He divided the higher nervous activity into 4 types. The type of higher nervous activity and temperament

Temperament

Question 1: The concept and structure of temperament

Temperament - a set of individually - typological personality traits that characterize the characteristics of the dynamics of mental activity: intensity, speed, pace and rhythm of mental processes and states, behavior and activity.

Temperament is one of the most significant personality traits. Interest in this problem arose more than two and a half thousand years ago. It was caused by the obviousness of the existence of individual differences, which are due to the peculiarities of the biological and physiological structure and development of the organism, as well as the peculiarities of social development, the uniqueness of social ties and contacts. Temperament is primarily related to biologically determined personality structures. Temperament determines the presence of many mental differences between people, including the intensity and stability of emotions, emotional impressionability, pace and vigor of actions, as well as a number of other dynamic characteristics.

BM Teplov gives the following definition of temperament: "Temperament is a set of mental characteristics characteristic of a given person associated with emotional excitability, that is, the rapidity of the onset of feelings, on the one hand, and their strength, on the other" (Teplov B.M. ., 1985). Thus, temperament has two components - activity and emotionality.

Temperament structure.

There are 3 components in the structure of temperament:

1) Activity - the intensity and speed of human interaction with the environment.

2) Emotionality - characterizes the features of the emergence, flow and extinction of emotional states.

3) Motor (motor) - characterizes the features of the motor sphere, namely the rate of reaction, muscle tone, intensity, rhythm and total number of movements.

Question 2: Types of temperament, their psychological characteristics.

Types of temperament:

1. Choleric - low sensitivity, high reactivity, high activity, predominance of reactivity, high rate, high emotional excitability, low anxiety, rigidity, extraversion.

2. Melancholic - high sensitivity, low reactivity, low activity, low tempo, high emotional excitability, high anxiety, rigidity, introversion.

3. Phlegmatic person - decreased sensitivity, low reactivity, high activity (in terms of volitional regulation), low tempo, low emotional excitability, low anxiety, rigidity, introversion.

4. Sanguine - low sensitivity, high reactivity, high activity, predominance of activity, high tempo, high emotional excitability, low anxiety, plasticity, extraversion.

A sanguine person is a decisive, energetic, quickly excitable, mobile, impressionable person, with a vivid external expression of emotions and a slight change in them.

A phlegmatic person is calm, slow, with a weak manifestation of feelings, it is difficult to switch from one type of activity to another.

Choleric is quick-tempered, with a high level of activity, irritable, energetic, with strong, quickly emerging emotions, which are clearly reflected in speech, gestures, facial expressions.

Melancholic - has a low level of neuropsychic activity, dull, dreary, with high emotional vulnerability, suspicious, prone to gloomy thoughts and depressed mood, withdrawn, fearful.

Question 3. Physiological basis of temperament: properties and types of higher nervous activity.

According to the teachings of I.P. Pavlov, the individual characteristics of behavior, the dynamics of the course of mental activity depend on individual differences in the activity of the nervous system. The basis of individual differences in nervous activity is the manifestation and correlation of the properties of the two main nervous processes - excitation and inhibition.

Three properties of the processes of excitation and inhibition were established:

1) the strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition,

2) the balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition,

3) mobility (changeability) of the processes of excitation and inhibition.

The strength of nervous processes is expressed in the ability of nerve cells to tolerate long-term or short-term, but very concentrated excitation and inhibition. This determines the performance (endurance) of the nerve cell.

An important property of higher nervous activity is the balance of nervous processes, that is, the proportional relationship between excitation and inhibition. In some people, these two processes are mutually balanced, while in others this balance is not observed: either the process of inhibition or excitement prevails.

One of the main properties of higher nervous activity is the mobility of nervous processes. The mobility of the nervous system is characterized by the rapidity of the alternation of processes of excitation and inhibition, the rapidity of their appearance and termination (when the conditions of life require it), the speed of movement of nervous processes (irradiation and concentration), the rapidity of the appearance of the nervous process in response to irritation, the rapidity of the formation of new conditioned connections, the development of and changing the dynamic stereotype.

Combinations of these properties of the nervous processes of excitation and inhibition were used as the basis for determining the type of higher nervous activity. Depending on the combination of strength, mobility and balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition, four main types of higher nervous activity are distinguished.

Weak type. Representatives of the weak type of the nervous system cannot withstand strong, prolonged and concentrated stimuli. The processes of inhibition and excitation are weak. Under the action of strong stimuli, the development of conditioned reflexes is delayed. Along with this, there is a high sensitivity (i.e., a low threshold) to the actions of stimuli.

Strong balanced type. Distinguished by a strong nervous system, it is characterized by the imbalance of the main nervous processes - the predominance of excitation processes over inhibition processes.

Strong balanced movable type. The processes of inhibition and excitation are strong and balanced, but their speed, their mobility, the rapid alternation of nervous processes lead to a relative instability of the nerve connections.

Strong balanced inert type. Strong and balanced nervous processes are characterized by low mobility. Representatives of this type are always outwardly calm, even, difficult to excite.

The features of a person's mental activity, which determine his actions, behavior, habits, interests, knowledge, are formed in the process of a person's individual life, in the process of education. The type of higher nervous activity gives originality to a person's behavior, leaves a characteristic imprint on the entire appearance of a person - it determines the mobility of his mental processes, their stability, but does not determine either behavior, or actions of a person, or his beliefs, or moral foundations.

The type of higher nervous activity and temperament

An increase in the speed of a motor response with an increase in the stimulus intensity was more pronounced in subjects with a strong nervous system.

The effect of lengthening and multiple repetitions of a differentiating stimulus on absolute light sensitivity was used as indicators of strength in relation to inhibition. An indicator of the strength of nerve cells in relation to inhibition is the absence of changes in light sensitivity, while an indicator of weakness is a decrease in sensitivity under the action of a differentiating stimulus.

Nervous system mobility Is a characteristic of high-speed manifestations of various functions. The mobility of the nervous system is manifested in the rate of change of inhibition by excitation and, conversely, in the dynamics of the nervous process, its irradiation and concentration, changes in reactions when external conditions change. The problem of mobility syndrome was not finally solved. In the course of its development, two more independent properties were identified - lability and dynamism of nervous processes. The main method for determining mobility was the alteration of the signs of stimuli after the development of the corresponding conditioned reactions. The indicator of mobility is the rate at which the signal value is altered to reach the level of conditional effects that was observed before the alteration. The higher the rework speed, the higher the mobility.

The lability of the first system is this is a characteristic of the rate of occurrence and termination of nervous processes; it was singled out as an independent property of the nervous system. The main method for determining lability is the critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF), that is, the flicker frequency of light flashes at which discrete flashes are perceived as even light. The higher the frequency of discrete flashes at CFM, the higher the lability of the nervous system.

The property of dynamism of the nervous system was identified as an independent one in the general syndrome of mobility of nervous processes. Under dynamism nervous system understand the ease and speed of generation of the brain structures of the nervous process during the formation of excitatory or inhibitory conditioned reactions. As indicators of dynamism, a conditioned reflex change in the frequency-amplitude characteristics of the electroencephalogram is used. Using a sound signal as a conditioned stimulus, and a visual stimulus as a reinforcement, it is possible to induce a conditioned reflex change in cortical rhythm. The rate of development of conditional desynchronization can serve as an indicator of dynamism.

An interesting fact was discovered during the research. It turned out that the assessments of the properties of the nervous system do not coincide in the same person when using stimulation of different modalities. The need to explain these results led researchers to distinguish general and specific properties. The general properties of the nervous system were associated with the activity of the regulatory zones of the cerebral cortex, while the particular properties of the nervous system reflect the functioning of those parts of the cortex that are associated with the processing of sensory information.

Thus, within the framework of the concept of the basic properties of the nervous system, diagnostic methods were developed, the physiological content and structure of these properties were determined. The properties of the nervous system are classified as primary and secondary. Primary properties are strength, mobility, dynamism, lability (in terms of excitation and inhibition), secondary - the balance of primary properties in relation to the action of excitation and inhibition. These properties can be both private and general.

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4 types of higher nervous activity and temperament

Each person is born with a certain set of biological characteristics of his personality, manifested in temperament. Even blood brothers and sisters, twins living side by side, have significant differences in people's behavior, due to the properties of their temperaments. Temperaments differ in the Siamese twins Masha and Dasha, in all children who have received the same upbringing, have the same worldview, close ideals, convictions and moral principles.

What is temperament? Temperament is the name for the innate characteristics of a person, which determine the dynamics of the course of his mental processes. It is temperament that determines a person's reactions to external circumstances. It largely shapes the character of a person, his individuality and is a kind of connecting link between the body and cognitive processes.

Temperament is a manifestation of the type of the nervous system in human activity, individual psychological characteristics of a person, in which the mobility of his nervous processes, strength, balance are manifested.

Excitation and inhibition can be balanced or prevail over each other, can proceed with different strengths, move from center to center and replace each other in the same centers, i.e. have a certain mobility.

The term "temperament" itself was introduced by the ancient physician Claudius Galen and comes from the Latin word "temperans", which means moderate. The very same word temperament can be translated as "the proper ratio of parts." Hippocrates believed that the type of temperament is determined by the predominance of one of the fluids in the body. If blood prevails in the body, then a person will be mobile, that is, have a sanguine temperament, yellow bile will make a person impulsive and hot - choleric, black bile - sad and fearful, that is, melancholic, and the predominance of lymph will give a person calmness and slowness, make a phlegmatic person.

Many researchers, in particular V.S.

Types of higher nervous activity and temperament

Merlin, S. L. Rubinstein believe that pure temperaments are very rare, usually in every person they are present in different proportions. You should also not equate character and temperament. The latter only characterizes the type of the nervous system, its properties, is associated with the structure of the body and even metabolism. But, in no way is associated with the views of the individual, beliefs, tastes and does not determine the capabilities of the individual.

In the nerve centers of the human cerebral cortex, two opposite active processes take place in a complex interaction: excitation and inhibition. Excitation of some parts of the brain causes inhibition of others, this can explain why a person, carried away by something, ceases to perceive his surroundings. So, for example, switching attention is associated with the transition of excitation from one part of the brain to another and, accordingly, inhibition of the left parts of the brain.

In the psychology of individual differences, the following properties of temperament are distinguished: excitement - inhibition, lability - rigidity, mobility - inertia, activity - passivity, as well as poise, sensitivity, reaction speed.

Weakness of nervous processes is characterized by the inability of nerve cells to withstand prolonged and concentrated excitation and inhibition. Under the action of very strong stimuli, the nerve cells quickly pass into a state of protective inhibition. Thus, in a weak nervous system, nerve cells are characterized by low efficiency, their energy is quickly depleted. But on the other hand, a weak nervous system is very sensitive: even to weak stimuli, it gives an appropriate response.

An important property of higher nervous activity is the balance of nervous processes, that is, a proportional relationship between excitation and inhibition. In some people, these two processes are mutually balanced, while in others this balance is not observed: either the process of inhibition or excitement prevails. One of the main properties of higher nervous activity is the mobility of nervous processes. The mobility of the nervous system is characterized by the rapidity of the alternation of processes of excitation and inhibition, the rapidity of their appearance and termination (when the conditions of life require it), the speed of movement of nervous processes (irradiation and concentration), the rapidity of the appearance of the nervous process in response to irritation, the rapidity of the formation of new conditioned connections. Combinations of these properties of the nervous processes of excitation and inhibition were used as the basis for determining the type of higher nervous activity. Depending on the combination of strength, mobility and balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition, four main types of higher nervous activity are distinguished.

Weak type ... Representatives of the weak type of the nervous system cannot withstand strong, prolonged and concentrated stimuli. The processes of inhibition and excitation are weak. Under the action of strong stimuli, the development of conditioned reflexes is delayed. Along with this, there is a high sensitivity (i.e., a low threshold) to the actions of stimuli.

Strong balanced type ... Distinguished by a strong nervous system, it is characterized by the imbalance of the main nervous processes - the predominance of excitation processes over inhibition processes.

Strong balanced moving type ... The processes of inhibition and excitation are strong and balanced, but their speed, their mobility, the rapid alternation of nervous processes lead to a relative instability of the nerve connections.

Strong balanced inert type ... Strong and balanced nervous processes are characterized by low mobility. Representatives of this type are always outwardly calm, even, difficult to excite.

The type of higher nervous activity refers to natural higher data, it is an innate property of the nervous system. On a given physiological basis, various systems of conditioned connections can be formed, that is, in the course of life, these conditioned connections will be formed differently in different people: this will be the manifestation of the type of higher nervous activity. Temperament is a manifestation of the type of higher nervous activity in human activity and behavior.

The features of a person's mental activity, which determine his actions, behavior, habits, interests, knowledge, are formed in the process of a person's individual life, in the process of education. The type of higher nervous activity gives originality to a person's behavior, leaves a characteristic imprint on the entire appearance of a person - it determines the mobility of his mental processes, their stability, but does not determine either behavior, or a person's actions, or his beliefs, or moral principles.

Types of temperament

In psychology, four types of temperament are distinguished: Choleric, Melancholic, Phlegmatic and Sanguine. It cannot be said that Melancholic is better than Choleric, and Sanguine is better than Phlegmatic. They all have their pros and cons.

1. A melancholic has a weak type of nervous system and, therefore, is unstable in the face of circumstances requiring overcoming or strong excitement of the nervous system. The other three types of nervous systems are considered strong. A person is easily vulnerable, prone to constant experience of various events, he reacts little to external factors. He cannot restrain his asthenic experiences by an effort of will, he is highly impressionable, easily emotionally vulnerable. These are traits of emotional weakness.

2. Phlegmatic temperaments is a type of temperament that, being a strong type, is nevertheless characterized by low mobility of nervous processes. Once arising in certain centers, they are distinguished by constancy and strength. An inert nervous system corresponds to this type. Slow, unperturbed, has stable aspirations and mood, outwardly stingy with the manifestation of emotions and feelings. He shows tenacity and perseverance in his work, remaining calm and level-headed. In work, he is productive, compensating for his slowness with diligence.

3. Sanguine temperament - another strong type of temperament - is characterized by the fact that the processes of excitation and inhibition are quite strong, balanced and easily mobile. A lively, hot, agile person, with frequent changes in mood, impressions, with a quick reaction to all events happening around him, quite easily reconciled with his failures and troubles. He is very productive at work, when he is interested, becoming very excited about this, if the work is not interesting, he is indifferent to it, he becomes bored.

4. Choleric temperament - the third strong type of temperament - unbalanced, unrestrained, processes of arousal prevail over weak inhibition. This type of nervous system is quickly depleted and prone to breakdowns. Fast, passionate, impetuous, but completely unbalanced, with a dramatically changing mood with emotional outbursts, quickly exhausted. He does not have a balance of nervous processes, this sharply distinguishes him from a sanguine person. The choleric, being carried away, carelessly wastes his strength and is quickly depleted.

Good upbringing, control and self-control makes it possible for the melancholic to manifest as an impressionable person with deep feelings and emotions; phlegmatic, as a seasoned person without hasty decisions; sanguine, as a highly responsive person for any job; a choleric person, as a passionate, frantic and active person in work. Negative properties of temperament can be manifested: in a melancholic - isolation and shyness; in a phlegmatic person - indifference to people, dryness; for a sanguine person - superficiality, scattering, inconstancy. A person with any type of temperament may or may not be capable, the type of temperament does not affect a person's abilities, just some life tasks are easier to solve by a person of one type of temperament, others - of another. Temperament is one of the most significant personality traits. Interest in this problem arose more than two and a half thousand years ago. It was caused by the obviousness of the existence of individual differences, which are due to the peculiarities of the biological and physiological structure and development of the organism, as well as the peculiarities of social development, the uniqueness of social ties and contacts. The biologically determined personality structures include, first of all, temperament. Temperament determines the presence of many mental differences between people, including the intensity and stability of emotions, emotional impressionability, pace and vigor of actions, as well as a number of other dynamic characteristics.

Despite the fact that there have been repeated and constant attempts to investigate the problem of temperament, until now this problem belongs to the category of controversial and not yet fully resolved problems of modern psychological science. Today there are many approaches to the study of temperament. However, with all the existing diversity of approaches, most researchers recognize that temperament is the biological foundation on which a personality is formed as a social being, and personality traits caused by temperament are the most stable and long-term. The question cannot be raised about which of the temperaments is better. Each of them has its positive and negative sides. Passion, activity, energy of a choleric person, mobility, liveliness and responsiveness of a sanguine person, depth and stability of feelings of a melancholic person, calmness and lack of haste of a phlegmatic person are examples of those valuable personality traits, the possession of which is associated with individual temperaments. At the same time, with any of the temperaments, there may be a risk of developing unwanted personality traits. For example, a choleric temperament can make a person unrestrained, harsh, prone to constant “explosions”. A sanguine temperament can lead to frivolity, a tendency to throw around, lack of depth and stability of feelings. With a melancholic temperament, a person may develop excessive isolation, a tendency to completely immerse himself in his own experiences, excessive shyness. A phlegmatic temperament can make a person sluggish, inert, indifferent to all the impressions of life. Despite this temperament, the entire life of its owner is formed as well as his character.

In our opinion, temperament changes during life and depends on the prevailing circumstances. Let's say a person ... a sanguine person. Everything is calm in his life. In his life, people appear who begin to interrogate him, bring accusations to hysteria, to tears. If such an appeal lasts longer than a month, then the person begins to cry more, becomes a Melancholic. This Melancholic is constantly being tugged at, humiliated. This Melancholic becomes Choleric. It can already be compared to a nuclear bomb. He starts to explode and yells at everyone who laughs from the outside, who tells him something as a joke, but he does not understand. He negatively affects those around him. But that rarely happens. Temperament is the tempo or cycle of expressing emotions and qualities.

TEMPERAMENT - THESE CONNECTED HUMAN FEATURES WHICH DECIDE THE DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF INTENSITY AND RESPONSE RATE, THE DEGREE OF EMOTIONAL EXCITABILITY AND THE EQUALITY OF THE PERFORMANCE

"Temperament is those innate features of a person that determine the dynamic characteristics of the intensity and speed of response, the degree of emotional excitability and balance, and the peculiarities of adaptation to the environment."

Temperament is those innate features of a person that determine the dynamic characteristics of the intensity and speed of response, the degree of emotional excitability and balance, and the peculiarities of adaptation to the environment.

Before proceeding to consider the various types of temperament, we immediately emphasize that there are no better or worse temperaments - each of them has its positive sides, therefore the main efforts should be directed not at altering temperament (which is impossible due to the innate temperament), but at the rational use of it negative faces.

Humanity has long tried to identify the typical features of the mental makeup of various people, to reduce them to a small number of generalized portraits - types of temperament. These types of typologies were practically useful, since they could be used to predict the behavior of people with a certain temperament in specific life situations.

Temperament in translation from Latin means "mixture", "proportionality". The oldest description of temperaments belongs to the "father" of medicine, Hippocrates. He believed that a person's temperament is determined by which of the four body fluids predominates: if blood predominates ("sanguis" in Latin), then the temperament will be sanguine, that is, energetic, fast, cheerful, sociable, easily endures life's difficulties and failures. If bile ("chole") predominates, then the person will be choleric - bilious, irritable, excitable, unrestrained, very mobile person, with a quick change of mood. If mucus ("phlegm") predominates, then the temperament is phlegmatic - calm, slow, balanced person, slowly, with difficulty switching from one type of activity to another, poorly adapting to new conditions. If black bile ("melana-hole") predominates, then a melancholic is obtained - a somewhat painfully shy and impressionable person, prone to sadness, timidity, isolation, he quickly gets tired, is overly sensitive to adversity.

Academician I.P. Pavlov studied the physiological foundations of temperament, drawing attention to the dependence of temperament on the type of the nervous system. He showed that two main nervous processes - excitation and inhibition - reflect the activity of the brain. From birth, they are all different in strength, mutual balance, mobility. Depending on the ratio of these properties of the nervous system, Pavlov identified four main types of higher nervous activity:
"unrestrained" (strong, mobile, unbalanced type of the nervous system (n / s) - corresponds to the temperament of the choleric person);
"lively" (strong, mobile, balanced type of n / s corresponds to the temperament of a sanguine person);
"calm" (strong, balanced, inert type n / s corresponds to the temperament of the phlegmatic);
"weak" (weak, unbalanced, sedentary type of n / a determines the temperament of the melancholic).

71. Types of temperament and their psychological characteristics

The psychological characteristics of temperament types are determined by the following properties: sensitivity, reactivity, the ratio of reactivity and activity, rate of reactions, plasticity - rigidity, extraversion - introversion, emotional excitability.

Consider the characteristics of the four types of temperament.

A choleric person is a person whose nervous system is determined by the predominance of excitement over inhibition, as a result of which he reacts very quickly, often thoughtlessly, does not have time to slow down, restrain himself, shows impatience, impetuosity, sharpness of movements, irascibility, unbridledness, incontinence. The imbalance of his nervous system predetermines the cyclical nature of the change in his activity and vigor: being carried away by some business, he works passionately, with full dedication, but he does not have enough strength for long, and as soon as they are exhausted, he works to the point that he is unbearable. An irritated state, bad mood, loss of energy and lethargy appear ("everything falls out of hand"). The alternation of positive cycles of raising mood and energy with negative cycles of recession, depression causes uneven behavior and well-being, its increased susceptibility to the emergence of neurotic breakdowns and conflicts with people.

A sanguine person is a person with a strong, balanced, mobile n / s, has a fast reaction rate, his actions are deliberate, cheerful, due to which he is characterized by high resistance to the difficulties of life. The mobility of his nervous system determines the variability of feelings, attachments, interests, views, high adaptability to new conditions. He is a sociable person. He easily converges with new people and therefore has a wide circle of acquaintances, although he does not differ in consistency in communication and affection. He is a productive figure, but only when there are many interesting things to do, i.e. with constant excitement, otherwise he becomes boring, lethargic, distracted. In a stressful situation, it exhibits a "lion's reaction", i.e. actively, deliberately defends himself, fights for the normalization of the situation.

A phlegmatic person is a person with a strong, balanced, but inert n / a, as a result of which he reacts slowly, not talking, emotions appear slowly (it is difficult to anger, cheer); possesses high efficiency, resists strong and prolonged stimuli, difficulties well, but is not able to react quickly in unexpected new situations. Firmly remembers everything learned, is not able to give up the skills and stereotypes developed, does not like to change habits, the routine of life, work, new friends, it is difficult and slow to adapt to new conditions. The mood is stable and even. And in case of serious troubles, the phlegmatic person remains outwardly calm.

Melancholic - a person with weak n / a, having increased sensitivity even to weak stimuli, and a strong stimulus can already cause a "breakdown", "stopper", confusion, "rabbit stress", therefore, in stressful situations (exam, competition, danger, etc. the results of the melancholic's activity may deteriorate in comparison with the calm habitual situation. Increased sensitivity leads to rapid fatigue and a drop in performance (longer rest is required). An insignificant reason can cause resentment, tears. The mood is very changeable, but usually the melancholic tries to hide, not to externally show his feelings, does not talk about his experiences, although he is very inclined to surrender to his feelings, is often sad, depressed, insecure, anxious, he may have neurotic disorders. However, having a high sensitivity n / s, melancholic people often have pronounced artistic and intellectual abilities.

72. Taking into account the temperament in the activity

Since each activity imposes certain requirements on the human psyche and its dynamic characteristics, there are no temperaments that are ideally suited for all types of activity.

The role of temperament in work and study lies in the fact that the influence on the activity of various mental states caused by an unpleasant environment, emotiogenic factors, and pedagogical influences depends on it. The influence of various factors that determine the level of neuropsychic stress depends on temperament (for example, performance assessment, expectation of control of activity, acceleration of the pace of work, disciplinary actions, etc.).

There are four ways of adapting the temperament to the requirements of the activity.

The first way is professional selection, one of the tasks of which is to prevent persons who do not have the necessary temperamental properties from this activity. This path is realized only when selecting for professions that make high demands on personality traits.

The second way of adapting temperament to activity is to individualize the requirements, conditions and ways of working (individual approach).

The third way is to overcome the negative influence of temperament through the formation of a positive attitude towards activity and the corresponding motives.

The fourth, main and most universal way of adapting temperament to the requirements of an activity is the formation of its individual style.

An individual style of activity is understood as such an individual system of techniques and methods of action that is characteristic of a given person and is appropriate for achieving a successful result.

Temperament is an external manifestation of a type of higher nervous activity of a person, and therefore, as a result of upbringing, self-education, this external manifestation can be distorted, changed, and the true temperament is "masked". Therefore, "pure" types of temperament are rarely found, but, nevertheless, the predominance of one or another tendency is always manifested in human behavior.

Temperament leaves an imprint on the ways of behavior and communication, for example, a sanguine person is almost always an initiator in communication, he feels at ease in the company of strangers, a new unusual situation only excites him, and a melancholic, on the contrary, frightens, embarrasses, he gets lost in a new situation, among new people. A phlegmatic person also has difficulty getting along with new people, shows little of his feelings and for a long time does not notice that someone is looking for a reason to get to know him. He is inclined to start a love relationship with friendship and eventually falls in love, but without lightning-fast metamorphoses, since his rhythm of feelings is slowed down, and the stability of feelings makes him monogamous. For choleric people, sanguine people, on the contrary, love arises more often from an explosion, at first sight, but not so stable.

The productivity of a person's work is closely related to the characteristics of his temperament. So, the special mobility of a sanguine person can bring an additional effect if work requires him to frequently switch from one occupation to another, to be prompt in decision-making, and the monotony, regulation of activity, on the contrary, leads him to rapid fatigue. Phlegmatic and melancholic, on the contrary, in conditions of strict regulation and monotonous work, show greater productivity and resistance to fatigue than choleric and sanguine people.

In behavioral communication, it is possible and necessary to predict the characteristics of the reaction of persons with different types of temperament and adequately respond to them.

Let us emphasize that temperament determines only dynamic, but not meaningful characteristics of behavior. On the basis of one and the same temperament, both a "great" and a socially insignificant personality are possible.

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The constitutional typology of personality was proposed by Kretschmer on the basis of the allocation of four main types of physique constitution (congenital features of a person's physique are predetermined by the dynamics of the intrauterine development of an infant from three embryonic layers: internal, middle, external)

The first type of physique is asthenic (mainly the development of the external embryonic layer was going on) - a person of a fragile physique, with a flat chest, narrow shoulders, elongated and thin limbs, an elongated face, but a highly developed nervous system, a brain ...

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Temperament is those innate features of a person that determine the dynamic characteristics of the intensity and speed of response, the degree of emotional excitability and poise, the characteristics of adaptation to the environment

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Types of higher nervous activity

Classification of types. Greek physician Hippocrates, who lived in the IV century. BC, wrote that each person, based on the characteristics of his behavior, can be attributed to one of the four main temperaments: melancholic, choleric, sanguine and phlegmatic.

Temperament as a type of higher nervous activity

These temperaments correspond well to the four main types of higher nervous activity, established by Pavlov on the basis of many years of study of the formation and course of conditioned reflexes in animals. The division into types was based on Pavlov's three main properties of nervous processes.

The first property is force processes of excitation and inhibition. It is determined by the primal strength of irritation, at which conditioned reflexes can be formed. The second property is ratio the strength of the processes of excitement and tprmpzhrnnya in other words, their balance or imbalance. Third property -ps ^ mobility propesspv npch ^ uzhgtr ^ ir and braking, that is, speed, they can replace each other.

Based on the manifestation of these three properties, IP Pavlov identified four main types: weak; strong, unbalanced;

strong balanced agile; strong balanced slow, or calm. This division into types of higher nervous activity is applicable to humans, in particular to children.

Weak type. Children belonging to this type do not tolerate strong or prolonged irritations, which cause their extreme inhibition. Induction inhibition also occurs easily in them. So, reflexes are inhibited under the influence of extraneous stimuli, especially new, unusual ones. Such a child, having first entered a new environment, for example, at the first visit to kindergarten, stands with his head down, does not answer questions, holds on to his mother, and with persistent, repeated questions, he can easily cry. Conditioned reflexes are formed slowly, after a large number of combinations with an unconditioned stimulus. Motor activity is low and unstable. The child gives the impression of being cowardly and weak.

The weak type corresponds to the Hippocratic melancholic temperament.

Strong unbalanced type. This type is also called arousal. It is characterized by the predominance of excitement over inhibition. In children of this type, positive conditioned reflexes are formed easily, and, moreover, not only to weak, but also to strong irritation. Inhibition of reflexes, on the contrary, is difficult. Extraneous, even strong stimuli often not only do not cause induction inhibition, but intensify reflex reactions. Negative conditioned reflexes are unstable and often fail. Speech is fast, loud, but uneven. Children are very mobile, extremely

regularly excitable. In response to painful irritation, for example, when treating a tooth, they can give a general unrestrained reaction that does not stop for a long time. Even a slight painful irritation can give such a reaction, for example, when applying an iodine setting to a scratch. Due to excessive excitability and weakness of inhibitory processes, children are poorly, obey discipline, often (especially in passion) behave defiantly, aggressively. If excessive excitement is prolonged, it can be replaced by depression, that is, a breakdown, general inhibition.

This type corresponds to the Hippocratic choleric temperament. ^

There are several variants of the unbalanced type:

1. Often very capable, but highly excitable, temperamental children. They are very emotional. Their speech and movements are fast. Braking processes, although reduced, but to a weak degree.

2. Hot-tempered, explosive children. Normal behavior is often disturbed, but for a short time. During the explosion, they behave passionately and aggressively.

3. Children with a pronounced decrease in inhibition processes. They easily become slaves to their instincts. For the sake of their satisfaction, they often stop at nothing. Such children are usually called promiscuous and mischievous. Difficult to educate.

Strong balanced, agile type. Conditioned reflexes, both positive and negative, are formed quickly. The resulting conditional connections are stable. Extinction, restoration, and alteration of conditioned reflexes occurs easily and quickly. Frequent and abrupt transition from arousal to inhibition and vice versa does not disrupt cortical activity. Speech is sufficiently fast, loud, emotional and at the same time smooth, with gestures and expressive, but not excessive facial expressions. Children are lively, sociable, with vivid emotions; usually show great interest in the surrounding phenomena. Analytical and synthetic activity of the cerebral cortex can reach a high level. Such children are easy to educate; often show great abilities.

This type corresponds to the Hippocratic sanguine temperament.

Strong balanced, slow type of. Positive and negative conditioned reflexes are formed more slowly than in children of the previous type. Speech is slow, calm, without pronounced emotions and gestures. The transition from excitation to inhibition and vice versa is slowed down. A child, as a rule, is distinguished by calmness, perseverance in class, good behavior, discipline; copes easily if a difficult situation arose in front of him. Often, these children are good learners and show great ability. The task received is carried out slowly, but conscientiously.

This type corresponds to the Hippocratic phlegmatic temperament.

Plasticity of types of higher nervous activity. Typological features of higher nervous activity are determined by heredity. However, behavior is determined not only by the innate properties of the nervous system, but also by those of its features that have arisen under the influence of the environment surrounding the body from the day of its birth. Consequently, the innate properties of the nervous system cannot be regarded as unchanged. They can change to one degree or another under the influence of education and training. The susceptibility to changes, or plasticity, of types of nervous activity is, in essence, only one of the manifestations of the general most important property of the nervous system - its plasticity, adaptability to changing environmental conditions.

The plasticity of the types of nervous activity, the possibility of their alteration through exercise, education are, in Pavlov's words, "the most important pedagogical fact." Since the surrounding influences influence the stronger and more durable, the younger the body, the problems of education and training from an early age are of particular importance.

Not all children are equally amenable to education. The most difficult should be considered children with unbalanced higher nervous activity, especially those who were defined above as explosive and licentious.

If, however, correct educational work is carried out from the earliest childhood, then, as experience shows, it is possible to significantly reduce the bad manifestations of typological characteristics, mitigate them by instilling in the child strong skills that will prevent the uncontrolled influence of instincts, as well as excessive aggressiveness and passion.

In experiments with animals, I.P. Pavlov found that in some animals positive conditioned reflexes are formed quickly, and inhibitory ones slowly. In other animals, on the contrary, positive conditioned reflexes are developed slowly, and inhibitory ones faster. In the third group of animals, both these and other reflexes are developed easily and firmly fixed. Thus, it was found that the action of certain stimuli depends not only on their quality, but also on the typological characteristics of higher nervous activity.

The typological features of higher nervous activity mean the dynamics of the course of nervous processes (excitation and inhibition) in individual individuals.

It is characterized by the following three typological properties:

1) the strength of nervous processes - the performance of nerve cells during excitation and inhibition;

2) the balance of nervous processes - the ratio between the strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition, their balance or the predominance of one process over another;

3) the mobility of nervous processes - the rate of change in the processes of excitation and inhibition.

Depending on the combination of the above properties, I.P. Pavlov singled out four types of higher nervous activity(fig. 9).

First type (live type) characterized by increased strength of nervous processes, their balance and high mobility. Animals are easily excitable and mobile. The conversion of inhibitory conditioned reflexes into positive ones and vice versa proceeds quickly in them. In such animals, delayed conditioned reflexes are easily developed and the dynamic stereotype is altered (it corresponds to the sanguine type of temperament according to Hippocrates).

Second type (unrestrained type) characterized by increased strength of nervous processes, but they are not balanced, the excitatory process prevails over the inhibitory process, these processes are mobile. Imbalance in strong dogs usually occurs in one form: there is a strong excitatory process and inhibition lagging behind it in strength. In animals of this type, positive conditioned reflexes are quickly formed, but inhibitory ones are developed slowly, with difficulty. Since the excitatory process is not balanced by the inhibitory process, with a very high nervous load in these animals, a breakdown of nervous activity often occurs. For the most part, these are fighting animals, aggressive, overly excited, unrestrained (in the words of I.P. Pavlov) (corresponds to the choleric type of temperament according to Hippocrates).

Third type (calm type) characterized by increased strength of nervous processes, their balance, but low mobility. Animals are not very mobile, difficult to excite, slow. Alteration of the signal value of the conditioned stimulus occurs with great difficulty in them. Animals with this type of higher nervous activity are characterized by excellent performance of cortical neurons, easily tolerate strong external influences, reacting adequately to them. It is difficult to unbalance them, they hardly change their reactions, despite the change in the value of the conditioned signal (corresponds to the phlegmatic type of temperament according to Hippocrates).

Fourth type (weak type) characterized by a reduced strength of nervous processes, their reduced mobility. In representatives of this type, both nervous processes are weak (the inhibitory process is often especially weak). Such dogs are fussy, constantly looking around or, conversely, constantly stop, as if freezing in some position. This is due to the fact that external influences, even very insignificant ones, have a strong influence on them. Conditioned reflexes are developed with difficulty, and prolonged or too strong stimuli cause rapid exhaustion and neuroses. Animals of the weak type differ among themselves and in other characteristics (except for the strength of the nervous processes), but against the background of the general weakness of the nervous system, these differences are not significant (corresponds to the melancholic type of temperament according to Hippocrates).

Rice. 9. Types of higher nervous activity in animals according to I.P. Pavlov

A - live type (sanguine), B - unrestrained type (choleric), C - calm type (phlegmatic), D - greenhouse type (weak type, melancholic)

Thus, the type of higher nervous activity is a certain combination of stable properties of excitation and inhibition, characteristic of the higher first activity of an individual.

The type of higher nervous activity gives a certain look to the entire behavior of the animal, including in the experiment. The type of nervous activity refers to the natural characteristics of the organism, but is not something invariable. He develops, trains and changes under the influence of the environment. Laboratory experiments have established, for example, that in the strong type with a predominance of excitement, it is possible by training to develop a lagging inhibitory process.

It is known that under the influence of conditions of existence that require this or that behavior, the response of the organism is often fixed for the whole life. In this case, conditional connections arising from external influences can mask the properties of the nervous system. Therefore, there may be cases of discrepancy, inconsistency between the external behavior of the animal and its type of nervous activity.

Various types of higher nervous activity underlie four temperaments: sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic.

In 1935 I.P. Pavlov in the article "General types of higher nervous activity in animals and humans" established the final classification of the types of higher nervous activity:

1) strong, unbalanced, unrestrained (choleric);

2) strong, balanced, mobile (sanguine);

3) strong, balanced, inert (phlegmatic);

4) weak (melancholic).

I.P. Pavlov and his co-workers knew that these four types of higher nervous activity in their pure form are not common. Therefore, they began to distinguish the so-called intermediate types. For example, when dogs, according to the characteristics of one property of nervous processes, can be attributed to the strong type, and according to the characteristics of the other - to the weak, they began to talk about the "weak variation of the strong type" or about the "strong variation of the weak type". It should be said here that Pavlov did not extend the understanding of these types to the higher nervous activity of man. Known for his statement on one of the "Wednesday" that "dog" types are not suitable for a person.

In the 20s. I.P. Pavlov studied the higher nervous activity of humans, comparing his observations with previously obtained data on the GNI of animals. As a result of these observations, the concept of two signaling systems was formulated.

The first signaling system is the body's system that ensures the formation direct ideas about the surrounding reality using conditional connections, with the help of the senses... The signals for the first signaling system are color, smell, shape, etc. That is, this system is inherent in both animals and humans.

The second signaling system is the body's system that ensures the formation generalized ideas about the surrounding reality with the help of speech. The signal for the second signaling system is the word. That is, this system is inherent only in humans. The second signaling system depends on the functioning of the first signaling system, but at the same time can control its work.

Thanks to the presence of the second signaling system, you and I possess not only figurative, but also abstract thinking.

I.P. Pavlov identified purely human types of higher nervous activity (Fig. 10):

1) artistic type - persons in whom the first signal system prevails. Such people are distinguished by their diverse emotional thinking, they have a developed imagination. There are many such people among artists, painters, musicians.

2) thinking type - persons in whom the second signal system predominates. Such people are characterized by the ability to analyze, systematize, abstract thinking prevails in them.

3) the middle type - persons in whom both the first and second signal systems are equally developed. To this type, according to I.P. Pavlova, belongs to most of the people.

4) genius type - this type was presented in the last works of I.P. Pavlova. And to this type, he proposed to include people in whom both the first and second signaling systems are very strongly developed. As Ivan Petrovich himself noted, there are very few such people, they are real geniuses.

Rice. 10. Types of human GNI (according to I.P. Pavlov):

1 - the first signal system, 2 - the second signal system, A - artistic type, B - thinking type, C - middle type, D - genius type.

The concept of the type of higher nervous activity. Conditioned reflex activity depends on the individual properties of the nervous system. The individual properties of the nervous system are determined by the hereditary characteristics of the individual and his life experience. The combination of these properties is called the type of higher nervous activity.
Properties of nervous processes. I.P. Pavlov, on the basis of a long-term study of the characteristics of the formation and course of conditioned reflexes in animals, identified 4 main types of higher nervous activity. He based his division into types on three main indicators:

1) force processes of excitation and inhibition;
2) poise, i.e. that is, the ratio of the strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition;
3) mobility processes of excitation and inhibition, that is, the speed with which excitation can be replaced by inhibition, and vice versa.

Classification of types of higher nervous activity. Based on the manifestation of these three properties, I.P. Pavlov singled out:

1) the type is strong, but unbalanced, with a predominance of excitement over inhibition ("unrestrained" type);
2) the type is strong, balanced, with great mobility of nervous processes ("live", mobile type);
3) the type is strong, balanced, with low mobility of nervous processes ("calm", sedentary, inert type);
4) the type is weak with rapid depletion of nerve cells, leading to a loss of performance.

I.P. Pavlov believed that the main types of higher nervous activity found in animals coincide with the four temperaments established in humans by the Greek physician Hippocrates, who lived in the 4th century BC. NS. The weak type corresponds to a melancholic temperament; strong unbalanced type - choleric temperament; strong, balanced, mobile type - sanguine temperament; strong balanced, with low mobility of nervous processes - phlegmatic temperament.
However, it should be borne in mind that the hemispheres of the human brain as a social being have more perfect synthetic activity than in animals. A person is characterized by a qualitatively special nervous activity associated with the presence of speech function in him.
Depending on the interaction, the balance of the signaling systems, I.P. Pavlov, along with four common types for humans and animals, singled out specifically human types of higher nervous activity:

1. Artistic type. It is characterized by the predominance of the first signaling system over the second. This type includes people who directly perceive reality, widely using sensory images, they are characterized by figurative, objective thinking.
2. Thinking type. These are people with a predominance of the second signaling system, "thinkers", with a pronounced ability for abstract thinking.
3. Most people are of the middle type with a balanced activity of two signaling systems. They are characterized by both figurative impressions and speculative conclusions.

Plasticity of types of higher nervous activity. The innate properties of the nervous system are not permanent. They can change to one degree or another under the influence of upbringing due to the plasticity of the nervous system. The type of higher nervous activity consists of the interaction of the inherited properties of the nervous system and the influences that an individual experiences in the process of life.
IP Pavlov called the plasticity of the nervous system the most important pedagogical factor. Strength, mobility of nervous processes lend themselves to training, and children of an unbalanced type, under the influence of upbringing, can acquire traits that bring them closer to representatives of a balanced type. Prolonged overstrain of the inhibitory process in children of the weak type can lead to a "breakdown" of higher nervous activity, the emergence of neuroses. These children find it difficult to get used to the new work schedule and need special attention.
Age features of conditioned reflexes. Types of the child's higher nervous activity. The adaptive reactions of the born child to external influences are provided by orienting reflexes. Conditioned reflexes during the neonatal period are very limited and are developed only for vital stimuli. Already in the first days of a child's life, one can note the formation of a natural conditioned reflex at the time of feeding, which is expressed in the awakening of children and increased motor activity. The sucking movements of the lips appear before the nipple is inserted into the mouth. It is clear that such a reflex manifests itself only with a strict feeding regime for children. With a strict feeding regimen on the 6th-7th day, babies experience a conditioned reflex increase in the number of leukocytes already 30 minutes before feeding, and their gas exchange increases before eating. By the end of the second week, a conditioned reflex appears in the form of sucking movements to the position of the baby for feeding. Here the signal is a complex of stimuli acting from receptors of the skin, motor and vestibular apparatus, constantly combined with food reinforcement.
From the middle of the first month of life, conditioned reflexes to various first-signal stimuli appear: light, sound, olfactory stimuli.
The rate of formation of conditioned reflexes in the first month of life is very low and increases rapidly with age. So, a protective reflex to light occurs only after 200 combinations, if its development is started on the 15th day after birth, and less than 40 combinations are required if the development of the same reflex is started in a one and a half month old child. From the first days of a child's life, unconditional (external) inhibition appears. The baby stops sucking if there is a sudden harsh sound. Conditional (internal) braking is generated later. Its appearance and consolidation are determined by the maturation of the nerve elements of the cerebral cortex. The first manifestations of differentiation of motor conditioned reflexes were noted by the 20th day of life, when the child begins to differentiate the feeding position from the changing procedure. A clear differentiation of visual and auditory conditioned stimuli is observed at 3-4 months. Other types of internal inhibition are formed later than differentiation. So, the development of delayed inhibition becomes possible from the age of 5 months of the child (MM Koltsova).
The development of internal inhibition in a child is an important factor in education. In the first year of life, it is advisable to educate inhibition, using facial expressions and gestures that characterize the negative attitude of adults, or stimuli that distract the child's attention, that is, are an external brake. For the correct development of a child in the first year of life, a strict regimen is very important - a certain sequence of alternating sleep, wakefulness, feeding, walks. This is determined by the significance of the stereotype of interoceptive conditioned reflexes at this age. By the end of the first year, complexes of external exteroceptive stimuli that characterize the situation as a whole acquire great importance. The word becomes one of the important components of the complex of stimuli.
The first signs of the development of the second signaling system appear in a child in the second half of the first year of life. In the process of a child's development, sensory mechanisms of speech, which determine the ability to perceive a word, are formed earlier than motor ones, with which the ability to speak is associated. The period of formation of the function is especially sensitive to formative influences, therefore, it is necessary to talk with the child from the first days of his life. When caring for a child, you need to name all your actions, name the surrounding objects. This is very important, since for the formation of connections of the second signal system, it is necessary to combine the verbal designation of objects, phenomena surrounding people with their specific image - to combine the first-signal stimuli with the second-signal stimuli.
By the end of the first year of life, the word becomes a significant irritant. However, during this period, the reaction of children to a word does not have an independent meaning, it is determined by a complex of stimuli, and only later does the word acquire the meaning of an independent signal (MM Koltsova). During the first year of life, the child is actively trained in pronouncing first individual sounds, then syllables, and finally words. The development of speech function requires a certain maturity of the peripheral apparatus - the tongue, muscles of the larynx, lips, their coordinated activity.
The mechanism of speech reproduction is associated with the complex coordinated work of the nerve centers of the cortex, the formation of certain connections of the speech centers with the motor zones. A close connection of speech function with motor activity, especially with finely coordinated movements of the fingers, has been shown. By developing finely coordinated actions, you can accelerate the formation of speech skills.
The child's speech develops especially intensively at the age of 1 to 3 years. At this age, the child's behavior is characterized by pronounced exploratory activity. The child reaches for every object, feels, looks inside, tries to pick it up, takes it in his mouth. At this age, injuries easily occur due to curiosity, lack of experience, the frequency of acute infections increases due to the expansion of contacts of the child with other children and his environment.
The conditioned reflex activity of children of this age changes significantly. In the second year of life, from the generalized undifferentiated world surrounding the child, separate objects begin to be isolated as separate complexes of stimuli. This is made possible by manipulating objects. Therefore, one should not restrict the movements of children: let them dress themselves, wash themselves, eat.
Thanks to actions with objects, the function of generalization begins to form in children. Extensive use of objects develops the motor analyzer in the child.
In the second year of life, a child develops a large number of conditioned reflexes to the ratio of the size, severity, distance of objects (isolation of faster and slower stimuli, larger or smaller in comparison with others). Of particular importance is the development of systems of conditioned connections to stereotypes of exteroceptive stimuli. In early childhood, dynamic stereotypes are especially important. With insufficient strength and mobility of nervous processes, stereotypes facilitate the adaptation of children to the environment, they are the basis for the formation of habits and skills. Attention is drawn to the great strength of the system of conditioned connections developed in children under 3 years of age, and the associated pain in connection with the violation of the stereotype: children are capricious, cry, if they stay with them for a long time; do not fall asleep for a long time if they are put in a new place. For children under the age of 3 years, the development of a large number of different stereotypes is not only not difficult, but each subsequent stereotype is developed more and more easily. However, changing the order of the stimuli in one stereotype is an extremely difficult task. The systems of conditional connections developed at this time retain their significance throughout the entire subsequent life of a person, therefore the formation of stereotypes that are appropriate for health and have educational value is especially important at this age.
In the second year, the enhanced development of speech begins, the child's assimilation of the grammatical structure of the language, while a large role belongs to imitative reflex. An adult, communicating with a child, should pay special attention to the correctness of his speech.
At this stage of development, mastery of actions with objects has a decisive influence on the formation of generalization of objects in words, i.e., the formation of a second signal system.
In the process of a child's development in the development of new reactions, the use of previously formed connections becomes more and more important. The systems of conditioned connections, developed at an early and preschool age (up to 5 years), are especially strong and retain their significance throughout life. This fact is important for teaching practice. The habits brought up at this age, the skills that have arisen on the basis of strong conditioned reflex connections, largely determine human behavior.
At preschool age, the role of the imitative and play reflex is very important. Children copy adults, their gestures, words, manners.
By the end of the preschool period, significant changes occur in the interaction of excitatory and inhibitory processes. As the cerebral cortex develops, the generalization of the excitatory process is gradually removed. Internal, conditional inhibition is being formed and is gaining more and more importance. Better differentiations are developed, periods of holding inhibition become longer. All this contributes to a more selective and adequate response of the child to external influences. At this age, the generalizing function of the word intensifies, the ability to generalize with a word not only specific objects, but also many objects of the external world, categories of objects. So, the child begins to understand that a doll, a bear, a car are all toys, and toys, furniture, dishes, clothes are things. In older preschool age, the reflection of reality is already based on the development of complex communication systems, including the interaction of the first and second signal systems.
By the age of 6-7 years, the reactivity to verbal stimuli improves. The nature of the interaction of the first and second signaling systems changes. In 3-4-year-old children, the first signaling system prevails and has an inhibitory effect on the second. At 6-7 years of age, the increasing activity of the second signaling system has an overwhelming effect on the first signaling system. The development of the second signaling system is one of the important indicators of a child's readiness for schooling.
At primary school age, as the cerebral cortex matures, the strength, balance and mobility of nervous processes improve. The development of cortical inhibition processes creates conditions for the rapid and differentiated formation of conditioned connections. The formation of connections in the higher parts of the central nervous system is facilitated by the intensive maturation at this age of intracortical associative pathways that unite various nerve centers. In the process of teaching writing and reading, the generalizing function of the word continues to develop intensively. The importance of the second signaling system is increasing.
Some changes in conditioned reflex activity are noted in adolescence. Incipient puberty is characterized by increased activity of the hypothalamus. This causes a change in the balance of the cortical-subcortical interaction, resulting in an increase in generalized excitement and a weakening of internal inhibition. Compared with the previous age group, the formation of temporary connections in adolescence becomes more difficult. The rate of formation of conditioned reflexes decreases both to the first-signal and to the second-signal stimuli. The peculiarities of the higher nervous activity of adolescents require an attentive attitude towards them, a thoughtful organization of the educational process.
Typological features of the child's higher nervous activity. The formation of individual-typological characteristics in the process of ontogenesis is determined by the gradual maturation of the higher nerve centers. As will be shown below, in the process of a child's development, there is a change in the relationship between the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures. This determines the peculiarities of the excitatory and inhibitory processes in childhood, and, consequently, the specificity of the manifestation of typological characteristics.
N.I. Krasnogorsky, studying the higher nervous activity of a child on the basis of strength, balance, mobility of nervous processes, the relationship between the cortex and subcortical formations, the relationship between signaling systems, identified 4 types of nervous activity in childhood.

1. Strong, balanced, optimally excitable, fast type. It is characterized by the rapid formation of conditioned reflexes, the strength of these reflexes is significant. Children of this type are capable of developing subtle differentiations. Their unconditioned reflex activity is regulated by a functionally strong cortex. Children of this type have a well-developed speech with a rich vocabulary.
2. Strong, balanced, slow type. In children of this type, conditioned connections are formed more slowly, and extinguished reflexes are also restored slowly. Children of this type are characterized by pronounced control of the cortex over unconditioned reflexes and emotions. They quickly learn to speak, only their speech is somewhat slow. They are active and staunch when performing complex tasks.
3. Strong, unbalanced, highly excitable, unrestrained type. It is characterized by a failure of the inhibitory process, strongly expressed subcortical activity, not always controlled by the cortex. The conditioned reflexes in such children quickly fade away, and the resulting differentiations are unstable. Children of this type are distinguished by high emotional excitability, irascibility, and passions. Speech in children of this type is fast, with occasional shouts.
4. Weak type with reduced excitability. Conditioned reflexes are formed slowly, unstable, speech is often slow. Easy braking type. Weakness of internal inhibition with strongly pronounced external inhibitions is characteristic, which explains the difficulty of getting children used to new learning conditions and their changes. Children of this type do not tolerate strong and prolonged irritations, they get tired easily.

Significant differences in the basic properties of nervous processes in children of different types determine their different functional capabilities in the process of education and upbringing. The effectiveness of pedagogical influences is largely determined by an individual approach to students, taking into account their typological characteristics. At the same time, we have already pointed out that one of the distinguishing features of the types of human higher nervous activity is their plasticity. The plasticity of the cells of the cerebral cortex, their adaptability to changing environmental conditions is the morphofunctional basis of the type transformation. Since the plasticity of nervous structures is especially great during the period of their intensive development, pedagogical influences, correcting typological features, are especially important to apply in childhood. IP Pavlov considered the plasticity of types to be the most important feature that allows them to educate, train and remake the character of people.

The concept of the typological characteristics of the nervous system of humans and animals is one of the defining ones in the doctrine of higher nervous activity. VND type- This is a complex of individual characteristics of GNI, due to hereditary factors and the influence of the environment, characterized by the strength, mobility and balance of nervous processes (excitation and inhibition) and a certain ratio of the first and second signaling systems.

The most important property of GNI is the strength of nervous processes. The power of nervous processes is understood as the ability of neurons to withstand prolonged excitation without going into transcendental inhibition under the action of a strong stimulus. According to the strength of the nervous processes, all people can be divided into two types: strong and weak.

The second property underlying the classification of the types of IRR is the balance between the processes of excitation and inhibition. They can be balanced, but they can also prevail one over the other. In persons with a weak nervous system, protective transcendental inhibition easily develops. Therefore, it is impossible for them to consider the property of the balance of processes. The strong type, on this basis, can be divided into balanced and unbalanced.

The third property of the nervous system is mobility, which is characterized by the rapidity of mutual transitions of the processes of excitation and inhibition. In accordance with this I.P. Pavlov identified four types of GNI of animals and humans (Fig. 13.4), which made it possible to give a scientific explanation for the existence of four types of Hippocrates temperament - sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, melancholic.

1. Strong balanced movable (live) type- the processes of excitation and inhibition are well expressed, balanced and easily pass one into the other. People easily overcome difficulties (strength), know how to quickly navigate in a new environment (mobility), with great self-control (poise).

2. Strong balanced inert (calm) type- a person is endowed with good strength of nervous processes and poise, but low mobility, inertia of nervous processes. People are efficient (strength), but slow, do not like to change their habits (inertia).

3. Strong unbalanced (unrestrained) type- characterized by a strong process of excitement, which prevails over inhibition. People are very addicted, who can do a lot (strength), but very hot-tempered and unpredictable (imbalance).

4. Weak type- characterized by weak excitation processes and easily arising inhibitory reactions. People are weak-willed, afraid of difficulties, easily submit to someone else's influence, are subject to a melancholy mood.

Rice. 13.4. Scheme of types of higher nervous activity (according to I.P. Pavlov)

Belonging to one or another type of GNI does not at all mean an assessment of the biological fitness of an animal or the social usefulness of a person. This is evidenced at least by the fact that all four general types of the nervous system of animals have withstood the merciless test of time in evolution. There is no reason to consider people of different types of the nervous system as people of "different sorts". Everyone is needed and can find their place in life.

Observing various forms of behavior, the peculiarities of thinking and emotional activity of people, I.P. Pavlov proposed another classification of the types of GNI, based on the interaction of signaling systems I and II. According to Pavlov, there are three types of people: mental, artistic and mixed.

1. For people artistic type the predominance of concrete-figurative thinking, based on the activity of the more developed first signaling system of reality, is characteristic. These people are most likely to synthesize. Representatives of people with a pronounced artistic type I.P. Pavlov considered L.N. Tolstoy and I.E. Repin.

2. For people thinking type the predominance of the second signaling system of reality is characteristic. They are more inclined to analytical, abstract, abstract thinking. To this type of VND I.P. Pavlov attributed the famous German philosopher Hegel, the creator of the theory of the origin of species, the English scientist Charles Darwin.

3. There are categories of people in whom the first and second signaling systems are equally developed. People with this type are prone to both abstract and sensory-figurative thinking. Their I.P. Pavlov attributed to mixed type... Pavlov included the versatile gifted Leonardo da Vinci, a genius artist and mathematician, anatomist and physiologist, to this category from among the outstanding figures of science and art. A mixed type of GNI, according to the scientist, was possessed by the German poet and philosopher Goethe, the creator of the periodic table of elements D.I. Mendeleev, an outstanding chemist, talented Russian composer A.P. Borodin.

Brain asymmetry

In the vast majority of people, the motor activity of the arms, legs, left and right halves of the body, faces are not the same. Also, the perception of objects located to the left or to the right of the median plane of the body is ambiguous. In other words, a person has motor and sensory asymmetry. To perform labor operations in everyday life, most people use their right hand, i.e. are right-handed. At the same time, the right hand is superior to the left in dexterity, strength, reaction speed, in the ability to accurately perform complexly coordinated actions. A much smaller part of humanity (left-handers) uses their left hand for the same purposes. In addition, there are people who use both hands equally - the so-called ambidextrous. A stable preference for one of the hands is inherent only in a person who stands out on this basis from other groups of living beings. The proportion of left-handers, according to various authors, ranges from 1 to 30%. Motor and sensory asymmetries, i.e. the dominant of the hands (feet) and the senses (sight, hearing, touch) in each individual may not coincide.

In newborn babies, both hands are equal. If preferences in their use arise in the first years of life, then they are not long-lasting and can change many times. Only in the fifth year of life, the right hand of future right-handers gradually begins to take on all complex activities. It is assumed that in old age the opposite process occurs, and the unequal value of the hands is gradually smoothed out.

In girls and women, the asymmetry of the hands is less pronounced, and left-handers among them are 1.5 - 2 times less than among the representatives of the "stronger" sex. Improvement of girls' brain functions takes longer and takes place slowly. In boys, already at the age of six, many functions are performed separately by the right and left hemispheres of the brain, and in girls 2 times older, the specialization of the brain is often only outlined.

It is especially interesting that among twins, left-handers come across much more often than among those born alone, and both twins are rarely left-handed. Usually one of the twins always becomes right-handed. If the twins are of different sexes, then the boy becomes left-handed more often. Among Siamese twins, as a rule, one is right-handed, the other is left-handed.

In right-handers, Broca's speech center is in the left hemisphere of the brain. In the right side of the cerebral hemisphere there is a structurally identical region of the brain, the defeat of which, however, does not lead to any consequences for them. On the contrary, in case of failure of the left motor speech area, motor aphasia occurs in right-handers. In any case, in about 3% of the population, the speech area shows full functional ability in both hemispheres of the brain. It is noteworthy that the right region is not always the dominant center of speech in left-handers - in most cases, the dominant center of speech is also located in the left temporal lobe of the brain. With a prolonged violation of Broca's speech center, the right hemisphere can gradually take over its functions. If in a child the process of redistribution of the functions of the cerebral hemispheres proceeds relatively quickly (approximately within a year), then with age the reserve function more and more remains behind the right hemisphere. The localization of Broca's speech area in the left hemisphere of the brain is, apparently, the most characteristic example of the specialization of both hemispheres. All other functions of the brain do not have such a pronounced dominant.

As you know, between both hemispheres of the brain is the corpus callosum, in which millions of nerve endings create an intense cross-link. The more pronounced corpus callosum in women is one of the reasons for the lesser asymmetry of the cerebral hemispheres in them. If you dismember this corpus callosum, then each hemisphere of the brain will be in isolation, will be left to itself. The right hemisphere can still control the movements of the left arm and left leg (nerve fibers cross over in the spinal cord so that neurons in the right hemisphere travel along nerve pathways to the left side of the body). For example, when feeling a nail with his left hand, the impressions obtained freely reach the brain and consciousness, but the patient is not able to name this object, since Broca's speech center located in the left hemisphere is responsible for verbal designation, the connection with which is interrupted as a result of the dismemberment of the corpus callosum. When feeling objects with the right hand, such problems do not arise. The speech center receives the information it needs. The same happens if the object is viewed only with the left field of vision or sound is perceived only with the left ear.

These examples indicate that the left hemisphere of the brain plays a leading role in the implementation of speech function. But this does not mean that the right hemisphere is unnecessary or secondary. For example, in areas such as orientation in space, recognition of shapes and understanding of music, voice intonation, it surpasses the left hemisphere.

The specialization of both hemispheres of the brain allows us to conclude that the human brain, to a certain extent, has the ability to "self-repair" in case of dysfunction of one or another hemisphere. If one hemisphere fails, the other may turn on without reaching the full effectiveness of the dominant hemisphere. This fact is of fundamental importance, for example, in the case of damage (death) of brain tissue after a stroke; intensive long-term exercises can lead to a significant restoration of the functions of the hemisphere and, to a certain extent, restore the lost skills. Of course, this process is slow and does not always lead to complete functional recovery, but in most cases it is possible.

It has been established that the right hemisphere is responsible for homeostasis, therefore, provides biological adaptation, and the left hemisphere provides social adaptation. It is no coincidence that women, whose interhemispheric asymmetry is less pronounced, have, as a rule, a more perfect strategy of adaptation to various conditions.

The differences between the functions of the right and left hemispheres are summarized in table 13.1.

Table 13.1.

Interhemispheric asymmetry

Left hemisphere	Right hemisphere
LEARN BETTER INCENTIVES
Verbal	Not verbal
Easily distinguishable	Hard to see
Iconic	Unsigned
PERFORMING OBJECTIVES BETTER
For a temporary relationship	On spatial relationships
Establishing similarities	Establishing differences
Identity of incentives by name	Identity of stimuli by physical properties
Creative, where fantasy is needed	They do not like creative tasks
FEATURES OF PERCEPTION
Analytical perception	Holistic perception
Consistent perception	Simultaneous perception
Generalized recognition	Specific recognition
FEATURES OF BEHAVIOR AND PSYCHE
Abstract logical thinking	Concrete-figurative thinking
Based on reality	Based on fantasy
Perception of the native language	Perception of foreign languages
Have a good handwriting	Have a bad handwriting
The work is finished on time, there is a sense of time	Don't finish work on time, no sense of timing
Leading voluntary attention	Involuntary attention persists for a long time
Good concentration	Great distraction

Our educational system, like our science, generally tends to ignore the non-verbal form of intelligence. Thus, modern society discriminates against the right hemisphere. In 1981, the American neurologist R. Sperry received the Nobel Prize for his discovery of the functional asymmetry of the brain.

Sleep physiology

Sleep is a periodic functional state of a person, characterized by the absence of purposeful activity and active connections with the environment. During sleep, brain activity does not decrease, but is rebuilt. A person spends the third part of his life in a dream: he sleeps 25 out of 75 years.

A number of facts were analyzed by I.P. Pavlova to the conclusion that sleep and conditioned inhibition are by their nature a single process. The difference between them lies only in the fact that conditioned inhibition during wakefulness covers only individual groups of neurons, while in the process of sleep development, inhibition radiates along the cerebral cortex, spreading to the underlying parts of the brain.

Sleep that develops in humans and animals under the influence of conditioned inhibitory stimuli, I.P. Pavlov called it active, contrasting it with passive sleep, which occurs in cases of cessation or sharp restriction of the influx of afferent signals to the cerebral cortex.

The importance of afferent signaling in maintaining the state of wakefulness was shown by I.M. Sechenov, who cites cases known from clinical practice of the onset of prolonged sleep in patients suffering from common disorders of the sense organs.

In the clinic, a patient was observed who, of all the senses, retained the functions of only one eye and one ear. As long as the eye could see and the ear could hear, the person was awake, but as soon as the doctors closed the patient's only ways of communicating with the outside world, the patient immediately fell asleep. HELL. Speransky and V.S. Galkin cut the dog's optic and olfactory nerves and destroyed both cochlea of the inner ear. After such an operation, the dog fell into a sleepy state, which lasted over 23 hours a day. She woke up only for a short time from hunger or when the rectum and bladder were full.

All these facts received a new explanation after the functional significance of the reticular formation was established and the interaction between it and the cerebral cortex was clarified.

Afferent signals passing through the reticular formation of the midbrain and nonspecific nuclei of the thalamus into the cerebral cortex have an activating effect on it and maintain an active state. Elimination of these influences (when several receptor systems are damaged or as a result of the destruction of the reticular formation or the shutdown of its functions under the action of certain drugs, for example, barbiturates) leads to the onset of deep sleep. In turn, the reticular formation of the brain stem is under the continuous tonic influence of the cerebral cortex.

Rice. 13.6. Scheme of the interaction of "sleep centers" and "awakening" structures during wakefulness and the onset of sleep (according to P.K. Anokhin). A. Wakefulness. Cortical influences (I) inhibit the "sleep centers" (II) and the ascending activating influences of the reticular structures (III) and excitations going along the lemniscal pathways (IV) freely reach the cortex. B. Dream. Inhibited parts of the cortex (I) cease to exert a restraining effect on the "sleep centers" (II), they block the ascending activating influences (III), without affecting excitations along the lemnisc pathways (IV).

The existence of a two-way connection between the cerebral cortex and the reticular formation plays an important role in the mechanism of the onset of sleep. Indeed, the development of inhibition in areas of the cortex decreases the tone of the reticular formation, and this weakens its upward activating effect, which entails a decrease in the activity of the entire cerebral cortex. Thus, inhibition, initially occurring in a limited area of the cortex, can cause inhibition of neurons in the entire cortex of the cerebral hemispheres.

One of the attempts to create a unified theory of sleep was undertaken by P.K. Anokhin (Fig.13.6). In his hypothesis, he proceeded from the fact that the hypothalamic "sleep centers" are under tonic oppressive influence from the cerebral cortex. With the weakening of this influence due to a decrease in the working tone of cortical cells ("active sleep" according to IP Pavlov), hypothalamic structures seem to be "released" and determine the whole complex picture of the redistribution of vegetative components that is characteristic of the state of sleep. In this case, the hypothalamic centers have a depressing effect on the ascending activating system, stopping access to the cortex of the entire complex of activating influences ("passive sleep" according to IP Pavlov). These interactions appear to be cyclical, so the state of sleep can be induced artificially (or as a result of a pathological process), affecting any part of the cycle.

Sleep stages

During a night's sleep, a person has 3-5 periodic changes of slow and REM sleep.

Slow sleep (orthodox)	REM sleep (paradoxical)
Physiological state of the body
Comes after falling asleep, lasts 60-90 minutes. The metabolism and activity of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and excretory systems decrease, muscle tone decreases, muscles relax, the temperature decreases. It is believed that a decrease in body temperature may be one of the reasons for the onset of sleep. Awakening is accompanied by an increase in body temperature.	Comes after slow sleep, lasts 10-15 minutes. The activity of internal organs is activated: the pulse, respiration becomes more frequent, the temperature rises, the oculomotor (eyes move quickly), facial muscles, the tone of skeletal muscles is absent.
Mental processes of the brain
Dreams reflect the processes of thinking and retelling of the events of the past day, they are abstract and cognitive. There can be a conversation in a dream, there are night fears in children and sleepwalking (sleepwalking).	Excitation of neurons in the occipital lobes. The emergence of realistic emotional dreams with visual, auditory and olfactory imagery. There is a classification and ordering of the information received during the day, the consolidation of memory. Depriving a person of this type of sleep leads to memory disorders and mental illness.
Dreams of I.M. Sechenov called unprecedented combinations of experienced impressions

On the basis of the electroencephalographic picture, the phase of "slow sleep", in turn, is divided into several stages.

Stage I - drowsiness, the process of falling asleep. On the EEG, α- and θ-rhythms predominate, at the end of the stage, K-complexes appear (a series of high-amplitude slow potentials with a duration of 3-5 s).

Stage II - shallow sleep (sleep spindle stage). On the EEG there are K-complexes and sleep spindles appear (frequency about 15 Hz, variant of the α-rhythm). Their appearance coincides with a blackout; the stage takes about 50% of the sleep time and increases in duration from the first to the last cycle.

Stage III - deep sleep (delta sleep), characterized by the presence of a ∆-rhythm with a frequency of 3.0-3.5 Hz, which takes up to 30% of the EEG.

Stage IV - the stage of "rapid" or "paradoxical sleep", is characterized by the presence of a δ-rhythm with a frequency of about 1 Hz, which takes up to 30% of the EEG. Stages III and IV are present in the first sleep cycles and are absent in the last (before awakening).

Night sleep usually consists of 4-5 cycles, each of which begins with the first stages of "slow" sleep and ends with "REM" sleep. The cycle duration in a healthy adult is relatively stable at 90-100 minutes. In the first two cycles, "slow" sleep prevails, in the last - "fast", and the "delta" -sleep is sharply reduced and may even be absent.

The duration of "slow" sleep is 75-85%, and "paradoxical" - 15-25% of the total duration of night sleep.

The physiological role of sleep.

· Recovery function- the predominance of anabolic processes.

· Anti-stress function- sleep is one of the mechanisms of mental protection of the individual.

· Adaptive function- synchronization with the cycle of day and night changes ensures optimal interaction of the body with the environment, preparation of the body for activity during wakefulness.

· Role in information processing- implementation of the process of memory consolidation: transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory.

Types of sleep.

1.periodic daily sleep;

2. periodic seasonal sleep (winter or summer hibernation of animals);

3. narcotic sleep caused by various chemical or physical agents;

4. hypnotic sleep;

5. pathological sleep.

The first two types are types of physiological sleep, the last three types are a consequence of special non-physiological effects on the body.

Sleep disturbance. Sleep disorders are very common among the population of civilized countries. Insomnia is a chronic disease associated with a violation of the synchronization of the biological clock with circadian rhythms. Sleep disorders were reported in 45% of the urban population. Insomnia is much less common among rural residents.

Sleep disorders fall into three main forms:

1. Difficulty falling asleep. It occurs most frequently. A person suffering from this type of insomnia cannot fall asleep for a long time: sleep is disturbed by disturbing memories and thoughts that are constantly piling up on top of each other. All efforts and painful attempts to fall asleep lead nowhere. The very anxiety about sleep, the tense expectation of it, the fear of the upcoming sleepless night, anxiety about a hard day after a sleepless night further aggravate insomnia. A person suffering from insomnia cannot stay in one position for a long time, constantly turns in bed in search of the most comfortable position and cannot fall asleep for a long time.

2. Superficial, restless sleep with frequent awakenings. Such people usually wake up 1-2 hours after falling asleep. The duration of falling asleep after waking up in the middle of the night ranges from a few minutes to several hours. However, it also happens that, having woken up once, a person does not fall asleep until the morning, and only then does a superficial sleep occur. Usually people, who often wake up, complain of superficial sleep, which does not bring satisfaction and vigor.

3. Early final awakening. This sleep disorder is less common. After it, there are no signs of drowsiness, and the person is awake. Early awakening is similar to awakening in the middle of the night, but differs only in that it is not followed by falling asleep and that it comes from a drowsy state and shallow sleep (the first awakening occurs after deep sleep). People with increased excitability of the nervous system wake up prematurely.

Reduction in the duration of sleep - one of the constant signs of insomnia - is relatively rarely pronounced. With partial insomnia, periods of wakefulness are present at the beginning, in the middle, and at the end of the night. With total insomnia, wakefulness prevails, only occasionally interrupted by drowsiness. This type of insomnia is much less common.

Sleep disorders include increased sleepiness, the so-called hypersomnia... Drowsiness can be observed in people with a weak nervous system: in this case, it can be considered as a protective reaction that protects nerve cells from overstrain.

In contrast to insomnia, increased pathological sleepiness leads to prolonged sleep, which is often a consequence of inflammatory diseases of the brain, for example, with viral encephalitis. In these cases, sleep can last a week or months, and even, in rare cases, years. Such a dream is called lethargic.

Pathological drowsiness most often occurs in people who have had severe infectious diseases - typhus, meningitis, flu. Drowsiness occurs with anemia and functional disorders of the nervous system.

Unlike insomnia, increased sleepiness is less common.

Recent studies on the amount of sleep needed have shown that young people have an average of 8.5 hours of sleep per night. A night's sleep of 7.2-7.4 hours is not enough, and sleeping less than 6.5 hours for a long time can undermine health.

The “sleep deprivation accumulation” effect completely disappears after the first 10 hours of the “recovery” sleep period. Therefore, chronic lack of sleep on weekdays and oversleeping in the morning on weekends are interrelated phenomena.

Artificially depriving a person of sleep is an ordeal. Experiments with sleep deprivation have shown that volunteers develop emotional imbalance, increased fatigue, delusional ideas, sleep disturbances, vestibular dysfunctions, after 90 hours of sleep deprivation, hallucinations appear, by 170 hours - depersonalization, by the 200th hour the subject shows mental and psychomotor disorders ... In the course of these experiments, it was found that the body especially needs slow (delta) sleep and REM sleep. After prolonged sleep deprivation, the main effect is to increase delta sleep. Thus, after 200 hours of continuous wakefulness, the percentage of delta sleep in the first 9 hours of recording restorative sleep doubles compared to the norm, and the duration of REM sleep increases by 57%.

In order to study the role of individual sleep phases, methods have been developed to selectively prevent their occurrence. With the suppression of delta sleep, the subjects develop a feeling of weakness, fatigue, memory impairment and decreased attention. The feeling of weakness and increased fatigue, especially growing towards the second half of the day, in patients with neurosis is due to a chronic deficit of delta sleep (V.S. Rotenberg, 1984).

REM sleep deprivation changes mood, impairs performance, and affects memory.

Sleep hygiene. Adequate sleep can be ensured by following certain rules. Before going to bed, it is necessary to exclude exciting games, mental work. The time after dinner should be spent in a relaxed and aroused environment. It is recommended to walk for 20-30 minutes before going to bed in calm weather. Dinner should be light 1.5-2 hours before bedtime. Chocolate, coffee and strong tea at night are not recommended.

III. The essence of the project (information about the profile of the company).

III. Typical control tasks or other materials necessary to assess knowledge, skills, abilities and (or) experience.

IV. CHARACTERISTIC OF THE PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY OF GRADUATES OF BACHELOR'S PROGRAMS IN THE DIRECTION OF PREPARATION 37.03.01 PSYCHOLOGY

SWOT analysis of the activities of the state institution of the Center for Social Services "N" in Moscow

V1: General characteristics of the taxation system in the form of a single tax on imputed income for certain types of activities

– it is a set of innate and acquired properties of the nervous system that determine the nature of the interaction of the body with the environment and are reflected in all functions of the body.

The type of higher nervous activity is based on the individual characteristics of the course in two: and inhibition. According to the views of I.P. Pavlov, there are three main properties of nervous processes:

1) The strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition (associated with the performance of nerve cells).

The power of excitation processes characterized by: high performance; initiative; decisiveness; courage; courage; persistence in overcoming life's difficulties; the ability to solve difficult situations without breakdowns in nervous activity.

The strength of the braking processes characterized by: self-control; patience; a high ability to concentrate, to differentiate the permissible, the possible from the unacceptable and the impossible.

Weakness of nervous processes characterized by: low efficiency; increased fatigue; weak endurance; indecision in difficult situations, and the rapid onset of neurogenic breakdowns; the desire to avoid difficulties, obstacles, active work and stress; low initiative; lack of persistence.

2) (associated with the ratio of the processes of excitation and inhibition by their strength).

Balance of nervous processes characterized by: equal attitude towards people; restraint; the ability to self-control, concentration, expectation; the ability to fall asleep easily and quickly; even speech, with correct and expressive intonation.

Imbalance with a predominance of arousal characterized by: increased sensitivity; nervousness, moreover, according to the strong type, this is expressed in a tendency to cry, on the weak type - in withdrawal into oneself, in tearfulness; restless with frequent nightmarish content; quick speech (patter).

3) The mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition (associated with the ability of nervous processes to replace each other).

Mobility of nervous processes characterized by: fairly easy and quick transition to a new business; quick reworking of habits and skills; ease of falling asleep and waking up.

Inertia of nervous processes characterized by: the difficulty of transitioning to a new business and reworking habits and skills; difficulty waking up; calm with dreams without nightmares; slow speech.

On the basis of every possible combination of the three main properties of nervous processes, a wide variety is formed. According to the classification of I.P. Pavlov, there are four main types of IRR , differing in resistance to neurotizing factors and adaptive properties.

1) Strong, unbalanced , ("Unrestrained") type characterized by strong processes of excitement, which prevail over inhibition. This is a person who is carried away; with a high level of activity; vigorous; quick-tempered; irritable; with strong, quickly emerging, brightly reflected in speech, gestures, facial expressions.

2) Strong, balanced, agile (labile or live) type is different strong processes of excitation and inhibition, their balance and the ability to easily change one process to another. This is a person with great composure; decisive; overcoming difficulties; vigorous; able to quickly navigate in a new environment; mobile; impressionable; with a vivid expression and easy changeability.

3) Strong, balanced, inert (calm) type characterized by strong processes of excitation and inhibition, their balance, but low mobility of nervous processes. This is a very hard-working person; able to restrain himself; calm; slow; with a weak manifestation of feelings; difficult to switch from one activity to another; does not like to change his habits.

4) Weak type is different weak processes of excitation and easily arising inhibitory reactions. This is a weak-willed person; sad; dreary; with high emotional vulnerability; suspicious; prone to dark thoughts; with a depressed mood; closed; shy; easily gives in to someone else's influence.

These types of higher nervous activity correspond to the temperaments described by Hippocrates:

Properties of nervous processes	Temperaments (according to Hippocrates)
Properties of nervous processes		Sanguine	Phlegmatic person	Melancholic

Equilibrium	Unbalanced, with a predominance of arousal process	Balanced	Balanced
Mobility		Mobile	Inert

However, in life such "pure" ones are rare, usually the combination of properties is more diverse. Even I.P. Pavlov wrote that between these basic types there are "intermediate, transitional types and they must be known in order to navigate in human behavior."

Along with the indicated types of VNI common for humans and animals, I.P. Pavlov singled out specially human types (private types) on the basis of a different ratio of the first and second signaling systems:

1. Art type of characterized by a slight predominance of the first signaling system over the second. Representatives of this type are characterized by an objective, figurative perception of the surrounding world, operating in the process with sensory images.

2. Thinking type differs in the predominance of the second signaling system over the first. This type is characterized by a pronounced ability to abstract from reality, to subtle analysis; operating in the process of thinking with abstract symbols.

3.Medium type characterized by the balance of signaling systems. Most people belong to this type, they are characterized by both figurative and speculative conclusions.

This classification reflects the nature of the functional interhemispheric asymmetry of the brain, the peculiarities of their interaction.

The doctrine of the types of higher nervous activity is important for understanding the laws governing the formation of such important psychological personality traits as temperament and character. The type of GNI is the physiological basis of temperament. However, the type of GNI can be reduced to temperament, because the type of GNI is a physiological property of a person, and temperament is a psychological property of a person and is related to the dynamic side of a person's mental activity. It should be remembered that temperament does not characterize the content side of a person (a person's worldview, beliefs, views, interests, etc.). Features of the type of GNI and the prevailing temperament form the natural basis of the individual uniqueness of the personality.

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