"Chemistry in human life" message Grade 8 will briefly talk about the chemical processes that surround us and affect our life. Also, the message "The role of chemistry in human life" can be used to prepare an abstract on a given topic.
The message "Chemistry in human life"
Why do we need chemistry in human life and in nature? Take a look around and you will see that our world is almost entirely composed of it. The most striking example of this is oxygen - a substance without which living things could not exist on the planet. He participates in such important processes as:
- Breath
- Combustion
- Putrefaction
And this is only the smallest part. Chemistry covers all branches of industry and influences all processes occurring in nature.
- Chemistry in industry
Such products depend on industrial branches how to make building materials, mechanical engineering, agriculture, metallurgy, electronics manufacturing, light industry, pharmaceutical industry, food industry, petrochemistry. Chemistry produces medications, food products that are necessary for our life. The chemical industry has made significant progress in the production of weapons. But at the same time, industrial enterprises harm the environment, they gradually poison us, provoke the emergence of new diseases.
- Casual a life
It is difficult to imagine everyday life and everyday life of a person without chemistry and the benefits of chemical production. Cleaning and detergents, lipstick, credit card, headphones, glasses, computer, these are the things that have firmly entered our life and which are the brainchild of the chemical industry (or rather the oil refining industry). Note that more than 6,000 products are made from oil. The most popular and used by us are:
- Plastic. It is present in the industrial and household appliances, trains, cars, food containers, office supplies.
- Petrolatum. It is an important component of medicine, cosmetology and food industry.
- Synthetic fabrics. Among them are pleasant and soft acrylic, elastic lycra, durable nylon, wrinkle-resistant polyester.
Also oil is used in food products where it replaces animal protein.
- Chemistry and food
Did you know that drinking water This is pure chemistry, the formula of which everyone remembers from school days. Drinking a glass of water, a person consumes a real cocktail of inorganic substances: iodine, fluorine, calcium, selenium, and so on. If we talk about food, then, the first thing that comes to mind is the word "monosodium glutamate" - a substance that will make almost everything tasty. It is found in chips, condiments, sausages, sausages, milk, fish, soy products, and so on. huge number and they are not always useful.
Thus, chemistry has been our companion since the creation of the world. Man has learned to run complex chemical processes that we don’t even think about. No chemistry modern world would not exist in the form in which we see it now.
We hope that the "Chemistry in Human Life" message summarized in this article helped you prepare for the lesson. A short story about chemistry in human life, you can add through the comment form below.
The importance of chemistry in modern society
Chemical knowledge is a powerful force in the hands of humanity. Knowledge of properties chemical substances and the methods of obtaining them not only allows one to study and understand nature, but also to obtain new, still unknown substances, to assume the existence of substances with the necessary properties.
But chemistry can also pose a threat to humans and the environment. The famous science fiction writer and chemist Isaac Asimov wrote: "Chemistry is death packed in jars and boxes." And what has been said is true not only for chemistry, but also for electricity, radio electronics, and transport. We cannot live without electricity, but a bare wire is deadly, cars help us move, but people often die under their wheels. Humanity's use of achievements modern science and technology, including chemistry, requires deep knowledge and high general culture.
Only responsible, rational use of natural resources can become a guarantee of sustainable development of our civilization!
Chemistry in Everyday life
It is impossible to imagine the modern life of people without chemistry. And not only indirectly, through the use of food, clothing, shoes, fuel, housing, but also directly, through the use of glass, plastic, porcelain and earthenware products, medicines, disinfectants, cosmetic products, various adhesives, varnishes, paints, food additives, etc.
Various detergents have finally entered our life. But besides soap and shampoos, we use many other products, in particular, bleaches. The action of most of them is based on the properties of chlorine-containing compounds, which are strong oxidizing agents. Some products are labeled “Chlorine Free”. Such products contain other strong oxidizing agents, for example sodium perborate NaBO 2. H 2 O 2. 3H 2 O or sodium percarbonate Na 2 CO 3. 1.5H 2 O 2. H 2 O. Hard water can cause damage washing machines so we use products to soften it.
Creation of new materials
The creation of new materials is a necessity of modern life. Materials with new, improved properties should replace obsolete ones. High-tech industries also require new materials: space and nuclear technology, electronics. Practical needs require metals, polymers, ceramics, dyes, fibers, and more.
Composites occupy a special place among new materials. In many properties - strength, toughness - composites significantly exceed traditional materials, due to which the needs of society for them are constantly growing. Everything is spent on the creation of composites more resources, and the main consumers of composites today are the automotive and space industries (Fig. 40.1).
Biomaterials
With the development of medicine, the need arose to replace organs and tissues in the human body. Materials that can be used to make various implants are created in chemical laboratories. Metal prostheses easy to manufacture, very durable, chemically inert, and relatively inexpensive. The main disadvantage of metals is that they corrode, due to which the mechanical strength, and the body is poisoned by ions metal elements... Titanium alloys (for example, Ti-Al-V) are quite promising for the manufacture of implants. They are strong, relatively lightweight and corrosion resistant.
Today more and more ceramic bioimplants are used. Ceramics is a wonderful biomaterial: it is durable and does not corrode. In addition, the ceramic does not wear off, which is important for artificial joints, and is also characterized by biocompatibility.
Rice. 40.1. Usage composite materials: carbon fabric (carbon fiber) (a) is used to reinforce parts of bicycles and cars, hulls of kayaks and small boats are made of fiberglass (b) and even whole houses (c)
Rice. 40.2. Modern biomaterials are used for the manufacture of artificial joints and multifunctional limb prostheses
Rational use of natural raw materials
Nature seems to be an inexhaustible storehouse from which humanity takes the raw materials it needs. Over the past 20 years, more minerals have been consumed than in the entire history of mankind. About 100 billion tons are mined and processed in the world annually rocks... Many sources of raw materials are already depleted, so the raw materials problem is acute. Already today, many countries lack individual natural resources... Ukraine, for example, lacks oil and natural gas.
Integrated use of raw materials and waste is the basis of combined industries (various chemical, chemical and metallurgical, etc.). It is necessary to introduce waste-free technologies, i.e. such production processes, in which the wastes of one production become raw materials (reagents) for another.
An inexhaustible source of raw materials are industrial and household waste... The challenge for chemists is to develop methods for the efficient use of such wastes. The use of secondary raw materials makes it possible to save natural raw materials and energy, as well as reduce the cost of the product, since resource consumption is 2-3 times (and for some types up to 6 times) less than production from primary raw materials. For example, smelting steel from scrap metal requires 6-7 times less energy costs and 25 times cheaper than obtaining steel from ore.
Key idea
Chemistry has entered all spheres of life and activity of mankind. We use many products in our daily life chemical industry... Chemistry allows you to create new materials that do not exist in nature.
Control questions
486. Name the products of chemical industries that you use in your daily life.
487. Give examples of the adverse effects of chemicals and technologies on environment or a person.
488. Describe what your life would be like if there were no chemical products in it.
489. Describe the role of chemistry in the creation of new materials, in solving energy and raw materials problems.
Assignments for mastering the material
490 *. Ask adults if there are chemical plants in your city, town, region. Which? What are they producing? How do they affect the environment? Can a person refuse the products of these industries? Justify the answer.
491 * Find additional resources for information on environmental management principles and the importance of chemistry in the implementation of these principles.
This is tutorial material
Chemistry is used in various fields of human activity - medicine, agriculture, production of ceramics, varnishes, paints, automotive, textile, metallurgical and other industries. In everyday human life, chemistry is reflected primarily in various subjects household chemicals (detergents and disinfectants, furniture, glass and mirrored surfaces etc.), medicines, cosmetics Oh, various products from plastics, paints, adhesives, insect repellents, fertilizers, etc. This list can be continued almost endlessly, we will consider only some of its points.
Household chemicals
Among household chemicals, the first place in terms of production and use is occupied by detergents, among which the most popular are various soaps, washing powders and liquid detergents (shampoos and gels).
Soaps are mixtures of salts (potassium or sodium) of unsaturated fatty acids (stearic, palmitic, etc.), and sodium salts form solid soaps, and potassium salts form liquid soaps.
Soaps are produced by the reaction of fat hydrolysis in the presence of alkalis (saponification). Consider the preparation of soap using the example of saponification of tristearin (triglyceride stearic acid):
where C 17 H 35 COONa is soap - sodium salt of stearic acid (sodium stearate).
Obtaining soap is also possible using alkyl sulfates (salts of esters of higher alcohols and sulfuric acid) as raw materials:
R-CH 2 -OH + H 2 SO 4 = R-CH 2 -O-SO 2 –OH (sulfuric acid ester) + H 2 O
R-CH 2 -O-SO 2 –OH + NaOH = R-CH 2 -O-SO 2 –ONa (soap - sodium alkyl sulfate) + H 2 O
Depending on the scope of application, there are household, cosmetic (liquid and solid) soaps, as well as soap self made... In addition, various flavors, dyes or fragrances can be added to the soap.
Synthetic detergents (washing powders, gels, pastes, shampoos) are complex in chemical composition mixtures of several components, the main component of which are surfactants. Surfactants include ionic (anionic, cationic, amphoteric) and nonionic surfactants. For the production of synthetic detergents, inogenic anionic surfactants are usually used, which are alkyl sulfates, aminosulfates, sulfosuccinates, and other compounds that dissociate into ions in an aqueous solution.
Powdered detergents usually contain various additives to remove grease stains. Most often it is soda ash or baking soda, sodium phosphates.
Some powders are supplemented with chemical bleaches - organic and inorganic compounds, the decomposition of which releases active oxygen or chlorine. Sometimes, enzymes are used as bleaching additives, which, due to the rapid process of breaking down the protein, well remove organic contaminants.
Polymer products
Polymers are high molecular weight compounds, the macromolecules of which are composed of "monomer units" - molecules of inorganic or organic substances connected by chemical or coordination bonds.
Polymer products are widely used in the everyday life of mankind - these are all kinds of household accessories - kitchen utensils, bathroom items, household appliances and household use, containers, storage, packaging materials, etc. Polymer fibers are used for the manufacture of various fabrics, knitwear, hosiery, faux fur curtains, carpets, upholstery materials for furniture and cars. Synthetic rubber is used to produce industrial rubber goods (boots, galoshes, sneakers, rugs, shoe soles, etc.).
Among the multitude polymer materials polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, teflon, polyacrylate and polystyrene are widely used.
Among the products made of polyethylene, the most famous in everyday life received polyethylene film, all kinds of containers (bottles, cans, boxes, canisters, etc.), pipes for sewerage, drainage, water and gas supply, armor, heat insulators, hot glue, etc. All these products are made from polyethylene obtained in two ways - at high (1) and low pressure (2):
DEFINITION
Polypropylene is a polymer obtained by polymerizing propylene in the presence of catalysts (for example, a mixture of TiCl 4 and AlR 3):
n CH 2 = CH (CH 3) → [-CH 2 -CH (CH 3) -] n
This material is widely used in the production of packaging materials, household items, nonwovens, disposable syringes, in construction for vibration and noise insulation. floor slabs in systems "floating floor".
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a polymer obtained by suspension or emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride, as well as bulk polymerization:
It is used for electrical insulation of wires and cables, the production of sheets, pipes, films for stretch ceilings, artificial leather, linoleum, profiles for the manufacture of windows and doors.
Polyvinyl chloride is used as a sealant in household refrigerators, instead of relatively complex mechanical closures. Condoms are also made from PVC for people with latex allergies.
Cosmetics
The main products of cosmetic chemistry are all kinds of creams, lotions, masks for face, hair and body, perfumes, eau de toilette, hair dyes, mascaras, hair and nail sprays, etc. The composition of cosmetic products includes substances that are contained in the tissues for which these products are intended. Thus, cosmetic preparations for the care of nails, skin and hair include amino acids, peptides, fats, oils, carbohydrates and vitamins, i.e. substances necessary for the life of the cells that make up these tissues.
In addition to substances obtained from natural raw materials (for example, all kinds of plant extracts), synthetic raw materials are widely used in the production of cosmetics, which are obtained by chemical (more often organic) synthesis. Substances obtained in this way are characterized by a high degree of purity.
The main types of raw materials for the production of cosmetics are natural and synthetic animals (chicken, mink, pork) and vegetable (cottonseed, linseed, castor oil) fats, oils and waxes, hydrocarbons, surfactants, vitamins and stabilizers.
If a few decades ago a person were asked the question: “What does the word“ chemistry ”associate with?”, Then most likely, he would have remembered flasks with a bubbling cloudy liquid inside, a coil, from the spout of which steam escapes with a whistle and a strict teacher, leading to school chalkboard intricate formulas and equations.
But that would have been several decades ago ... And in our time, when the gaze of mankind extends from the microcosm, which more and more reveals its secrets to us, to the striking in its scale, in-depth studies of the universe, chemistry has firmly entered all spheres of our life.
So modern housewives can no longer imagine household life without certain means for caring for clothes, for washing dishes, floors, windows, and washing clothes. Household chemicals for a modern woman, as for a chemist, she has become that assistant who saves her time, and at the same time allows her to maintain high level cleanliness, hygiene, order.
How to underestimate the importance of chemistry for Agriculture... And it doesn't matter who in question, whether it is a large agricultural enterprise, the middle peasant is a farmer or a grandmother in his small vegetable garden. All of them have in their arsenal of fertilizers, means for combating diseases of plant crops, as well as various pests... It is very important to understand that modern agricultural production would be ineffective if it did not have at its disposal the means that chemistry gives it.
Walking down the street past the beautiful modern buildings, living out their days of Khrushchev or Ryazanov, nine-story buildings of the same type, pay attention to the windows. You will see that almost all of them are made of metal-reinforced plastic. Now look a little higher. How great the roof looks, finished with ceramic or polymer sand tiles, based on thermoplastic composite polymers. That's polycarbonate canopy as if hovering over the entrance to the office. And the path leading to it is made of a material that is heat-shrinkable bitumen on epoxy resin with calcined boxide filler for increased traction on the road. And you can also remember Decoration Materials, all kinds of paints, varnishes, adhesives and much more, without which construction, finishing and repair work cannot do.
Pharmaceuticals. Nowadays, there is an explosive growth of this regrowth. Without the participation of chemistry in this process, this would be impossible. It is the advanced achievements in this science that have led to a qualitative rise in the production of new drugs.
Motorists appreciate the presence of chemistry in our lives. After all, like nowhere else, here you can see the widest range various means, united by a common name - autochemistry. Here are additives for the engine, gearbox, care products paintwork bodywork, window defogger, anti-rain, car interior care products and much more.
A rolling rumble comes from above - this is a modern airbus, slightly taking a roll, enters the familiar glide path. Somewhere below high-speed train is gaining momentum. And thousands of kilometers from it, the latest submarine dives into the seething depths of the ocean. All this is united by the research of scientists - chemists in the field of the latest composite materials using modern nanotechnology. It is these studies that give impetus to high-tech production.