Introduction

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

I have chosen the topic of the course work "Marginal groups of the population as a socio - political subject". This topic was chosen by me for several reasons. Firstly, the study of this topic will expand my knowledge of the marginalized groups of the population, and secondly, this topic seemed interesting to me and I thought that studying it could help me in the future. And, thirdly, the problem of marginality is quite relevant today.

The relevance of the study of marginality is associated with a number of problems existing in society. First, marginalized groups of the population are present in any society, although they are not represented in normal times by a large number of people. Secondly, in the modern world, the number of marginalized people has increased dramatically due to the global economic crisis. Thirdly, the problem of marginality is relevant in Russia not only in connection with this crisis, but also in connection with the events of the late 20th century, namely the complete restructuring of the social, political and economic structure of society, which also led to the marginalization of the population in our country, the consequences which have not yet been overcome. And proceeding from the previous reasons of relevance I have named, the following can be distinguished. As the number of marginals increases, there is a need to assess their socio-political activity, and the direction in which it is directed.

The purpose of my work is to analyze marginalized groups of the population as a socio-political subject.

The tasks set by me in this work are

) study of Western concepts of marginality that exist at the moment,

) study of the concepts of marginality that exist in our country,

marginalized group totalitarian population

3) study of the connection between the marginalization of society and various radical movements

) study of the relationship between the marginalization of society and the increase in crime in the country.

) study of the existing marginal stratum of the population in our country.

In my opinion, the problem of marginalization of society is well developed. There is a large amount of research on this problem by European and American scientists. Also, this problem, starting from about the mid-80s, begins to be actively developed in our country, and at the moment there are a number of its researchers. But it can be noted that I have not found a single comprehensive study on the marginalized as socio-political subjects. There are only a few articles in which the authors analyze only one or another aspect of the manifestation of the activity of a marginal group of the population.

Part 1. Basic concepts of marginality

§ 1. American and Western European schools of research on marginality

The term "marginality" itself has long been used to refer to notes and marginal notes. But as a sociological term, it was first mentioned by the American sociologist Robert Ezra Park in his essay "Human Migration and the Marginalized Man."

For Park, the concept of marginality meant the position of individuals on the border of two different, conflicting cultures, and served to study the consequences of non-adaptation of migrants, the peculiarities of the position of mulattoes and other cultural hybrids.

The research positions of the Park are determined by the "classical" socio-ecological theory created by him. In its light, society is presented as an organism and a "deeply biological phenomenon", and the subject of sociology is the samples of collective behavior that are formed in the course of its evolution. In his theory, the marginal person appears as an immigrant; a half-blood living simultaneously "in two worlds"; Christian convert in Asia or Africa. The main thing that determines the nature of a marginal person is a sense of moral dichotomy, division and conflict, when old habits are discarded and new ones have not yet been formed. This state is associated with a period of moving, a transition, defined as a crisis. “Without a doubt,” says Park, “the periods of transition and crisis in most of us’s lives are comparable to those experienced by an immigrant when he leaves his home country to seek fortune in a foreign country. But in the case of a marginal person, the period of crisis is relatively continuous. he tends to become a personality type. "

In describing the "marginal person," Park often uses psychological accents. The American psychologist T. Shibutani drew attention to the complex of personality traits of a marginal person described by Park. It includes the following features:

· serious doubts about your personal worth,

· uncertainty about relationships with friends and constant fear of rejection,

· a tendency to avoid ambiguous situations so as not to risk humiliation,

· painful shyness in the presence of other people,

· loneliness and excessive daydreaming,

· excessive anxiety about the future and fear of any risky venture,

· inability to enjoy

· confidence that others are treating him unfairly.

At the same time, Park connects the concept of a marginal person rather not with a personality type, but with a social process. He views the marginalized person as a “by-product” of the acculturation process in situations where people of different cultures and different races converge to continue a common life, and prefers to explore the process from the point of view of the individual rather than the society in which he is a part.

Park comes to the conclusion that a marginal person embodies a new type of cultural relationship that is developing at a new level of civilization as a result of global ethnosocial processes. "A marginal person is a type of personality that appears at that time and place where new communities, peoples, cultures begin to emerge from the conflict of races and cultures. Fate dooms these people to exist in two worlds at the same time; forces them to accept in relation to both worlds. the role of a cosmopolitan and an outsider. Such a person inevitably becomes (in comparison with the immediately surrounding cultural environment) an individual with a wider horizon, a more refined intellect, more independent and rational views. A marginal person is always a more civilized being. "

Park's ideas were taken up, developed and revised by another American sociologist - Everett Stonequist in the monographic study "The Marginal Man" (1937).

Stonequist describes the marginal position of a subject participating in a cultural conflict and, as it were, between two fires. Such an individual is at the edge of each of the cultures, but does not belong to any of them. The object of his attention is the typical features of the marginal and the problems associated with his unadjustability, as well as the social significance of such a person.

Stonequist defines a marginal person in terms of an individual or group that moves from one culture to another, or in some cases (for example, through marriage or through education) merge with two cultures. He is in a psychological balancing act between two social worlds, one of which tends to dominate the other. Stonequist writes that, in an effort to integrate into the dominant group of society, members of subordinate groups (for example, ethnic minorities), adhere to its cultural standards; thus, cultural hybrids are formed, which inevitably find themselves in a marginal situation. They are never fully accepted in the dominant group, but they are rejected as apostates in the lineage group. Just like Park, focusing on describing the inner world of a marginal person, Stonequist uses the following psychological characteristics, reflecting the degree of severity of cultural conflict:

• disorganization, stunnedness, inability to determine the source of the conflict;
• feeling of "impregnable wall", unsuitability, failure;
• anxiety, anxiety, internal tension;
• isolation, alienation, non-involvement, constraint;
• frustration, despair;
• destruction of the "vital organization", mental disorganization, meaninglessness of existence;
• self-centeredness, ambition and aggressiveness.

Stonequist believed that a marginal person can play both the role of the leader of socio-political, nationalist movements, and drag out a miserable existence.

Stonequist believed that the process of adaptation of the marginal could lead to the formation of a new personality, which, in his opinion, could take about 20 years. He identifies 3 phases of such an evolution of the marginal:

.the individual does not realize that his own life is engulfed in cultural conflict, he only absorbs the dominant culture;

2.the conflict is experienced consciously - it is at this stage that a person becomes a marginal;

.successful and unsuccessful attempts to adapt to the conflict situation.

Thus, the concept of marginality is initially presented as the concept of a marginal person. R. Park and E. Stonequist, describing the inner world of the marginal, became the founders of the tradition of psychological nominalism in the understanding of marginality in American sociology.

Subsequently, the study of marginality was taken up by a large number of sociologists, while the range of described cases of marginality is expanding, and in this regard, new approaches to this problem are being developed.

The American tradition, following Park and Stonequist, focuses on the cultural side of the conflict, which becomes the reason for the formation of a marginal personality type. The study of such cultural marginality was continued by Antonovski, Glass, Gordon, Woods, Herrick, Harman and other sociologists. At the same time, other approaches are being formed. For example, Hughes drew attention to the difficulties faced by women and blacks in the process of mastering professions usually associated with men or whites. He used these observations to show that marginality exists not only as a product of racial and cultural change, but also as a product of social mobility. In fact, we can say that Hughes expanded the concept of marginality, which now includes all situations where a person is identified with two statuses or social groups, but is nowhere fully accepted.

Also, marginality from the point of view of social psychology was developed in sufficient detail by T. Shibutani. In his work "Social Psychology", he considers marginality in the context of the socialization of the individual in a changing society. The individual finds himself in the face of several reference groups with different and sometimes contradictory requirements, the satisfaction of which is impossible at the same time. This is the main difference between a changing society and a stable one, where reference groups reinforce each other. The lack of this reinforcement is the source of marginality.

Shibutani defines a marginal person as: "Those people are marginal who are on the border between two or more social worlds, but are not accepted by either of them as its full participants." At the same time, he singles out the concept of marginal status as the key to understanding marginality. Shibutani notes that marginal status is a position where contradictions in the structure of society are embodied. This approach allows Shibutani to move away from the traditional emphasis on social and psychological characteristics since the days of the Park. Shibutani writes that the complex of psychological traits described by Park and Stonequist is not characteristic of all marginals, but only of their part. In fact, there is no mandatory relationship between marginal status and personality disorder. Most often, neurotic symptoms develop only in those who try to identify themselves with a higher stratum and rebel when they are rejected.

Although he believes that marginal status is potentially a source of nervous tension, depression and stress, the manifestation of various neurotic syndromes that can lead to depersonalization. In severe cases, a person becomes extremely sensitive to his negative qualities, and this creates a terrible image of himself in the person himself. And this can lead to a suicide attempt. He considers an increase in his creative activity to be a positive development option for a marginal person. And Shibutani notes that "in any culture, the greatest achievements are usually made during times of rapid social change, and many of the great contributions have been made by marginalized people."

Along with studies of marginality in the tradition of American subjectivist-psychological nominalism, an approach to the study of marginality in connection with objective social conditions asserts itself, with a pronounced emphasis on the study of these conditions themselves and the social causes of marginality.

The European tradition should be understood as a wide range of different clarifications of the concept of "marginality". The European tradition is distinguished by the fact that it focuses its attention on the marginal groups. Also, her difference is that the subject of her research is not the very concept of marginality, since it was adopted in its current form. In its most general form, marginality is associated with the exclusion of individuals from social groups and the system of social relations. In the work of domestic authors "On the breaks of the social structure", which examines the problems of marginality in Western Europe, the statement is made that the marginal part of the population "does not participate in the production process, does not perform social functions, does not have a social status and exists on those funds that are either obtained bypassing generally accepted regulations, or provided from public funds - in the name of political stability - by the possessing classes. " The reasons leading to the emergence of this mass of the population are hidden in deep structural changes in society. They are associated with economic crises, wars, revolutions and demographic factors.

The originality of approaches and understanding of the essence of marginality largely depends on the existing social reality and the forms that this phenomenon is acquiring.

In French studies, a new type of marginality is emerging, created by the corresponding social atmosphere. It embodied the marginal forms of protest, voluntary withdrawal from traditional society, a kind of defensive reactions of predominantly youth subcultures in the face of crisis and mass unemployment. Among the traditional marginalized groups, marginalized intellectuals appear. The problem of marginalized political consciousness comes to the fore. One of the theorists of marginalism J. Lévy-Strange wrote: “In this new situation, the influence of the subversive ideas of those for whom leaving is an individual theoretical choice, a means of hindering the development of a society that is unable to extricate itself from its contradictions, can increase from interaction with the economic marginalization of the unemployed. A real marginal environment is being formed. Those who cannot withstand economic pressure are pushed to the periphery of society, and volunteers, rebels, utopians find themselves in the same environment. The mixture can be explosive. "

In France, the point of view of marginality as a result of a conflict with generally accepted norms and "a product of the disintegration of a society affected by a crisis" has established itself. The main reasons Arlette Farge call "two completely different routes" to marginality:

· "either the severing of all traditional ties and the creation of their own, completely different world;

· or gradual displacement (or violent ejection) beyond the limits of legality. "

J. Klanfer, on the other hand, notes that the exclusion of its members by a national society is possible, regardless of whether or not value attitudes and behavior correspond to universal norms. Klanfer considers poverty to be the main reason for exclusion, which is closely related to unemployment.

It is quite interesting, in my opinion, that Farge showed the development of attitudes towards the marginal in France, and what image is associated in society with the marginal. He writes that 1656 marked the beginning of a new practice that affects the perception of any deviation. The marginals are shunned, sometimes they are persecuted. The life of the marginal is, as it were, brought out, and therefore deprived, "passes in close contact of all its members, with complete clarity of all actions and rituals."

At the end of the 17th century, as Farge writes, a project emerged to isolate the marginalized as a dangerous and harmful phenomenon. Round-ups begin on the insane, the poor, the unemployed and prostitutes. Such actions provoke resistance from opponents of the expansion of punitive sanctions.

Further, according to the author, in the 19th century, the position was finally approved, "in which with an increase in the number of cases qualified by law as illegal behavior, the number of persons declared dangerous and ostracized also increases."

The late 20th century was characterized by the romantic image of a marginal person close to nature, with a flower in his lips or on a gun. But soon he is replaced by another image, which corresponds to a completely different - a changed situation: the image of the marginal is now an African who came to work in France. He is branded by society as the personification of all evils and dangers. Now there is no question of voluntary withdrawal into marginality. It is caused by unemployment and the crisis. Thus, marginality is going through a very peculiar period: society continues to classify all undesirable elements as its victims, but it feels that its deep foundations, fundamentally shaken by economic processes, are being undermined. The marginals now include not only strangers, but also their own - those "who are amazed by the cancer that has settled in our society." Now the marginals do not become such of their own accord, but are imperceptibly displaced into such a state. And thus, A. Farge concludes that from now on, the marginal is "similar to everyone, identical to them, and at the same time he is a cripple among the like - a man with cut off roots, cut into pieces in the very heart of his native culture, his native environment."

In German sociological literature, marginality is perceived as a social position characterized by a great distance from the dominant culture of mainstream society. In other words, marginals are those people who are at the lowest rung of the social hierarchy. The distinctive features of the marginalized are poor contacts, disappointment, pessimism, apathy, aggression, deviant behavior, etc. In the German school of mociology, the ambiguity of the content of the meaning of the concept of marginality is noticeable. For its definition, German sociologists offer various theoretical grounds. Among them are considered such as: low level of recognition of universally binding values ​​and norms, low level of participation in their implementation in social life; in addition, they emphasize relative deprivation and social and spatial distance, insufficient organizational and conflict abilities as defining features of the outlying situation.

Despite the recognition of the existence of various types of marginality and various causal relationships, there is still unanimity among German researchers that only in a small part they are reducible to individual factors. Most forms of marginality are formed from structural conditions associated with participation in the production process, income distribution, spatial distribution (for example, the formation of a ghetto).

Close to this approach are the position summarized in the joint work of researchers from Germany and Great Britain "Marginalisierung im Sozialstaat: Beitr. Aus Grossbritannien u. Der Bundesrep". He sees marginality as the result of a process in which individuals are gradually more and more removed from participation in public life and thus lose the opportunity to participate in it altogether, and thus control social relations and, consequently, their own living conditions. In this work, the status of marginality is defined through the figurative concept of the marginal environment. A marginal person is an outsider or, in other words, a stranger in society.

· economic - marginalization as "relative deprivation", exclusion from activity and consumption;

· political - defeat in civil / political rights (de facto or de jure), deprivation of the right to vote; exclusion from participation in ordinary political activities and from access to formal political influence;

· social - marginalization as a loss of public prestige: declassing, stigmatization ("Verachtung"), etc. marginal groups.

There is a fairly large number of directions for the interpretation of marginality. Mancini classifies these interpretations into three types of marginality. Namely:

· Cultural marginality. This type is based on the relationship of two cultures, in which the individual is included, and the result of this is the ambiguity, uncertainty of his position. The classic description of cultural marginality belongs to Park and Stonequist.

· The marginality of the social role. This type of marginality arises from the failure to refer oneself to a positive reference group; when acting in a role that lies between two located roles; as well as those social groups that are on the outskirts of social life.

· Structural marginality. This is the result of political, social and economic inequality.

Thus, we can say that the main contribution of the American school to the study of the concept of marginalization is, firstly, the introduction of this term, and, secondly, the definition of the marginalized person as a person at the junction of two cultures. Equally important is the definition by American researchers of the social and psychological traits of the marginalized.

And an analysis of the main directions of the study of marginality in European sociology shows that it is described mainly as structural (social). And, despite the many differences that exist among European researchers, caused by the specificity and originality of social conditions, the concept of marginality in the European sociological tradition reflected some common features. European researchers emphasized that marginalization occurs not only as a result of the mixing of two cultures, but also as a result of various economic processes taking place in the country. Also, in my opinion, it should be noted that it was European researchers who first drew attention to the political consciousness of marginalized groups.

§ 2. The theory of marginality in modern domestic science

In Soviet sociological literature, little attention was paid to the problem of marginality, and it was not elaborated. Interest in this problem noticeably grows only in the years of perestroika, due to the fact that crisis processes bring the problem of marginality to the surface of public life. According to I.P. Popov about this period: "As a result of the crisis and reforms, previously stable economic, social, spiritual structures were destroyed or transformed, and the elements that form each of the structures - institutions, social groups and individuals - found themselves in an intermediate, transitional state, as a result of which marginality became characteristics of complex social and stratification processes in Russian society. "

Addressing the topic of marginality begins with studying this phenomenon in line with generally accepted concepts and gradually moves on to understanding it in the context of contemporary Russian reality.

It should be noted that the tradition of understanding and using the term itself in Russian science associates it with structural marginality, i.e. a concept characteristic of Western Europe. It is noteworthy that one of the first major works by domestic authors, "At the Break of the Social Structure" (mentioned above), devoted to marginality, was published in 1987 and examined this problem using the example of Western Europe.

The peculiarities of the modern process of marginalization in the countries of Western Europe were associated, first of all, with a deep restructuring of the production system in post-industrial societies, defined as the consequences of the scientific and technological revolution. In this regard, it is interesting to draw conclusions about the characteristic features and trends of marginal processes in Western Europe, made in the above-mentioned work (also because in them one can guess the main contours of the modern situation in our reality):

· the main reason for the development of marginal processes is the employment crisis of the late 70s - early 80s;

· the marginalized in Western Europe is a complex conglomerate of groups, which, along with the traditional (lumpen-proletarians), includes new marginalized, characteristic features of which are high education, a developed system of needs, high social expectations and political activity, as well as numerous transitional groups located on various stages of marginalization and new national (ethnic) minorities;

· the source of replenishment of marginal strata is the downward social movement of groups that have not yet been alienated from society, but are constantly losing their former social positions, status, prestige and living conditions;

· As a result of the development of marginal processes, a special system of values ​​is being developed, which, in particular, is characterized by deep hostility to existing social institutions, extreme forms of social impatience, a tendency to simplified maximalist decisions, denial of any kind of organization, extreme individualism, etc.

· the system of values ​​characteristic of the marginal extends to wide public circles, fitting into various political models of the radical (both left and right) direction,

· and thus marginalization entails significant shifts in the alignment of social and political forces, and affects the political development of society.

In the future, there is an awareness of marginality precisely as a phenomenon characteristic of our state and existing reality. So E. Rashkovsky in the joint Soviet-French work "50/50: Experience in the Dictionary of New Thinking", writes that the active process of the formation of informal social movements in the 70-80s is associated with the desire to express their interests of marginalized groups. Rashkovsky writes that if we proceed from the fact that “marginal status has become not so much an exception in the modern world as the norm for the existence of millions and millions of people,” the concept of marginality becomes the key to finding the paradigm of a pluralistic, tolerant community. Thus, the emphasis is on the political aspect of the problem, which is "of fundamental importance for the fate of modern democracy."

Rashkovsky, like Western researchers of marginality, believes that "a marginal situation arises at the boundaries of dissimilar forms of sociocultural experience," and is always associated with tension, can be a source of neuroses, demoralization, individual and group forms of protest. But she, according to the author, is a source of new perception and understanding of the world and society, non-trivial forms of intellectual, artistic and religious creativity. As if agreeing with Shibutani, he writes that many achievements of spiritual history, such as world religions, great philosophical systems and scientific concepts, new forms of artistic representation of the world are largely due to their emergence precisely to marginal individuals.

In the mid-90s, the study of marginality in Russian sociology took place in various directions. So V. Shapinsky concludes that marginality in the proper sense of the word is a cultural phenomenon and the use of this concept in other spheres of knowledge leads to an unproductive expansion of the scope of the concept. Characterizing the very phenomenon of cultural marginality, the author focuses on "the inclusion of the subject (individual, group, community, etc.) in the social structure of society, in political institutions, economic mechanisms and" finding "it, at the same time, in the border , a threshold state in relation to the cultural values ​​of a given society ". V. Shapinsky believes that the main disadvantages of the sociological approach are the reduction of the problem of marginality to the problem of the existence of an individual or a group on the border of two or more social structures of a given society and the localization of the phenomenon of marginality within certain groups and subcultures. In his opinion, this impoverishes the essence of the concept of marginality, making it a characteristic of deviant behavior, and the object of analysis of marginality is certain social groups.

The author contrasts the "limitations" of the sociological approach with a culturological approach to marginality as to a certain type of relationship, "which determines the mobility of the category, which therefore cannot be a" fixed "quality of a particular group." It is also interesting to conclude that "we have every reason to consider the free space between structures a marginal space, and what exists in it is a marginal entity." This provides a new "launching pad" for deepening the concept's capabilities.

An attempt to show another facet - a look at a marginal person - was made by N.O. Navjavonov. He views marginality as a personality problem in the context of social change. A marginal personality is a theoretical construction that reflects the process of pluralization of personality types as a result of the complication of the social structure, increased social mobility.

He cites the following characteristics of a marginal person:

· interiorization by the individual of the values ​​and norms of different social groups, socio-cultural systems (normative value pluralism);

· the behavior of an individual in a given social group (sociocultural system) based on the norms and values ​​of other social groups, sociocultural systems;

· impossibility of unambiguous self-identification of the individual;

· certain relations "individual - social group" ("sociocultural system") (ie, exclusion, partial integration, ambivalence of the individual).

The author tries to expand the approach to the definition of marginality in its personal aspect, proposing to consider the problem "in the light of various aspects of the social definition of a person: a person as a transhistorical subject; as a personification of social relations of a certain era." The marginal subject is presented as a result of the resolution of objective contradictions. "The vectors of further development of such subjects will have different directions, including positive ones - as moments of the formation of new structures, active agents of innovations in various areas of social life."

An interesting idea is A.I. Atoyan on the separation of the entire complex of knowledge about marginality into a separate science - social marginalism. The author justifies his idea by the fact that "being a multidimensional phenomenon and, by its very definition, borderline, marginality as a subject of humanitarian research goes beyond the strict framework of a single discipline."

Another important problem, which the author pays attention to, is demarginalization. Atoyan acknowledges the complexity and failure of attempts to give an exhaustive definition of the concept of "marginality". Nevertheless, he gives his own definition of marginality, he defines it as "a break in the social connection between the individual (or community) and a higher-order reality, under the latter, society with its norms, taken as an objective whole." We can say that Atoyan says that it is not people themselves who are marginal, but their ties, the weakening or absence of which causes the phenomenon of marginality. Based on this, the process of demarginalization is defined as a set of restorative tendencies and measures in relation to all types of social ties, the complication of which gives stability to the social whole. The key point of demarginalization, the author calls the transmission of socio-cultural experience from culture to culture, from generation to generation, from the norms of "normals" to the marginal, etc. As Atoyan points out, it should be about the transmission of social connection and the ability to deploy it.

In his other article, Atoyan points out that the violation of the transmission of social experience between the social whole and its parts, management structures and governed also leads to the marginalization of law and anomalous society. "Marginalization of law" means "a flawed type of legal consciousness and legal behavior, embodying a transitional form of public consciousness."

The marginalization of Soviet law is an inevitable consequence of changes in legal relations in the state. This causes a violation of the translation of legal experience into legal norms. The transition to a new legal culture entails the emergence of transitional, mixed forms of legal relations, and they turn the current law into a marginal one. But the restoration of the normal translation of legal experience is impossible due to the fact that in the social structure there is also a separation of a marginal group and its isolation.

Marginal law is an objective phenomenon of a marginal situation, but it can restrain the process of demarginalization, increasing marginalization and anomie. The way out of this impasse, as Atoyan writes, is "in a decisive attack on poverty, poverty, social inequality, and hence on the marginal right."

Summing up, we can say that the problem of marginality in our country began to be developed only in the late 80s and early 90s, due to its actualization as a result of the situation of the transition period and the crisis that existed in our country at that time. The address to this topic began with the study of this phenomenon in Western countries, and only then it was interpreted as a Russian reality. Russian authors have studied this problem from various angles and there are several quite interesting concepts of marginality. Marginalization is recognized by our researchers as a large-scale process that leads to various negative consequences for the population of the country.

Part 2. Marginal people as an active part of the population

§ 1. Marginality and radicalism. The connection between the marginalization of society and the formation of totalitarian regimes

Large social groups, including a large number of people, are one of the most real subjects of politics. Large social groups include social classes, social strata and strata of the population. These social groups differ significantly in their type of activity, which gives rise to their own psychological characteristics, social - group consciousness, ideology and political behavior of a particular group.

The marginal strata of the population, as noted by many researchers, are different in their composition, and, consequently, in their psychological characteristics, ideology and political behavior. As mentioned above, Stonequist wrote that representatives of marginal groups can have two different ways of their behavior: either play the role of leaders of socio-political and nationalist movements, or drag out the existence of outcasts. In political behavior, deviation, immorality, and aggressiveness are usually distinguished. These qualities of the marginalized are manifested at the level of interpersonal and intergroup relations.

The process of marginalization invariably intensifies the politicization of public life and contributes to the growth of political instability. As Olshansky notes, marginal and especially lumpenized strata of the population usually play a special conflict role in modern society. And they are also a source of danger as a potential base for political radicalism. Marginal strata tend to create antisocial associations, often with an inverted (inverted) value system. In recent decades, particular attention has been attracted by the attempts of some marginal strata to impose their will on large reference groups, to subjugate them and turn their antisocial organization into a dominant one. Examples of this kind are cases of seizures of power by military juntas or small sectarian political groups that establish political power over significant numbers of people. Many researchers view marginality as one of the serious sources of political radicalism.

As V. Dakhin notes in his article "the state and marginalization", the marginalized majority is "a combustible material that sometimes gains critical mass for social explosions." He also notes that it is the marginal mass that is a favorable environment for any political manipulation, its individual parts can be easily pitted against each other or directed against any part of society or political system. Dakhin also writes that such a mass, due to an unmet need for self-identification and constant fermentation, can quickly turn to action.

This echoes the opinion of the author of the textbook on political science, Solovyov, who points out that broad strata of the marginalized, whose number becomes very high in times of crisis, and whose dependence on the policy of the authorities is extremely strong, act as the main social sources for the formation of a totalitarian system of power. It is the marginal and lumpenized strata that are the main source of the mass spread of equalizing and distributional relations, moods of disregard for wealth, incitement of social hatred towards wealthy, more successful strata of the population. Certain layers of intellectuals (intelligentsia) also played a role in the spread of such social standards and prejudices, who systematized these popular aspirations, turning them into a moral and ethical system that justifies these mental traditions and gave them additional public resonance and significance.

Among the lumpen, whose appearance is a kind of "final stage of marginalization," when the individual is already completely rejected by society, the attitude towards the state is not always unambiguous. As the authors of the study "On the breaks of the social structure" point out, on the one hand, the state acts as hostile to them, regulates their way of life and, punishing for violation of the law, and protecting the property that it would like to appropriate for itself. On the other hand, the state apparatus is the patron, since the main part of social assistance comes through state channels. It can be said that the attitude of the lumpen towards the state can range from complete denial to apologetic support. But, as the authors of the work point out, anger is the most common. On the one hand, lumpen's isolation from society and his individualism push him to aloofness from the political process. But on the other hand, the lumpen's deep hostility to society leads to a potential readiness for destructive actions directed against society and its individual institutions.

A similar, but not so pronounced psychological state in other marginal strata, which has not yet descended to the level of lumpen. Many radical movements rely and relied on such people. An example is the so-called new left.

The "New Left" is a movement against bourgeois society, its socio-economic and political institutions, way of life, moral values ​​and ideals. It does not differ in the integrity of ideological attitudes, practical programs and consists of various groups and organizations, variegated in terms of political orientations. The "new left" movement includes components of a spontaneous and spontaneous rebellion that expresses dissatisfaction with social reality, but lacks effective methods, means and means for its practical change. Most of the movement's representatives shared a common philosophy of "total denial" of existing institutions, authorities, and values ​​of life.

As the authors of the study point out “at the breaks of the social structure,” “the ideological postulates formulated by the“ new leftists ”fully coincide with the values ​​and attitudes formulated in the minds of people displaced from social structures, rejected by society and rejecting it."

In support of their words, they cite the words of G. Marcuse, one of the ideologists of this movement, “under the conservative popular base lies a layer of outcasts and outsiders, exploited and persecuted, those who do not work and cannot have a job. They exist outside the democratic process, their life is the most immediate and most real embodiment of the need to eliminate intolerable institutions. Thus, their opposition is revolutionary, even if their consciousness is not so. "

Such recognition of Marcuse, of course, does not mean that the new left was guided only by the lumpen and the strata of the population close to them. But, however, marginalized people easily recognized ideas close to themselves in the slogans of this movement. The fact that young people have become the main driving force of the new left does not contradict the above for many reasons. The author "at the breaks of the social structure" singles out several, firstly, youth is inherently passionate about bright slogans that open new paths, and secondly, it is French youth who have experienced the devaluation of the social status and prestige of intellectual professions. And, thirdly, the student body is a fully formed group of the population that is not included in the production process, and therefore does not have strong ties with the rest of the social structure.

A manifestation of the marginal nature of this movement is also its negative attitude towards the working class. Several points can be provisionally highlighted:

· a positive attitude to work occupies an important place in the minds of workers. In the course of marginalization, such values ​​are partially or completely displaced from the individual.

· the objective conditions of workers' existence induce them to value collectivity and organization. A marginal is an egoist and an individualist.

· The worker highly values ​​the social and political positions he has won. The denial of the human right to property created by labor efforts and economical management is alien to him. the marginal, on the contrary, sees the solution to their problems in the seizure of positions that allow them to use public wealth, or they want to forcibly appropriate someone else's property.

Due to these fundamental differences, the worker did not accept the postulates of the "new left", and they hastened to declare him a reactionary force.

Consider another example of the influence of the marginalized masses on the political life of a country. As A.A. Galkin, any dictatorship needs a social base, a mass that would support it. Otherwise, as he writes, "it leads to a deep crisis of the regime and sooner or later becomes the cause of its death." In his opinion, the political forces that are going to come to power are looking for mass strata of the population, which they can rely on either before coming to power, or after that. One of such strata may become the marginalized, who, in the course of various crises, become a truly mass stratum of the population. So, for example, the marginals can become the basis for the establishment of totalitarian regimes.

As Arendt writes, totalitarian movements are possible wherever there are "masses who, for one reason or another, have acquired a taste for political organization." Arendt points out that democratic freedoms are impossible where the collapse of the mass system has occurred, and citizens are no longer represented by groups and, therefore, no longer form a social and political hierarchy. I think that the dramatic increase in the marginalized strata of the population, due to the economic crisis after the First World War, leads to the collapse of such a hierarchy can serve to create such a mass. Moreover, the main characteristics of such a mass coincide with the characteristics of marginal groups, these are features such as isolation and lack of normal social relations, just as Arendt points out the lack of inheritance of the norms and attitudes of any one class, and the reflection of the norms of several classes ... But it is precisely this borderline state that is the state of the marginalized.

The lumpenized strata of the population can be considered a peculiar kind of modern marginal groups. The well-known theorist O. Bauer and other researchers of this trend linked the growth of political activity of this stratum in the late 1920s. XX century with the onset of fascism. "Just as Bonaparte did in France, modern reactionary dictators seek to organize the lumpen-proletarian scum as the armed vanguard of fascism, lynching and all kinds of Ku Klux Klan."

Such a scientist as L.Ya. Dadiani examines the emergence of neo-fascism in Russia. He points out that A.A. Galkin defines fascism as "an irrational, inadequate reaction of the 20th century society to acute crisis processes that destroy the established economic, social, political and ideological structures." But it is precisely as a result of the destruction of the social structure that such a social group as the marginals is growing solo.

Dadiani himself lists several categories of people who are Russian neo-fascists, "youth, petaeushniki, high school students, a lot of students and demobilized military personnel, including participants in the Afghan and Chechen wars, among them are Russian refugees from the CIS countries. Many members and supporters of Russian" ultras "(as in other states) have grown or are growing in defective, unsettled, disintegrated or very needy families; a considerable percentage of them are unemployed, offended by someone or something, losers, lumpenized elements and people with an adventurous disposition, amateurs thrills and seekers of fame and adventure. " In fact, almost all of the listed categories of the population are marginalized.

In confirmation of the orientation of the Nazis towards such people, one can cite the words of E. Limonov, the leader of the National Bolshevik Party, “the most revolutionary type of personality is the marginal: a strange unsettled person living on the edge of society ... One should not think that there are too few of them to be enough for a revolutionary party. There are enough marginals, there are hundreds of thousands, if not millions. This is a whole social stratum. Some of the marginals join the ranks of the criminal world. The best should be with us. "

E. Limonov also argues in his article that all Russian revolutionaries were marginalized, and it was this social stratum that made the revolution in Russia, they were the leaders of the future powerful political movements that blew up Europe. Of course, Limonov is not a great historian and his opinion is rather controversial, but there is definitely a grain of truth in this. After all, his words echo the words of Stonequist, already quoted by us, about the role of the marginalized as the leader of nationalist and socio-political movements.

We can say that the marginalized in their general mass are active as adherents of radical movements. This is the movement of the so-called "new left", and nationalists and any other ideologies that promise them a quick change in their condition and redistribution of property. While there are not a large number of marginals in a single country, this may not have visible consequences, but if, however, the marginalization of most of the society occurs, this can lead to various kinds of revolutions and a departure from the democratic path of development.

§ 2. Margins and criminality

But there is another manifestation of the marginalization of societies. I think it will not be a secret for anyone that during the crisis and perestroika times, the criminal situation in society is deteriorating. Some researchers of this problem associate this not only with economic reasons, but also with social ones.

For example, Ryvkina R.V. in his article "The Social Roots of the Criminalization of Russian Society," he writes that economic factors play a huge role in the criminalization of Russian society, but this process was the result of not just one factor, but a system of such reasons. And she identifies several social factors for the deterioration of the criminal situation in Russian society:

) the value vacuum that arose after the collapse of the USSR and the rejection of the leading role of the CPSU;

) liberalization of the economy;

) the influence of criminal structures and types of criminal behavior inherited from the USSR;

) the weakness of the Russian state, which emerged on the site of the former USSR;

) the emergence in the country of many marginal and unprotected social strata and groups, the position of which makes them a potential reserve of crime.

Also such a researcher as E.V. Sadkov notes the close connection between the marginalization of society and the increase in crime. As he writes in his article, "in this case, we are talking not only about quantitative indicators of the degree of interconnection of these social phenomena, statistical (correlation and functional) dependence, but also about qualitative characteristics."

Most of the marginals are prone to aggression and self-centeredness, they are ambitious and have a number of other psychological traits that bring him to the criminality line. The accumulation of mental agility, the absence of a solid system of values, the dissatisfaction of social and everyday needs, all this together causes a state of social rejection and ultimately there is a change in personality, its degradation and the emergence of readiness for criminal behavior. We can say that the criminality of marginality always depends on the characteristics of the individual, that is, on her upbringing and the conditions for the formation of character. We can say that a marginal state is a borderline state of an individual who is on the border of antisocial behavior, but this does not mean that the marginal will necessarily cross this border.

Ryvkina R.V. points out several groups of the population that can be attributed to the marginalized, which form the social basis of the deterioration of the criminal situation among the population. These are such groups as:

) a large proportion of the population classified as "poor";

) a significant proportion of the unemployed and fictitiously employed;

) the presence of a "social bottom" of the poor, homeless people, street children and adolescents released from prisons;

) a significant proportion of refugees from the "hot spots" of the former USSR;

) a significant proportion of unsettled persons demobilized from the army and in a state of "post-war shock".

Sadkov, as it were, typologizes marginal groups according to the degree of their involvement in criminality. He highlights:

)a layer of marginals, who are already beginning to gradually develop a system of values, which is characterized by deep hostility to existing institutions. Such marginal groups cannot be classified as criminal, but some preconditions for this are already emerging;

2)pre-criminal marginalized groups characterized by instability of behavior and nihilistic attitudes towards law and order. They commit petty immoral acts and are distinguished by insolent behavior. it is these groups that form the material from which groups and persons with a criminal orientation are then formed;

)persons with a stable criminal orientation. This kind of marginals have already fully developed stereotypes of illegal behavior, and they regularly commit crimes;

)persons who have already served their sentences, they have lost social ties and have practically no chance of finding a job.

The data given by Ryvkina show that it is necessary to take into account the material aspect of the problem, namely, that such factors as poverty, unemployment, and economic instability are closely related to marginality. I think these factors are quite important in understanding the causes of criminal behavior among marginalized segments of the population.

The problem of homelessness, which is exacerbated by migration, is undoubtedly important. Sadkov, as proof of this, cites statistical data showing an increase in crime among persons without a fixed abode who have committed illegal acts. He points out that in 1998, among those who migrated to Russia and found themselves homeless, crimes were committed by 29,631 people, and these crimes were mainly against property and theft. In my opinion, this is easy to explain. Lacking a place to live, these people are deprived of the opportunity to have a steady income and work. This economic instability makes such a person a desire to appropriate the property of people and anger against the state, which does not allow him to do so.

E.V. Sadkov indicates that the marginals are a kind of "material" for organized criminal groups, in which they perform in this case the role of the so-called "sixes". That is, they carry out minor assignments and minor tasks.

Let's take a closer look at the reasons for the increase in crime among marginalized youth. In "social psychology" edited by Stolyarenko, it is indicated that "the marginal social status of young people in combination with contradictory individual physiological processes creates the basis for the development of intrapersonal conflicts, which are usually resolved by uniting young people into interest groups with a specific subculture that is very often deviant in nature" ...

The process of the formation of gangs, similar in meaning, took place in France in the 60s and 70s. These gangs consisted mainly of young people with no desire or opportunity to work. These gangs predominantly committed petty crimes and thefts.

In Russia, the data of experts are of interest, saying that about 30% of young people reject generally accepted norms and values, and the share of those who generally deny spiritual values ​​in the period from 1997 to 1999 increased and amounted to 6%. Kruter M.S. sees this as an opportunity to see from the point of view of criminology that the decline of spiritual values ​​creates a vacuum. And this vacuum is filled with the base socio-psychological components of consciousness and behavior: intolerance, anger, moral deafness, indifference and others. In his opinion, these qualities and properties contain a significant subjective potential for all kinds of criminal conflicts. Kruter also writes that the causes of youth crime are unemployment among them, unfulfilled social expectations and the formation of a way of thinking that a good education and legal work do not ensure the achievement of success in life. This is superimposed on raising the bar of living standards, which, in general, leads to professional and qualification degradation, exacerbation of the processes of social alienation and the orientation of young people towards quick earnings obtained by any means, including criminal ones.

Summing up, we can say that the marginalization of society leads to a worsening of the criminal situation. Marginal people, as people who are outcasts and often do not have a steady income, people with a changed system of values ​​are ready to commit crimes. Often, the crimes committed by this group of the population are of an economic nature, due to their own situation. Just as dangerous, in my opinion, is that organized crime, seeing the ongoing social processes (but most likely not realizing them), involves marginalized youth in their activities.

§ 3. Marginal population groups in modern Russia

In the work of domestic authors already mentioned by us - "at the breaks of the social structure" marginal groups existing in Western Europe were considered. The process of marginalization of society was associated by them primarily with such reasons as the employment crisis and deep restructuring of production. Based on the conclusions drawn in this work, one can imagine the main contours of modern Russian reality. The authors conclude that the marginals in Western Europe are "a complex conglomerate of groups, differing from each other in a set of important indicators", among which, along with the traditional marginalized - lumpen-proletarians, one can distinguish the so-called new marginals, the characteristic features of which are a high educational level, developed system of needs, high social expectations and political activity.

As Yu.A. Krasin points out, after the reforms carried out in our country, a huge social inequality has formed between the upper and lower strata. In his opinion, this gives rise to three anti-democratic tendencies: “firstly, the polarization of society ..., secondly, the marginalization of the disadvantaged strata, which pushes them to illegitimate forms of protest; depriving them of the opportunity to articulate and defend their interests in public, they form the social basis of extremism; third, the cultivation in society of an atmosphere that undermines the foundations of social justice and the common good, destroying the moral foundations of social unity; at the base of the pyramid a complex of humiliation accumulates, on the political Olympus - a complex of permissiveness. "

But, as Vladimir Dakhin points out in his article "The State and Marginalization," in Russia "there is no process of social stratification, processes of disintegration prevail." In his opinion, in Russia there are not three usual strata of the population, since the middle class is blurred and so thin that it can be ignored when analyzing the social structure. Based on this, he divides Russian society into rich and poor, the latter of which, as he writes, are a marginal majority.

Dakhin divides this marginal majority into several categories. Namely:

)pensioners. He refers to them not only the elderly, but also the so-called "early retirees", that is, a group of young and active people who retired early. It is these early retirees, in his opinion, who are most susceptible to political influences and are increasingly resorting to social protest actions. Their participation in public life usually takes place under the slogans of communists - fundamentalists and radicals - neo-communists.

2)workers of de-industrializing industries, lower intelligentsia living on odd jobs, that is, those who have been affected by latent and direct unemployment. This mass is basically incapable of radical action due to the preservation of traditional respect and fear of power. For the main part of them, participation in a social protest or voting in elections against representatives of the authorities can become the height of discontent.

)hired workers in secondary industries and enterprises in crisis. According to the author, this category of marginals can easily support the idea of ​​a new strong leader.

)rural population. This category of the population is the most stable and stable in relation to political and social influences, due to the historical habit of being degraded. There are a number of factors affecting the conservatism and inertness of the rural population, these include: the lack of a well-thought-out agricultural policy of the government of the Russian Federation, the rate on food imports. Strengthening these factors will lead to further self-isolation of the village and the outflow of the population, which will replenish the most restless part of the city's inhabitants and to spontaneous local uprisings of the peasants.

)inferior federal and local government officials. The precariousness of their social status, low incomes and social insecurity make this marginal category look for a way out of the current situation in corruption, in illegal and semi-legal operations in the shadow economy. This poses a greater threat than their possible social actions.

)migrants and immigrants. According to Dakhin, this part of the population will constantly grow, and subsequently form the most defenseless and disadvantaged part of the population. Moreover, this category of marginals initially had a higher status and a higher financial position, which makes them very susceptible to radical propaganda, and defenselessness - more aggressive in self-defense.

)Army and military-industrial complex. As the author points out, with the failure of the conversion program, the entire huge military-industrial complex found itself in crisis, and the personnel working for it are, as a rule, highly qualified workers and scientific personnel who have neither stable jobs nor good wages. Therefore, this category will support any political force that promises to provide them with work. The marginalized part of the army is already losing patience and can move to active actions. if this happens it will become a very big public problem.

)A significant part of the youth. As the author writes, as the situation of young people deteriorates, they will increasingly be subjected to radical propaganda, acting religious and political forces, with the exception of only ultra-communist ones.

According to the author, the presence of such a large spectrum of marginalized strata of the population, which acts as a disuniting one, allows the government to carry out liberal reforms at the expense of the population and ignore the need to adopt some social reforms as the most expensive ones.

As Krasin points out, the marginal strata of the population are currently silent, which creates an illusion of stability in the authorities, but, in his opinion, dangerous processes are brewing in the depths of society, the energy of protest is accumulating without going into the political sphere. But it manifests itself in the deviant behavior of large groups of the population. The protest is expressed in the withdrawal from public life into the sphere of criminality, drug addiction, alcoholism, mysticism and religious fanaticism. Based on this, a number of characteristics of the marginalization of Russian society can be identified. A. V. Pestrikov in his article "on the question of the relationship between the qualitative characteristics of the population and the processes of social marginalization" he highlights: paradoxical poverty, a high proportion of criminalized elements, a drop in the qualitative characteristics of the population in three main groups of indicators: health (physical, mental, social), intellectual potential and professional preparedness, spiritual and moral values ​​and orientations. Assessing the health of the population through the characteristics of ill health, the authors note an increase in morbidity, especially for diseases of social etiology (tuberculosis, syphilis, AIDS / HIV, infectious hepatitis). In the mass consciousness, the process of erosion of moral norms characteristic of Russian culture is under way. Pragmatism and an orientation toward personal gain, typical of the American model of interpersonal relations and life orientations, are becoming more widespread.

We can say that in modern Russian society there has been a marginalization of a large part of the population, which can be conditionally divided into several categories. Also, this marginalization is characterized by the emergence of the so-called new marginalized. That is, those who initially have a high level of education and social needs. At the moment, this marginal majority is inactive in the political sphere, but manifests itself in a criminal environment, or, alternatively, escapes reality with the help of alcohol and drugs. So it can be said that all the attempts of our government to fight crime, drunkenness and drug addiction will bring little success until they change the existing social situation.

Conclusion

In our work "marginal groups of the population as a socio - political subject", we have fulfilled the set tasks. We examined the concepts of marginality existing in America and Western Europe. When studying these concepts, I established the concept of marginality and studied its types, I also studied the main characteristics of a marginal person and what results in the marginalization of society. The concepts of marginality of domestic researchers were also considered. In the course of fulfilling this task, I found that in the domestic literature this problem began to be developed much later than in the West, and therefore our researchers relied on the already existing concepts of marginality, comprehending them within the framework of Russian reality. We also studied the assessments by various researchers of the activity of the marginalized. While studying this problem, I found out that the marginalized is an active part of the population, and as a result, marginalization requires attention from the authorities. The links between the marginalization of society and the flourishing of various radical movements were studied, and a direct relationship was established between the marginalization of society and radicalism. Most of the marginalized strata of the population are unsettled with their lives and therefore want to drastically change the existing structure of society. The links between the marginalization of society and the increase in crime in the country were studied, and their direct relationship was revealed. The increase in the number of marginals leads to a worsening of the criminal situation. We also studied the existing marginal stratum of the population in our country, identified the categories of people who can be ranked as this stratum, and also deduced the main characteristics of the marginal stratum in Russia.

Studying the topic of marginality, we realized that this is indeed a very important problem that needs to be studied in the future, since the presence of a marginal population and its composition can significantly affect the political situation in the country. I also realized that the main directions of activity of the marginalized, that I, as a future political scientist, will need to take into account.

Also, I think, the problem of marginality is extremely relevant for our country, since after the radical restructuring of all institutions in our country, the marginal stratum of the population became really massive, and the so-called new marginals were formed.

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"GENERAL THEORY OF MARGINALITY ..."

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The third paragraph "Socio-psychological mechanisms of determination of legal marginality" analyzes and substantiates the use of a synthetic (law and social psychology) method of cognition in legal science, which is one of the conceptual types of formation of ideas and knowledge about legal marginality (legal phenomena). The dissertation candidate substantiates the conclusion that it is necessary to speak about the mechanism of socio-psychological determination of marginality in the legal sphere precisely because marginality is a complex structured phenomenon that cannot be reduced solely to a sharp change in the social situation (during the period of reforms and revolutions) or to hereditary and other pathologies personality (in the field of social psychology and medicine), or to a by-product of intercultural communication (problems of migration and citizenship), as well as to structural-role relations in the social system of society (in the field of "upward" or "downward" mobility).

Each of these factors can be decisive in determining the content of legal marginality in a particular society. However, it seems optimal to evaluate the effect of these factors in mutual combination and complementarity with each other as part of the corresponding mechanism (system). In this case, a certain factor dominates when in a given period of time it unambiguously (predominantly) subordinates to itself the action of other factors.

The fundamental legal means of identifying, preventing and overcoming legal marginality is the legal policy of the state, which is the support and basis for the correction of negative psychological and legal personality traits.

In the fourth paragraph "Sociological and legal peculiarities of formation and problems of overcoming legal marginality", an interpretive scheme is used - as one of the methodological procedures for correlating epistemological and ontological methods of studying objects using reflection, in this case, in the sociological and legal sphere. Within the framework of this scheme, the understanding of legal marginality is built through legal reflection and analysis of well-known sociological theories, as well as various directions of sociology in order to fix the empirical situation (position) of the “alienation” of the individual from the social and legal space; descriptions of the investigated phenomenon; directions of the measuring theoretical procedure, which studies the influence of the negative properties and qualities of the sought object on the level and state of delinquency, etc. in the trajectory of sociological and legal research. This approach to the study of the phenomenon of marginality itself, as well as its legal segment, is based on the fundamental concepts and categories of macro- and microsociology: social organization, social structure, social stratification, differentiation, social conflict, social mobility, institutionalization, etc., emerging and forming explanation of the various forms of existing social interaction. It is noted that the essence of social processes that determine the mechanisms of marginalization in the legal sphere is interpreted rather heterogeneously and very diversely both directly in sociological and sociological-legal concepts, and in the theory of law and state, especially in legal positivism.

The researcher emphasizes that in the construction of the general theory of marginality, R.

Park, which is the basis of our concept, a significant role belongs to the direction of sociological psychologism, which led to a certain reorientation of sociology towards human problems. The author of the concept of marginality, Robert Ezra Park (1864-1944), who was one of the founders of the Chicago Sociological School, and was president of the American Sociological Society in the 1920s, studied the patterns of collective behavior that were formed during the evolution of society as an organism and "deeply biological phenomenon." ... Within the framework of this concept, R. Park develops the theory of "social distance", in which he studies cultural, as well as social and legal mobility, determined by the processes of migration, and, being during this period under the influence of German sociology, and also based, in particular, on the theory of "social differentiation "G. Zimmel, forms and formulates the concept of" marginal personality "in the work" Human migration and a marginal person "(1928). Then R.

Park introduces the concept of "marginality" into scientific circulation, the understanding of which is based, among other things, on the concepts of "alienation" and "conflict" by G. Simmel, which he considered in his work "Social Differentiation" (1890).

The paper notes that the phenomenon of legal marginality, including marginal behavior, one way or another, directly or indirectly associated with the processes of differentiation and transformation of social structures, but insufficiently regulated by law.

It is advisable to study them not only from the point of view of sociological psychologism, but also from the standpoint of the socio-stratification approach (Pitirim Sorokin), in which it is postulated that any lawful and illegal social behavior is based on both psychophysiological and stratification mechanisms, and the subjective aspects of behavior and the ways in which the state responds to them are "variables". However, algorithms for influencing human behavior in general, including those understood by the general legal theory of marginality as “borderline” between lawful and illegal (marginal behavior), are “manipulation mechanisms” carried out by state bodies with the help of law (B. Skinner).

In this part of the work, the discursiveness of the provisions of the synergetic approach in the study of legal (legal) marginality is tested through its cognition as a self-organizing historically stable system, the functioning of which is ensured by the ambivalence of manifestations: 1) subjectivist-biopsychological and cultural specific features of marginal individuals (groups): 2) entropic properties legislative and law enforcement activities to overcome (prevent) negative processes of marginalization and establish social control over them, studied by micro- and macrosociology (G. Gurvich). The need for the formation of an independent interdisciplinary scientific concept in the field of sociology of law (legal sociology) is substantiated, which investigates the problems and puts forward hypotheses on the basis of the received and produced integral knowledge about the place and role of the phenomenon of borderline, alienation and disaccomodation in the structure of social, including legal relations that prevent the establishment of social order and law and order.

The fifth paragraph "Socio-economic and political-legal problems of marginality" examines topical issues of these directions of state policy, which require their objectification and actualization when justifying and building a legal anti-marginal policy. The socio-economic orientation of state policy and the specific motivation of power preferences in terms of supporting the interests of either the state or individual individuals or legal entities does not withstand constructive criticism from the point of view of building a rule-of-law state. The problems of homelessness, poverty, social orphanhood, unemployment, illegal migration and much more often remain outside the sphere of state legal regulation, although they do occur in the jurisdictional space of Russia. The economic and legal unsettledness of the material conditions of life, in particular, the homeless, the unemployed, orphans, and others, which is of interest to the general legal theory of marginality, suppresses their will, creates the prerequisites and conditions for "risky" behavior.

Contrary to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, according to the researcher, is the ratio of the minimum wage (minimum wage) and the size of the living wage. So, the Federal Law of June 19, 2000 N 82-FZ (as amended by the Federal Law of December 1, 2014 N 408-FZ) from 01.01.2015 established the size of the minimum wage - 5965 rubles. per month, and the size of the living wage on average in the first quarter of 2015 was

(Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 4, 2015 N 545 "On the establishment of the subsistence minimum per capita and for the main socio-demographic groups of the population as a whole in the Russian Federation for the I quarter of 2015") - 9662 rubles. per month, which initially means the impossibility of living on this salary in the conditions of the legally established minimum subsistence level. The social and economic inability of citizens to materially provide themselves and their loved ones with the help of lawful methods (salary in the public sector, pension, scholarships, benefits, etc.) guaranteed by the state, give grounds to understand the sphere of economic and legal relations between the individual and the state as ineffectively legalized, and in some cases, as a whole unlawful. Meanwhile, the minimization or elimination of the processes of marginalization by the entire world community is entrusted to the state, which, through the implementation of a rational and effective legal policy, seeks (should strive) to establish a balance of rights-claims, freedoms and obligations of all members of society and the state.

In order to ensure the rule of law and law and order, as well as to observe and protect the constitutional rights and interests of socially unprotected groups of the population in Russian society, the candidate offers: economic rights and freedoms of citizens; 2) study and establishment of objective and scientifically reasoned criteria for differentiation (stratification) of the socio-economic structure of Russian society; 3) on the basis of the data obtained, it is necessary to establish normatively in the current legislation the economic and legal status (status) of socially unprotected groups; 4) the establishment of the proper amount of social payments, benefits, compensations, pensions and their timely indexation, taking into account the actual inflation; 5) accounting and control over the fair, targeted and timely distribution of these funds.

Another important component of the general legal theory of marginality being built is the ethnocultural factor, studied in the structure of the causal complex, which explains the nature of legal marginality, and also determines, in some cases, the marginal behavior of socially disadvantaged and socially dangerous groups. In this context, it becomes relevant to substantiate the strategies of legal ethnopolitics based on the understanding of such important political categories as tolerance, civil, political, ethnic identity, self-identification, etc., which underlie the preventive strategy against such illegal manifestations as and religious grounds, xenophobia, interethnic intolerance, ethnic and religious extremism, terrorism. The use of the category "legal ethnopolitics" does not contradict the use of another, largely synonymous with it, the concept of "national policy" used in such current regulatory legal acts as the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 19, 2012 No. 1666 "On the strategy of state nationality policy of the Russian Federation on period up to 2025 "and in the document" Strategy of the state national policy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025 ".

Chapter 2. "Institutional characteristics of the general legal theory of marginality".

The first paragraph "Legal status of a marginal entity" presents an analysis of the normative foundations of the general legal theory of marginality, which consolidate the legal status of a marginal entity. It is noted that the allocation of such a structural section in the general legal theory of marginality is explained by the central place that a marginal individual or social group occupies in this theory. This presupposes their further typology according to socio-psychological and special-legal qualities, according to internal elements, which include: legal status, legal status, legal status, legal personality, etc. , "Legal status", "legal status" in relation to marginal subjects is characterized by a certain degree of significance for the theory of the legal status of an individual.

In a special legal aspect, using the traditional classification of legal statuses, dividing them into general (constitutional), special (generic) and individual legal statuses, in relation to the studied categories of marginal individuals (groups), the author proposed the following typology:

1. The general legal status is characteristic of all marginal individuals who are citizens of the Russian Federation, with the exception of stateless persons and foreign citizens. Some of these categories are accumulated by the general legal theory of marginality into socially unprotected or socially disadvantaged groups (illegal migrants, forced migrants and refugees, etc.). Depending on the further legitimization of their legal status, they may not have a general legal status for a long period of time, moreover, due to circumstances beyond the control of these persons. The periods of their presence in such "borderline" situations determine their acquisition of a special (sectoral) legal status and require control (or legal measures) over their behavior;

2. The special (generic) legal status reflects the characteristic features of the position of certain categories of marginalized persons, caused, for example, by the peculiarities of the restriction of their rights, freedoms or the establishment of special obligations stipulated by industry legislation. In addition to the categories of illegal migrants regulated by migration legislation (or in cases of continuing offenses - by administrative and criminal legislation), the number of marginal persons with a special legal status include: persons engaged in vagrancy or begging, prostitution; involving minors in the commission of antisocial acts; not fulfilling the duties of raising children; repeatedly convicted; who are in places of deprivation of liberty and are characterized by a "penalty"

behavior; having a suspended sentence or conditionally convicted and not fulfilling the requirements of the court, etc. The special legal status of these categories is established by the administrative legislation of either the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, or federal laws, or the civil and criminal legislation of the Russian Federation, or both at the same time, depending on the degree of social harm (danger) of acts committed by marginalized persons;

3. An individual legal status that fixes the personalized characteristics of marginalized persons is possessed by: chronic alcoholics, drug addicts, substance abusers, persons suffering from gambling addiction (addiction), acquiring an individual legal status directly by virtue of decisions of the judiciary and (or) on the basis of a medical opinion; homeless, neglected, orphans, who also acquire an individual legal status with the help of individual decisions based on various departmental opinions (commissions on juvenile affairs, court decisions); persons belonging to extremist youth, religious and other organizations, acquiring an individual status on the basis of fixing their stay in these organizations (communities) by law enforcement agencies (FSB, prosecutor's office, Ministry of Internal Affairs, etc.), as well as the conclusions of various examinations; previously convicted persons who have not embarked on the path of correction; persons suffering from mental illness (including those incapacitated) and committing various kinds of offenses, registered and requiring constant preventive control of law enforcement agencies, etc.

Despite the significant difficulties in studying the degree and qualities of conformism or nihilism of marginal subjects (individuals and groups) to the legitimate status-legal structure, as well as a certain conventionality of this typology, it is necessary to take into account that the subjects under study are under the jurisdiction of the Russian state, and the socio-legal the peculiarities of the position of marginal subjects should be taken into account when planning the necessary and appropriate legal policy in the area under consideration.

In the second paragraph "Legal awareness and legal culture of a marginal person"

the dissertation student pays attention to the value, socio-psychological and culturological foundations of the general legal theory of marginality. In this regard, the relationship between the three main types of legal consciousness recognized by Russian legal science (public, group and individual) and three levels of legal consciousness recognized by the modern theory of law (everyday, professional and theoretical) with marginal legal consciousness is considered. The specificity of marginal legal consciousness is that it is outwardly inherent in both signs of "normal" and the main features of deformed and degraded types of legal consciousness, and in the conditions of modern Russia, it largely tends to characterize it as a borderline between developed and deformed, defective, degraded, i.e. marginal.

When analyzing the types and types of marginal legal consciousness, the interaction of several criteria, quite different in content and orientation, was established: the level of manifestation of negative elements of legal consciousness of a marginal subject, the degree of destructiveness of a person for the legal sphere of society, the ratio and role of the conscious and unconscious in the life of a marginal subject, etc. ... According to such a complex criterion, the following classification of marginal legal consciousness was carried out: 1) nominal, i.e. based on "zero" or residual legal knowledge and perceptions of legal norms; 2) conformist (stereotypical), i.e. recognizing by virtue of necessity the ideals, values ​​of law and outwardly adjusting to legal requirements, not entering into conflict with them due to passivity, lack of initiative or fear of punishment; 3) indifferent (infantile) - indifferently perceiving legal prescriptions and not deliberately aimed at violating them; 4) imperfect, or whitespace, i.e. unformed due to unwillingness or inability to understand the meaning of legal norms, including sublimated legal consciousness, which creates a specific and closed subculture and is focused on meeting personal or narrow group needs; 5) nihilistic - denying, not respecting and not believing in the value of law as a regulator of social relations; 6) an active-aggressive legal consciousness, which determines a predisposition to committing various kinds of offenses, expressing the antagonism (direct opposition) of individual rules of conduct and generally accepted legal norms, deliberately aimed at committing offenses, including crimes.

Consideration of the main types of marginal legal consciousness objectively leads to the actualization of the problems of coverage of a special marginal legal culture. Summarizing the various points of view on the problems of cognition and the peculiarities of domestic legal culture, the author speaks of its "borderline" content, to a certain extent reduced to a low level of understanding and knowledge of laws, disrespect for law in general, i.e. to a large extent to the marginal, alienated, stagnant character and state of modern domestic legal culture.

In the third paragraph, "Marginal behavior" is considered as a specific type of legal behavior in connection with legal practice, objectively expressed behavioral properties of a marginal person, etc. This concept is studied not only from the purely legal positions of "legitimacy" and "wrongfulness", but also from synthesis of philosophical and other humanitarian categories included in its content: “behavior”, “activity”, “law”, “measure”, “fear”, “revenge”, “punishment”, “illegality”, etc. The importance of differentiating legal behavior into lawful, unlawful (abnormal) and illegal types - in studies of general legal marginality is justified by the fact that a huge array of actions or inaction of marginal subjects remains unregulated by the current Russian legislation. They are not illegal in accordance with the law, but from the point of view of their social harm, as well as commensurability with the generally recognized criteria of culture, morality, traditions, religion, etc. may violate the principles of natural and positive law, equally guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, i.e. may be "illegal" in fact.

In this regard, the author examines and substantiates the practical significance of such a sign of marginal behavior as abnormality and the propensity of a marginal subject to commit offenses. The dissertation notes another important problem of classifying marginal behavior as: 1) legally significant; 2) legally neutral or 3) legally indifferent type of legal behavior. The array of illegal acts committed by these strata analyzed in the work is very significant, which makes it possible to assert that they commit offenses consequentially. However, the factual confirmation of violations of legal norms committed by marginals (from the point of view of the general legal approach) is not always possible to take into account and record due to the following factors: 1) significant latency; 2) small social significance of harm (insignificance); 3) the lack of opportunities for the onset of legal responsibility for the commission of offenses, including crimes (failure to reach the age of legal responsibility established in the legislation; state of sanity, excluding this responsibility; physical or mental compulsion to commit a wrongful act, etc.); 4) in the absence of an appropriate legal norm (gap) in the legislation in a specific historical period, caused, for example, by the criminalization or decriminalization of certain unlawful acts. Thus, most of the manifestations of marginal behavior can only be formally called legitimate, quite logically referring them to illegal or abnormal behavior.

The fourth paragraph "Legal policy in the field of prevention, minimization, overcoming negative manifestations of marginality" examines the concept, subjects and objects, forms and methods, the main directions of the implementation of this policy. It is noted that this type of legal policy is of a complex nature, since it combines many of its traditional varieties, the common task of which is the social and legal regulation of marginality. Legal policy in the field of preventing, minimizing, overcoming negative manifestations of marginality (anti-marginal legal policy) is a type of legal policy of the Russian state. The subjects of legal policy in the field of preventing, minimizing, overcoming negative manifestations of marginality (anti-marginal legal policy) are bodies of state power and local self-government of the Russian Federation, public associations and other commercial and non-commercial organizations, a person. According to the objects and content of the measures taken, the legal policy is divided into social adaptation (rehabilitation, educational, anti-drug, migration, etc.) and preventive (aimed at preventing negative and socially dangerous types of marginal behavior).

The dissertation candidate comes to the conclusion that at the present stage in Russia it is necessary to form lawmaking, law enforcement, doctrinal foundations of an anti-marginal legal policy, to strengthen and activate its creative potential for solving theoretical and practical problems of legal marginality.

On the topic of the dissertation research, the author has published the following works:

1. Stepanenko, RF Genesis of the general theory of marginality: criminological aspects. Stepanenko // Scientific notes of Kazan State University. - 2009.

T. 151, book. 4. - S. 165-175. (0.7 pp.)

2. Stepanenko, RF General theory of marginality: problems of a legal approach / RF Stepanenko, LD Chulyukin // Bulletin of Economics, Law and Sociology. - Kazan, 2010.

- No. 2. - P. 96-104. (0.6 pp.)

3. Stepanenko, RF Sociological premises of the general legal theory of marginality / RF Stepanenko // Bulletin of Economics, Law and Sociology. - Kazan, 2010. - No. 4.

- S. 114-118. (0.3 pp.)

4. Stepanenko, RF Philosophical and legal problems of cognition of marginality / RF Stepanenko // Scientific notes of Kazan State University. - 2010. Vol. 152, book. 4. - S. 24-35. (0.8 pp.)

5. Stepanenko, RF Sociological premises of the general legal theory of marginality / RF Stepanenko // Bulletin of Economics, Law and Sociology. - Kazan, 2011. - No. 1.

- S. 162-167. (0.4 pp.)

6. Stepanenko, RF Theoretical and methodological problems of the general legal concept of marginality / RF Stepanenko // Scientific notes of Kazan State University. - 2011. - T. 153, book. 4. - S. 24-35. (0.8 pp.)

7. Stepanenko, RF Cognitive dissonance in the structure of a marginal personality / RF Stepanenko // Bulletin of Economics, Law and Sociology. - Kazan, 2012. - No. 1. - S. 191p.l.)

8. Stepanenko, RF Social order, human nature and marginal personality / RF Stepanenko // Kazan science. - 2012. - No. 1. - S. 224-227. (0.3 pp.)

9. Stepanenko, RF Actual problems of legal regulation of marginal behavior / RF Stepanenko, AV Putyatkin // Bulletin of Economics, Law and Sociology. - Kazan, 2012. - No. 1. - P. 250-256. (0.4 pp.)

10. Stepanenko, RF Legal regulation of marginal behavior in the Soviet period / RF Stepanenko // Bulletin of Economics, Law and Sociology. - Kazan, 2012. - No. 1.

S. 246-250. (0.4 pp.)

11. Stepanenko, RF Socio-philosophical problems of the general legal theory of marginality / RF Stepanenko, GN Stepanenko // Kazan science. - 2012. - No. 4. - S. 197p.l.)

12. Stepanenko, RF Marginal way of life in pre-Petrine Russia (historical and legal aspects) / RF Stepanenko, LN Brodovskaya // Kazan science. - 2012. - No. 7. S. 28-31. (0.3 pp.)

13. Stepanenko, RF The phenomenon of marginality: historical and legal aspects / RF Stepanenko // Scientific notes of Kazan State University. - 2012.Vol. 154, book. 4. - S. 34-39. (0, 4 pp.)

14. Stepanenko, RF Problems of the general legal theory of marginality / RF Stepanenko // Gaps in Russian legislation. - Moscow, 2012. - No. 4. - S.

177-180. (0.3 pp.)

15. Stepanenko, RF The causal nature of marginal behavior: philosophical and legal aspects / RF Stepanenko // Philosophy of law. - Rostov-on-Don, 2013. - No. 2. - P. 112-116. (0.3 pp.)

16. Stepanenko, RF Modern concept of marginal behavior in the general theory of law: controversial aspects / RF Stepanenko // Gaps in Russian legislation. - Moscow, 2013. - No. 4. - P. 34-39. (0.4 pp.)

17. Stepanenko, RF Problems of Russian legal consciousness in the context of the general legal theory of marginality / RF Stepanenko // Scientific notes of Kazan State University. - 2013 .-- T. 155, book. 4. - S. 46-55. (0.6 pp.)

18. Stepanenko, RF Problems of legitimation of the legal status of a marginal person: historical and legal aspects. Stepanenko // Philosophy of Law. - Rostov-on-Don, 2013. - No. 5. - P. 34-40. (0.4 pp.)

19. Stepanenko, R.F. Features of legal consciousness and legal culture of a marginal person / RF Stepanenko // Legal science and practice: Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. - 2013. - No. 24. - S. 25-31. (0.4 pp.)

20. Stepanenko, RF Issues of democratization of legislation and the problem of efficiency of mechanisms of legal regulation of marginal behavior / RF Stepanenko // Legal world. - No. 1 (205). - 2014 .-- S. 73-77. (0.4 pp.)

21. Stepanenko, RF Causality, concept and types of legal marginality / RF Stepanenko // State and law. - 2014. - No. 6. - P. 98–103. (0.4 pp.)

22. Stepanenko, RF Concept, main types and directions of legal policy in the field of legal regulation of marginalization processes / RF Stepanenko // Law and Politics. - 2014. - No. 4. - P.493-504. - DOI: 10.7256 / 1811-9018.2014.4.11711 (0.8 pp)

23. Stepanenko, RF Legal status of a marginal person: theoretical and methodological issues / RF Stepanenko // Law and state: theory and practice. - Moscow, 2014. - No. 5 (113). - S. 66-78. (0.8 pp.)

24. Stepanenko, RF General legal theory of marginality about the problem of legal regulation of socio-economic relations / RF. Stepanenko // Scientific notes of Kazan State University. - 2014 .-- T. 156, book. 4. - S. 43-53. (0.7 pp.)

25. Stepanenko, RF Peculiarities of Russian legal culture in studies of the general legal theory of marginality / RF Stepanenko // Leningrad legal journal. - St. Petersburg, 2015. - No. 2 (40). - S. 30-41 (0.7 pp.).

26. Stepanenko, R. F. Resources of a synergetic approach in modern theoretical jurisprudence: the experience of research practices of the general legal theory of marginality / R.

F. Stepanenko // Law and Politics. - Moscow, 2015. - No. 5 (185). - S. 610-619 (0.6 pp.).

27. Stepanenko, RF General legal theory of marginality: basic approaches and goals / RF Stepanenko // State and law. - 2015. - No. 5. - P. 30-39 (0.6 pp.).

28. Stepanenko, RF Problems of legal thinking in the research practices of the general legal theory of marginality: the experience of the methodology of interdisciplinarity / RF Stepanenko // Law and State. - 2015. - No. 6. - P. 25-34 (0.6 pp.).

Monographs:

1. Stepanenko, RF Crime of persons leading a marginal lifestyle and its prevention / RF Stepanenko. - Kazan: Kazan. state un-t, 2008 .-- 250 p. (15.6 pp.)

2. Stepanenko, RF Genesis of the general legal theory of marginality: monograph / RF Stepanenko; under. ed. Dr. Philos. Sciences, Doctor of Law Sciences, prof. O. Yu. Rybakova. - Kazan: University of Management TISBI, 2012 .-- 268 p. (16.7 pp.)

3. Stepanenko, RF Problems of substantiation of legal policy strategies in the general legal theory of marginality (experience of an interdisciplinary approach) / RF Stepanenko // Strategy of legal development of Russia: collective monograph / under. ed. Dr. Philos.

Sciences, Doctor of Law Sciences, prof. O. Yu. Rybakova. - Moscow: Justice, 2015 .-- S. 381-403.

4. Stepanenko, RF Institutional content of the general legal theory of marginality: monograph / RF Stepanenko; under. ed. Dr. Philos. Sciences, Doctor of Law Sciences, prof.

O. Yu. Rybakova. - Kazan: University of Management TISBI, 2015 .-- 172 p. (4.8) Works published in foreign publications

1. Stepanenko, RF Dualism of social philosophical and all-legal knowledge of the marginality phenomenon / RF Stepanenko // Science, Technology and Higher Education: materials of the international research and practice conference: Westwood, December 11th-12th, 2012 / publishing office Accept Graphics communication. - Westwood-Canada, 2012. - Vol. I - P. 300-303.

2. Stepanenko, R. F. Methodological problems of general legal theory / R. F. Stepanenko // Solution of a social requirements and objective reality issues in economical and juridical sciences: Materials digest of the XXXV International Research and Practice Conference and the III stage of the Championship in jurisprudence, economic sciences and management :, November 05 - November 12, 2012 .-- London, 2012 .-- P. 149-151. (0.2 pp.)

3. Stepanenko, RF Cognitive dissonance in the structure of marginal personality: all-legal aspects / RF Stepanenko // Science and Education: materials of the II international research and practice conference: Munich, December 18th-19th, 2012 / publishing office Vela Verlag Waldkraiburg. - Munich: Waldkraiburg, 2012 - Vol. I. - P. 617-623. (0.4 pp.)

4. Stepanenko, RF Marginality phenomenon: problems of dualistic approach in foreign and Russian researches / RF Stepanenko // Science, Technology and Higher Education materials of the II international research and practice conference: Westwood, April 17 th, 2013. - Westwood Canada, 2013 . - Vol. I. - P. 368-372. (0.3 pp.)

5. Stepanenko, R. F. Theoretic methodological problems of studying of the legal status оf the marginal personality / R. F. Stepanenko // European Science and Technology: materials of the IV

international research and practice conference: Munich, April 10th - 11th, 2013. - Munich:

Waldkraiburg, 2013. - Vol. II. - P. 254-259. (0.4 pp.)

6. Stepanenko, R. F. General legal conception of marginality: methodological problems / R. F. Stepanenko // Science and Education: materials of the III international research and practice conference: Munich, April 25th - 26th, 2013 / publishing office Vela Verlag Waldkraiburg. - Munich: Waldkraiburg, 2013 - Vol. II. - P. 50-55. (0.4 pp.)

7. Stepanenko, R. F. Marginal behavior in the format of modern general legal research / R. F. Stepanenko // Social processes regulation in the context of economics, law and management: materials of the LIII International Research and Practice Conference: London, June 06 -11, 2013 / International Academy of Sciences and Higher Education. - London, 2013. - P.152-155. (0.3 pp.)

8. Stepanenko, R. F. General legal theory of marginality in the context of foreign and domestic socio-humanities: integration issues / R. F. Stepanenko // Global Science and Innovation = Global Science and Innovation: Proceedings of the I International Conference: Chicago, USA, 17-18 December 2013 .-- Chicago, 2013 .-- S. 288-292. (0.3 pp.)

1. Stepanenko, RF Theoretical and methodological aspects of the general legal concept of marginality / RF Stepanenko // Legalization and legal process, innovative approaches to building models: a collection of articles of the Intern. scientific and practical. conf. February 4-5, 2011 - Kazan: Kazan. University, 2011. - S. 90-94. (0.3 pp.)

2. Stepanenko, RF Marginal behavior in the format of sociological and legal theories / RF Stepanenko // Legal science as the basis of legal support for the innovative development of Russia: Proceedings of the XII Intern. scientific and practical. conf. November 28 - December 2, 2011 / Moscow State Law Academy named after Kutafina. - Moscow: Lawyer, 2012 .-- S. 376-382. - (Scientific works / Russian Academy of Legal Sciences. - Issue 12: in 2 volumes - Vol. 1). (0.4 pp.)

3. Stepanenko, RF Peculiarities of legal regulation of marginal behavior in the Russian legislation of the 18th century / RF Stepanenko // Tatishchev readings: actual problems of science and practice. Actual problems of legal science: materials of the IX Intern. scientific and practical. conf. - Togliatti: Volzhsky un-t them. V.N. Tatishcheva, 2012 .-- S. 95-102. (0.5 pp.)

4. Stepanenko, R. F. Recidivism in the format of the general legal theory of marginality: certain issues of legal policy / R. F. Stepanenko // Materials of the Intern. scientific and practical. conf. December 13-14, 2012 - Pyatigorsk: Advertising and information agency at Kazminvody, 2012. - pp. 377-381. (0.4 pp.)

5. Stepanenko, RF Problems of the modern concept of marginal behavior in the general theory of law / RF Stepanenko // Law and law enforcement practice: Proceedings of the II Intern. scientific and practical. conf. : Nizhny Novgorod, June 30, 2013 / ed. prof.

L.A. Chegovadze; ANO "REC" CESIUS ". ZIUS ". - Nizhny Novgorod, 2013 .-- S. 233-242.

6. Stepanenko, RF Concept and main types of legal policy in the sphere of legislative regulation of marginalization processes / RF Stepanenko // Actual problems of the humanities and natural sciences. - Kazan, 2013. - No. 12 (59), Part 2. - S. 142-145. (0.2 pp.)

7. Stepanenko, RF Philosophical and legal views of GF Shershenevich and world outlook problems of modern legal science / RF Stepanenko // New views of professor GF Shershenevich in modern conditions of convergence of private and public law (to the 150th anniversary of his birth): Mezhdunar. scientific and practical. conf. March 1-3, 2013 - Moscow: Statute, 2013 .-- S. 885-890. (0.4 pp.)

8. Stepanenko, RF Experience of research of the general legal theory of marginality in the context of methodological pluralism / RF Stepanenko // Materials of the section of the theory of state and law of the V International scientific-practical conference "Kutafin readings": a collection of works. - Moscow: Prospect, 2014 .-- S. 99-105. (0.4 pp.)

9. Stepanenko, R. F. The doctrinal idea of ​​A. A. Piontkovsky's criminal law policy and modern trends in legal science / R. F. Stepanenko // Scientific views of professors Piontkovsky (father and son) and modern criminal law policy: collective monograph / ed. prof. F. R Sundorova and prof. M. V. Talan. - Moscow: Statute, 2014 .-- S. 50-55. (0.4 pp.)

10. Stepanenko. RF International cooperation in the field of research of the general legal theory of marginality / RF Stepanenko // International legal order in the modern world and the role of Russia in its strengthening ", dedicated to the 90th anniversary of Professor David Isaakovich Feldman: Proceedings of the international. scientific and practical. conf. October 11-12, 2014 .-- Moscow: Statute, 2014 .-- S. 435-439. (0.4 pp.)

11. Stepanenko, RF Sociologically preconditions for the formation of a general legal theory of marginality / RF Stepanenko // Law and life. - Moscow, 2014. - No. 189 (3). - WITH.

101-112. (0.8 pp.)

12. Stepanenko, RF Issues of harmonization of Russian legal policy in the context of the general legal theory of marginality: the experience of an interdisciplinary approach / RF Stepanenko // Harmonization of the Russian legal system in the context of international integration: Proceedings of the International Conference. scientific and practical. conf. "Kutafin Readings" April 3-5, 2014. - Moscow: Yurist, 2014. - S. 53-60. - (Scientific works / Russian Academy of Legal Sciences. - Issue 14: in 2 volumes - Vol. 1). (0.4 pp.)

13. Stepanenko, RF Strategies for overcoming legal marginality as a condition for harmonious development of modern Russia / RF Stepanenko // Legal development of Russia: principles, strategies, mechanisms: Materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical. conf. collective creativity, equal co-authorship of two writers - real and fictional. Documentary essays, the author of which should be considered Grigory Chkhartishvili, are devoted to six of the most famous necropolises in the world. These essays alternate with fictional detective stories written by the "hand" of Boris Akunin, the action of which ... "

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General theory of marginality: problems of the legal approach

Stepanenko R.F.

Candidate of Legal Sciences,

Associate Professor of the Department of Theoretical History of State and Law of the Academy of Management "TISBI" (Kazan)

Chulyukin L.D.

Candidate of Legal Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and History of State and Law of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University

The article examines the stages of formation and development of the foreign and Russian general theory of marginality. In the variety of directions and concepts of considering the social phenomenon of marginality, the authors highlight the legal approach to its study and outline the problems of theoretical, legal and criminological research of this phenomenon.

Key words: marginality, alienation, migration, marginal lifestyle, subject of law.

The newest Russian history, demonstrating a cardinal reconstruction of the post-Soviet space, could not but affect the qualitative change in the structure of Russian society. The “Asian” model of the social structure of the Russian state, firmly entrenched in the long decades of the Soviet period in the form of a redistributive system-forming foundation, established an off-commodity, nonequivalent, “vertical” product exchange in the form of “volitional withdrawal of surplus product by the central government for the purpose of its subsequent natural redistribution, clothed in the form “Personal dependence” - ie. redistribution ".

The subsequent attempt to structure Russian society according to the type of market relations using privatization mechanisms, consisting in the transfer of state or municipal property to the ownership of individuals or groups of individuals, led to the transformation processes of all social institutions - economic, political, cultural, educational, etc. “A profound social upheaval took place in the country, which was caused by changes in the attitude

property and power ”, which entailed significant, incl. destructive transformations of social foundations. Under these conditions, the criteria of stratification of the market-based Russian society, which influenced the formation of fairly stable social groups, such as the “new rich”, “new poor” and the unemployed, “began to work, the last two of which, in a broad sense, were united in the general sociological concept of“ underclass ". Representatives of this class, socially poor, economically dependent on the state, excluded (voluntarily or involuntarily) from the labor market and from the dominant culture, joined the already considerable community of the “poverty subculture”, which in general influenced a significant increase in the marginal strata of the Russian population (social orphans, homeless people, persons without a fixed abode, persons engaged in begging, prostitution, illegal migrants, persons suffering from alcoholism, drug addiction, etc.). Of course, the concept of "underclass" should not be equated with the concept of "marginal groups", however, both social-class and cultural-normative stratification approaches in sociology are significant

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some of them are considered as marginal in accordance with the signs of their “social danger”, “low position in the social hierarchy”, “inferiority of living conditions”, “dominant parasitism” and “asocial ways of behavior” [see: 3, p. 65-67].

The processes of marginalization, covering an increasingly significant number of citizens, and the negatively significant part of the processes of social stratification of Russian society, which determines the deep differentiation of its structure, indicate the parallelism of these phenomena in the social structure, including in relation to general trends and the state of such a socially negative phenomena like crime. Our empirical studies show that since the 90s. XX century, the number of crimes committed by persons from marginal groups of the population, over the next decades, has been steadily kept within 60% of the number of all criminal offenses committed.

Consideration of marginality as a social phenomenon and as a property that determines such a specific form of deviating, including criminal, marginal behavior should begin with a comprehensive study of the immediate generic trait (property), which, in our case, is this phenomenon. Analysis of the semantic and etymological meanings, knowledge of the historiography of the issue will, in our opinion, reveal the essential and theoretical and cognitive aspects of this phenomenon, establish the causal complex of interaction and, possibly, the mutual influence of marginality on the offender, incl. illegal, behavior and vice versa, as well as theoretically substantiate the methodological aspects of the study of this phenomenon.

In our opinion, the general theory of marginality (marginalism) *, in a broad sense, is a set of ideas, views, approaches and concepts aimed at understanding, studying and explaining a social phenomenon that denotes a “borderline” spatial-temporal position of individuals, strata (groups) in socio-cultural structure of society, is a fairly promising branch of scientific knowledge, which can contribute both to a scientific and theoretical understanding of the phenomenon under consideration, and to influence the development of mechanisms to overcome the processes of marginalization, including through improving legislative and law enforcement activities.

Considering the genesis of the theory of marginality, I would like to note that at the heart of its formation

* Note: the terms “marginology, marginalism” are used in works 5-7.

"Marginal personality (from Lat. Margo - the edge, located on the edge) is a concept originally and traditionally used in Western sociology to identify and analyze the specific, opposed to the socially normal, relations of social subjects." “A marginal (fr. Marginal, from lat. Margo - edge) is a person who has lost his former social connections and has not adapted to the new conditions of life (lumpen, vagabond, etc.)”.

The term “marginality”, first introduced into scientific circulation by the founder of the Chicago Sociological School R. Ezra Park in his work “Human Migration and the Marginal Man” (1928), began to be used in connection with the study of migration processes in the United States at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. caused by high rates of urbanization, the development of trade and significant changes in the social infrastructure of megacities [see: 8, p. 175].

In general, the influence of migration on the development of civilization in the context of the "historical movement" of peoples and races in their works was considered by other American sociologists, philosophers, ethnologists: G. Taylor, M. Semple, K. Bucher, T Waits, F. Teggart, G. Mirray, A. Guyot and others, the conclusions and generalizations of which, depending on the vectorial nature of their research, were of a varied, and sometimes directly opposite nature.

R. Park, analyzing and summarizing these and other numerous theoretical studies, notes, on the one hand, the positivity of migration processes for world civilization, the meaning of which is the coexistence of a variety of national characteristics for the more successful functioning and evolution of any social formation. On the other hand, R. Park points to the negative impact of unorganized migration, which significantly changes social culture. The nature of such changes in the socio-cultural space, according to the author, is formed as a result of the destruction of the usual models of actions and thoughts of the migrants themselves, when they, finding themselves in new conditions, experience "liberation" from the restrictions and constraints to which they were previously subordinated. Evidence of such "liberation" is, among other things, an aggressive assertion of their rights (aggressive self-confidence), their way of thinking changes, which is characterized by moral dichotomy, dichotomy and conflict, which last for a long time and entail corresponding modifications of character and psyche. R. Park calls

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this period is an internal disorder of intense self-comprehension, as a result of which a "cultural hybrid" with an unstable character and special forms of behavior is created - a "marginal personality", "in whose soul there is moral confusion, and in consciousness - a mixture of cultures."

The author's conclusion is based on the proposition that a person of mixed blood is a "marginal" (like mulattoes in the United States, Eurasians in Asia, etc.). And this is clear, - says R. Park, - because a person of "mixed blood" lives in two worlds and in both of them he feels himself to some extent "alien" due to the "difference in mentality" of the migrant and the indigenous population.

In addition to the specific personal characteristics that determine marginality, R. Park also points to globalization processes influencing its intensification, in particular, to the growth of megacities, in whose “huge melting pots” the phenomenon of marginality is reproduced to a greater extent.

The first stage of the study of the concept of marginality, which took place in the work of R. Park "Human migration and the marginal person", was associated with the current situation on the American continent at the beginning of the 20th century, which was characterized by the intensity of European migration flows, internal migration within the United States , the problem of the collision of racial interests: black, white and yellow races. All this objectively could not but affect the specifics of sociological research at that time. Having found itself in the center of attention of scientists, the problems of cultural conflict between various groups, as well as communities of migrants and indigenous populations, really required an adequate conceptual study. In connection with these circumstances, R. Park, as one of the leading sociologists of that period, became a theoretical researcher of marginality, using to designate a specific characteristic of migrants, in our opinion, the most acceptable, characteristic for reflecting the essence of the phenomenon under study, a generalizing term - “marginality”. Later, the theoretical concept of R. Park was called "cultural marginality", and studies of the psychological (but not only - RS) features of a marginal person were continued by many other researchers (E. Burgess, J. Clanfer, B. Mancini, E. Stone-whist, E. Hughes and many others).

Second half of the 20th century for the foreign theory of marginality, it is characterized, along with traditional ethnocultural and psychosocial approaches, by the development of new concepts in the study of this phenomenon.

Thus, E. Hughes turns his attention to the difficulties of social adaptation, especially of women, in

the process of mastering the profession. The author notes that marginality should be viewed from the point of view of social mobility, not just racial and cultural confusion. Marginality can arise where significant social and status changes take place, the author believes. In turn, it determines the behavior of people who are in a position of uncertainty of social identification, which is accompanied by the collapse of hopes, disappointments, conflicts (frustration) of personal and group aspirations associated with a status dilemma. Considering the concept of marginality from the standpoint of social mobility, E. Hughes defines this phenomenon as a transitional state from one way of life to another, from one culture or subculture to another.

The concept of cultural marginality is adhered to and developed in the future: A. Antonovski, M. Gouldberg, T. Witherman, J. Krauss and others, which form new approaches and points of view on the problem of marginality, in connection with which several new directions arise, significantly expanding the concept of the object of research and complementing it with attributive characteristics. These areas are considered as reasons for marginality social changes that are formed in the process of professional, age, demographic and other factors that determine the borderline or intermediate position of individuals or groups.

An important stage in the development of the theory of marginality, studied by foreign scientists, is the conclusion that the concept of this phenomenon, having ceased to be unitary, has identified three important directions in its development: cultural, structural and status marginality.

At the same time, in American sociology, the subjectivist-psychological aspect remains predominant, which is based on the doctrinal position of the individual "on the border of two cultures" and the borderline state of the "complex of socio-psychological consequences of migration processes" (disharmony, loss of self-identification and status, impossibility or complexity of processes socialization, etc.).

Western European theoretical concepts of this phenomenon are different from the traditional American philosophical and sociological trends in the study of marginality. Their distinguishing feature is the search for fundamental social foundations of marginality.

J. B. Mancini, J. Clanfer, L. Althusser, V. Turner, K. Raban and others in their research focus not so much on the specific properties of a historically specific marginal personality, as the center of their study

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features and characteristics, as well as the position of marginal strata (groups) in the social structure of society.

The German theoretical concept of marginality is characterized by a structural approach that defines marginal groups as deeply distanced from the dominant culture of the “mainstream society,” at the bottom of the hierarchical structure; these include various heterogeneous groups (Roma, foreign workers, prostitutes, alcoholics, drug addicts, vagabonds, youth subcultures, beggars, criminals and freed criminals). This concept was based on the study of the features of the processes of marginalization, which intensified in connection with the reunification of East and West Germany, where the labor market formed a "surplus" of the working population, incl. from the marginalized population of East Germany.

In addition, the theory of "social differentiation" by G. Simmel, the "theory of the division of social labor" by E. Durkheim, the theory of the class structure of society by K. Marx, "social stratification" by P. Sorokin, the theory of "inclusion / exceptions ”by the French sociologist and philosopher R. Lenoir and many other teachings of famous foreign theorists in the field of philosophy, sociology, psychology and law.

Thus, noting the growing gap between the growing prosperity of some and “useless” others, R. Lenoir notes that the phenomenon of “exclusion” is not an individual failure, but its origins lie in the principles of the functioning of modern society. In modern conditions, the processes of inclusion / exclusion are already becoming global.

The next stage, which is marked by the latest foreign studies of the theory of marginality, differs from the previous ones in that the term “marginality” is widely used, on the one hand, in scientific philosophical and sociological activity as a complex concept in the field of intersectoral empirical research, on the other hand - this problem is already acquiring a non-disciplinary nature due to the emergence of numerous concepts of marginality within its study - including the international organization "United Areas of Detailed Object Research" (JACS), as well as within the framework of the National Center for Research Knowledge.

A new - spatial - type of marginality is highlighted, which is considered in connection with the study of territories geographically remote from the main economic and cultural centers, which are difficult to adapt to them.

into the universe due to the lack of an efficiently functioning infrastructure of these "marginal zones" and, thus, isolated (or close to isolation) from the outside world (Brodwin, 2001; Mueller-Böcker, 2004; Jussila, 1999; Meita, 1995, etc.) ...

It seems that the individual stages of the genesis of the foreign theory of marginality, the founder of which was R. Park, and the concept of “alienation” by G. Simmel, which we have considered, indicate some characteristic features of its periodization, namely:

The first stage, which began in the 1920s. XX century, is distinguished by the introduction into scientific circulation of the terms "marginality", "marginal personality"; the introduction and predominance of the nominalist socio-psychological approach in the study of this type of personality and its characteristics; highlighting, to a greater extent, its negative characteristics, which served as a connotation of this concept in a negative sense; the expansion of the concept of “a marginal person” in connection with the change in his professional, educational, religious and demographic status provisions, which in general was the basis for the methodological substantiation of the sociological and theoretical concept of marginality;

The second stage, dating back to the middle of the twentieth century, expands the boundaries of considering marginality not only as an ethnocultural, but also a social phenomenon. European studies are more focused on the study of marginality at the group level; a wider range of factors and reasons determining it are considered: economic, socio-legal, ideological, political, etc .; philosophical schools and directions help to form a structural approach to the consideration of marginality and indicate new vectors of its complex and interdisciplinary research, thereby significantly actualizing the need for its systematic study;

Distinctive features of the third stage, characteristic of the late XX - early XXI centuries, are: a manifold increased interest in the study of the phenomenon of marginality; the formation of a general theory of its study; systemic nature and expansion of interdisciplinary and non-disciplinary approaches; typologization of marginality in the context of micro-, macro- and mega-levels; the creation of international organizations and the intensification of their activities to study marginality as an object of detailed research on a global scale.

Considering the periodization of Russian studies, E.Yu. Matveeva identified three stages in the development of the general theory of marginalism: 1) from the mid-80s to the early 90s. XX century (on "takeoff" restructuring

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ki); 2) after the “revolutionary situation” of 1991 until the mid-90s; 3) since the mid-90s. (after some stabilization of transformation processes) and up to the present time [see: 7, p. 12].

The collapse of the Soviet Union, global changes and the uncertainty of the social structure of Russian society, which began in the 90s of the twentieth century, significantly influenced the growth of scientific, theoretical and practical interest in the study of the problems of marginality and the reasons for it among Russian scientists. So, according to N.I. Lapin, the transformation of Russian society was the reason for mass desocialization, loss of value orientations and uncertainty of the social status of a significant number of Russian citizens.

On the other hand, examining the state's reaction to the origin of the processes of marginalization, T.Kh. Kerimov notes that marginality is a concept that serves to "justify repressions against a special part of people who do not correspond to the norms and values ​​accepted in society."

Much of the research on 20th century marginalism. belongs for the most part to sociological directions, where marginality is analyzed and considered as an element of the social structure of Russian society (S.F. Krasnodemskaya, V.M. Prol, Z.Kh. Galimulina). Philosophical studies continue to be investigated, incl. culturological, aspect of marginality (I.I.Dmitrova, I.V. Mitina, etc.).

The newest stage in the consideration of the phenomenon of marginality in Russia is marked by an increased array of its complex studies. The range of its study remains both traditionally philosophical and sociological, and expands due to areas that directly or indirectly explore marginality as one of the forms of deviant behavior in the field of natural sciences and humanities: psychology (E.V. Zmanovskaya, V.D. Mendelevich et al. .); deviantology of deviant behavior (Ya.I. Gilinsky, E.I. Manapova, N.I. Protasova, etc.); addictology (G.V. Starshenbaum); medicine (G.V. Nesterenko); social medicine (E.V. Chernosvitov, A.R. Reshetnikov, A.A. Goldenberg and others); social psychology (Yu.A. Kleiberg, O.I. Efimov, Yu.A. Kokoreva, etc.).

The economic direction of the study of marginality in the theoretical sphere of the sociology of economics is being formed (N. G. Leonova, Z. T. Golenkova, N. E. Tikhonova, etc.); historical (YM Polyanskaya); philological (A.I. Vyatkina, N.Yu. Plaksina, I.A. Romanov); pedagogical (T.V. Voronchikhin, E.N. Pachkolina).

From traditional sociological and philosophical approaches, research in

the field of sociology and philosophy of law (V.A.Bachinin, V.Yu.Belsky, G.K. Vardanyants, Yu.G. Volkov, A.I. Kravchenko, S.I. Kurganov, V.V. Lapaeva,

O.V. Stepanov, etc.).

Theoretical research in the field of the theory of state and law is expanding (AA Nikitin;

A. V. Nechaeva); criminology (A.I.Dolgova, S.Ya. Lebedev, M.A.Kochubei, A.Yu. Golodnyak, E.V. Sadkov, etc.) and in other branches of humanitarian knowledge.

The humanitarian approach to marginalism, depending on the objects of research, as well as the tasks and goals set by the authors, in the dissertations, distinguishes such types of marginality as: cultural marginality (I.D. Lapova, Novosibirsk, 2009; S.M. Logacheva, Voronezh, 2002) ; religious (S.P. Gurin, Saratov, 2003); ethnocultural (T.V. Vergun, Stavropol, 2001; R.V. Bukhaeva, Irkutsk, 2003; I.N. Kostina, Chita, 2007); ethnic (E.V. Pokasova, Novosibirsk, 2005); sociocultural (E.I. Efremova, Irkutsk, 2006); structural and professional status (A.V. Ermilova, N. Novgorod, 2003; E.Yu. Matveeva, Arkhangelsk, 2006); age (N.V. Zabelina, Kursk, 2006); political (I.V. Ivanova, Saratov, 2005; T.A.Makhmutov, Ufa, 2006).

In connection with the variety of directions and the vast geography of Russian research in this area, I would like to note a certain importance for the formation and comprehension of the domestic theory of marginality and the work of scientists from Kazan higher schools, including Kazan State University. In particular, philosophical studies of the theoretical concept of alienation as a fundamental doctrine underlying the understanding and formation of the “theory of marginality” are carried out at the Faculty of Philosophy (O. G. Ivanova, G. K. Gizatova, A.B. Lebedev, M. B. Sadykov, E.A. Taisina, M.D.Schelkunov and others).

The sociological direction, which investigates and considers in the educational process marginality as a social phenomenon and its structural characteristics, is being developed at KSU L.R. Nizamova, A.A. Salagaev, Z.Kh. Sergeeva and others.

A significant role in the study of the phenomenon of marginality belongs to the professor of Kazan State Medical University

B. D. Mendelevich, who carries out comprehensive research in the field of psychology of deviant (marginal) behavior, focusing on the coverage of the legal aspects of this type of non-conformal behavior.

As our analytical studies show [see: 4], foreign marginalism also significantly expands its cognitive resources. Along with the traditional philosophical and sociological spheres of consideration of the phenomenon of marginality, there is a manifold increase in

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great interest in its study in the field of social medicine, psychology and, in particular, in terms of theoretical and legal, as well as criminological research.

Indeed, both foreign and domestic marginalism have managed to identify and substantiate the problem of marginality as one of the serious theoretical problems of modern science, which, in our opinion, is of indisputable importance for practice. At the same time, the overwhelming majority (if not the entire body) of knowledge in the general theory of marginality directly or indirectly connects, correlates, correlates, identifies, etc. both marginality itself and marginal behavior, the situation (position) with social-normative, and, to be more precise, with legal institutions.

Summarizing and analyzing the body of knowledge about marginality, we believe it is possible to characterize this phenomenon in a broad sense as a historical relatively stable social phenomenon, caused by both internal (personal) and external (socio-economic, political, demographic, spiritual and moral, including religious, etc.) reasons and patterns, which in their interconnection or combination produce the formation of specific, unadapted (or in the process of adaptation) to the social-normative system of persons, groups (strata).

In addition, in marginalism, a general scientific understanding of the term marginality is formed, which, in our opinion, means an interdisciplinary concept that synthesizes a complex of humanitarian and natural science acquired knowledge, used to denote the specific characteristics of individuals or groups who are in a "borderline" position in relation to the dominant social structures and socionormative system.

Depending on the subject area of ​​consideration of the concept of "marginality" by this or that science, this term finds its use and is concretized by one or another specific characteristics that complement the content of this general scientific definition.

For example, in the current legal approach in Russian marginalism, this phenomenon is understood (although not always, but mostly - R.S.) as socially negative, from the point of view of its ability or ability to significantly influence and condition destructive (marginal ) models of deviant behavior. This approach studies marginality and its forms, causes and patterns that determine both this phenomenon itself and the specific features of a marginal personality, which form, on the whole, separate forms of deviant, delinquent

shaking and, including criminal behavior. Two directions are formed in it: theoretical and legal and criminological.

The first of them includes a theoretical study and substantiation of the causes and conditions for the emergence of this social phenomenon; the historicism of this problem; interaction of marginality and law; features and patterns of marginal behavior, as well as the mechanisms of its formation; the status position of a marginal person and corresponding groups in the system of such categories as “subject of law”, “subject of legal relations”; research of legal nihilism and its individual forms - as a specific property of a marginal person; consideration of the degree of influence of various marginal groups on the state of law and order, etc.

Analyzing the totality of works in the field of the theory of state and law, we get the opportunity to formulate the following generalized concept of a marginal personality: this is a type of personality that is formed under conditions of internal (psychological, physiological, moral, etc.) and external (socio-economic, political, demographic and other ) changes in lifestyle associated with the loss of self-identification, socio-legal and property status **, or having such, depending on its institutionalization ***.

The subject area of ​​the criminological approach is: a marginal lifestyle, criminal marginality, as well as marginal criminality - as an element of this set of specific forms and types of life; theoretical analysis of the study of both the phenomenon itself and theoretical questions of the origin of the concept of marginality; socio-psychological characteristics of marginalized persons committing criminal acts; the concept of "marginal crime" - as an independent type of the crime system; the causal complex that determines this type of crime; activities of actors and measures to prevent marginal crime.

** We refer to this category: persons without a fixed abode, homeless, illegal migrants who are not engaged in work activities, patients with alcoholism, drug addiction, substance abuse, AIDS, HIV-infected and suffering from other social diseases, various types of addictions, previously convicted, mentally patients with antisocial behavior.

*** We refer to this category: officially registered unemployed; pensioners with incomes below the subsistence level; social orphans; legal migrants; persons deprived of parental rights; isolated from society, etc.

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By a marginal lifestyle (in the criminological sense), we mean a set of types and modes of life typical for socially disadvantaged (marginal) groups, which are characterized by: the absence of a permanent source of income, alienation from socially useful activities, delinquent (as antisocial) behavior associated with rejection or denial of legal norms (legal nihilism), and, due to these circumstances, a tendency to commit offenses, incl. crimes.

Thus, in our opinion, it is difficult to overestimate the importance of the legal approach for both marginalism and jurisprudence. In this sense, the problem of marginality should be resolved “within the framework of law, through law and through law”. On the one hand, the implementation of this task is seen in the improvement of lawmaking, which recognizes the natural rights of man and citizen and realizes the humanistic role of law in the search for new ways to resolve the problem of deepening the processes of marginalization. On the other hand, in the implementation of legal norms in relation to marginal persons (groups), corresponding to the tasks and goals of legal policy.

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Bulletin of Economics, Law and Sociology, 2010, No. 2

General Theory of Marginality: Legal-theoretical Approach

Academy of Management "TISBI"

The Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University

The article deals with stages of establishment and development of foreign and domestic general theory of marginality. Among various trends and concepts of treating the social phenomenon of marginality the authors distinguish legal approach and outline the problems of legal-theoretical and criminological research of marginality.

Key words: marginality, assignment, migration, marginal way of life, subject of law.

Description

Traditionally, the term "marginal science" is used to describe unusual theories or models of discovery that are based on existing scientific principle and scientific method. Such theories can be defended by scientists who are recognized by the wider scientific community (through the publication of peer-reviewed research), but this is not required. In a broad sense, marginal science is consistent with generally accepted standards, does not call for a revolution in science and is perceived, albeit skeptically, but as sound judgments.

Some modern widely accepted theories, such as plate tectonics, arose within the framework of marginal science and have been viewed negatively for decades. It has been noted that:

The confusion between science and pseudoscience, between an honest scientific error and a real scientific discovery is not new and is a constant feature of scientific life. […] The adoption of a new direction by the scientific community may be delayed.

The categorical boundaries between marginal science and pseudoscience are often contested. Most scientists view marginal science as rational but unlikely. A marginal scientific field may fail to gain consensus for many reasons, including incomplete or inconsistent evidence. Marginal science may be a pro-science not yet accepted by most scientists. The recognition of marginal science by the mainstream depends largely on the quality of the discoveries achieved in it.

The expression "marginal science" is often considered pejorative. For example, Lyell D. Henry Jr. States that " marginal science is a term suggestive of insanity. "

Marginal science and pseudoscience

• Pseudoscience is distinguished by the arbitrary applicability of the scientific method and the irreproducibility of the results. This is not a marginal science.

Historical examples

• Wilhelm Reich researched orgone, his alleged discovery of physical energy, which caused the psychiatric community to recoil from him and go to jail for violating an injunction against research in this area.
• Linus Pauling believed that high amounts of vitamin C were a panacea for a variety of illnesses; this point of view was not accepted.
• The theory of continental drift was proposed by Alfred Wegener in the 1920s, but did not receive support from the mainstream in geology until the late 1950s; it is now generally accepted.
• The new doctrine of language in N. Ya. Marr's version was, on the whole, a pseudoscience that rejected the method developed in linguistics and lacked testability of the results, while an attempt to adapt it to linguistic reality with a change in the subject area (“stage typology” by I.I. Meshchaninov, partly continued by G.A.Klimov) is a marginal theory, some of the provisions of which were quickly rejected, and some were later used in modern linguistic typology.

Public significance

At the end of the 20th century, the marginal criticism of scientific theories based on the literalist understanding of various scriptures was greatly developed; whole branches of science are declared "controversial" or fundamentally weak.

The mass media play an important role in the development of popular ideas about the "controversy" of entire branches of science. It was noted that “from the point of view of the media, controversial science“ sells ”better, also because it is related to important public issues."

see also

• Proscience

Notes (edit)

Literature

• Controversial Science: From Content to Contention by Thomas Brante et al.
• Communicating uncertainty: Media coverage of new and controversial science by Sharon Dunwoody et al.
• Micheal W. Friedlander At the Fringes of Science. - Boulder: Westview Press, 1995 .-- ISBN 0813322006
• Frazier K (1981). Paranormal Borderlands of Science Prometheus Books ISBN 0-87975-148-7
• Dutch SI (1982). Notes on the Nature of Fringe Science. Journal of Geological Education
• Brown GE (1996). Environmental Science under Siege: Fringe Science and the 104th Congress.

additional literature

• MC Mousseau, Parapsychology: Science or Pseudo-Science? Journal of Scientific Exploration, 2003. scientificexploration.org.
• C de Jager, Science, Fringe Science, and Pseudo-Science... RAS Quarterly Journal V. 31, NO. 1 / Mar., 1990.
• Cooke, R. M. (1991). Experts in uncertainty: opinion and subjective probability in science... New York: Oxford University Press.
• SH Mauskopf, The Reception of Unconventional Science... Westview Press, 1979.
• Marcello Truzzi, The Perspective of Anomalistics... Anomalistics, Center for Scientific Anomalies Research.
• N. Ben-Yehuda, The politics and morality of deviance: moral panics, drug abuse, deviant science, and reversed stigmatization... SUNY series in deviance and social control. Albany: State University of New York Press 1990.

Links

• The National Health Museum / Activities exchange: Teaching Controversial Science Issues Through Law Related Education

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on the topic: "Marginality in modern society"

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………… .3

1.The theory of marginality …………………………………………… ...… .6

1.1. The concept of marginality …………………………… ........................… 8

1.2 Two waves of marginalization in Russia ………………………………… ..12

1.3 Society's reaction to the presence of marginalized people …………………. ………… 15

2. Crime and marginality in modern society …………… 16

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………… .... 19

References ………………………………………………………… ..21

Introduction

Relevance The topic is due to the fact that at the current stage of development of Russian society, the marginal concept is becoming one of the recognized theoretical research models that can be used in such areas of development of Russian sociology that are most promising for the study of social dynamics, social structure, and social processes. The analysis of modern society from the point of view of the theory of marginality leads to interesting observations and results.

At all times and in all countries, people who, for whatever reason, dropped out of social structures, were distinguished by increased mobility and settled in the outlying territories. Therefore, in general, the phenomenon of marginality is sharply expressed on the outskirts of countries, despite the fact that it has captured society as a whole.

In addition, since the problem of marginality is poorly studied and controversial, its further study is also relevant for the development of science itself.

So, it can be argued that the marginal concept at the present stage is a demanded theoretical model for analyzing the state of Russian society and can play an important role in the study of its social structure.

The degree of knowledge.

The study of the problem of marginality has a fairly long tradition, history and is characterized by a variety of approaches. The American sociologists R. Park and E. Stonequist are considered the founders of the marginal concept; the processes of marginalization were also considered earlier in the works of G. Simmel, K. Marx, E. Durkheim, W. Turner. Thus, K. Marx showed the mechanism of the formation of surplus labor in capitalist society and the formation of declassed strata. G. Simmel touched upon in his studies the consequences of the interaction of two cultures and described the social type of a stranger. E. Durkheim studied the instability and inconsistency of the value-normative attitudes of the individual in the context of the social system of norms and values. These authors did not single out marginality as a separate sociological category, but at the same time they described in detail the social processes that result in the state of marginality.

In modern foreign sociology, there are two main approaches to understanding the phenomenon of marginality.

In American sociology, the problem of marginality is considered from the standpoint of a cultural approach, in which it is defined as the state of individuals or groups of people placed on the brink of two cultures, participating in the interaction of these cultures, but not completely adjoining either of them. Representatives: R. Park, E. Stonequist, A. Antonovski, M. Goldberg, D. Golovensky, N. Dickey-Clark, A. Kerkhoff, I. Krauss, J. Mancini, R. Merton, E. Hughes, T. Shibutani, T. Wittermans.

In European sociology, the problem of marginality is investigated from the standpoint of a structural approach, which considers it in the context of changes taking place in the social structure of society as a result of various socio-political and economic processes. Representatives: A. Farge, A. Turen, J. Levy-Strange, J. Stumski, A. Prost, V. Bertini.

In domestic science, the phenomenon of marginality is currently being studied from the point of view of different approaches. In sociology, the problem of marginality is analyzed by most authors from the point of view of the transformation of the socio-economic system and the social structure of society, within the framework of the stratification model of the social system. In this direction the problem of Z. Golenkov, A. Zavorin, S. Kagermazova, Z. Galimullina, I. Popova, N. Frolova, S. Krasnodemskaya is investigated.

Purpose of work:

Reveal the significance of the problem of marginality in the social structure of modern society.

To achieve this goal, the following were set tasks:

1. Study the theory of marginality.

2. To identify and systematize the main modern theoretical approaches to the problem of marginality.

3. Determine the relationship between crime and marginality in modern society.

The object of research:

Marginality as a social phenomenon in modern society.

Subject of study:

Sociological characteristics of marginality, its features in the social structure of modern society.

Work structure:

The work contains an introduction, the main part, where the foundations of the theory of marginality are considered, the works of famous sociologists are studied, the concept of marginality is presented, as well as a conclusion, which contains a conclusion on this topic.

1 the theory of marginality

Marginality is a special sociological term for a borderline, transitional, structurally indefinite social state

subject. People who, for various reasons, drop out of their usual social environment and are unable to join new communities (often for reasons of cultural inconsistency), experience great psychological stress and experience a kind of crisis of identity.

The theory of marginals and marginal communities was put forward in the first quarter of the 20th century. R.E. Park was one of the founders of the Chicago sociological school (USA), and its socio-psychological aspects were developed in the 30-40s. E. Stonequist. But even K. Marx considered the problems of social declassing and its consequences, and M. Weber directly concluded that the movement of society begins when the marginal strata are organized into a kind of social force (community) and give impetus to social changes - revolutions or reforms.

Weber's name is associated with a deeper interpretation of marginality, which made it possible to explain the formation of new professional, status, religious and similar communities, which, of course, not in all cases could arise from "social waste" - individuals forcibly knocked out of their communities or asocial according to the chosen lifestyle.

On the one hand, sociologists have always recognized an unconditional connection between the emergence of a mass of people excluded from the system of customary (normal, that is, accepted in society) social ties and the process of forming new communities: negentropic tendencies in human communities act according to the principle of “chaos should be somehow ordered. "

On the other hand, the emergence of new classes, strata and groups in practice is almost never associated with the organized activity of beggars and homeless people, rather, it can be viewed as the construction of "parallel social structures" by people whose social life until the last moment of "transition" (which often looks as a "jump" to a new, pre-prepared structural position) was quite orderly.

There are two main approaches to the consideration of marginality. Marginality as a contradiction, an indefinite state in the process of mobility of a group or an individual (change of status); marginality as a characteristic of the special marginal (marginal, intermediate, isolated) position of groups and individuals in the social structure.
Among the marginalized may be ethnomarginal formed by migrations to a foreign environment or raised as a result of mixed marriages; biomarginal whose health is no longer a matter of social concern; socio-marginal such as groups in the process of unfinished social displacement; age margins that are formed when the ties between generations are broken; political marginals: they are not satisfied with legal opportunities and legitimate rules of social and political struggle; economic marginals traditional (unemployed) and new types - the so-called "new poor"; religious marginals- those who stand outside the confessions or do not dare to make a choice between them; and finally criminal margins; and perhaps also just those whose status in the social structure is not defined.

The emergence of new marginal groups is associated with structural changes in postindustrial societies and the mass descending social. mobility of heterogeneous groups of specialists losing their jobs, professional positions, status, living conditions.

1.1 The concept of marginality

The basis of the classical concept of marginality was laid by the study of personality traits located on the border of different cultures. The research was conducted by the Chicago School of Sociology. In 1928, its head, R. Park, first used the concept of a “marginal person”. R. Park connected the concept of a marginal person not with a personality type, but with a social process. Marginalization is the result of intense processes of social mobility. At the same time, the transition from one social position to another is presented to the individual as a crisis. Hence the association of marginality with the state of "intermediateness", "marginality", "borderline". R. Park noted that the periods of transition and crisis in the lives of most people are comparable to those experienced by an immigrant when he leaves his homeland to seek happiness in a foreign country. True, unlike migratory experiences, a marginal crisis is chronic and continuous; as a result, it tends to turn into a type of personality.

In general, marginality is understood as:

1) states in the process of moving a group or individual (change of statuses),

2) characteristics of social groups in a special marginal (marginal, intermediate, isolated) position in the social structure.

One of the first major works by domestic authors devoted to marginality was published in 1987 and examined this problem using the example of Western European countries. In the future, marginality is perceived as a social phenomenon that is characteristic of our reality. E. Starikov considers Russian marginality as a phenomenon of a vague, indefinite state of the social structure of society. The author comes to the conclusion that “now the concept of“ marginalization ”covers practically all of our society, including its“ elite groups ”. Marginalization in modern Russia is caused by massive downward social mobility and leads to an increase in social entropy in society. He considers the process of marginalization at the present stage as a process of declassing.

The reasons for the emergence of marginal groups, according to Russian sociologists, are: the transition of society from one socio-economic system to another, uncontrolled movements of large masses of people due to the destruction of a stable social structure, deterioration in the material standard of living of the population, devaluation of traditional norms and values.

The cardinal changes taking place in the social structure as a result of the crisis and economic reforms caused the emergence of the so-called new marginal groups (strata). Unlike the traditional so-called lumpen proletarians, the new marginalized are victims of the restructuring of production and the employment crisis.

The criteria of marginality in this case can be: profound changes in the social position of socio-professional groups, which occur mainly by force, under the influence of external circumstances: complete or partial loss of work, change of profession, position, working conditions and remuneration as a result of the liquidation of the enterprise, reduction of production , general decline in living standards, etc.

The downward social movement of groups that are not yet alienated from society, but are gradually losing their former social positions, status, prestige and living conditions, is the source of the replenishment of the ranks of new marginalized people, who are characterized by high education, developed needs, high social expectations and political activity. Among them are social groups that have lost their former social status and have failed to acquire an adequate new one.

Studying the new marginals, I.P. Popova determined their social topology, that is, she identified areas of marginality - those spheres of society, sectors of the national economy, segments of the labor market, as well as social groups where the highest level of social and professional marginality is observed:

Light and food industry, mechanical engineering;

Budgetary organizations of science, culture, education; military-industrial complex enterprises; army;

Small business;

Labor-surplus and depressed regions;

Middle-aged and elderly people; graduates of schools, universities; single-parent and large families.

The composition of the new marginalized groups is very heterogeneous. It can be divided into at least three categories. The first and most numerous are the so-called "post-specialists" - persons with a high level of education, most often engineers who received training in Soviet universities and then completed practical training at Soviet enterprises. Their knowledge in the new market conditions turned out to be unclaimed, largely outdated. These include workers in unpromising industries. Their appearance is caused by common reasons: structural changes in the economy and the crisis of individual industries; regional imbalances in economic development; changes in the professional and qualification structure of the economically active and employed population. The social consequences of these processes are the aggravation of employment problems and the complication of the structure of unemployment; development of the informal employment sector; deprofessionalization and dequalification ”.

The second group of new marginals is called “new agents”. These include small businesses and the self-employed population. Entrepreneurs as agents of emerging market relations are in a borderline situation between legal and illegal business.

The third group includes "migrants" - refugees and forced migrants from other regions of Russia and from countries "near abroad".

The marginal status of a forced migrant is complicated by a number of factors. Among the external factors: a double loss of the homeland (the inability to live in the former homeland and the difficulty of adapting to the historical homeland), difficulties in obtaining status; - loans, housing, the attitude of the local population, etc. Internal factors are associated with the experience that you are “ another Russian ".

When comparatively measuring the degree of marginality in socio-professional movements, sociologists distinguish two groups of indicators: objective - forced by external circumstances, duration, immutability of the situation, its “fatality” (lack of opportunities to change it or its components in a positive direction); subjective - opportunities and measure of adaptability, self-assessment of compulsion or voluntariness, social distance in changing social status, raising or lowering one's social and professional status, the predominance of pessimism or optimism in assessing prospects.

For Russia, the problem of marginality lies in the fact that the marginal population, that is, predominantly that part of society that migrated from the rural environment to the city, acts as a bearer of group ideals and, having found itself in a completely alien urban industrial-urbanized environment, being not in forces to adapt, is constantly in a situation of shock, which is associated with the multidirectional processes of human socialization in the city and countryside.

1.2 Two Waves of Marginalization in Russia

Russia has experienced at least two major waves of marginalization. The first came after the 1917 revolution. Two classes were forcibly driven out of the social structure - the nobility and the bourgeoisie, which were part of the elite of society. The new proletarian elite began to form from the lower classes. Workers and peasants became red directors and ministers overnight. Bypassing the trajectory of social ascent through the middle class, which is usual for a stable society, they have jumped one step and got to where they could not get before and would not get in the future (Fig. 1).

In essence, they turned out to be what could be called rising marginals. They broke away from one class, but did not become full-fledged, as is required in a civilized society, representatives of a new, upper class. The proletarians retained the same demeanor, values, language, cultural customs characteristic of the lower strata of society, although they sincerely tried to join the artistic values ​​of high culture, learned to read and write, went on cultural outings, attended theaters and propaganda studios.

The path "from rags to riches" continued until the early 1970s, when Soviet sociologists first established that all classes and strata of our society are now reproduced on their own basis, that is, only at the expense of representatives of their own class. This lasted only two decades, which can be considered a period of stabilization of Soviet society and the absence of mass marginalization.

The second wave came in the early 90s and also as a result of qualitative changes in the social structure of Russian society.

The reverse movement of society from socialism to capitalism led to radical changes in the social structure (Fig. 2). The elite of society was formed from three members: criminals, nomenklatura and "commoners". A certain part of the elite was replenished from the representatives of the lower class: the shaven-headed servants of the Russian mafiosi, numerous racketeers and organized criminals were often former pettyushniki and half-educated people. The era of primitive accumulation, the early phase of capitalism, sparked a ferment in all strata of society. The path to enrichment during this period, as a rule, lies outside the legal space. Among the first, those who did not have a high education, high morality, but fully personified "wild capitalism" began to enrich themselves.

The elite included, in addition to representatives of the lower classes, "raznochintsy", that is, people from different groups of the middle Soviet class and the intelligentsia, as well as the nomenklatura, which at the right time turned out to be in the right place, namely at the levers of power when it was necessary to divide public property ... On the contrary, the overwhelming majority of the middle class has experienced downward mobility and joined the ranks of the poor. Unlike the old poor (declassed elements: chronic alcoholics, beggars, homeless people, drug addicts, prostitutes) existing in any society, this part is called the “new poor”. They are a specific feature of Russia. There is no such category of poor in Brazil, the United States, or any other country in the world. The first distinguishing feature is a high level of education. Teachers, professors, engineers, doctors and other categories of state employees were among the poor only by the economic criterion of income. But they are not so according to other, more important criteria related to education, culture and standard of living. Unlike the old, chronic poor, the “new poor” is a temporary category. With any change in the economic situation in the country for the better, they are ready to instantly return to the middle class. And they try to give their children a higher education, instill the values ​​of the elite of society, and not the "social bottom".

Thus, radical changes in the social structure of Russian society in the 90s are associated with the polarization of the middle class, its stratification into two poles that have replenished the top and bottom of society. As a result, the size of this class has declined significantly.

Having fallen into the stratum of the “new poor,” the Russian intelligentsia found itself in a marginal situation: it did not want and could not give up old cultural values ​​and habits, and did not want to accept new ones. Thus, according to their economic position, these strata belong to the lower class, and according to their lifestyle and culture, they belong to the middle class. Likewise, representatives of the lower class found themselves in a marginal situation, joining the ranks of the "new Russians". They are characterized by the old model “from rags to riches”: the inability to behave and speak decently, to communicate as required by the new economic status. On the contrary, the top-down model that characterizes the movement of public sector employees could be called "from riches to rags."

1.3 Society's reaction to the presence of marginals

Marginal status (imposed or acquired) does not in itself imply situations of social exclusion or exclusion. He legitimizes these procedures, providing the basis for the application of the "conceptual machinery of maintaining the universe" - therapy and exclusion. Therapy involves the application of conceptual mechanisms to keep actual and potential deviants within the institutionalized definition of reality. They range from pastoral care to personal counseling programs. Therapy is turned on when the marginal definition of reality is psychologically subversive for the rest of the society; so, the purpose of counter-propaganda is to prevent the "fermentation of minds" under the influence of "foreign" media or charismatic personalities in their society. The exclusion of strangers - carriers of other definitions is carried out in two directions:

1) Limitation of contacts with "outsiders"; 2) Negative legitimation.

The second seems to us to be the most closely correlated with the marginal status of individuals and groups. Negative legitimization means belittling the status and the possibility of the influence of the marginalized on the community. It is carried out through "annihilation" - the conceptual elimination of everything that is outside the universe. "Annihilation denies the reality of any phenomenon and its interpretation that do not fit this universe." It is carried out either by ascribing a lower ontological status to all definitions that exist outside the symbolic universe, or by an attempt to explain all deviating definitions on the basis of the concepts of its own universe. Let us once again draw attention to the different reactions of society to deviance and marginality.

2.Crime and marginality in modern society

At present, the scale of crime has taken on dimensions that threaten public safety in general. There is undoubtedly a great influence of the marginal environment here. This is confirmed by the fact that the deterioration of the qualitative characteristics of the criminological situation is manifested in the intensive expansion of the criminogenic social base due to the increase in the marginal layer of the lumpenized population groups (unemployed, homeless and other categories of people living below the poverty line), especially among young people, as well as among minors. In 1998, of the total number of crimes investigated, 10.3% were committed by minors and with their complicity, 32.9% - by persons who had previously committed crimes, 20.4% - in a group. The proportion of crimes committed in a state of drug and toxic intoxication, which is typical for the youth environment, is 1.0%.

Marginalization acts as a favorable environment for the development of crime. Sadly, the forecast of crime in the world, in its individual regions and countries by the beginning of the third millennium raises only fair fears. The total net crime rate in the world will continue to go up in the near future. Its average growth can be in the range of 2-5% per year. Extrapolation of existing trends, and expert assessments of the possible criminological situation and the world, and modeling of the causal base of the crime of the future, and a systematic analysis of the entire set of criminologically significant information from the past, present and possible future leads to this version of the forecast. If we talk about Russia, then predictive estimates of crime are characterized in the present and in the future as very unfavorable.

From the point of view of criminological analysis of the degree of criminality of marginality, it is important to take into account the fact that the marginal environment is far from homogeneous. The multilevel marginality is expressed primarily in the following:

1. Marginalization as a phenomenon is characteristic of the Russian conditions of the "transition period". This level is determined by the borderline state of society at the turn of two social systems in a crisis in the economy and socio-political formations, resulting in the destruction of various structures of society and the formation of new ones with a certain instability. The marginality of this level, due to a complex of factors of an external character common for the whole country, determines the marginality of a lower level, which characterizes the state of social subjects who find themselves in an intermediate state and is determined by factors not only of an objective, but also of a subjective nature. Generated by the indicated contradictions of the social structure, such marginal people still do not pose a criminal threat.

2. The marginal status of the next group is the source of neurotic symptoms, severe depression and ill-considered actions. Such groups act, in principle, as an object of social control of social support institutions.

3. For some strata of the marginalized, it is characteristic that they gradually develop a special system of values, which is often characterized by deep hostility to existing social institutions, extreme forms of social inability and rejection of everything that exists. They, as a rule, are prone to simplified maximalist decisions, show extreme individualism and selfishness, deny any kind of organization and are close to anarchism in their orientations and actions. Such marginal groups cannot yet be classified as criminal, although some prerequisites for this are already emerging.

4.Criminal marginalized groups are characterized by instability of behavior and actions, as well as a nihilistic attitude towards law and order, they usually commit petty immoral acts and are distinguished by insolence of behavior. In essence, they form the "material" from which individuals and groups with a criminal orientation can be formed.

5. Persons with a stable criminal orientation. This kind of marginals have already fully formed stereotypes of unlawful behavior and they often commit offenses, the extreme form of which is various types of crime. In their speech, criminal jargon occupies a prominent place. Their actions are accompanied by a special cynicism.

6. At the lower level of the above classification of marginals are persons who have served a criminal sentence, who have lost socially useful ties among relatives, acquaintances, colleagues, etc. They face difficulties in getting a job and in a benevolent attitude towards them from their families and loved ones. They can be rightfully classified as “outcasts”. Providing real social protection in this case is difficult, although under certain conditions it is quite possible.

The approach to solving the problem of marginality in society should be based on the fact that marginality is viewed primarily as an object of control and management at the national level. Its complete solution is associated with the country's exit from the crisis and the stabilization of public life, the formation of stable, normally functioning structures, which really makes this prospect remote. Nevertheless, public interests dictate the need for a socially acceptable solution to the problem of marginality with the help of purposeful managerial influence on various groups of factors that determine this phenomenon at specific, local levels.

Conclusion

A review of the history and development of the term “marginality” in Western sociology allows us to draw the following conclusions. Having emerged in the 30s in the United States as a theoretical tool for studying the characteristics of the course of a cultural conflict between two or more interacting ethnic groups, the concept of marginality has become firmly established in sociological literature, and in the following decades, various approaches have emerged in it. Marginality came to be understood not only as a result of intercultural ethnic contacts, but also as a consequence of socio-political processes. As a result, completely different perspectives of understanding marginality and the associated complexes of causal processes were clearly identified. They can be designated by the key words: "intermediateness", "marginality", "borderline", which in different ways define the main accents in the study of marginality.

In general, two main approaches can be distinguished in the study of marginality:

Study of marginality as a process of moving a group or individual from one state to another;

Study of marginality as a state of social groups in a special marginal (marginal, intermediate, isolated) position in the social structure as a consequence of this process.

The originality of approaches to the study of marginality and understanding of its essence is largely determined by the specifics of a particular social reality and the forms that this phenomenon takes in it.

deprivation and social and spatial distance, insufficient organizational and conflict abilities as defining features of the marginal position. Particularly emphasized is the fact that outlying groups are legitimized as objects of official control and certain institutions. And although the existence of different types of marginality and different causal relationships is recognized, there is still a consensus that only a small part of them are reducible to individual factors. Most types of marginality are formed from structural conditions associated with participation in the production process, income distribution, spatial distribution. Many people on the edge are constrained to live up to common beliefs and common standards (for example, the homeless). There is also a definition of marginalization as a conservative method of social policy.

Marginalization in modern Russia is caused by massive downward social mobility and leads to an increase in social entropy in society. Marginalization is becoming the main characteristic of the state of the modern social structure of Russian society, which determines all the other features of class genesis in Russia. Within the framework of the sociological approach itself, the problem of marginality was touched upon and studied most often in fragments. The sociological approach identifies in it, first of all, those aspects that are associated with changes in the socio-economic structure, with the transformation of subjects of public life into new ones.

Summarizing the diversity of modern views on the problem, the following conclusions can be drawn. In the early 1990s, there is clearly a growing interest in this issue. At the same time, the attitude towards it as a theory peculiar to Western sociology and the journalistic tradition also affected.

By the second half of the 90s, the main features of the domestic model of the concept of marginality were taking shape. Interesting and multidirectional efforts of different authors, enthusiastically working in this direction, have led to some consolidated characteristics in their views on this problem. The central point in the semantic definition of the concept is the image of transition, intermediateness, which corresponds to the specifics of the Russian situation

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