, or to the slowdown in the pace of mastering any activity that is dangerous person, for example, when teaching swimming. The disorganizing role of emotions is visible and with anger, when a person seeks to achieve a goal by all means, repeating the same actions that do not lead to success. With a strong excitement, a person is difficult to focus on the task, he can forget what he needs to do. One cadet of the flight school with the first independent flight forgot, how to plant a plane, and was able to commit it only under the dictation from the Earth of his commander. In another case, due to strong excitement, the gymnast - the country champion - forgot, going to the projectile, the beginning of the exercise and received a zero assessment.

However, as the role of emotions studies, the attitude to them began to change, and at present the disorganizing role of emotions is questioned. So, V. K. Vilyunas (1984) believes that the disorganizing role of emotions can be accepted only with reservations. He believes that the disorganization of activities is related to the fact that emotions are organized by other activities that distract strength and attention from the main activity flowing at the same time. By itself, the emotion of the disorganizing function does not bear. "Even such a rude biological response as affect," Vilyunas writes, - usually the disorganizing human activity, under certain conditions it may be useful, for example, when he has to escape from serious danger, relying exclusively on physical strength and endurance. This means that violation of activities is not direct, but by side manifestation of emotions, in other words, in the Regulations on the Disorganising Function of Emotions as much truth as, for example, in approval, that the festive demonstration performs the function of the delay of vehicles. "

You can agree with this. Such a function programmed by nature, emotions are really not. It would be strange if emotions appeared in the evolutionary development of living beings in order to disorganize behavior management. But the disorganizing role of emotion, besides their "will", can play, as mentioned above. The meaning of the separation of the role and the functions of emotions is precisely not to confuse what is destined in nature as a sign of progressive development, with what is obtained as a side effect, contrary to the intended function.

Applied role of emotions

Communicative role of emotions
Emotions due to its expressive component (mainly expression of the person) take part in establishing contact with other people in the process of communicating with them, in their impact on them. The importance of this role of emotions is visible from the fact that in the West, many managers take on the work of employees in the intelligence coefficient (IQ), and increase in position - according to the emotional coefficient (EQ), which characterizes the human ability to emotional communications.

The role of emotional response in the process of communication is diverse. This is the creation of the first impression of a person who often turns out to be correct precisely because of the presence of "emotional inclusions" in it. This is the provision of a certain impact on the one who is subject to the perception of emotions, which is associated with the signal function of emotions. The role of this function of emotions is clearly visible to parents whose children suffer from Daun's disease. Parents oppresses the fact that children cannot inform them about their experiences through the facial expressions and other ways of emotional communication.

The regulatory function of emotions in the process of communication is to coordinate the sequence of statements. Often, there is a combined manifestation of various emotion functions. For example, the signal function of emotions is often combined with its protective function: the awesome view of a minute of danger contributes to the intimidation of another person or an animal.

Emotion, as a rule, has an external expression (expression), with the help of which a person or an animal informs another about his state, what they like, and what is not, etc. This helps mutual understanding when communicating, preventing aggression from another person or an animal , recognizing the needs and states currently available in another subject.

Use of emotions as means of manipulating other people. Within the framework of the communicative role, emotions can be used to manipulate other people. Often we deliberately or in habit, we demonstrate those or other emotional manifestations because they arose in our natural way, but because they are desirable to affect other people. A. Schopenhauer wrote about this: "As instead of silver and gold, paper money goes, so instead of true respect and real friendship in the world, the external evidence of their evidence and how naturally forged mimic grimaces and television can be used ... In any case, I rely more On the wagging of the tail of an honest dog than a hundred such manifestations of respect and friendship. "

The kid knows about this function of emotions, who uses it to achieve its goals: after all, crying, cry, sufferent facial expressions of the child causes the parents and adult sympathy. Thus, emotions helps a person to seek to meet their needs through changes in the right side of the behavior of other people.

As a means of manipulation, a smile, laughter, threat, cry, crying, dismissed indifference, sharing suffering, etc. When manipulating, the "emotional workpiece" is reproduced - Engramma. Memory captures the situations in which the "emotional workpiece" gives the right effect, and in the subsequent person uses them in similar situations. Engrams make up manipulative human experience. They are positive and negative, if they are considered in terms of influence on other people. The first are called upon to cause a positive attitude (trust, recognition, love). In this case, there are such facilities such as a smile, laughter, voice intonation of a lyrical and peace-loving spectrum, gestures, symbolizing greetings, adopting a partner, the joy of communication with him, the movement of the head, expressing the consent, the movement of the body, testifying to the partner's trust etc. The second is filled with symbols of aggression, hostility, wrath, alienation, distancing, threats, displeasure. For example, the parent makes a formidable facial expression, increases the voice and uses the launched words to the child's address. But this does not mean that he hates a child at this moment, he only achieves the desired behavior from him.

E. Shoshomom (1994) describes the role of emotions in manipulating by other people from the so-called "manipulators". At the same time, their tactics may be different. In one case, "manipulators", as, for example, hysterical women, fell on the feelings surrounding the mixture, bringing them to full confusion. From hysterical women feelings fly away as sparks, but none of them delayed so much to fully form and put it. Barely occurred, they burst like bubble. In another case, "manipulators" save their emotions about the reserve to use them at a convenient moment. "I was offended by you last week," can say the manipulator. Why did he not say this last week? - asks the shock. Because then he was unprofitable to declare his insult, and now he can handle something.

The "manipulator" may experience many feelings quite sincerely, but he will certainly try to use them "for something useful." That is, as the shock writes, a certain manipulative goal is given to the sincere tears.

The role of emotions in cognitive processes and creativity
The presence of emotional phenomena in the process of knowledge has noted yet ancient Greek philosophers (Plato, Aristotle).

However, the discussion on the role of emotions in the cognitive process was laid P. Jean and T. Ribo. According to P. Jean, emotions, being "secondary actions", the reaction of the subject to its own effect, regulate the "primary actions", including intellectual. T. Ribo, on the contrary, it believed that there should be no "emotional impurities" in intellectual thinking, since it is precisely the affective nature of a person and is most often the cause of illuminance. He shared intellectual thinking and emotional. Communication of Thinking with Affects great importance Delivered L. S. Vygotsky. He wrote: "Who touched thinking from the very beginning from the affect, he forever closed his way to explain the causes of the most thinking, because the deterministic analysis of thinking must necessarily assume the opening of the driving motives of thought, needs and interests, motives and trends that direct the movement of thought in that or the other side. "

S. L. Rubinstein also noted the need to bind thinking with an affective sphere of man. "Mental processes taken in their specific integrity are processes not only cognitive, but also" affective ", emotional-volitional. They express not only knowledge of the phenomena, but also the attitude towards them. " In another work, he sharpes even more this question: "We are not only about the fact that emotion is in unity and interconnection with intelligence or thinking with emotion, but that the most thinking as a real mental process is already the unity of intellectual and emotional , and emotion - the unity of emotional and intellectual "(" Problems general psychology", 1973.

Currently, most psychologists involved in the study of intellectual activity recognize the role of emotions in thinking. Moreover, it is expressed that emotions do not just affect thinking, but are a mandatory component, or that most human emotions are intellectually due to. Even the intellectual emotions other than basic.

True, the opinions of the authors on the specific role of emotions in the management of thinking do not coincide. From the point of view of O. K. Tikhomirov, emotions are a catalyst for the intellectual process; They improve or worsen mental activity, diminishing or slow down. In another work (Tikhomirov, Kloche, 1980), it goes even further, considering emotions by the refinement coordinator, ensuring its flexibility, restructuring, correction, care from the stereotype, replacing current installations. According to P. V. Simonov, emotions are only a starting mechanism of thinking. L. V. Putlyaeva considers both these points of view hyperbolized and allocates, in turn, three functions of emotions in the thinking process:

1) emotions as component cognitive needs that are the source of mental activity;

2) emotions as a regulator of the informative process at its certain stages;

3) emotions as a component of the evaluation of the result achieved, i.e. as feedback.

The role of emotions in the intellectual creative process is diverse. These are the flour of creativity, and the joy of discovery. "The hot desire of knowledge," wrote K. Bernard, "there is a single engine attracting and supporting the researcher in his efforts, and this knowledge, so to speak, constantly eluding his hands, is its only happiness and torment. Who did not know the Muk unknown, he will not understand the discovery pleasures, which, of course, stronger than all that a person can feel. "

But this is what is characteristic: this is inspiration, the joy about creative success is not long-term. K. Bernard wrote about this: "According to some whip of our nature, this is a pleasure that we have been looking for so much, goes away, how soon the discovery is done. It looks like a zipper who illuminated the distant horizon to which our insatiable curiosity rushes even with great heat. For this reason, in the science itself, the famous loses its attractiveness, and the unknown always fully charms. "

Discussing the connection of thinking with emotions, some psychologists reach extremes. So, A. Ellis (Ellis, 1958) argues that thinking and emotions are so closely connected with each other, which is usually accompanying each other, acting in the cycle of relationship "cause and effect" relationship, and in some (although hardly in all) Relationships are essentially the same, so thinking turns into emotion, and emotion becomes thought. Thinking and emotions, according to this author, tend to take the form of self-discharge or internal proposals; The suggestions that people pronounce about themselves are or become their thoughts and emotions.

As for the transformation of thought into emotion and on the contrary, it is a rather controversial statement. Another thing is that, as Ellis writes, thought and emotion is hardly possible to distinguish and allocate in its pure form. Here with the author you can agree. Special role belongs to emotions B. different types art. K. S. Stanislavsky (1953) said that of all the three mental spheres of a man - the mind, will and feelings - the latter is the most "hard-advisable child." The expansion and development of the mind is much easier than the will of the actor than the development and expansion of the emotional sphere. The feeling, noted Stanislavsky, can be cultivated, subordinate to the will, cleverly use, but it grows very tightly. An alternative "is or not" most of all refers to it. Therefore, it is more expensive for the actor. Students with mobile emotions, the ability to read deeply is the Golden Fund of the Theater School. Their development goes quickly. At the same time, Stanislavsky complained that there was too much rational actors and scenic works going from the mind.

In this article you will get acquainted with feelings and emotions.

We fall in love, rejoice, trying to indulge, hate, love - and all this is called emotions and feelings. Let's talk about them in this article.

What is and what are the feelings and emotions: definition, titles

Manifestation of emotions and feelings

Emotions - An instant reaction of a person on what is happening around him. Emotions are manifested in a person in an animal level, appear and disappear. Manifestation of emotions can be:

• Sugger
• Sadness
• Joy
• Sadness
• Indifference
• Anger

The senses - These are also emotions, but on a permanent basis, they last long. Feelings arise in the process of long thinking, experiences, on the basis of life experience. Feelings are:

• The biggest and permanent feeling is love, but most likely not men and women, but a mother and a child, and vice versa.
• A sense of debt to parents, family.
• Feeling devotion to the spouse.
• Sense of responsibility for family and children.
• Some people are familiar with the feeling of inspiration on an interesting job.

List of positive and negative feelings and emotions: table with decoding

Negative and positive emotions

Positive emotions and feelings:

• Joy
• Delight
• Pleasure
• Pride
• Licacy
• Confidence
• Sympathy
• Confidence
• Delight
• Attachment
• Thanks
• Respect
• Tenderness
• Uming
• Bliss
• Anticipation
• Pure conscience
• Safety

Negative emotions and feelings:

• Gloat
• Dissatisfaction with something
• Sadness
• Anxiety
• Sorrow
• Yearning
• Sugger
• Fear
• Despair
• Offense
• Fean
• A pity
• Fear
• Sympathy
• Regret
• Dislike
• DOSADE
• Hatred
• Disturbance
• Sadness
• Jealousy
• Envy
• Boredom
• Malice
• Uncertainty
• Mistrust
• Rage
• Confusion
• Disgust
• Contempt
• Disappointment
• Repentance
• Bitterness
• Intolerance

This is not all emotions and feelings that manifest themselves. All manifestations of emotions cannot be calculated, they like two or three colors, folded together, from which the third one appears, a completely new color.

Emotions and feelings are called positive because they are pleased with the pleasure of person, and negative - discontent. From the list of emotions we see that negative emotions are much larger than positive.

Types, classification of feelings and emotions

Basic feelings and emotions, and derivatives from them

Emotions are the momentary manifestations of our reaction to actions from the side. With such emotions as discontent, surprise, joy, fear and anger we are born. If a small child is uncomfortable - he cries, fed, quail - he rejoices.

But not all emotions are innate, some can be acquired in certain life situations. Even kids understand this, arranging hysterics if they want to achieve anything.

Basic manifestations of emotions and feelings 5, and derived from them:

1. Joy, and from her: delight, fun, surprise, tenderness, gratitude, inspiration, passion, peace.
2. Love and on: Love, Trust, Tenderness, Bliss.
3. Sadness, and went: disappointment, sadness, regret, despair, loneliness, depression, bitterness.
4. Anger, and went on: rage, irritation, anger, hatred, revenge, indignation, resentment, envy.
5. Fear, and its derivatives: anxiety, excitement, anxiety, fright, shame, wines, horror, revenge.

All emotions, except for those who are born, acquired on our life path.

Why is emotions more than feelings?

Expression of emotions and feelings

Emotions are temporary conditions, and they can even change tens for one hour. In order for the emotion to go into feeling you need to wait long, sometimes years. And if the feeling appeared here, it can persist in decades, while emotion lasts a couple of seconds, respectively, emotions are much more than feelings.

What human senses differ from its emotions: comparison, psychology, a brief description of characteristics and properties

How to find out what a feeling is and what emotions?

• We manage the feelings, and emotions are very difficult to manage, most often impossible.
• Feelings are manifested on the basis of constant simple emotions, and emotions are rapidly.
• Feelings are formed in the process of life experience, and with emotions we are born.
• The feeling is impossible to realize, and I am completely realized by emotions, more often in the past time.
• Feelings are durable, and emotions arise for a short time in response to any action from the side. We express our emotions screaming, laughter, crying, hysteria.
• Feelings arise from emotions, and for such a transition of emotions in feeling you need time.

The border between feelings and emotions to determine is very difficult. Sometimes we cannot understand for a long time, what condition we actually have emotions or feeling. An example of this, love and love.

Functions and role of emotions and feelings in psychology, human life, communication of emotions and feelings with body: description, external manifestations

Affect

Emotions are not only words, but may be actions. Everyone knows how the smile of another acts on one person. If a smiling man is sincere, he can infect with his smile and others. Thanks to emotions, we better understand each other.

Feelings and emotions are manifested by 4 species:

• Feeling itself
• Manifestation of mood
• Passion
• Affect

Feeling - Negative or positive manifestation of human properties.

Mood - Background for the actions of the psyche of man.

Passion - The feeling is strong and rather long.

Affect - Very strong feeling, lasting a short time.

Following such a classification:

• Surprise is a feeling, and amazement, bliss - the same feeling, but brought to the affect
• Anger - feeling, rage - the feeling brought to the affect
• Joy - feeling, delight - feeling brought to affect

Words expressing feelings and emotions: List

Expression of emotions on the face

We are born with some emotions. Emotions are well shown on our face. Small child, not knowing how to speak, already perfectly shows its emotions.

The expression of the simplest emotion and feelings:

• Apathy - full indifference.
• Hopelessness - the loss of all hopes.
• Anxiety - manifestation of anxiety, excitement, bad premonitions.
• Fun - I want to laugh.
• Outrage - dissatisfaction with everyone.
• Human member - a contemptuous attitude to other people.
• Sadness is a state when it seems that everything in gray colors.
• Pity is a sense of compassion to others.
• Envy - the test of the feeling of bitterness from the fact that others turn out, and you do not.
• Anger - indignation, and the desire to make an unpleasant object.
• Imaging is a reaction to a sudden danger.
• Delight is a feeling associated with the satisfaction of your interests.
• Hate - strong anger to another object.
• Loneliness is a condition when you have no one to talk to souls.
• Sadness is the state of longing for the past or real.
• Shame - experiences about the unworthy act.
• Happiness is the state of internal satisfaction with something.
• Anxiety is a state caused by internal voltage.
• Surprise - a quick reaction to a seen sudden event.
• Horror - strong fear when colliding with a threatening object.
• Rage - manifestation of anger in aggressive form.

Loule Vilma - a woman lives emotions, man feelings: what does it mean?

Depending on the prevailing emotions, each person has its own diseases

Loule Vilma - Estonian doctor of the gynecologist and a large connoisseur of the human soul, author 8 books. In his articles, she tried to convey to people that our health is associated with the state of mind, our emotions are associated with diseases, and only we, the adjustment of their emotions in a position to cure themselves.

The fact that a woman lives emotions, and man feelings can be found from Loule Vilma "Start Male and Women." If someone is interested, you can.

Is it possible to manage emotions and feelings: raising emotions and feelings

Emotions can be sent to the right bed from childhood

Thanks to emotions and feelings, our life becomes interesting, but at the same time, excessive emotions affect our health and psyche, so you need to learn how to manage our emotions.

How to manage emotions?

• Initially, you need to admit that not all the emotions that have positive you have.
• Understand every manifestation of negative emotions.
• Do not take all negative emotions to your account. If the boss was scribed on you - this does not mean that you are a bad worker, maybe he had a bad mood.
• Control your negative emotions and not allow them to manifest them next time.
• Learn to control your explosive nature and manifestation of stormy emotions, for example, using simple ways Meditation, special trainings.
• Now there is a bunch of books and films, with the help of which you can learn to control your emotions.

So, we learned a little more, and met our feelings and emotions.

Video: Disney cartoon for children puzzle, our emotions