Divided higher nervous activity into 4 types. Type of higher nervous activity and temperament

Temperament

Question 1: The concept and structure of temperament

Temperament - a set of individually - typological personality traits that characterize the features of the dynamics of mental activity: intensity, speed, pace and rhythm of mental processes and states, behavior and activity.

Temperament is one of the most significant personality traits. Interest in this problem arose more than two and a half thousand years ago. It was caused by the obvious existence of individual differences, which are due to the characteristics of the biological and physiological structure and development of the organism, as well as the characteristics social development, the uniqueness of social connections and contacts. The biologically determined structures of personality include, first of all, temperament. Temperament determines the presence of many mental differences between people, including the intensity and stability of emotions, emotional impressionability, the pace and vigor of actions, as well as a number of other dynamic characteristics.

B. M. Teplov gives the following definition of temperament: “Temperament is the characteristic this person a set of mental characteristics associated with emotional excitability, i.e., the speed of the onset of feelings, on the one hand, and their strength, on the other ”(Teplov B. M., 1985). Thus, temperament has two components - activity and emotionality.

temperament structure.

There are 3 components in the structure of temperament:

1) Activity - the intensity and speed of human interaction with the environment.

2) Emotionality - characterizes the features of the emergence, course and extinction of emotional states.

3) Motor (motor) - characterizes the features of the motor sphere, namely the rate of reaction, muscle tone, intensity, rhythm and total amount movements.

Question 2: Types of temperament, their psychological characteristics.

Temperament types:

1. Choleric - low sensitivity, high reactivity, high activity, predominance of reactivity, high pace, high emotional excitability, low anxiety, rigidity, extraversion.

2. Melancholic - high sensitivity, low reactivity, low activity, low pace, high emotional excitability, high anxiety, rigidity, introversion.

3. Phlegmatic - reduced sensitivity, low reactivity, high activity (in terms of volitional regulation), low pace, low emotional excitability, low anxiety, rigidity, introversion.

4. Sanguine - low sensitivity, high reactivity, high activity, predominance of activity, high pace, high emotional excitability, low anxiety, plasticity, extraversion.

A sanguine person is a resolute, energetic, quickly excitable, mobile, impressionable, with a bright external expression emotions and their easy change.

Phlegmatic - calm, slow, with a weak manifestation of feelings, it is difficult to switch from one type of activity to another.

Choleric - quick-tempered, with a high level of activity, irritable, energetic, with strong, quickly emerging emotions, clearly reflected in speech, gestures, facial expressions.

Melancholic - has a low level of neuropsychic activity, dull, dreary, with high emotional vulnerability, suspicious, prone to gloomy thoughts and with a depressed mood, withdrawn, shy.

Question 3. The physiological basis of temperament: properties and types of higher nervous activity.

According to the teachings of IP Pavlov, the individual characteristics of behavior, the dynamics of the course of mental activity depend on individual differences in the activity of the nervous system. The basis of individual differences in nervous activity is the manifestation and correlation of the properties of the two main nervous processes—excitation and inhibition.

Three properties of excitation and inhibition processes were established:

1) the strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition,

2) the balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition,

3) mobility (replacement) of the processes of excitation and inhibition.

The strength of nervous processes is expressed in the ability of nerve cells to endure prolonged or short-term, but very concentrated excitation and inhibition. This determines the performance (endurance) of the nerve cell.

One of the main properties of higher nervous activity is the mobility of nervous processes. The mobility of the nervous system is characterized by the rapidity of the processes of excitation and inhibition, the rapidity of their onset and termination (when life conditions require it), the speed of the movement of nervous processes (irradiation and concentration), the rapidity of the appearance of the nervous process in response to irritation, the rapidity of the formation of new conditioned connections, the development of and dynamic stereotype changes.

Combinations of these properties of the nervous processes of excitation and inhibition formed the basis for determining the type of higher nervous activity. Depending on the combination of strength, mobility and balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition, four main types of higher nervous activity are distinguished.

Weak type. Representatives of the weak type of the nervous system cannot withstand strong, prolonged and concentrated stimuli. Weak are the processes of inhibition and excitation. Under the action of strong stimuli, the development of conditioned reflexes is delayed. Along with this, there is a high sensitivity (i.e., a low threshold) to the actions of stimuli.

Strong balanced type. Distinguished by a strong nervous system, it is characterized by an imbalance in the basic nervous processes - the predominance of excitatory processes over inhibition processes.

Strong balanced mobile type. The processes of inhibition and excitation are strong and balanced, but their speed, mobility, and rapid change of nervous processes lead to a relative instability of the nervous connections.

Strong balanced inert type. Strong and balanced nervous processes are characterized by low mobility. Representatives of this type are outwardly always calm, even, difficult to excite.

Features of a person's mental activity, which determine his actions, behavior, habits, interests, knowledge, are formed in the process of a person's individual life, in the process of education. The type of higher nervous activity gives originality to a person's behavior, leaves a characteristic imprint on the whole appearance of a person - determines the mobility of his mental processes, their stability, but does not determine either the behavior, or actions of a person, or his beliefs, or moral principles.

Type of higher nervous activity and temperament

An increase in the speed of the motor response with an increase in the intensity of the stimulus was more pronounced in subjects with a strong nervous system.

As indicators of strength in relation to inhibition, the effect of elongation and repeated repetition of a differentiating stimulus on absolute light sensitivity was used. An indicator of the strength of nerve cells in relation to inhibition is the absence of changes in light sensitivity, while an indicator of weakness is a decrease in sensitivity under the action of a differentiating stimulus.

Mobility of the nervous system is a characteristic of the speed manifestations of various functions. The mobility of the nervous system is manifested in the rate of change of inhibition by excitation and, conversely, the dynamics of the nervous process, its irradiation and concentration, changes in reactions when external conditions change. The problem of mobility syndrome has not been finally solved. In the course of its development, two more independent properties were identified - lability and dynamism of nervous processes. As the main method for determining mobility, alteration of the signs of stimuli was used after the development of the corresponding conditioned responses. The indicator of mobility is the speed of alteration of the signal value until the level of conditional effects that was observed before the alteration is reached. Higher conversion speed - higher mobility.

The lability of the first system is this is a characteristic of the rate of occurrence and termination of nervous processes; it was singled out as an independent property of the nervous system. The main method for determining lability is the indicators of the critical flicker fusion frequency (CFM), that is, the flickering frequency of light flashes at which discrete flashes are perceived as even light. The higher the frequency of discrete flashes in CFM, the higher the lability of the nervous system.

The property of the dynamism of the nervous system was singled out as an independent one in the general syndrome of the mobility of nervous processes. Under dynamic of the nervous system understand the ease and speed of the generation of the nervous process by the brain structures in the course of the formation of excitatory or inhibitory conditioned reactions. As indicators of dynamism, a conditioned reflex change in the frequency-amplitude characteristics of the electroencephalogram is used. Using a sound signal as a conditioned stimulus, and a visual stimulus as a reinforcer, one can cause a conditioned reflex change in the cortical rhythm. The rate at which conditional desynchronization is generated can serve as an indicator of dynamism.

During the research, it was discovered interesting fact. It turned out that assessments of the properties of the nervous system do not coincide in the same person when using stimulation of different modalities. The need to explain these results has led researchers to single out general and particular properties. The general properties of the nervous system were associated with the activity of the regulatory zones of the cerebral cortex, while the particular properties of the nervous system reflect the functioning of those parts of the cortex that are associated with the processing of sensory information.

Thus, within the framework of the concept of the main properties of the nervous system, diagnostic methods were developed, the physiological content and structure of these properties were determined. The properties of the nervous system are divided into primary and secondary. Primary properties - strength, mobility, dynamism, lability (in terms of excitation and inhibition), secondary - the balance of primary properties in relation to the action of excitation and inhibition. These properties can be either private or public.

1234Next ⇒

Site search:

4 types of higher nervous activity and temperament

Each person is born with a certain set of biological features of his personality, manifested in temperament. Significant differences in the behavior of people, due to the properties of their temperaments, are even among blood brothers and sisters, among twins living side by side. Temperaments differ among the Siamese twins Masha and Dasha, all children who received the same upbringing, have the same worldview, close ideals, beliefs and moral principles.

What is temperament? Temperament is called the innate characteristics of a person, which determine the dynamics of the course of his mental processes. It is temperament that determines a person's reactions to external circumstances. It largely forms the character of a person, his individuality and is a kind of link between the body and cognitive processes.

Temperament is a manifestation of the type of the nervous system in human activity, individual psychological characteristics of a person, in which the mobility of his nervous processes, strength, and balance are manifested.

Excitation and inhibition can be balanced or dominate each other, they can proceed with different strength, move from center to center and replace each other in the same centers, i.e. have some mobility.

The term "temperament" itself was introduced by the ancient physician Claudius Galen and comes from the Latin word "temperans", which means moderate. The very word temperament can be translated as "the proper ratio of parts." Hippocrates believed that the type of temperament is determined by the predominance of one of the fluids in the body. If blood predominates in the body, then the person will be mobile, that is, have a sanguine temperament, yellow bile will make a person impulsive and hot - choleric, black bile - sad and timid, that is, melancholic, and the predominance of lymph will give a person calmness and slowness, make phlegmatic.

Many researchers, in particular, V.S.

Types of higher nervous activity and temperament

Merlin, S. L. Rubinshtein believe that temperaments in their pure form are very rare, usually in every person they are present in various proportions. It is also not necessary to equate character and temperament. The latter only characterizes the type of the nervous system, its properties, is associated with the structure of the body and even metabolism. But, in no way connected with the views of the individual, beliefs, tastes and does not determine the possibilities of the individual.

In the nerve centers of the human brain cortex, two opposite active processes take place in a complex interaction: excitation and inhibition. Excitation of some parts of the brain causes inhibition of others, this can explain why a person who is passionate about something ceases to perceive the environment. So, for example, the switching of attention is associated with the transfer of excitation from one part of the brain to another and, accordingly, the inhibition of the abandoned parts of the brain.

In the psychology of individual differences, the following properties of temperament are distinguished: excitation - inhibition, lability - rigidity, mobility - inertia, activity - passivity, as well as balance, sensitivity, reaction speed.

Weakness of nervous processes is characterized by the inability of nerve cells to withstand prolonged and concentrated excitation and inhibition. Under the action of very strong stimuli, nerve cells quickly pass into a state of protective inhibition. Thus, in a weak nervous system, nerve cells are characterized by low efficiency, their energy is quickly depleted. But on the other hand, a weak nervous system has great sensitivity: even to weak stimuli, it gives an appropriate reaction.

An important property of higher nervous activity is the balance of nervous processes, that is, the proportional ratio of excitation and inhibition. In some people, these two processes are mutually balanced, while in others this balance is not observed: either the process of inhibition or excitation predominates. One of the main properties of higher nervous activity is the mobility of nervous processes. The mobility of the nervous system is characterized by the rapidity of the processes of excitation and inhibition, the rapidity of their onset and termination (when life conditions require it), the rate of movement of nervous processes (irradiation and concentration), the rapidity of the appearance of the nervous process in response to irritation, the rapidity of the formation of new conditional connections. Combinations of these properties of the nervous processes of excitation and inhibition formed the basis for determining the type of higher nervous activity. Depending on the combination of strength, mobility and balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition, four main types of higher nervous activity are distinguished.

Weak type . Representatives of the weak type of the nervous system cannot withstand strong, prolonged and concentrated stimuli. Weak are the processes of inhibition and excitation. Under the action of strong stimuli, the development of conditioned reflexes is delayed. Along with this, there is a high sensitivity (i.e., a low threshold) to the actions of stimuli.

Strong balanced type . Distinguished by a strong nervous system, it is characterized by an imbalance in the basic nervous processes - the predominance of excitatory processes over inhibition processes.

Strong balanced movable type . The processes of inhibition and excitation are strong and balanced, but their speed, mobility, and rapid change of nervous processes lead to a relative instability of the nervous connections.

Strong balanced inert type . Strong and balanced nervous processes are characterized by low mobility. Representatives of this type are outwardly always calm, even, difficult to excite.

The type of higher nervous activity refers to natural higher data; this is an innate property of the nervous system. On a given physiological basis, various systems of conditioned connections can be formed, i.e., in the process of life, these conditioned connections will form differently in different people: this will be the manifestation of the type of higher nervous activity. Temperament is a manifestation of the type of higher nervous activity in human activity and behavior.

Features of a person's mental activity, which determine his actions, behavior, habits, interests, knowledge, are formed in the process of a person's individual life, in the process of education. The type of higher nervous activity gives originality to human behavior, leaves a characteristic imprint on the whole appearance of a person - determines the mobility of his mental processes, their stability, but does not determine either the behavior, or actions of a person, or his beliefs, or moral principles.

Temperament types

In psychology, there are four types of temperament: Choleric, Melancholic, Phlegmatic and Sanguine. It cannot be said that Melancholic is better than Choleric, and Sanguine is better than Phlegmatic. All have their pros and cons.

1. The melancholic has a weak type of nervous system and, therefore, is unstable in the face of circumstances that require overcoming or strong excitation of the nervous system. The remaining three types of the nervous system are considered strong. A person is easily vulnerable, prone to constant experience of various events, he reacts little to external factors. He cannot restrain his asthenic experiences by an effort of will, he is highly impressionable, easily emotionally vulnerable. These are traits of emotional weakness.

2. Phlegmatic temperaments, this type of temperament is called, which, being a strong type, is nevertheless distinguished by low mobility of nervous processes. Once having arisen in certain centers, they are distinguished by constancy and strength. The inert nervous system corresponds to this type. Slow, imperturbable, has stable aspirations and mood, outwardly stingy in the manifestation of emotions and feelings. He shows perseverance and perseverance in work, remaining calm and balanced. In work, he is productive, compensating for his slowness with diligence.

3. Sanguine temperament - another strong type of temperament - is characterized by the fact that the processes of excitation and inhibition are quite strong, balanced and easily mobile. A lively, hot, mobile person, with frequent changes in mood, impressions, with a quick reaction to all events taking place around him, quite easily reconciled with his failures and troubles. He is very productive at work, when he is interested, getting very excited about this, if the work is not interesting, he is indifferent to it, he becomes bored.

4. Choleric temperament - the third strong type of temperament - unbalanced, unrestrained, excitation processes prevail over weak inhibition. This type of nervous system is quickly depleted and prone to breakdowns. Fast, passionate, impulsive, but completely unbalanced, with sharply changing moods with emotional outbursts, quickly exhausted. He does not have a balance of nervous processes, this sharply distinguishes him from a sanguine person. Choleric, carried away, carelessly wastes his strength and quickly depletes.

Good upbringing, control and self-control makes it possible for a melancholic person to manifest himself as an impressionable person with deep feelings and emotions; phlegmatic, as a seasoned person, without hasty decisions; sanguine, as a highly responsive person for any work; choleric, as a passionate, frantic and active person in work. Negative properties of temperament can manifest themselves: in a melancholic - isolation and shyness; phlegmatic - indifference to people, dryness; in a sanguine person - superficiality, dispersion, inconstancy. A person with any type of temperament may or may not be capable, the type of temperament does not affect a person’s abilities, it’s just that some life tasks are easier to solve for a person of one type of temperament, others for another. Temperament is one of the most significant personality traits. Interest in this problem arose more than two and a half thousand years ago. It was caused by the obvious existence of individual differences, which are due to the peculiarities of the biological and physiological structure and development of the organism, as well as the peculiarities of social development, the uniqueness of social ties and contacts. The biologically determined personality structures include, first of all, temperament. Temperament determines the presence of many mental differences between people, including the intensity and stability of emotions, emotional impressionability, the pace and vigor of actions, as well as a number of other dynamic characteristics.

Despite the fact that repeated and constant attempts have been made to investigate the problem of temperament, this problem still belongs to the category of controversial and not completely resolved problems of modern psychological science. Today there are many approaches to the study of temperament. However, with all the existing variety of approaches, most researchers recognize that temperament is the biological foundation on which a person is formed as a social being, and personality traits due to temperament are the most stable and long-term. It is impossible to raise the question of which of the temperaments is better. Each of them has its positive and negative sides. Passion, activity, energy of the choleric, mobility, liveliness and responsiveness of the sanguine, the depth and stability of the feelings of the melancholic, the calmness and lack of haste of the phlegmatic are examples of those valuable personality traits that are associated with individual temperaments. At the same time, with any of the temperaments, there may be a danger of developing undesirable personality traits. For example, a choleric temperament can make a person unrestrained, abrupt, prone to constant "explosions". A sanguine temperament can lead to frivolity, a tendency to scatter, insufficient depth and stability of feelings. With a melancholic temperament, a person may develop excessive isolation, a tendency to completely immerse himself in his own experiences, and excessive shyness. Phlegmatic temperament can make a person lethargic, inert, indifferent to all the impressions of life. Despite this temperament, the whole life of its owner is formed as well as his character.

In our opinion, temperament changes throughout life and depends on the prevailing circumstances. Let's say a person ... a sanguine person. Everything in his life is calm. People appear in his life who begin to interrogate him, accuse him, bring him to hysterics, to tears. If such an appeal lasts longer than a month, then the person begins to cry more, becomes Melancholic. This Melancholic is constantly being pulled, humiliated. This Melancholic becomes Choleric. It can already be compared with nuclear bomb. He starts to explode and yells at everyone who laughs from the side, who says something to him as a joke, but he does not understand. It has a negative effect on those around you. But this rarely happens. Temperament is the pace or cycle of expressing emotions and qualities.

TEMPERAMENT IS THE INDIVIDUAL FEATURES OF A HUMAN THAT CONDITION DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF INTENSITY AND SPEED OF RESPONSE, DEGREE OF EMOTIONAL EXCITABILITY AND BALANCE, FEATURES OF ADAPTING TO THE ENVIRONMENT

“Temperament is those innate characteristics of a person that determine the dynamic characteristics of the intensity and speed of response, the degree of emotional excitability and balance, the features of adaptation to the environment”

Temperament - these are the innate characteristics of a person that determine the dynamic characteristics of the intensity and speed of response, the degree of emotional excitability and balance, and the features of adaptation to the environment.

Before proceeding to consider various kinds temperament, we immediately emphasize that there are no better or worse temperaments - each of them has its positive aspects, therefore, the main efforts should be directed not to reworking temperament (which is impossible due to the innate temperament), but to the reasonable use of its negative sides.

Mankind has long tried to identify the typical features of the mental make-up of various people, to reduce them to a small number of generalized portraits - types of temperament. Such typologies were practically useful, since they could be used to predict the behavior of people with a certain temperament in specific life situations.

Temperament in translation from Latin - "mixture", "proportionality". The oldest description of temperaments belongs to the "father" of medicine, Hippocrates. He believed that a person's temperament is determined by which of the four body fluids prevails: if blood predominates ("sangvis" in Latin), then the temperament will be sanguine, i.e. energetic, fast, cheerful, sociable, easily endures life's difficulties and failures. If bile ("chole") predominates, then the person will be choleric - bilious, irritable, excitable, unrestrained, very mobile person, with a quick change of mood. If mucus ("phlegm") predominates, then the temperament is phlegmatic - a calm, slow, balanced person, slowly, with difficulty switching from one type of activity to another, poorly adapting to new conditions. If black bile predominates ("melanchole"), then a melancholic is obtained - a somewhat painfully shy and impressionable person, prone to sadness, timidity, isolation, he quickly gets tired, overly sensitive to adversity.

Academician IP Pavlov studied the physiological foundations of temperament, drawing attention to the dependence of temperament on the type of nervous system. He showed that the two main nervous processes - excitation and inhibition - reflect the activity of the brain. From birth, they are all different in strength, mutual balance, mobility. Depending on the ratio of these properties of the nervous system, Pavlov identified four main types of higher nervous activity:
"unrestrained" (strong, mobile, unbalanced type of the nervous system (n / s) - corresponds to the temperament of the choleric);
"live" (strong, mobile, balanced type of n / s corresponds to the temperament of a sanguine person);
"calm" (strong, balanced, inert type of n / s corresponds to the temperament of a phlegmatic person);
"weak" (weak, unbalanced, sedentary type of n / s determines the temperament of a melancholic).

71. Types of temperament and their psychological characteristics

The psychological characteristics of temperament types are determined by the following properties: sensitivity, reactivity, the ratio of reactivity and activity, the rate of reactions, plasticity - rigidity, extraversion - introversion, emotional excitability.

Consider the characteristics of four types of temperament.

A choleric is a person whose nervous system is determined by the predominance of excitation over inhibition, as a result of which he reacts very quickly, often thoughtlessly, does not have time to slow down, restrain himself, shows impatience, impulsiveness, sharpness of movements, irascibility, unbridledness, incontinence. The imbalance of his nervous system predetermines the cyclicity in the change of his activity and vigor: being carried away by some business, he works passionately, with full dedication, but his strength is not enough for a short time, and as soon as they are exhausted, he is worked out to the point that everything is unbearable for him. An irritable state appears Bad mood, loss of strength and lethargy ("everything falls out of hand"). The alternation of positive cycles of raising mood and energy with negative cycles of decline, depression causes uneven behavior and well-being, its increased susceptibility to the emergence of neurotic breakdowns and conflicts with people.

Sanguine - a person with a strong, balanced, mobile n / s, has fast speed reactions, his actions are deliberate, cheerful, due to which he is characterized by high resistance to the difficulties of life. The mobility of his nervous system determines the variability of feelings, attachments, interests, views, high adaptability to new conditions. This is a sociable person. Easily converges with new people and therefore he has a wide circle of acquaintances, although he is not distinguished by constancy in communication and affection. He is a productive figure, but only when there are many interesting things to do, i.e. with constant excitement, otherwise he becomes dull, lethargic, distracted. In a stressful situation, it shows the "reaction of a lion", i.e. actively, deliberately defends itself, fights for the normalization of the situation.

Phlegmatic - a person with a strong, balanced, but inert n / s, as a result of which he reacts slowly, is taciturn, emotions appear slowly (it is difficult to anger, cheer); has a high capacity for work, well resists strong and prolonged stimuli, difficulties, but is not able to quickly respond to unexpected new situations. He firmly remembers everything he has learned, is not able to abandon the developed skills and stereotypes, does not like to change habits, life routines, work, new friends, it is difficult and slow to adapt to new conditions. The mood is stable, even. And in case of serious troubles, the phlegmatic remains outwardly calm.

Melancholic is a person with a weak n / s, who has increased sensitivity even to weak stimuli, and a strong stimulus can already cause a “breakdown”, “stop”, confusion, “rabbit stress”, therefore, in stressful situations (exam, competition, danger, etc.) n.) the results of the melancholic's activities may worsen compared to a calm, familiar situation. Hypersensitivity leads to rapid fatigue and a drop in performance (longer rest is required). An insignificant occasion can cause resentment, tears. The mood is very changeable, but usually the melancholic tries to hide, not to show his feelings outwardly, does not talk about his experiences, although he is very inclined to give himself up to experiences, often sad, depressed, insecure, anxious, he may develop neurotic disorders. However, having a high sensitivity of n / s, melancholics often have pronounced artistic and intellectual abilities.

72. Accounting for temperament in activities

Since each activity imposes certain requirements on the human psyche and its dynamic features, there are no temperaments that are ideally suited for all types of activities.

The role of temperament in work and study lies in the fact that the influence on the activity of various mental states caused by an unpleasant environment, emotional factors, and pedagogical influences depends on it. The influence of various factors that determine the level of neuropsychic stress depends on temperament (for example, assessment of activity, expectation of activity control, acceleration of the pace of work, disciplinary influences, etc.).

There are four ways of adapting temperament to the requirements of activity.

The first way is professional selection, one of the tasks of which is to prevent persons who do not have necessary properties temperament. This path is implemented only in the selection for professions that place high demands on personality traits.

The second way to adapt temperament to activity is to individualize the requirements, conditions and methods of work imposed on a person (individual approach).

The third way is to overcome the negative influence of temperament through the formation of a positive attitude towards activity and appropriate motives.

The fourth, main and most universal way of adapting temperament to the requirements of activity is the formation of its individual style.

Under the individual style of activity is understood such individual system techniques and methods of action that are characteristic of a given person and appropriate to achieve a successful result.

Temperament is outward manifestation type of higher nervous activity of a person, and therefore, as a result of education, self-education, this external manifestation can be distorted, changed, and the true temperament is "disguised". Therefore, "pure" types of temperament are rarely found, but, nevertheless, the predominance of one or another tendency is always manifested in human behavior.

Temperament leaves an imprint on the ways of behavior and communication, for example, a sanguine person is almost always the initiator in communication, he feels at ease in the company of strangers, a new unusual situation only excites him, and a melancholic, on the contrary, frightens, confuses, he is lost in a new situation, among new people. The phlegmatic also finds it difficult to meet new people, shows little of his feelings and does not notice for a long time that someone is looking for a reason to get to know him. He is inclined to start love relationships with friendship and eventually falls in love, but without lightning-fast metamorphoses, since his rhythm of feelings is slowed down, and the stability of feelings makes him monogamous. In choleric, sanguine, on the contrary, love arises more often from an explosion, at first sight, but not so stable.

The productivity of a person's work is closely related to the characteristics of his temperament. So, the special mobility of a sanguine person can bring an additional effect if the work requires him to frequently switch from one type of occupation to another, promptness in making decisions, and the monotony, regimentation of activities, on the contrary, leads him to rapid fatigue. Phlegmatics and melancholics, on the contrary, in conditions of strict regulation and monotonous work, show greater productivity and resistance to fatigue than choleric and sanguine people.

In behavioral communication, it is possible and necessary to foresee the peculiarities of the reaction of persons with different types of temperament and to respond adequately to them.

We emphasize that temperament determines only dynamic, but not meaningful, characteristics of behavior. On the basis of the same temperament, both a "great" and a socially insignificant person are possible.

Previous page:
The psychological structure of the personality The elements of the psychological structure of the personality are its psychological properties and characteristics, commonly called "personality traits" Next page:
The constitutional typology of personality was proposed by Kretschmer on the basis of the allocation of four main types of physique constitution (congenital features of a person's physique are predetermined by the dynamics of the intrauterine development of an infant from three germ layers: inner, middle, outer)

The first type of physique - asthenic (mostly the development of the outer germinal layer was going on) - a person of fragile physique, with a flat chest, narrow shoulders, elongated and thin limbs, an elongated face, but a highly developed nervous system, brain ...

Temperament - these are the innate characteristics of a person that determine the dynamic characteristics of the intensity and speed of response, the degree of emotional excitability and balance, the features of adaptation to the environment.

Download: temperament, congenital, features, human, which, condition, dynamic, characteristics, intensity, speed, response, degree, emotional, excitability, poise, features, adaptations, environment, environment.doc || Download: temperament, congenital, features, human, which, condition, dynamic, characteristics, intensity, speed, response, degree, emotional, excitability, balance, features, adaptations, environment, environment.mp3

Types of higher nervous activity

Type classification. Greek physician Hippocrates, who lived in the 4th century. BC, wrote that each person, on the basis of the characteristics of his behavior, can be attributed to one of the four main temperaments: melancholic, choleric, sanguine and phlegmatic.

Temperament as a type of higher nervous activity

These temperaments correspond well to the four main types of higher nervous activity established by Pavlov on the basis of many years of studying the formation and course of conditioned reflexes in animals. Pavlov based the division into types on three main properties of nervous processes.

The first property is strength processes of excitation and inhibition. It is determined by the pr-unit force of irritation, at which conditioned reflexes can be formed. The second property is ratio the strength of the processes of excitation and tprmpzhrnnya in other words, their balance or imbalance. Third property -ps^movement progress npch ^ zhgtr ^ ir and braking, i.e., speed, with Shka they can replace each other.

Based on the manifestation of these three properties, IP Pavlov identified four main types: weak; strong, unbalanced;

strong balanced mobile; strong balanced slow, or calm. Such a division into types of higher nervous activity is also applicable to humans, in particular to children.

Weak type. Children belonging to this type do not tolerate strong or prolonged irritations that cause them to have prohibitive inhibition. Easily occurs in them and induction braking. So, reflexes are inhibited under the influence of extraneous stimuli, especially new, unusual ones. Such a child, having got into a new environment for the first time, for example, during the first visit kindergarten, stands with his head down, does not answer questions, holds on to his mother, and with persistent, repeated questions, he can easily cry. Conditioned reflexes are formed slowly, after a large number of combinations with an unconditioned stimulus. Motor activity is small and unstable. The child gives the impression of being cowardly and weak.

The weak type corresponds to the Hippocratic melancholic temperament.

Strong unbalanced type. This type is also called excitable. It is characterized by the predominance of excitation over inhibition. In children of this type, positive conditioned reflexes are formed easily, and, moreover, not only to weak, but also to strong irritation. Inhibition of reflexes, on the contrary, is difficult. Extraneous, even strong stimuli often not only do not cause induction inhibition, but intensify reflex reactions. Negative conditioned reflexes are unstable, often break down. Speech is fast, loud, but uneven. Children are very mobile

moderately excitable. In response to pain irritation, for example, during the treatment of a tooth, they can give a general unrestrained reaction that does not stop for a long time. Even a weak pain irritation can give such a reaction, for example, when applying an iodine setting to a scratch. Due to excessive excitability and weakness of inhibitory processes, children are bad, subject to discipline, often (especially in temper) behave defiantly, aggressively. If excessive excitement drags on, it can be replaced by depression, i.e., loss of strength, general 'slowness'.

This type corresponds to the Hippocratic choleric temperament. ^

There are several variants of the unbalanced type:

1. Often very capable, but highly excitable, temperamental children. Very emotional. Their speech and movements are fast. Braking processes, although reduced, but to a weak degree.

2. Short-tempered, explosive children. Normal behavior is disturbed often, but for a short time. During the explosion, they behave passionately, aggressively.

3. Children with a pronounced decrease in the processes of inhibition. They easily become slaves to their instincts. For the sake of their satisfaction, they often stop at nothing. Such children are usually called promiscuous and mischievous. Difficult to educate.

Strong balanced, mobile type. Conditioned reflexes, both positive and negative, are formed quickly. The resulting conditional connections are stable. Extinguishing, restoring and altering conditioned reflexes occurs easily and quickly. A frequent and abrupt transition from excitation to inhibition and vice versa does not disturb cortical activity. Speech is sufficiently fast, loud, emotional and at the same time smooth, with gestures and expressive, but not excessive facial expressions. Children are lively, sociable, with vivid emotions; usually show great interest in surrounding phenomena. The analytical and synthetic activity of the cerebral cortex can reach a high level. Such children are easy to educate; often show great abilities.

This type corresponds to the Hippocratic sanguine temperament.

Strong balanced, slow type. Positive and negative conditioned reflexes are formed more slowly than in children of the previous type. Speech is slow, calm, without pronounced emotions and gestures. The transition from excitation to inhibition and vice versa is slow. The child, as a rule, is distinguished by calmness, perseverance during classes, good behavior, discipline; easily copes if a difficult situation arises before him. Often such children study well and show great abilities. The received task is carried out slowly, but conscientiously.

This type corresponds to the Hippocratic phlegmatic temperament.

Plasticity of types of higher nervous activity. Typological features of higher nervous activity are determined by heredity. However, behavior is determined not only by the innate properties of the nervous system, but also by those of its features that arose under the influence of the environment surrounding the organism from the day it was born. Consequently, the innate properties of the nervous system cannot be regarded as immutable. They can be changed to some extent under the influence of education and training. The susceptibility to change, or plasticity, of the types of nervous activity is, in essence, only one of the manifestations of the general most important property of the nervous system - its plasticity, adaptability to changing environmental conditions.

The plasticity of types of nervous activity, the possibility of their alteration through exercise, education, are, in the words of Pavlov, "the most important pedagogical fact." Since environmental influences are the stronger and stronger, the younger the body, the problems of education and training from an early age are of particular importance.

Not all children are equally amenable to education. The most difficult should be considered children with unbalanced higher nervous activity, especially those who were defined above as explosive and loose.

If, however, correct educational work is carried out from early childhood, then, as experience shows, it is possible to significantly reduce the bad manifestations of typological characteristics, soften them by instilling in the child strong skills that will prevent the uncontrolled influence of instincts, as well as excessive aggressiveness and irascibility.

In experiments with animals, I.P. Pavlov found that in some animals positive conditioned reflexes are formed quickly, while inhibitory reflexes are formed slowly. In other animals, on the contrary, positive conditioned reflexes are developed slowly, while inhibitory reflexes are developed faster. In the third group of animals, both of these reflexes are developed easily and are firmly fixed. Thus, it was found that the action of certain stimuli depends not only on their quality, but also on the typological features of higher nervous activity.

Under the typological features of higher nervous activity, we mean the dynamics of the course of nervous processes (excitation and inhibition) in individual individuals.

It is characterized by the following three typological properties:

1) the strength of nervous processes - the performance of nerve cells during excitation and inhibition;

2) the balance of nervous processes - the ratio between the strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition, their balance or the predominance of one process over another;

3) the mobility of nervous processes - the rate of change in the processes of excitation and inhibition.

Depending on the combination of the above properties, I.P. Pavlov singled out four types of higher nervous activity(Fig. 9).

First type (live type) characterized by increased strength of nervous processes, their balance and high mobility. Animals are easily excitable and mobile. The conversion of inhibitory conditioned reflexes into positive ones and vice versa proceeds quickly in them. In such animals, delayed conditioned reflexes are easily developed and the dynamic stereotype is altered (corresponds to the sanguine type of temperament according to Hippocrates).

Second type (unrestrained type) characterized by increased strength of nervous processes, but they are not balanced, the excitatory process prevails over the inhibitory one, these processes are mobile. Unbalance in strong dogs it usually occurs in one form: there is a strong excitatory process and inhibition lagging behind it in strength. In animals of this type, positive conditioned reflexes are quickly formed, but inhibitory reflexes are developed slowly, with difficulty. Since the excitatory process is not balanced by the inhibitory one, with a very large nervous load in these animals, a breakdown of nervous activity often occurs. For the most part, these are fighting animals, aggressive, overly excited, unrestrained (in the words of I.P. Pavlov) (corresponding to the choleric type of temperament according to Hippocrates).

Third type (calm type) characterized by increased strength of nervous processes, their balance, but low mobility. Animals are little mobile, difficult to excite, slow. Alteration of the signal value of the conditioned stimulus occurs in them with great difficulty. Animals with this type of higher nervous activity are characterized by excellent performance of cortical neurons, easily tolerate strong external influences, and respond adequately to them. It is difficult to unbalance them, they hardly change their reactions, despite the change in the value of the conditioned signal (corresponds to the phlegmatic type of temperament according to Hippocrates).

Fourth type (weak type) characterized by reduced strength of nervous processes, reduced mobility. In representatives of this type, both nervous processes are weak (the inhibitory process is often especially weak). Such dogs are fussy, constantly looking around or, on the contrary, constantly stop, as if frozen in some position. This is due to the fact that external influences, even very small ones, have a strong influence on them. Conditioned reflexes are developed with difficulty, and prolonged or too strong stimuli cause rapid exhaustion, neuroses. Animals of a weak type differ from each other in other features (except for the strength of nervous processes), but against the background of a general weakness of the nervous system, these differences are not significant. (corresponds to the melancholic type of temperament according to Hippocrates).

Rice. 9. Types of higher nervous activity in animals according to I.P. Pavlov

A - lively type (sanguine), B - rampant type (choleric), C - calm type (phlegmatic), D - greenhouse type (weak type, melancholic)

Thus, the type of higher nervous activity is a certain combination of stable properties of excitation and inhibition, characteristic of the first higher activity of this or that individual.

The type of higher nervous activity gives a certain shape to the entire behavior of the animal, including in the experiment. The type of nervous activity refers to the natural features of the organism, but is not something invariable. It develops, trains and changes under the influence of environmental conditions. Laboratory experiments have established, for example, that in a strong type with a predominance of excitation, it is possible to develop a lagging inhibitory process by training.

It is known that under the influence of the conditions of existence that require this or that behavior, the body's responses are often fixed for life. At the same time, conditional connections arising as a result of external influences can mask the properties of the nervous system. Therefore, cases of discrepancy, inconsistency between the external behavior of the animal and its type of nervous activity are possible.

Various types of higher nervous activity underlie the four temperaments: sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic.

In 1935 I.P. Pavlov in the article "General types of higher nervous activity of animals and humans" established the final classification of types of higher nervous activity:

1) strong, unbalanced, unrestrained (choleric);

2) strong, balanced, mobile (sanguine);

3) strong, balanced, inert (phlegmatic);

4) weak (melancholic).

IP Pavlov and his collaborators knew that these four types of higher nervous activity in their pure form are not often encountered. Therefore, they began to distinguish the so-called intermediate types. For example, when dogs, according to the characteristics of one property of nervous processes, can be attributed to a strong type, and according to the characteristics of another - to a weak one, they began to speak of a "weak variation of a strong type" or a "strong variation of a weak type." Here it should be said that Pavlov did not extend the understanding of these types to the higher nervous activity of man. His statement on one of the "Wednesdays" is known that "dog" types are not suitable for a person.

In the 20s. I.P. Pavlov studied the higher nervous activity of man, comparing his observations with previously obtained data on the GNI of animals. As a result of these observations, the idea of two signal systems was formulated.

The first signaling system is the system of the body that ensures the formation direct representations of the surrounding reality with the help of conditional connections, through the sense organs. Signals for the first signaling system are color, smell, shape, etc. That is, this system is inherent in both animals and humans.

The second signaling system is the system of the body that ensures the formation generalized representations of the surrounding reality with the help of speech. The signal for the second signaling system is the word. That is, this system is inherent only to man. The second signaling system depends on the functioning of the first signaling system, but at the same time can control its operation.

Due to the presence of the second signal system, we have not only figurative, but also abstract thinking.

I.P. Pavlov singled out purely human types of higher nervous activity (Fig. 10):

1) artistic type - persons in whom the first signal system prevails. Such people are distinguished by figurative-emotional thinking, they have a developed imagination. There are many such people among artists, artists, musicians.

2) thinking type - persons in whom the second signaling system predominates. Such people are characterized by the ability to analyze, systematize, they are dominated by abstract thinking.

3) medium type - persons in whom both the first and second signaling systems are equally developed. To this type, according to I.P. Pavlova, belongs to most people.

4) brilliant type - this type was presented in recent works I.P. Pavlova. And he proposed to refer people to this type, in whom both the first and second signaling systems are very strongly developed. As Ivan Petrovich himself noted, there are very few such people, these are real geniuses.

Rice. 10. Types of human GNI (according to I.P. Pavlov):

1 - the first signal system, 2 - the second signal system, A - artistic type, B - thinking type, C - average type, G - brilliant type.

The concept of the type of higher nervous activity. Conditioned reflex activity depends on the individual properties of the nervous system. The individual properties of the nervous system are due to the hereditary characteristics of the individual and his life experience. The totality of these properties is called the type of higher nervous activity.
properties of nervous processes. I.P. Pavlov, on the basis of many years of studying the features of the formation and course of conditioned reflexes in animals, identified 4 main types of higher nervous activity. He based the division into types on three main indicators:

1) force processes of excitation and inhibition;
2) balance, i.e. e. the ratio of the strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition;
3) mobility processes of excitation and inhibition, i.e., the speed with which excitation can be replaced by inhibition, and vice versa.

Classification of types of higher nervous activity. Based on the manifestation of these three properties, I. P. Pavlov singled out:

1) the type is strong, but unbalanced, with a predominance of excitation over inhibition ("unrestrained" type);
2) the type is strong, balanced, with great mobility of nervous processes (“live”, mobile type);
3) the type is strong, balanced, with low mobility of nervous processes (“calm”, inactive, inert type);
4) weak type with rapid exhaustion of nerve cells, leading to loss of efficiency.

IP Pavlov believed that the main types of higher nervous activity found in animals coincide with the four temperaments established in humans by the Greek physician Hippocrates, who lived in the 4th century BC. e. The weak type corresponds to the melancholic temperament; strong unbalanced type - choleric temperament; strong balanced, mobile type - sanguine temperament; strong balanced, with low mobility of nervous processes - phlegmatic temperament.
However, it should be borne in mind that the hemispheres of the human brain, as social beings, have a more perfect synthetic activity than in animals. A person is characterized by a qualitatively special nervous activity associated with the presence of his speech function.
Depending on the interaction, balance of signaling systems, I. P. Pavlov, along with four types common to humans and animals, singled out specially human types of higher nervous activity:

1. Artistic type. It is characterized by the predominance of the first signal system over the second. This type includes people who directly perceive reality, widely use sensory images, they are characterized by figurative, objective thinking.
2. Thinking type. These are people with a predominance of the second signaling system, "thinkers", with a pronounced ability for abstract thinking.
3. Most people belong to the average type with a balanced activity of the two signaling systems. They are characterized by both figurative impressions and speculative conclusions.

Plasticity of types of higher nervous activity. The innate properties of the nervous system are not immutable. They can change to some extent under the influence of education due to the plasticity of the nervous system. The type of higher nervous activity is made up of the interaction of the inherited properties of the nervous system and the influences that the individual experiences in the process of life.
I. P. Pavlov called the plasticity of the nervous system the most important pedagogical factor. The strength and mobility of nervous processes are amenable to training, and children of an unbalanced type, under the influence of education, can acquire traits that bring them closer to representatives of a balanced type. Prolonged overstrain of the inhibitory process in children of a weak type can lead to a "breakdown" of higher nervous activity, the emergence of neuroses. Such children hardly get used to the new mode of work and need special attention.
Age features of conditioned reflexes. Types of higher nervous activity of the child. The adaptive reactions of a born child to external influences are provided by orienting reflexes. Conditioned reflexes in the neonatal period are very limited and are developed only to vital stimuli. Already in the first days of a child's life, the formation of a natural conditioned reflex to the time of feeding can be noted, which is expressed in the awakening of children and increased motor activity. The sucking movements of the lips appear before the nipple is inserted into the mouth. It is clear that such a reflex appears only with a strict regimen of feeding children. With a strict feeding regimen on the 6-7th day, infants experience a conditioned reflex increase in the number of leukocytes as early as 30 minutes before feeding, they have increased gas exchange before eating. By the end of the second week, a conditioned reflex in the form of sucking movements appears on the position of the child for feeding. Here, the signal is a complex of stimuli acting from the receptors of the skin, motor and vestibular apparatus, constantly combined with food reinforcement.
From the middle of the first month of life, conditioned reflexes to various primary signal stimuli arise: light, sound, olfactory stimuli.
The rate of formation of conditioned reflexes in the first month of life is very low and increases rapidly with age. Thus, a protective reflex to light occurs only after 200 combinations, if its development is started on the 15th day after birth, and less than 40 combinations are required if the development of the same reflex is started in a one and a half month old child. From the first days of a child's life, unconditional (external) inhibition appears. The baby stops suckling if a sharp sound is suddenly heard. Conditional (internal) inhibition is developed later. Its appearance and strengthening are determined by the maturation of the nerve elements of the cerebral cortex. The first manifestations of differentiation of conditioned motor reflexes were noted by the 20th day of life, when the child begins to differentiate the feeding position from the swaddling procedure. A clear differentiation of visual and auditory conditioned stimuli is observed at 3-4 months. Other types of internal inhibition are formed later than differentiation. Thus, the development of delayed inhibition becomes possible from the age of 5 months (M. M. Koltsova).
The development of internal inhibition in a child is an important factor in education. In the first year of life, it is expedient to cultivate inhibition by using facial expressions and gestures that characterize the negative attitude of adults, or stimuli that distract the child's attention, i.e., are an external brake. For the correct development of a child in the first year of life, a strict regimen is very important - a certain sequence of alternating sleep, wakefulness, feeding, walking. This is determined by the significance of the stereotype of interoceptive conditioned reflexes at this age. By the end of the first year, complexes of external exteroceptive stimuli, which characterize the situation as a whole, become important. One of the important components of the complex of stimuli is the word.
The first signs of the development of the second signaling system appear in a child in the second half of the first year of life. In the process of child development, the sensory mechanisms of speech, which determine the possibility of perceiving a word, are formed earlier than the motor ones, with which the ability to speak is associated. The period of formation of a function is especially sensitive to formative influences, so it is necessary to talk with a child from the first days of his life. When caring for a child, you need to name all your actions, name the surrounding objects. This is very important, since in order to form connections of the second signaling system, it is necessary to combine the verbal designation of objects, phenomena surrounding people with their specific image - to combine the primary signal stimuli with the secondary signal stimuli.
By the end of the first year of life, the word becomes a significant stimulus. However, during this period, the reaction of children to the word does not have an independent meaning, it is determined by a complex of stimuli, and only later the word acquires the meaning of an independent signal (M. M. Koltsova). During the first year of life, the child actively trains in the pronunciation of individual sounds, then syllables, and finally words. The formation of speech function requires a certain maturity of the peripheral apparatus - the tongue, muscles of the larynx, lips, their coordinated activity.
The mechanism of speech reproduction is associated with a complex coordinated work of the nerve centers of the cortex, the formation of certain connections between speech centers and motor zones. A close relationship of speech function with motor activity, especially with finely coordinated finger movements, is shown. By developing finely coordinated actions, one can accelerate the formation of speech skills.
The child's speech develops especially intensively between the ages of 1 and 3 years. At this age, the child's behavior is characterized by pronounced exploratory activity. The child reaches for each object, feels, looks inside, tries to pick it up, takes it in his mouth. At this age, injuries easily occur due to curiosity, lack of experience, the frequency of acute infections increases due to the expansion of the child's contacts with other children and his environment.
The conditioned reflex activity of children of this age changes significantly. In the second year of life, individual objects begin to emerge from the generalized undifferentiated world surrounding the child as separate complexes of stimuli. This is made possible by manipulating objects. Therefore, one should not restrict the movements of children: let them dress themselves, wash themselves, and eat.
Thanks to actions with objects, the function of generalization begins to form in children. The wide use of objects develops a motor analyzer in a child.
In the second year of life, the child develops a large number of conditioned reflexes on the ratio of the size, severity, remoteness of objects (singling out faster and slower stimuli, larger or smaller in comparison with others). Of particular importance is the development of systems of conditional connections to stereotypes of exteroceptive stimuli. In early childhood, dynamic stereotypes are especially important. With insufficient strength and mobility of nervous processes, stereotypes facilitate the adaptation of children to the environment, they are the basis for the formation of habits and skills. Attention is drawn to the great strength of the system of conditioned connections developed in children under 3 years of age, and the associated pain due to the violation of the stereotype: children are capricious, cry if they stay away for a long time; do not fall asleep for a long time if they are put in a new place. For children under the age of 3, the development of a large number of different stereotypes is not only not difficult, but each subsequent stereotype is developed more and more easily. However, changing the order of stimuli in one stereotype is an extremely difficult task. The systems of conditional connections developed at this time retain their significance throughout the entire subsequent life of a person, therefore the formation of stereotypes that are beneficial for health and have educational value is especially important at this age.
In the second year, an enhanced development of speech begins, the child masters the grammatical structure of the language, while a large role belongs to imitative reflex. An adult interacting with a child should Special attention pay attention to the correctness of your speech.
At this stage of development, the mastery of actions with objects has a decisive influence on the formation of a generalization of objects in a word, i.e., the formation of a second signal system.
In the process of child development, the use of previously formed connections becomes increasingly important in the development of new reactions. The systems of conditional connections developed at early and preschool age (up to 5 years) are especially strong and retain their significance throughout life. This fact is important for teaching practice. The habits and skills brought up at this age, which have arisen on the basis of strong conditioned reflex connections, largely determine a person's behavior.
At preschool age, the role of the imitative and game reflex is very great. Children copy adults, their gestures, words, manners.
By the end of the preschool period, there are significant changes in the interaction of excitatory and inhibitory processes. As the cerebral cortex develops, the generalization of the excitatory process is gradually removed. Internal, conditional inhibition is forming and becoming increasingly important. Differentiations are better developed, the periods of retention of inhibition become longer. All this contributes to a more selective and adequate response of the child to external influences. At this age, the generalizing function of the word is enhanced, the ability to generalize with the word not only specific objects, but also many objects of the outside world, categories of objects. So, the child begins to understand that a doll, a bear, a car are all toys, and toys, furniture, dishes, clothes are things. In older preschool age, the reflection of reality is already based on the development complex systems connections, including the interaction of the first and second signal systems.
By the age of 6-7 years, reactivity to verbal stimuli improves. The nature of the interaction between the first and second signal systems changes. In 3-4-year-old children, the first signaling system prevails and has an inhibitory effect on the second. At 6-7 years of age, the increasing activity of the second signaling system has an overwhelming effect on the first signaling system. The development of the second signaling system is one of the important indicators of a child's readiness for schooling.
At primary school age, as the cerebral cortex progressively matures, the strength, balance and mobility of nervous processes improve. The development of cortical inhibition processes creates conditions for the rapid and differentiated formation of conditioned connections. The formation of connections in the higher parts of the CNS is facilitated by the intensive maturation at this age of intracortical associative pathways that unite various nerve centers. In the process of teaching writing and reading, the generalizing function of the word continues to develop intensively. The value of the second signal system is increasing.
Some changes in conditioned reflex activity are noted in adolescence. Beginning puberty is characterized by increased activity of the hypothalamus. This causes a change in the balance of cortical-subcortical interaction, resulting in an increase in generalized excitation and a weakening of internal inhibition. In comparison with the previous age group, the formation of temporary connections is difficult in adolescence. The rate of formation of conditioned reflexes to both primary and secondary signal stimuli decreases. Features of the higher nervous activity of adolescents require an attentive attitude towards them, a thoughtful organization of the educational process.
Typological features of the higher nervous activity of the child. The formation of individual typological features in the process of ontogenesis is determined by the gradual maturation of higher nerve centers. As will be shown below, in the process of child development there is a change in the relationship between the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures. This determines the features of the excitatory and inhibitory processes in childhood, and, consequently, the specifics of the manifestation of typological features.
N. I. Krasnogorsky, studying the higher nervous activity of a child on the basis of strength, balance, mobility of nervous processes, the relationship of the cortex and subcortical formations, the relationship between signal systems, identified 4 types of nervous activity in childhood.

1. Strong, balanced, optimally excitable, fast type. It is characterized by the rapid formation of conditioned reflexes, the strength of these reflexes is significant. Children of this type are capable of developing subtle differentiations. Their unconditioned reflex activity is regulated by a functionally strong cortex. Children of this type are well developed speech with a rich vocabulary.
2. Strong, balanced, slow type. In children of this type, conditioned connections are formed more slowly, extinct reflexes are also restored slowly. Children of this type are characterized by a pronounced control of the cortex over unconditioned reflexes and emotions. They quickly learn to speak, only their speech is somewhat slow. Active and racks when performing complex tasks.
3. Strong, unbalanced, hyperexcitable, unrestrained type. It is characterized by insufficiency of the inhibitory process, strongly pronounced subcortical activity, not always controlled by the cortex. Conditioned reflexes in such children quickly fade away, and the resulting differentiations are unstable. Children of this type are characterized by high emotional excitability, irascibility, affects. Speech in children of this type is fast with separate shouting.
4. Weak type with reduced excitability. Conditioned reflexes are formed slowly, unstable, speech is often slow. Lightweight type. Characteristic is the weakness of internal inhibition with strongly pronounced external brakes, which explains the difficulty of children getting used to new learning conditions, their changes. Children of this type do not tolerate strong and prolonged irritations, they easily get tired.

Significant differences in the basic properties of nervous processes in children belonging to different types determine their different functional capabilities in the process of education and upbringing. The effectiveness of pedagogical influences is largely determined by an individual approach to students, taking into account their typological characteristics. At the same time, we have already pointed out that one of the distinctive features of the types of human higher nervous activity is their plasticity. The plasticity of the cells of the cerebral cortex, their adaptability to changing environmental conditions is the morphological and functional basis of type transformation. Since the plasticity of nervous structures is especially great during the period of their intensive development, pedagogical influences that correct typological features are especially important to apply in childhood. I. P. Pavlov considered the plasticity of types the most important feature which allows to educate, train and remake the character of people.

The idea of the typological features of the nervous system of humans and animals is one of the defining ones in the doctrine of higher nervous activity. GND type- this is a complex of individual characteristics of GNI, due to hereditary factors and the influence of the environment, characterized by the strength, mobility and balance of nervous processes (excitation and inhibition) and a certain ratio of the first and second signal systems.

The most important property of GNI is the strength of nervous processes. The strength of nervous processes is understood as the ability of neurons to withstand prolonged excitation without going into transcendental inhibition under the action of a strong stimulus. According to the strength of the nervous processes, all people can be divided into two types: strong and weak.

The second property underlying the classification of HNI types is the balance between the processes of excitation and inhibition. They can be balanced, but they can also prevail one over the other. In persons with a weak nervous system, protective transboundary inhibition easily develops. Therefore, it is impossible to consider the property of the balance of processes in them. The strong type on this basis can be divided into balanced and unbalanced.

The third property of the nervous system is mobility, which is characterized by the speed of mutual transitions of the processes of excitation and inhibition. In accordance with this, I.P. Pavlov identified four types of GNI of animals and humans (Fig. 13.4), which made it possible to give scientific explanation the existence of four types of Hippocratic temperament - sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, melancholic.

1. Strong balanced mobile (live) type- the processes of excitation and inhibition are well expressed, balanced and easily pass one into another. People easily overcome difficulties (strength), are able to quickly navigate in a new environment (mobility), with great self-control (poise).

2. Strong balanced inert (calm) type- a person is endowed with good strength of nervous processes and balance, but low mobility, inertia of nervous processes. People are efficient (strength), but slow, do not like to change their habits (inertia).

3. Strong unbalanced (unrestrained) type- characterized by a strong process of excitation, which prevails over inhibition. People who are very addicted, who can do a lot (strength), but are very quick-tempered and unpredictable (unbalanced).

4. Weak type- characterized by weak excitation processes and easily occurring inhibitory reactions. People are weak-willed, afraid of difficulties, easily subject to other people's influence, prone to a melancholy mood.

Rice. 13.4. Scheme of types of higher nervous activity (according to I.P. Pavlov)

Belonging to one or another type of GNI does not at all mean an assessment of the biological fitness of an animal or the social usefulness of a person. This is evidenced at least by the fact that all four general types of the nervous system of animals have withstood the merciless test of time in evolution. There is no reason to count people different type nervous system in humans different sort". Everyone is needed and can find their place in life.

Observing various forms of behavior, the peculiarities of thinking and emotional activity of people, I.P. Pavlov proposed another classification of GNI types, based on the interaction of I and II signaling systems. According to Pavlov, there are three types of people: thinking, artistic and mixed.

1. For people artistic type the predominance of concrete-figurative thinking, based on the activity of the more developed first signal system of reality, is characteristic. These people are most prone to synthesis. Representatives of people with a pronounced artistic type I.P. Pavlov considered L.N. Tolstoy and I.E. Repin.

2. For people thinking type characteristic is the predominance of the second signal system of reality. They are more prone to analytical, abstract, abstract thinking. To this type of GNI I.P. Pavlov attributed the famous German philosopher Hegel, the creator of the theory of the origin of species to the English scientist C. Darwin.

3. There are categories of people who have the first and second signaling systems equally developed. People with this type are prone to both abstract and sensory-figurative thinking. Their I.P. Pavlov referred to mixed type. Among the outstanding figures of science and art, Pavlov attributed the versatile gifted Leonardo da Vinci, a brilliant artist and mathematician, anatomist and physiologist, to this category. The mixed type of GNI, according to the scientist, was possessed by the German poet and philosopher Goethe, the creator of the periodic system of elements D.I. Mendeleev, an outstanding chemist, talented Russian composer A.P. Borodin.

brain asymmetry

In the vast majority of people, the motor activity of the arms, legs, left and right halves of the body, faces are not the same. The perception of objects located to the left or to the right of the median plane of the body is also ambiguous. In other words, man has motor and sensory asymmetry. To perform labor operations at home most of people use their right hand, i.e. are right-handed. At the same time, the right hand is superior to the left in dexterity, strength, speed of reaction, in the ability to clearly perform complexly coordinated actions. A much smaller part of humanity (left-handers) uses the left hand for the same purposes. In addition, there are people who equally use both hands - the so-called ambidexters. A stable preference for one of the hands is inherent only in a person who stands out on this basis from other groups of living beings. The proportion of left-handers, according to various authors, ranges from 1 to 30%. Motor and sensory asymmetries, i.e. the dominant of the hands (legs) and the sense organs (vision, hearing, touch) in each individual may not coincide.

In newborns, both hands are equal. If in the first years of life there are preferences in their use, then they are not long and can change many times. Only in the fifth year of life, the right hand of future right-handed people gradually begins to take over all the complex activities. It is assumed that the opposite process occurs in old age, and the unevenness of the hands is gradually smoothed out.

In girls and women, the asymmetry of the hands is less pronounced, and left-handers among them are 1.5-2 times less than among the representatives of the "strong" sex. Improving the functions of the brain of girls is stretched over a longer period and is done slowly. In boys, already at the age of six, many functions are performed separately by the right and left hemispheres of the brain, and in girls 2 times older, specialization of the brain is often just beginning.

It is especially interesting that left-handed twins are significantly more common than single-born twins, and both twins are rarely left-handed. Usually one of the twins always becomes right-handed. If the twins are of different sexes, then the boy becomes left-handed more often. Among Siamese twins, as a rule, one is right-handed, the other is left-handed.

In right-handed people, Broca's speech center is in the left hemisphere of the brain. In the right part of the cerebral hemisphere there is a structurally identical area of the brain, the defeat of which, however, does not lead to any consequences for them. On the contrary, in case of failure of the left motor area of speech, motor aphasia occurs in right-handed people. In any case, in about 3% of the population, the speech area exhibits full functional ability in both hemispheres of the brain. It is noteworthy that the right region is not always the dominant speech center in left-handed people - in most cases, the dominant speech center is also located in the left temporal lobe of the brain. With prolonged violation of Broca's speech center right hemisphere can gradually take over its functions. If in a child the process of redistribution of the functions of the cerebral hemispheres proceeds relatively quickly (about a year), then with age, the reserve function more and more remains with the right hemisphere. The localization of Broca's speech area in the left hemisphere of the brain is, apparently, the most characteristic example of the specialization of both hemispheres. All other functions of the brain do not have such a pronounced dominant.

As you know, between the two hemispheres of the brain is the corpus callosum, in which millions of nerve endings create an intense cross link. A more pronounced corpus callosum in women is one of the reasons for the less asymmetry of the cerebral hemispheres in them. If this corpus callosum is dissected, then each hemisphere of the brain will be isolated, left to itself. The right hemisphere can still control the movements of the left arm and left leg (there is a crossing of nerve fibers in the spinal cord so that the neurons of the right hemisphere enter the nerve pathways to the left side of the body). For example, when feeling a nail with the left hand, the impressions received freely reach the brain and consciousness, but the patient is not able to name this object, since the verbal designation is responsible for Broca's speech center located in the left hemisphere, the connection with which is interrupted as a result of the dismemberment of the corpus callosum. When feeling objects with the right hand, such problems do not arise. The speech center receives the necessary information. The same happens if the object is viewed only with the left field of vision or the sound is perceived only with the left ear.

The above examples show that the left hemisphere of the brain plays a leading role in the implementation of the speech function. But this does not mean that the right hemisphere is unnecessary or secondary. For example, in areas such as orientation in space, recognition of shapes and understanding of music, voice intonation, it surpasses the left hemisphere.

The specialization of both hemispheres of the brain allows us to conclude that the human brain to a certain extent has the ability to " self repair» in violation of the functions of one or another hemisphere. When one hemisphere fails, the second can turn on without reaching the full efficiency of the dominant hemisphere. This fact is of fundamental importance, for example, in the case of damage (death) of brain tissue after a stroke; intensive long-term exercises can lead to a significant restoration of the functions of the hemisphere and, to a certain extent, restore lost skills. Of course, this process is slow and does not always lead to full functional recovery, but in most cases it is possible.

It has been established that the right hemisphere is responsible for homeostasis, therefore, it provides biological adaptation, and the left hemisphere provides social adaptation. It is no coincidence that women in whom interhemispheric asymmetry is less pronounced have, as a rule, a more perfect strategy for adapting to various conditions.

Differences between the functions of the right and left hemispheres are shown in Table 13.1.

Table 13.1.

Interhemispheric asymmetry

Left hemisphere	Right hemisphere
BETTER RECOGNIZING INCENTIVES
verbal	Not verbal
Easily distinguishable	hard to see
iconic	Unsigned
BETTER TASKS PERFORMED
For a temporary relationship	on spatial relationships
Establishing similarities	Difference setting
Identity of stimuli by name	Identity of stimuli by physical properties
Creative, where fantasy is needed	Dislike creative tasks
FEATURES OF PERCEPTION
Analytical Perception	Holistic perception
Consistent Perception	Simultaneous perception
Generalized recognition	concrete recognition
FEATURES OF BEHAVIOR AND PSYCHE
Abstract logical thinking	Concrete-figurative thinking
Based on reality	Based on fantasy
Perception mother tongue	Perception of foreign languages
Have a good underline	Have bad handwriting
Work is completed on time, there is a sense of time	Don't finish work on time, no sense of time
Leading voluntary attention	Long-lasting involuntary attention
good concentration	Greater distractibility

Our educational system, as well as our science, generally tends to ignore the non-verbal form of intelligence. In this way, modern society discriminates the right hemisphere. In 1981, the American neurologist R. Sperry received the Nobel Prize for the discovery of the functional asymmetry of the brain.

Sleep physiology

Sleep is a periodic functional state of a person, characterized by the absence of purposeful activity and active connections with environment. During sleep, brain activity does not decrease, but is rebuilt. A third of a person's life is spent sleeping: he sleeps for 25 out of 75 years.

An analysis of a number of facts was given by I.P. Pavlov to the conclusion that sleep and conditioned inhibition are by their nature a single process. The only difference between them is that conditioned inhibition during wakefulness covers only individual groups of neurons, while during the development of sleep, inhibition radiates through the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres, spreading to the underlying parts of the brain.

Sleep developing in humans and animals under the influence of conditioned inhibitory stimuli, I.P. Pavlov called active sleep, contrasting it with passive sleep, which occurs in cases of cessation or sharp restriction of the influx of afferent signals to the cerebral cortex.

The importance of afferent signaling in maintaining the state of wakefulness was shown by I.M. Sechenov, who cites cases of the onset of prolonged sleep in patients suffering from common disorders of the sense organs known from clinical practice.

In the clinic, a patient was observed who, of all the sense organs, retained the functions of only one eye and one ear. As long as the eye could see and the ear could hear, the person was awake, but as soon as the doctors closed these only ways for the patient to communicate with the outside world, the patient immediately fell asleep. HELL. Speransky and V.S. Galkin cut the dog's optic and olfactory nerves and destroyed both cochleas of the inner ear. After such an operation, the dog fell into a sleepy state, which lasted over 23 hours a day. She woke up only for a short time from hunger or from overflowing of the rectum and bladder.

All these facts received a new explanation after the functional significance of the reticular formation was established and the interaction between it and the cerebral cortex was elucidated.

Afferent signals passing through the reticular formation of the midbrain and nonspecific nuclei of the thalamus to the cerebral cortex have an activating effect on it and maintain an active state. The elimination of these influences (when several receptor systems are affected or as a result of the destruction of the reticular formation or the shutdown of its functions under the action of certain narcotic drugs, for example, barbiturates) leads to the onset of deep sleep. In turn, the reticular formation of the brain stem is under the continuous tonic influence of the cerebral cortex.

Rice. 13.6. Scheme of the interaction of "sleep centers" and "awakening" structures during wakefulness and the onset of sleep (according to P.K. Anokhin). A. Waking. Cortical influences (I) inhibit the "sleep centers" (II) and the ascending activating influences of the reticular structures (III) and excitations going along the lemniscal pathways (IV) freely reach the cortex. B. Dream. Inhibited sections of the cortex (I) cease to have a restraining effect on the "sleep centers" (II), they block ascending activating influences (III), without affecting excitations along the lemniscal pathways (IV).

The existence of a two-way connection between the cerebral cortex and the reticular formation plays an important role in the mechanism of sleep initiation. Indeed, the development of inhibition in areas of the cortex reduces the tone of the reticular formation, and this weakens its ascending activating effect, which entails a decrease in the activity of the entire cerebral cortex. Thus, inhibition that initially occurs in a limited area of the cortex can cause inhibition of neurons in the entire cortex of the cerebral hemispheres.

One of the attempts to create a unified theory of sleep was undertaken by P.K. Anokhin (Fig. 13.6). In his hypothesis, he proceeded from the fact that the hypothalamic "sleep centers" are under tonic depressing influence from the cerebral cortex. With the weakening of this influence due to a decrease in the working tone of the cortical cells (“active sleep” according to I.P. Pavlov), the hypothalamic structures seem to be “released” and determine the whole complex picture of the redistribution of vegetative components that is characteristic of the state of sleep. At the same time, the hypothalamic centers have a depressing effect on the ascending activating system, stopping access to the cortex of the entire complex of activating influences (“passive sleep” according to I.P. Pavlov). These interactions appear to be cyclical, so the sleep state can be induced artificially (or as a result of a pathological process) by acting on any part of the cycle.

sleep stages

During a night's sleep, a person has 3-5 periodic shifts of slow and fast sleep.

Slow-wave sleep (orthodox)	REM sleep (paradoxical)
The physiological state of the body
Comes after falling asleep, lasts 60-90 minutes. The metabolism and activity of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and excretory systems decrease, muscle tone drops, muscles relax, the temperature drops. It is believed that a decrease in body temperature may be one of the reasons for the onset of sleep. Awakening is accompanied by an increase in body temperature.	Comes after slow sleep, lasts 10-15 minutes. Activity is activated internal organs: pulse, breathing quickens, temperature rises, oculomotor contractions (eyes move quickly), facial muscles, skeletal muscle tone is absent.
Mental processes of the brain
Dreams reflect the processes of thinking and retelling the events of the past day, they are abstract and cognitive. There may be a conversation in a dream, there are night terrors in children and sleepwalking (sleepwalking).	Excitation of neurons in the occipital lobes. The appearance of realistic emotional dreams with visual, sound and olfactory images. There is a classification and ordering of the information received during the day, memory consolidation. Depriving a person of this type of sleep leads to memory disorders and mental illness.
Dreams of I.M. Sechenov called unprecedented combinations of experienced impressions

Based on the electroencephalographic picture, the phase of "slow sleep" is, in turn, divided into several stages.

Stage I - drowsiness, the process of falling asleep. The EEG is dominated by α- and θ-rhythms, at the end of the stage, K-complexes appear (series of high-amplitude slow potentials lasting 3-5 s).

Stage II - superficial sleep (sleep spindle stage). On the EEG, there are K-complexes and sleep spindles appear (frequency is about 15 Hz, a variant of the α-rhythm). Their appearance coincides with the turning off of consciousness; the stage occupies about 50% of the sleep time and increases in duration from the first to the last cycle.

Stage III - deep sleep (delta sleep), characterized by the presence of a ∆-rhythm with a frequency of 3.0-3.5 Hz, which occupies up to 30% of the EEG.

Stage IV - the stage of "REM" or "paradoxical sleep", is characterized by the presence of a δ-rhythm with a frequency of approximately 1 Hz, which occupies up to 30% of the EEG. Stages III and IV are present in the first sleep cycles and are absent in the last ones (before awakening).

Night sleep usually consists of 4-5 cycles, each of which begins with the first stages of "slow" sleep and ends with "REM" sleep. The duration of the cycle in a healthy adult is relatively stable and is 90-100 minutes. In the first two cycles, "slow" sleep prevails, in the last - "fast", and "delta" sleep is sharply reduced and may even be absent.

The duration of "slow" sleep is 75-85%, and "paradoxical" - 15-25% of the total duration of night sleep.

The physiological role of sleep.

· Restorative function- the predominance of anabolism processes.

· Antistress function- sleep is one of the mechanisms of mental protection of the individual.

· adaptive function- synchronization with the cycle of day and night ensures optimal interaction of the body with the environment, preparing the body for activities during wakefulness.

· Role in information processing- implementation of the process of memory consolidation: the transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory.

Sleep types.

1. periodic daily sleep;

2. periodic seasonal sleep (winter or summer hibernation of animals);

3. narcotic sleep caused by various chemical or physical agents;

4. hypnotic sleep;

5. pathological sleep.

The first two types are varieties of physiological sleep, the last three types are the result of special non-physiological effects on the body.

Sleep disturbance. Sleep disorders are very common among the population of civilized countries. Insomnia is a chronic disease associated with a violation of the synchronization of the biological clock with circadian rhythms. Sleep disorders are noted in 45% of the urban population. Among rural residents, insomnia is much less common.

Sleep disorders fall into three main forms:

1. Difficulty falling asleep. It occurs most frequently. A person suffering from this type of insomnia cannot fall asleep for a long time: disturbing memories and thoughts that constantly pile up on each other interfere with sleep. All efforts and painful attempts to fall asleep lead to nothing. The very anxiety for sleep, the tense expectation of it, the fear of the upcoming sleepless night, anxiety for a hard day after a sleepless night further exacerbate insomnia. A person suffering from insomnia cannot stay in one position for a long time, constantly turns in bed in search of the most comfortable position, and cannot fall asleep for a long time.

2. Superficial, restless sleep with frequent awakenings. Such people usually wake up 1-2 hours after falling asleep. The duration of falling asleep after waking up in the middle of the night ranges from several minutes to several hours. However, it also happens that after waking up once, a person does not fall asleep until the morning, and only then does superficial sleep begin. Usually people who wake up often complain of a superficial sleep that does not bring satisfaction and cheerfulness.

3. Early final awakening. This sleep disorder is less common. After it, there are no signs of drowsiness, and the person is awake. Early awakening is similar to awakening in the middle of the night, but differs only in that it is not followed by falling asleep and that it comes from a drowsy state and light sleep (the first awakening occurs after deep sleep). People who have an increased excitability of the nervous system wake up prematurely.

Reduced sleep duration - one of the constant signs of insomnia - is relatively rarely pronounced. With partial insomnia, there are periods of wakefulness at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the night. With total insomnia, wakefulness predominates, only occasionally interrupted by drowsiness. This type of insomnia is much less common.

Sleep disorders include increased drowsiness, the so-called hypersomnia. Drowsiness can be observed in people with a weak nervous system: in this case, it can be considered as a protective reaction that protects nerve cells from overexertion.

In contrast to insomnia, increased pathological sleepiness leads to prolonged sleep, which is often the result of inflammatory diseases of the brain, such as viral encephalitis. In these cases, sleep can last weeks and months, and even, in rare cases, years. Such a dream is called lethargic.

Pathological drowsiness most often occurs in people who have had serious infectious diseases - typhus, meningitis, influenza. Drowsiness occurs with anemia and functional disorders of the nervous system.

Unlike insomnia, excessive sleepiness is less common.

Recent studies to determine the required duration of sleep have shown that the average need for sleep in young people is 8.5 hours per night. The duration of a night's sleep of 7.2-7.4 hours is insufficient, and sleeping less than 6.5 hours for a long time can undermine health.

The effect of "accumulation of lack of sleep" completely disappears after the first 10 hours of the "recovery" sleep period. Therefore, chronic lack of sleep on weekdays and oversleeping in the mornings on weekends are interrelated phenomena.

Artificially depriving a person of sleep is an ordeal. Experiments with sleep deprivation have shown that volunteers experience emotional imbalance, increased fatigue, delusions, sleep disturbance, vestibular dysfunctions, hallucinations appear after 90 hours of sleep deprivation, depersonalization by 170 hours, and mental and psychomotor disorders by the 200th hour. . During these experiments, it was found that the body especially needs non-REM (delta) sleep and REM sleep. After prolonged sleep deprivation, the main effect is an increase in delta sleep. Thus, after 200 hours of continuous wakefulness, the percentage of delta sleep in the first 9 hours of registration of restorative sleep doubles compared to the norm, and the duration of REM sleep increases by 57%.

In order to study the role of individual sleep phases, methods have been developed to selectively prevent their occurrence. With the suppression of delta sleep, the subjects develop a feeling of weakness, fatigue, memory deteriorates and attention decreases. The feeling of weakness and increased fatigue, especially growing towards the second half of the day, in patients with neurosis is due to a chronic deficit of delta sleep (V.S. Rotenberg, 1984).

REM sleep deprivation changes mood, impairs performance, affects memory.

Sleep hygiene. Good sleep can be ensured by following certain rules. Before going to bed, it is necessary to exclude exciting games, mental work. The time after dinner should be spent in a calm atmosphere, excluding strong excitement. It is recommended to walk for 20-30 minutes before going to bed in calm weather. Dinner should be light 1.5-2 hours before bedtime. Chocolate, coffee and strong tea at night are not recommended.

III. The essence of the project (information about the profile of the company).

III. Standard control tasks or other materials necessary for the assessment of knowledge, skills and (or) experience.

IV. CHARACTERISTICS OF PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES OF GRADUATES OF BACHELOR PROGRAMS IN THE DIRECTION OF TRAINING 37.03.01 PSYCHOLOGY

SWOT-analysis of the activities of the state institution of the Center for Social Services "N" in Moscow

V1: General characteristics of the taxation system in the form of a single tax on imputed income for certain types of activities

– it is a set of innate and acquired properties of the nervous system that determine the nature of the interaction of the organism with the environment and are reflected in all the functions of the organism.

The type of higher nervous activity is based on the individual characteristics of the course in two ways: and inhibition. According to the views of I.P. Pavlov, there are three main properties of nervous processes:

1) The strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition (associated with the performance of nerve cells).

The strength of excitation processes characterized by: high performance; initiative; decisiveness; courage; courage; perseverance in overcoming life's difficulties; the ability to solve difficult situations without disruption of nervous activity.

The strength of the braking processes characterized by: self-control; patience; a high ability to concentrate, to differentiate the permissible, the possible from the unacceptable and impossible.

Weakness of nervous processes characterized by: low performance; increased fatigue; weak endurance; indecisiveness in difficult situations, and the rapid onset of neurogenic breakdowns; the desire to avoid difficulties, obstacles, active work and stress; little initiative; lack of perseverance.

2) (associated with the ratio of the processes of excitation and inhibition in terms of their strength).

Balance of nervous processes characterized by: smooth and attitude towards people; restraint; the ability to self-control, concentration, expectation; the ability to fall asleep easily and quickly; smooth speech, with correct and expressive intonation.

Unbalance with a predominance of excitation characterized by: increased impressionability; nervousness, and in a strong type this is expressed in a tendency to scream, in a weak type - in withdrawing into oneself, in tearfulness; restless with frequent nightmarish content; fast speech (patter).

3) Mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition (associated with the ability of nervous processes to replace each other).

Mobility of nervous processes characterized by: a fairly easy and quick transition to a new business; rapid alteration of habits and skills; ease of falling asleep and waking up.

Inertia of nervous processes characterized by: the difficulty of transition to a new business and alteration of habits and skills; difficulty waking up; calm with dreams without nightmares; slow speech.

On the basis of all possible combinations of the three basic properties of nervous processes, a great variety is formed. According to the classification of I.P. Pavlov, there are four main types of GNI , differing in resistance to neurotic factors and adaptive properties.

1) Strong, unbalanced , ("unrestrained") type characterized by strong excitatory processes that prevail over inhibition. This is a person who is addicted; with a high level of activity; vigorous; hot-tempered; irritable; with strong, quickly emerging, clearly reflected in speech, gestures, facial expressions.

2) Strong, balanced, mobile (labile or live) type is different strong processes of excitation and inhibition, their balance and the ability to easily change from one process to another. This is a man with great self-control; decisive; overcoming difficulties; vigorous; able to quickly navigate in a new environment; mobile; impressionable; with a bright expression and their easy changeability.

3) Strong, balanced, inert (calm) type characterized strong processes of excitation and inhibition, their balance, but low mobility of nervous processes. This is a very efficient person; able to restrain; calm; slow; with a weak manifestation of feelings; difficult to switch from one activity to another; does not like to change his habits.

4) Weak type is different weak excitatory processes and easily occurring inhibitory reactions. This is a weak-willed person; sad; dreary; with high emotional vulnerability; suspicious; prone to gloomy thoughts; with a depressed mood; closed; shy; easily influenced by others.

These types of higher nervous activity correspond to the temperaments described by Hippocrates:

Properties of nervous processes	Temperaments (according to Hippocrates)
Properties of nervous processes		sanguine	Phlegmatic person	melancholic

Equilibrium	Unbalanced, with a predominance of the excitation process	Balanced	Balanced
Mobility		Mobile	Inert

However, such “pure” ones are rare in life, usually the combination of properties is more diverse. I.P. Pavlov also wrote that between these main types there are “intermediate, transitional types and you need to know them in order to navigate in human behavior.”

Along with the indicated types of GNI common to humans and animals, I.P. Pavlov singled out specifically human types (private types) based on the different ratio of the first and second signal systems:

1. Art type characterized by a slight predominance of the first signal system over the second. Representatives of this type are characterized by an objective, figurative perception of the surrounding world, operating in the process with sensual images.

2. thinking type differs in the predominance of the second signal system over the first. This type is characterized by a pronounced ability to abstract from reality, to a subtle analysis; operating in the process of thinking with abstract symbols.

3.Medium type characterized by the balance of signal systems. Most people belong to this type, they are characterized by both figurative and speculative conclusions.

This classification reflects the nature of the functional interhemispheric asymmetry of the brain, the features of their interaction.

The doctrine of the types of higher nervous activity is important for understanding the patterns of formation of such important psychological characteristics of a person as temperament and character. The type of GNI is the physiological basis of temperament. However, the type of GNI can be reduced to temperament, because the type of GNI is a physiological property of a person, and temperament is a psychological property of a person and is related to the dynamic side of a person’s mental activity. It should be remembered that temperament does not characterize the content side of the personality (a person's worldview, beliefs, views, interests, etc.). Features of the GNI type and the prevailing temperament form the natural basis of the individual uniqueness of the personality.

Also on topic

How to make a girl run after you?

Basic rules for seducing married girls

Heart pain: when inhaling, sharp, pressing, aching, stabbing, how to distinguish from non-cardiac

Nose piercing - how to do it without pain and is it worth it to pierce the nose?

How to make your own piercing at home