A brilliant scientist, scientist who made many discoveries in the field of physiology and medicine, Pavlov I.P. was born in Ryazan in 1849. He was the son and grandson of church ministers.
Having received elementary education in a church institution, continued his studies at the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of St. Petersburg University. Subsequently, he was enrolled in the Military Surgical Academy, from which he graduated with a gold medal. For his exceptional research, Academician I.P. Pavlov. received the Nobel Prize.
Hobbies
Ivan Petrovich was inspired from childhood by collecting insects and plants. He asked Ryazan children to bring him caterpillars and then watched the development of butterflies. Once they brought him an unusual-colored butterfly from the island of Madagascar, which he pinned to the very center of his collection.
Later he caught fire with a passion for philately. Everyone who knew about his hobby sent him new stamps. The Siamese prince himself, who once visited the Institute of Experimental Medicine, replenished the collection with stamps of his state.
Collecting books is another hobby. On the birthday of any member of his large family, the works of some writer were presented.
Pavlov began collecting paintings by buying a portrait of Volodya's son, painted by the famous portrait painter N.A. Yaroshenko. Once he was presented with a painting of the sea at sunset in Sillamäe, and he developed a real interest in painting. He understood the content of the paintings in his own way, representing not what he sees himself, but how the artist may think.
Specific traits
Ivan Pavlov inherited from his father such character traits as persistence in achieving a goal and striving for excellence, which was useful to him in later life and work.
During his years at the seminary, Ivan was the best listener and gave private lessons to those who lagged behind. He enjoyed teaching his classmates. Ivan Petrovich was demanding, not tolerating oversights, sometimes harsh, but easygoing person.
According to eyewitnesses, Pavlov was left-handed, which, with his dexterity and professionalism, did not prevent him from conducting complex operations and experiences. But with his characteristic passion and will, he trained his right hand.
Pavlov had poor eyesight, and he could not see anything without glasses. Despite this, he read a lot. I used to read each book twice, and then I could quote large fragments from it.
The scientist knew how to conduct long and interesting discussions, had the title of an ardent debater, firmly defended his point of view, did not like it when the opponent walked away from the conversation.
Pavlov owns an ingenious research solution called "sham feeding." This method made it possible to obtain gastric juice, excluding food entering the stomach. The "chronic" experiment made it possible to observe the processes of the organism without violating its integrity. All experiments were carried out on dogs. The professor was very kind to animals and loved them.
Pavlov and rest
In life, Pavlov was a tall, well-built man. He possessed energy, agility and strength... The Pavlov family rented a dacha in the town of Sillamäe. In the morning he watered the plants and tended the flower beds, then they all went to the forest together to pick mushrooms. And in the evenings we rode a bike. City competitions were often held at the dacha site. In addition to neighbors, his colleagues, sons, friends - writers and artists took part in them. For young people there was a kind of discussion club.
Pavlov was constantly engaged in gymnastics. He created a society of lovers physical culture and cycling, becoming its chairman.
Funny episodes from life
His best student and follower L.A. Orbeli assisted the academician during operations. During one of them, Pavlov, working quickly and harmoniously, began to swear. The offended assistant decided to leave the assistants, which surprised the teacher. And then he admitted that one had to get used to his swearing, like to the smell of "dog".
Spending the winter holidays with his future wife Serafima Karchevskaya, Pavlov, being a student himself, went with her for warm boots. We spent Christmas happily and merrily. Returning to the village where his bride worked after the women's courses, one boot was found missing. He ended up with the groom: the lover left him as a keepsake.
Attitude to the revolution
The scientist met the revolution at the age of 70 and did not hide his negative attitude towards it. Lenin and his comrades-in-arms were afraid of statements by a recognized scientist around the world against the Soviet regime, if he were abroad, so all conditions were created for him to conduct research in his homeland.
In his laboratory there was always light, firewood, inventory, excellent animal feed. Many employees, at the insistence of the academician, were early returned from the army.
He sent angry letters to the Council of People's Commissars, where he condemned the policy of communism. He protested against the inclusion in the academy of outsiders who are not versed in science. He sharply criticized the Bolsheviks and urged not to be afraid of them. No one could follow the example of the scientist for fear of the authorities. Later, he stopped attending meetings that interfered with his work.
The memory of the great Russian scientist will remain for centuries. Streets in cities of Russia and abroad, metro stations in Prague and Kharkov, square in Prague, higher educational establishments and others medical institutions, village in Leningrad region, the plane of the airline "Aeroflot", the crater on the reverse side of the moon and the asteroid are named after him.
For the 150th anniversary in 1999, 2 coins of the Bank of Russia with his image were issued. His image is immortalized in 16 monuments and on two stamps. Biographical films were created, books were published describing his many years of work. Several awards have been established for the continuation of the Pavlov case and the development of medicine and psychology.
Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich - Russian psychologist, physiologist, researcher of digestive regulation processes, Nobel Prize laureate. The creator of the science of higher nervous activity.
Biography
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born on September 26, 1849 in Ryazan. Father, Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov, was a parish priest. Mother, Varvara Ivanovna, was engaged in housekeeping.
Ivan studied at the Ryazan Theological School. In 1864, after graduating from college, Pavlov entered the theological seminary in Ryazan. Later he recalled this period with warmth, noted the work of wonderful teachers. In his last year, Pavlov got acquainted with the book by IM Sechenov "Reflexes of the Brain". This book defined further destiny Pavlova.
In 1870 he entered the Faculty of Law at St. Petersburg University. True, he studied here for only 17 days, and then transferred to the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, the natural department. He studied with professors F.V. Ovsyannikov, I.F.Zion, was especially interested in the physiology of animals. He paid a lot of attention to nervous regulation, as befits a true follower of Sechenov.
After graduating from the university, Pavlov entered the Medical and Surgical Academy, immediately for the third year. In 1879, he graduated from the academy and began working at the Botkin clinic, where he headed the physiology laboratory.
From 1884 to 1886 Pavlov trained in France and Germany, and then returned to work for Botkin.
In 1890, Pavlov was appointed professor of pharmacology at the Military Medical Academy, six years later he headed the department of physiology here, which he left only in 1926.
At the same time, Ivan Petrovich investigates the physiology of digestion, blood circulation, and higher nervous activity. In 1890, he conducts his famous experiment with sham feeding and establishes the role played by nervous system in the processes of digestion.
So, it was found that the process of secretion of juice is divided into two phases: neuro-reflex and humoral-clinical.
Then Pavlov began to study higher nervous activity, achieved significant success in the study of reflexes.
In 1903, Pavlov, who by that time was already 54 years old, made a presentation at the International Medical Congress, which was held in Madrid. The following year, for the study of digestion processes, Ivan Pavlov was awarded Nobel Prize.
In 1907, the scientist becomes a member Russian Academy sciences. In 1915, the Royal Society of London presented him with the Copley Medal.
Pavlov took the revolution as a whole negatively. During civil war he was in poverty, so he turned to the Soviet authorities with a request to release him from the country. The authorities promised to improve the situation, but did very little in this direction. Finally, in 1925 about the establishment of the Institute of Physiology in Koltushi, which was headed by Pavlov. He worked here until his death.
The main achievements of Pavlov
- He found that the work of the heart is regulated not only by the retarding and accelerating nerves, but also by the reinforcing nerve. In addition, he hypothesized the existence of weakening nerves.
- For the first time, he performed an operation to connect the portal vein with the inferior cavity. Explained the importance of the liver as an organ that cleanses the blood from harmful products.
- Did whole line discoveries concerning the reflexion of gastric juice secretion.
- Pavlov formulated the principles of the physiology of higher nervous activity.
Important dates in Pavlov's biography
- September 26, 1849 - born in Ryazan.
- 1864 - entered the theological seminary in Ryazan.
- 1870 - entered the St. Petersburg University.
- 1875 - Pavlov is awarded a gold medal and graduated from the university. Admission to the Medical and Surgical Academy.
- 1879 - graduation from the academy. Work as the head of the laboratory at the Botkin clinic.
- 1883 - defense of a doctoral dissertation on the topic "On the centrifugal nerves of the heart".
- 1884-1886 - internship in France and Germany.
- 1890 - Head of the Department of Pharmacology of the Medical-Surgical Academy.
- 1897 - publication of the work "Lectures on the work of the main digestive glands".
- 1901 - Corresponding Member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
- 1904 - awarded the Nobel Prize.
- 1907 - full member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
- 1925 - the beginning of work as the head of the Institute of Physiology.
- February 27, 1936 - Ivan Petrovich Pavlov died.
- The first resident of Russia to receive the Nobel Prize.
- Once he admitted that without glasses he could not have carried out a single experiment on dogs. Just because I wouldn't see the dogs.
- Pavlov considered Descartes the forerunner of his own research, for which he put a bust next to the laboratory in Koltushi.
- He was fond of collecting butterflies and playing small towns.
- The scientist was left-handed, but persistently worked out his right hand. As a result, he even learned how to do operations with it.
- He had a negative attitude towards the Soviet regime and argued that it had no future, and the USSR was doomed to perish. Therefore, I did not get into the camp only because of the enormous authority not only in Russia, but throughout the world.
Greetings to all readers who are not indifferent to psychology! Today we will talk about an outstanding scientist, a physician who devoted his life to the study of reflexes, made a huge contribution to the knowledge of the human nervous system, although he worked with dogs. Pavlov Ivan Petrovich is not in vain considered a representative of the largest modern school of physiology.
Life and scientific activity
Ivan Pavlov is a native of the city of Ryazan. Until the age of 21, he studied theology, planned to continue the career of his father (parish priest), but abruptly changed his direction of activity, went to study at St. Petersburg University, where he began to study physiology and chemistry. If it were not for this turn in the fate of the remarkable scientist, we would not have been able to get acquainted with his theory of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes, and temperaments would continue to be distinguished by the prevailing fluid in the body, as Hippocrates bequeathed.
The interests of the young scientist were influenced by outstanding specialists: Karl Ludwig and Rudolf Heidenhain. He was seriously interested in problems blood pressure, and when he turned 41 he became a real professor at the Imperial Medical Academy. These walls gave him the opportunity to study the relationship between digestion and salivation, as well as conduct experiments on dogs. By the way, Pavlov was a wonderful surgeon, which helped him in setting up experiments.
It was in the course of research, where the experimental dogs were, that Ivan Petrovich came to the theory of the conditioned reflex, and by 1930 he was able to transfer his knowledge to people suffering from psychosis. It is important to understand what he meant by a conditioned reflex. This is the body's response to a stimulus as a result of their multiple coincidence. Why did this discovery become so significant, and the very concept “ conditioned reflex"- a crown scientific activities Pavlova? Because the learning process has become manageable and scientifically grounded. And later his ideas became the basis for the development of behavioral psychology (or behaviorism).
The scientist lived in a difficult time, his relations with the Soviet regime were very uneven. After visiting America (1923), he intensified his criticism of the communist regime, began to openly oppose violence, the arbitrariness of the authorities. When in 1924 all students who had priestly fathers were expelled from his academy, he himself defiantly left his post of professor. Pavlov died in Leningrad in 1936.
Conditioned reflex theory
The main work of Pavlov was the formation of conditioned reflexes with the help of associations. In fact, everything is ingeniously simple. You can see for yourself. When an unexpected sharp sound is heard, the person involuntarily flinches. It is his unconditioned reflex(automatic, congenital) to an unconditioned stimulus. If we repeatedly encounter a situation where such a sharp sound occurs after a strong punch on the table with a fist, then it is quite logical that we associate the sound (unconditioned stimulus) with the movement of the fist (already a conditioned stimulus), we will begin to flinch even before the fist lowered on the table. This new reaction of the body will be called a conditioned reflex.
Experiences with dogs
Initially, the scientist was studying the digestive function of dogs. But observing how the salivary glands of animals work, I discovered interesting fact... Saliva in dogs is produced by the sight of an edible product. And this is an unconditioned reflex. But Pavlov's dogs began to salivate even when an assistant in a white coat entered, carrying food for experiments. The researcher rightly noted that the cause of the reflex was not the smell of food, but the appearance of a white coat (a conditioned stimulus). He also successfully proved this with experiments.
Role for science
Of course, Pavlov became famous for his experiments with dogs, which were appreciated and recognized during his lifetime. It is remarkable that he was awarded the honorary title of "Elder of the Physiologists of the World," and this is a great honor for a scientist. Experts also appreciate his great contribution to understanding the work of the human nervous system (after all, the concepts of "strong nervous system" and "weak nervous system" are also his achievement). It was the researcher's discoveries that allowed him to find new ways to treat anxiety disorders (phobias, panic attacks).
We met with short biography scientist and the basic concepts of his theory. It is interesting that the knowledge that Pavlov gave us does not become obsolete over the years. From this they become even more valuable and significant. I hope that the information that I have tried to convey to you was understandable enough even for non-specialists in the field of psychology. I will be glad to reposts and comments.
Until next time, sincerely, Alexander Fadeev.
Add to bookmarks: https: // site
Hi. My name is Alexander. I am the author of the blog. For more than 7 years I have been developing websites: blogs, landing pages, online stores. Always glad to meet new people and your questions, comments. Add in social networks. I hope the blog will be useful to you.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (09/14/1849 - 02/27/1936) - the most famous Russian physiologist, founder of the doctrine of higher nervous activity, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Nobel Prize laureate in medicine.
Childhood of the future scientist.
Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov, the father of the future Nobel laureate, was a simple native of a peasant family. He served as a priest in one of the parishes of the Ryazan province. Varvara Ivanovna, his wife, also came from a priest's family. Little Vanechka appeared in this poor but pious family. He was the first child in the family (in total, Varvara Ivanovna will give birth to 10 children). Vanya grew up a healthy child. He played with his younger sisters and brothers, helped his father in the household.At about eight years old, Vanechka began to learn to read and write and with a delay caused by an injury, he entered school. In 1864, he successfully graduated from the Ryazan Theological School and was immediately admitted to the Theological Seminary. Here he showed himself to be a very hard-working student, becoming one of the best in his class. He even gave private lessons, gaining a reputation as a good tutor. During his studies, Pavlov first met scientific work M. Sechenov "Reflexes of the brain". In many ways, it was this new interest in the rapidly developing science at that time that forced him to abandon the continuation of his spiritual career.
Studying at the University.
In 1870, Ivan Petrovich moved to St. Petersburg. His only goal was to enter the natural sciences department of the physics and mathematics faculty of the university. But due to the poor training that he was given at the seminary, the future researcher had to enter the law faculty. However, after only 17 days after admission, the young student, by the decision of the rector himself, was transferred to the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.From the very beginning of his studies, Ivan Petrovich attracted the attention of the teaching staff with his lively and inquisitive mind. In the second year, he was assigned a regular scholarship, and in the third year - an imperial one. At that time, such outstanding scientists as Mendeleev and Butler taught at the faculty where Pavlov studied. One of the first scientific works a young student had a study on the physiology of the nerves of the pancreas, carried out in conjunction with Afanasyev. For this research he received gold medal university council.
The beginning of scientific activity.
In 1875, Pavlov graduated from the university and received a Ph.D. in natural sciences. Pavlov was already 26 years old. I.F. Zion offered him a job as his assistant at the Medical and Surgical Academy. After some time, he became an assistant to K.N. Ustimovich, who at that time was in charge of the Department of Physiology at the veterinary department of the same Medical-Surgical Academy. At the same time, Ivan Petrovich continued his studies at the medical department. During this time, he published several valuable works on the physiology of blood circulation. In 1877, having accumulated a small amount of money, Pavlov visited Breslavl, where he got acquainted with the works of the famous physiologist R. Heidenhain.The research work of the young physiologist attracted the attention of wide scientific circles, which is why in 1878 he was invited by S.P. Botkin to his clinic. Without being distracted from his scientific research, Pavlov received the much-coveted medical diploma in 1879.
Work in the field of research of nervous activity.
Soon after that, Pyotr Ivanovich began to work in a small laboratory on a topic that at that time was called "nervousism." In 1883, as part of his research, he published a monograph on the centrifugal nerves of the heart, which later became the topic of his doctoral dissertation. The brilliant defense of this work was also awarded a gold medal.
In 1884 he went to Germany, where he worked with R. Heidenhain and K. Ludwig. As the scientist himself later noted in his autobiography, his work together with these outstanding physiologists gave him a lot in terms of life experience and worldview.
Upon his return to his homeland, Pavlov began to actively lecture at the Military Medical Academy on physiology, and also began to publish frequently in Russian and foreign journals. For 12 years of work in the laboratory of the Botkin clinic, he became a prominent physiologist, both in Russia and abroad.
Professorship and Nobel Prize.
In 1890, despite many obstacles that some representatives of the medical community and the bureaucratic apparatus posed for him, Ivan Petrovich took the position of professor of pharmacology at the Military Medical Academy. It was here that he conducted his most important scientific research. His work in the field of studying the physiology of the digestive glands brought him worldwide fame. His work in the study of conditioned reflexes very quickly became a real breakthrough in medicine. In 1904, the Nobel Prize in Medicine was founded, and it was Pavlov who became its first laureate.In 1901, he became a corresponding member, and in 1907, a full member of the Academy of Sciences. Scientific recognition abroad resulted in the fact that he became an honorary member of several foreign academies of sciences at once.
Revolution and life in a new country.
Ivan Petrovich met the February revolution with caution, considering it untimely in the context of the ongoing war. He also met the October Revolution. Relations with the Bolsheviks were very tense. However, Pavlov was not going to leave his homeland, and the government tried to do everything possible to keep the scientist from emigration. The scientist objected to many reforms of the government, including he considered the abolition of doctoral dissertations to be erroneous, and also considered it inappropriate to create institute departments in which no research was carried out.In addition, after the events of 1928-1929 related to the elections to the Academy of Sciences, when the state began to directly indicate those who should be included in it, Pavlov stopped attending meetings of the Academy and never appeared in it again.
Until the end of his days, he entered into active opposition to the state on all issues related to science. He did not hesitate to express his dissatisfaction, and openly pointed out the mistakes and mistakes made.
In 1936, when the scientist was already 87 years old, Ivan Petrovich caught a cold and fell ill with pneumonia. The body, already weakened by several pneumonias that had been transferred before, could not stand it and all the doctors' efforts to save Pavlov were in vain.
No physiologist of the world was as famous as Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (09/26/1849, Ryazan - 02/27/1936, Leningrad) - the creator of the materialistic doctrine of the higher nervous activity of animals and humans. This teaching is of great practical importance. In medicine and pedagogy, in philosophy and psychology, in sports, labor, in any human activity - everywhere it serves as the basis and starting point. Founder of the largest physiological school of our time, new approaches and methods of physiological research, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1925; academician of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences from 1907, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences from 1917). Classical works on the physiology of blood circulation and digestion (Nobel Prize, 1904). Knight Commander of the Legion of Honor (1915) - highest award France.
Born in the city of Ryazan in 1849 in the family of a priest. In 1860, at the age of 11, Pavlov entered the parish school, and after graduation, he entered the theological seminary, but did not graduate from it. ... 60s of the XIX century. were years of rise liberation movement in Russia. Young people were impatiently awaiting the next issues of leading magazines in which N.A. Dobrolyubov and A.I. Herzen, D.I. Pisarev and N.G. Chernyshevsky; they also contained works on natural science. Articles by D.I. Pisarev, books by I.M. Sechenov and the popular book by D, Lewis "The Physiology of Everyday Life", the ideas of revolutionary democrats, disputes in the Ryazan youth circles did their job.
Ivan Pavlov left the seminary, left Ryazan for St. Petersburg, and in 1870 entered the University of the Natural Sciences Department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty. His interest in physiology increased after he read I. Sechenov's book "Reflexes of the Brain", but he managed to master this subject only after he was trained in the laboratory of I. Zion, who studied the role of depressive nerves. First Scientific research Pavlova - study of the secretory innervation of the pancreas. For him I. Pavlov and M. Afanasyev were awarded the gold medal of the university.
In 1875 he brilliantly completed the course with the degree of candidate of natural sciences and entered the third year of the Medical-Surgical Academy (now it is the Russian Military Medical Academy in St. Petersburg). He graduated from it in 1879 with a gold medal, receiving a diploma in medicine, and began working in the physiological laboratory of the clinic of S.P. Botkin, conducting research on the physiology of blood circulation. In 1875, Pavlov received the title of candidate of natural sciences. In the summer of 1877, he worked in Germany, with Rudolf Heidenhain, a specialist in the field of digestion. In 1878, at the invitation of S. Botkin, Pavlov began working in the physiological laboratory at his clinic in Breslau, not yet having a medical degree, which Pavlov received in 1879. In the same year, Ivan Petrovich began research on the physiology of digestion, which continued for over twenty years. Pavlov in 1883 defended his thesis for the degree of Doctor of Medicine, dedicated to the description of the nerves that control the functions of the heart. He was appointed assistant professor at the Academy, but was forced to refuse this appointment due to additional work in Leipzig with Heidenhain and Karl Ludwig, two of the most prominent physiologists of the time. Thus, Pavlov was sent abroad to improve his knowledge and two years later returned to Russia.