External manifestations of character. Manifestation of character traits

Manifestation of character

The typology firmly established the position that all mental processes and mental states can be studied only in a specific human activity. This is the principle inextricable link or the unity of the psyche and activity. Characterological differences between people can also best be established by studying the activities of one or another person. Objective and significant indicators of purposefulness, perseverance and other character traits are given by work to a person.

The same person sometimes manifests himself in different ways different types labor depending on the working conditions, their attitude to it, the success achieved. The pace of a person's work to some extent depends on the temperament - under equal conditions, speed in work can be expected rather from a sanguine and choleric than from a phlegmatic and melancholic, but character traits are even more important.

The slowness of the pace can be explained by a variety of character traits: in some people - prudence, striving for accuracy and accuracy, in others - laziness, unwillingness to spend the effort required for fast work, in others - uncertainty, fear of making mistakes. A fast pace in work is more often associated with features of volitional activity; in some cases, it indicates that harmful haste, in which there is no thoughtful attitude to the matter. Character is manifested with great force in those types of human actions that we call actions.

An act is an action that is subject to social, moral or legal assessment. Of particular importance for character are actions that reflect the direction and will of a person.

1) There are characterological very indicative actions, in the motives of which a person does not realize - such are, in particular, actions out of habit or by blind imitation, but it is precisely in the extent to which a person is inclined to such actions that the character traits of this person are usually manifested.

2) Negative actions that clearly violate the principles of social and moral behavior are called misconduct. Acquiring consistency and stability, actions form human behavior. In behavior, no less than in individual actions, character is manifested. Studying the manifestations of character in activity, it is necessary to find out the motives of this action, since outwardly similar actions can be a manifestation of various characterological traits. The more complex and longer the activity, the more unambiguously it expresses character. Therefore, individual reactions are indicative of the character only to the extent that they are included in actions, in activities or behavior in general. For the character, not only the activity, actions and behavior of a person in their external manifestation are indicative, but also the corresponding mental states. Labor, deeds and behavior of a person, as well as the products of his activity are the main manifestations of character. Therefore, there is no way to know the character of a person without knowing what this person is like at work and what his actions and behavior are. Psychologists consider thinking in unity with language. Thoughts without words do not exist, therefore, the orientation of a person, always expressed in the content and way of his thoughts, cannot be torn off from the language. For the knowledge of character has great importance how a person says: a lot or a little, sincerely or not, the same type or with different people in different ways, what expressions he uses, what is his style of speech and much more. Life observations show that it is easy to distinguish between people who speak a lot, who love to talk, and people who are taciturn, taciturn. In turn, talkativeness has different degrees and forms. Talkativeness can serve as a manifestation of various character traits: self-confidence, desire to show off, narcissism, egocentrism, but also, to a certain extent, attentiveness to people, responsiveness, the desire to be pleasant in society. Thus, talkativeness can also be associated with various characterological traits: the inability to restrain oneself, exaggerated and not entirely reasonable frankness, as well as the desire to make the impression of a living, pleasant person in society.

No less varied are the reasons for their silence and taciturnity. Silence can be explained by a high sense of responsibility for their words, sometimes by a kind of cunning, a desire to hide their thoughts and feelings, and in some cases - by isolation, fear, suspicion. For the strength of a person's character, whether he is taciturn or talkative, the most characteristic is a sense of responsibility that prompts him to carefully weigh his words, not toss them to the wind, take into account their possible consequences, control his speech, in accordance with the conditions of the place and meeting. Conversation is usually associated with verbosity. However, there are times when a talkative, that is, a person who loves to talk, is laconic, and a taciturn, if he has to speak, speaks at length. For some people, their characteristic style of speech is always preserved, others change it depending on the interlocutor. Insincerity of speech often indicates double-mindedness, pretense, spiritual emptiness.

The character also manifests itself in the content of the speech: its subject matter, plot, given factual material and thoughts. The originality of individual characters is manifested here in which side of the issue is paid more attention. Undoubtedly, the style of his speech also characterizes a person. The style of a person's speech may indicate general emotionality, as well as the content of prevailing emotions.

Vocal mimicry is also of characterological significance, which brings something new to the style of oral speech. Some people speak monotonously, as if on one note; others often change intonation: some like to make more or less expressive pauses, others avoid pauses; some have a lot of theatricality in their speech, while others have simple and natural intonations. Such external features of speech as smoothness, rhythm, high or low tone, haste or slowness are not devoid of meaning.

Attempts were made to determine character traits by voice, by the external features of a person's speech. In a number of studies, the results of the experiments carried out were positive. It turned out that by the voice (timbre, intonation and other factors) one can to some extent judge the character of a person. But there were studies that gave completely negative results. In any case, on the basis of both life observations and experimental data, one can make general conclusion that when judging a person's character, to some extent, one should use and external form speech. Apparently, one must keep in mind the usual speech, to some extent simulated. Character is manifested not only in external, but also in internal speech.

Character traits can manifest themselves both in oral speech and in writing, in her vocabulary, morphology, in syntax, in style. It has long been noted that it is not devoid of characterological significance whether a given person prefers to express his thoughts orally or in writing. Preference for oral speech is observed in people who are sociable, lively, often with a sanguine temperament; and written speech more inclined to be self-centered, shy, shy. However, such facts cannot be generalized broadly. The preference for speaking or writing can be attributed to different reasons, and first of all, the presence or absence of the proper skill, and therefore the characterological indicativeness of such a preference can be established only by comparing the manifestations of character with others. When artistic writers describe the characters of their heroes, they often strive to give a clear idea of their appearance, that is, the structure of the body, facial expressions, pantomime and others, deliberately emphasizing the connection between these features and certain internal aspects of the personality.

However, cases of expression of character traits in the structure of the body cannot serve as a sufficient basis for broad generalizations. Neither the height, nor the weight of the body, nor the ratio of the sizes of the body and limbs, by themselves, say anything about the character of a person, in particular, about his ideological orientation and volitional qualities. With the same type of body structure, people have a wide variety of characters. Moreover, there can be a complete discrepancy between the structure of the body and the spiritual appearance of a person. Often in life, to judge a person's character, they resort to those indicators that his face gives. They talk about people who are nice and unsympathetic, thereby indicating the positivity or negativity of their character traits, since they find expression in facial features. When they say about a person “handsome, but not pretty,” this often means that negative qualities are expressed in the beautiful features of his face, such as arrogance, arrogance, selfishness, and disdain for other people.

Character indicators on a person's face can be divided into:

Static;

Dynamic.

Static indicators include the structural features of the head, the outlines of the eyes, lips, nose, and others. The physical physiognomy is used to judge the spiritual physiognomy.

Dynamic indicators include facial expressions, that is, expressive movements of the face, all those changes in the face that are not random and situational, but are in some way associated with the mental appearance of a person.

Eyes play an important role in facial expression. They can be wide open, as if surprised or, on the contrary, lowered, as if peering in disbelief, with a brilliant or dull gaze, motionless and mobile, "running" and the like. The expression of the eyes can sometimes serve as an indicator of character.

Also indicative of the nature of the change in facial expressions. Many, including open, character traits can be expressed in a smile. People who never have a smile on their face seem cold and stern. A weak smile, often and unexpectedly appearing on the face, can express a tendency to irony, skepticism, self-doubt, as well as good nature, gentleness, and friendliness.

Gestures sometimes betray a person's character more than his appearance... You can distinguish between people with rich and poor gestures. Being associated with emotional excitability, gestures often express a person's temperament: we often expect abundant gesticulation from a sanguine and choleric person than from a melancholic and phlegmatic person. But abundant gesticulation can have different characterological meanings. She can speak of incontinence, as well as unnaturalness. Likewise, the stinginess of gestures in some cases means general lethargy, shyness, in others - great restraint, smartness, the ability to control oneself.

Only having some knowledge about the character of a person in other manifestations (primarily in activity), one can say which trait, for example, the gigginess or tearfulness of a given person testifies. In life, the relationship between character and appearance is more complex, less definite, and therefore to make a judgment about a person's character only on the basis of external appearance it would be rash.

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
Ed. prof. A. V. Petrovsky.

Textbook
M., 1996.

PART IV. INDIVIDUAL HUMAN FEATURES

CHAPTER 16. NATURE

3. NATURE AND MANIFESTATIONS OF CHARACTER

Character and temperament. Character, like temperament, reveals dependence on the physiological characteristics of a person, and above all from the type of the nervous system. The properties of temperament leave their mark on the manifestations of character, determining the dynamic characteristics of their occurrence and course. Ultimately, the traits of temperament and character form an almost inseparable alloy that determines the general appearance of a person, an integral characteristic of his individuality. An outstanding connoisseur of human psychology, such as the French writer Stendhal, describing the mental properties of a choleric, noted:

“Increased impressionability, movement abrupt and impetuous, impressions as quick and as changeable as those of sanguine people, but since each impression is more powerful, it now acquires a more imperious character. The flame that devours a person of a bilious temperament gives rise to thoughts and impulses more self-sufficient, more exclusive, more fickle. It gives him an almost constant feeling of anxiety. The feeling of spiritual well-being that is easily given to a sanguine person is completely unfamiliar to him; he finds peace only in the most intense activity. Only during great movements, when danger or difficulty demand all his strength from him, when he at every moment fully and completely realizes this danger and difficulty, can such a person enjoy existence. "

Features of temperament can counteract or contribute to the development of certain aspects of character. It is more difficult for a phlegmatic person than for a choleric or sanguine person to form initiative and decisiveness in himself: For a melancholic serious problem- overcoming shyness and anxiety. Group character formation high level development, creates favorable conditions for the development of greater restraint and self-criticism in choleric people, perseverance in sanguine people, and activity in phlegmatic people.

Natural and social prerequisites of character. The emergence of character traits, its nature, the possibility or impossibility of changing it are the subject of long-standing discussions of psychologists and often the reason for categorical judgments inherent in everyday consciousness.

An individual achieves social maturity with a system of established character traits. This process proceeds imperceptibly, and it seems to a person that he has always been as he is now. This is how the opinion arises that the traits of a human character are given to him by nature, are innate. This statement is very widespread: "he is by nature a coward and a scoundrel", or "a tendency to lie - his innate property", or even "he has such a heredity - he went to uncle." Indeed, two brothers are being brought up in the same family, in the same conditions. The difference between them is only two or three years, and they study at the same school, and their parents generally treat them in the same way, and the guys are different in everything, they are not at all alike in character. Hence, it is not far to the conclusion that character is given to a person from birth.

How can one explain that life "mints" a person's personality even in similar conditions according to different models? First of all, it must be admitted that the "source material", indeed, in different people not the same.

Man is born with different features the functioning of the brain, endocrine system. These features are not psychological, but physiological, but they act as the first reasons that the same effects on children can cause different psychological effects. They determine the conditions in which the personality psyche will develop.

These differences in physiological conditions are only the first reason for the differences in the characters of people.

It must also be borne in mind that “Similar living conditions” (even in the same family) is a very, very relative concept. The mere fact that the older brother is used to considering himself older and in some way superior to the younger brother, who looks at him from the bottom up and seeks his protection or rebel against the despotism of the first-born, creates far from similar circumstances that facilitate or hinder the formation of such character traits. like arrogance or caring, responsibility or indifference, dedication or envy.

However, at the same time, there are many other conditions that are not identical. A change in the financial situation in the family in the two or three years that have passed between the birth of the first and second child, and changes in relations within the family (often the younger is more pampered), and good friends who met on the way of one brother and did not meet another, and are different in their own way pedagogical talent of the teacher - all this contributes to the emergence of various qualities or personality traits.

When a flight trajectory is determined for a spacecraft, a negligible deviation in the determination of the initial data (direction, initial speed, etc.) is enough for this insignificant error to lead to fatal consequences - the spacecraft will arrive at a completely different place from where it was. directed. So it is with a person. Somewhere in childhood, they made a relatively insignificant mistake in upbringing, and in the steep orbit of life, an adult already has character traits that lead him to a dead end, prevent him and his loved ones from living.

Character is largely the result of self-education. A person's habits are accumulated in the character. The character is manifested in the activities of people, but in it he is also formed. If a young man or woman seeks to cultivate self-criticism as a character trait, they must act self-critically. And this means that they must be implacable not only to strangers, but also to their mistakes, not to “gloss over” them, not to close their eyes to them. As a Russian psychologist wrote 77. P. Blonsky,“You can learn to live only by living accordingly”.

Everyday life, living conditions in a family, not to mention work and study, is a school of human characters. Teachers and parents are constantly faced with a responsible task: to timely notice the emerging changes in the character of children and, taking them into account, to carry out their own line of behavior and upbringing. There is probably no greater danger to educational work than a template used as a pedagogical device. This is especially intolerable in cases where an individual approach to the child should be implemented.

In the family of an engineer 3. the second child, a boy, appeared when his sister was 12 years old. The girl was brought up in unconditional obedience to her parents and never tried to resist or contradict anything. However, there seemed to be no reason for this - the parents' requirements were quite reasonable. However, the form in which they were presented was distinguished by cruelty, dryness, intolerance to the slightest objection. The parents took the same tone in raising their son. However, it soon became clear that what aroused submissiveness in the daughter was met with tacit but stubborn resistance from his son. It is difficult to say when it began - the parents themselves associate it with the period when the boy was staying with his grandmother - but it was only in the first grades of school that this difficult and exhausting struggle began. The boy became withdrawn, harsh, suspicious. In the sixth grade, he ran away from home for the first time. The eighth - for the second time, and this time he never returned to the family. The psychologist talked to the parents. They were perplexed: “Here is his sister, ask her. Did we raise her differently? Likewise, what kind of person turned out. The grandchildren are already babysitting. And he - so disgraced us! "

"They brought up the same way!" This is so, if we focus on what goals were set in education, what was its content. In this respect, the parents were at their best. But the thoughtless transfer of the methods of upbringing, which in some way corresponded to the peculiarities of the daughter's character, to the upbringing of a son, whose character was completely different, naturally led to conflict. Perhaps, if the parents thought about what their boy's character was and tried to find the "keys" for him, this family drama would not have happened. “He had the same thing that his sister had,” the parents say.

However, the same pedagogical influences can lead to opposite results if they are applied to people with different individual characteristics. This is an axiom of the methodology of educational work.

Rejection of the template in the upbringing of the child's personality presupposes a creative approach to the issues of character formation. Let there be mistakes on this path, but “a serious, thoughtful non-stencil decision will be more fruitful than pedagogical cliches, if we judge not by the results of individual actions (“ got this from the child ”), but by the final result of the whole process of character formation.

So, character is not given to a person by nature. There is no character that cannot be corrected. References to the fact that “I have such a character, and I can’t help myself,” are psychologically completely untenable. Each person is responsible for all manifestations of his character, and is able to engage in self-education.

If there is no reason to deduce character traits from a physiological, natural predisposition to their appearance (although the natural prerequisites for the formation of character should be taken into account), then themes fewer opportunities to assert its hereditary origin.

The study of identical twins, in which the hereditary fund of anatomical and physiological properties is identical, indicates a pronounced identity of the temperament of the twins, but not the characters. Cases of raising identical twins in different families indicate that their characters are not identical.

The information that has penetrated the mass press that, regardless of the life-time, any and significantly different conditions, identical twins allegedly have obviously the same tastes, preferences and character traits are very doubtful. V different conditions and circumstances, under the same hereditary prerequisites, not only different, but also directly opposite character traits can develop.

So the character is lifetime the acquisition of a personality that is included in the system of social relations, in joint activities and communication with other people, and thereby acquiring its individuality.

The character and appearance of a person. From the history of characterological doctrines. In the history of psychology, there were many theories that made character dependent on the shape of the skull, the structure of the face, the constitution (structure, body structure, etc.) and thereby tried to outline the path of deciphering character traits, i.e. for some external signs to diagnose a person's character. Various characterization systems grew out of practical needs and reflected the needs of society, in fact, since antiquity.

So, for example, a slave owner, acquiring a slave on the market, could fairly accurately judge his physical strength, feeling his muscles, about age, looking in his teeth, about agility, forcing him to run or jump. But what could he say about the character of his future slave? Is he conquered or obstinate, simple-minded or cunning, hard-working or lazy? Will he be loyal to the owner or, conversely, having rebelled others, will he run away in a few weeks? All these were important problems for the buyer in a slave society.

Already Aristotle and Plato proposed to determine the character of a person by physiognomy. Their characterology was based on a hypothesis as fantastic as it is naive. It was proposed to look for features of similarity with some animal in a person's appearance, and then identify his character with the character of this animal. So, according to Aristotle, a thick nose like a bull denotes laziness, a wide nose with large nostrils like a pig's - stupidity, a nose like a lion's - importance, hair thin like the wool of goats, sheep and hares - shyness, hair coarse, like lions and boars - courage.

Echoes of this and the like physiognomic systems definitions of character we find, for example, in the medieval Syrian writer Abul-Farajah Bar Ebrey. His book contains the following guidelines: “A person with a thick and short neck tends to get angry, like a buffalo ... A long and thin neck is a sign of timidity. Such a person is fearful, like a deer ... The one with a very small neck is cunning, like a wolf. "

In the XVIII century. the physiognomic system of Johann Caspar Lavater gained fame, who believed that the human head is the “mirror of the soul,” and the study of its structure, skull configuration, facial expressions is the main way for understanding human character. Lavater left a number of witty observations on faces famous people collected in his book "Physiognomy", completely devoid of scientific significance, but very entertaining. So, characterizing Ignatius Loyola, who was originally a soldier, and then became the founder of the religious order of the Jesuits, Lavater saw militancy in the sharp contour of the face and lips, and Jesuitism in the "sniffing" nose and hypocritically half-closed eyelids. The genius of Goethe, according to Lavater, is best evidenced by his ... nose, which "signifies productivity, taste and love - in a word, poetry." No scientific method Lavater could not offer observations, and his physiognomy was of a fictional character. (It is noteworthy that the physiognomic insight did not help Pastor Lafather to guess the killer in the marauder soldier, his casual interlocutor. During the conversation, the marauder shot the famous physiognomist.)

The new characterological doctrine, which appeared shortly after the tornado of Lavater, was called phrenology (from the Greek "fren" - mind).

Phrenology is associated with the name of the German physician Franz Gall. Gall's doctrine was based on the statement “that all character traits have their strictly specialized centers in the cerebral hemispheres. The degree of development of these qualities is in direct proportion to the size of the corresponding parts of the brain. And since, according to Gall, the bones of the skull must exactly correspond to the bulges and cavities of the brain, then one glance at the human skull or a simple feeling of the "bumps" of the head was supposedly enough to determine his mental qualities.

Halle compiled special phrenological maps, where the surface of the skull was divided into 27 sections and each of them corresponded to a certain spiritual quality, for example, caution and prudence, a tendency to cruelty and murder, deceit, constancy, perseverance and stubbornness, etc.

Meanwhile, even if individual mental qualities and traits were embedded in the convolutions of the brain (which has no basis), it would be impossible to determine their presence by the bulges of the skull. Anatomical dissections soon showed convincingly that the bulges of the brain did not correspond to the bulges of the skull. The skull is not molded to the shape of the brain, as phrenologists thought.

The method by which the phrenological map was created was equally unscientific. For this purpose, sculptural or pictorial portraits of famous people were studied and a connection was established between their most outstanding abilities and character traits, on the one hand, and the most prominent protuberances of the skull, on the other. However, portraits of such mythical and legendary people as the biblical Moses, Saint Anthony, Homer, whose reliable images have not survived, and many others were used as a standard. As a result, the genius of Raphael was proven, for example, by the skull of a priest, mistaken for the skull of a great artist. The history of phrenology is replete with such errors.

But this is not the main point. The idea that such complex psychological characteristics, as character traits, can be accurately located in certain parts of the brain, reflected the early stage of knowledge about the work of the cerebral hemispheres and was rejected by later physiological and psychological studies.

Gall's fantastic conjectures about the centers of psychic abilities are unscientific. However, his idea that different parts of the brain are responsible for psychological properties and processes were not devoid of meaning. The general natural-scientific orientation of phrenology was important, for all its obvious fallibility. However, all pre-scientific theories that emerged in the 19th century. and earlier, are now only of historical interest.

Modern ideologues of racism restore dilapidated physiognomic and other similar psychological "theories" and try to prove the "inferiority" of the representatives of those races and peoples that are beneficial for them to declare "inferior" and "degenerate", making the properties of a person's character dependent on skin color, rigidity hair, etc.

Currently, neither anthropology, nor anatomy, nor psychology have any reliable data that a person's character depends on the structure of the body, the shape of the skull, the configuration of the face, the color of hair and skin, the length of the limbs, etc.

Does it follow from this that such a tempting possibility of determining a person's character on the basis of a study of his appearance is completely redundant? One can only conclude that character should not be associated with the constitution of the body. But, perhaps, character can be judged on the basis of some external signs?

Charles Darwin in his book "On the Expression of Feelings in Man and Animals" he wrote that it is essential for a physiognomist to know "that each individual predominantly contracts certain facial muscles, following his personal inclinations, these muscles can be more developed, and therefore lines and wrinkles the faces formed by their usual contraction can become deeper and more prominent. "

These Darwin's ideas were the basis for the research of many psychologists, who began to build their physiognomic teachings on the description and interpretation of facial expressions and the state of its soft tissues. A kind of physiognomic reference books were compiled with a psychological interpretation of facial expressions.

It was emphasized, for example, that the raised upper lip, turned outward (due to which the furrow going from the nose to the lips becomes deeper, and the wings of the nose rise), gives the face an expression of sorrow. These facial features are typical of people with a sad, unhappy, and irritable disposition. If the upper lip is raised on only one side, while exposing the teeth, then a cruel, hateful or defiant smile appears on the face. And the face, on which such a smile is often observed, takes on an expression of cruelty and savagery. The drooping of the corners of the lips was said to give the face an expression of sadness, while more pronounced contempt. At the same time, the groove extends from the nose to the corner of the lips, and, covering the corresponding angle, forms a fold around it. This sign of contempt was believed to be found in people who are arrogant, proud, full of self-esteem and a sense of superiority over others.

These observations in a certain sense differ from the various fantastic constructions of Lavater, Gall and others. Apparently, there is a certain relationship between the usual expression of a person's face and the warehouse of his character. So, for example, portraits by Rokotov, Borovikovsky, Surikov, Kramskoy, Repin, Serov clearly convey the features and lines of a person's character in facial expressions. In Repin's painting, Princess Sophia is standing in stone immobility. A flabby face, a heavy look, strong muscles at the mouth, a bitter and at the same time obese expression - everything betrays an imperious, hard and strong character the former ruler of all Russia, and then a prisoner of the Novodevichy Convent.

However, this relationship between the usual facial expression of a person and the warehouse of his character is not natural. A particular facial expression, folds and wrinkles may have not one, but lot causes of occurrence. For example, physiognomists usually note that a slightly open mouth with a slightly lowered jaw is a sign of stupidity. However, the reason for this may be a sore nasopharynx, and deafness, and intense attention.

To determine the character, a careful study of appearance, including the usual expression of a person's face, plays a well-known role. However, the appearance of a person cannot in itself be a source of comprehensive information about his character.

Action and character formation. Leaving an imprint on a person's appearance, character gets its most vivid expression in his actions, behavior, activities. Character should be judged primarily on the basis of the actions of people in which their essence is most fully reflected.

There is an oriental proverb: "Sow an act - reap a habit, sow a habit - reap character, sow character - reap destiny." The emphasis in it is correctly placed on human actions, which, repeating themselves, become habitual, are fixed in character traits, constituting his essence, influencing the position of a person in public life and the attitude towards him on the part of other people. The system of habitual actions and deeds is the foundation of a person's character. From the analysis of actions to their synthesis in character, in the psychological appearance of a person and from an understood character to already foreseen and already expected actions - this is the way to penetrate into the essence of an individual character.

Man by his very essence is active. The structure of human activity includes both various involuntary, automated movements (facial expressions, pantomime, gait, etc.), and deliberate actions more or less complexity. Movements and actions, the implementation of which becomes a need for a person under certain conditions, are known as habits. The most successful portrait does not provide as much information about a person's character as his usual actions and movements.

And yet, decisive, objective and irrefutable data about a person's character give not these involuntary actions and movements of a person and not the features of his appearance, but his conscious and deliberate actions and deeds. It is by actions that we judge what a person is.

Let us recall Chekhov's Belikov ("The Man in a Case"). If Chekhov limited himself to describing Belikov’s appearance and didn’t show that Belikov “also tried to hide his thought in a case”, if he didn’t show how he oppressed everyone with his purely “case” considerations: “Oh, no matter what happens” , if, finally, he had not told about Belikov's fiscal antics, then it would still be impossible to determine whether good or bad person Belikov is only passively cautious, or this caution is the flip side of active meanness.

Thus, character is of a social nature, i.e. depends on a person's worldview, the content and nature of his activities, on the social group in which he lives and acts, on active interaction with other people.

1 Stendhal. Collected cit .: In 15 t. - M .: 1959. - T. 6. - S. 220-221.

2 Abul-Faraj. A book of entertaining stories. - M., 1957 .-- S. 223.

Hidden base- the base of the workpiece or product in the form of an imaginary plane, axis or point. These bases are used when it is convenient in drawings to determine the relative position of individual parts in nodes or surfaces in parts not along real surfaces but along imaginary planes, lines or points (plane of symmetry, center line, bisectors of corners, center point)

Explicit base- the base of the workpiece or product in the form of a real surface, marking marks or points of intersection of marks.

Rice. 5.14. I is the explicit base of the workpiece; II - guide hidden base of the workpiece; ІІІ - workpiece support base; 1-6 - pivot points; 7 - blank; 8 - self-centering vise jaws.

Installation technological base - a set of surfaces, lines or points defining the position of the workpiece to be machined (base part, assembled unit).

When using devices, real surfaces are taken as the mounting bases that are in direct contact with the mounting elements of the devices. These bases are often called supporting . When installing with alignment, both the real surfaces of the workpiece and the geometric lines and points that are materially represented on the workpiece in the form of marking marks are used. These bases are called verification.

Rice. 5.15. Crossing Lines Calibration Base

According to the location of the installation bases in the technological process, they are divided into rough, or preliminary, intermediate and final.

Rough bases are used in the first machining operations, when no

there are no treated surfaces yet. They serve to create intermediate installation bases, and often immediately final, used to complete the processing.

Installation bases are divided into main and auxiliary.

Main bases– those surfaces that are provided for by the design of the part and play a certain role during its work in the product.

Auxiliary bases- surfaces artificially created on parts for technological reasons. For the work of the part in the product, these surfaces are not needed and, after finishing the processing, can be removed if necessary. The possibility of creating auxiliary installation bases should be provided for and stipulated in the design of the part.

Figure 5.16. Auxiliary bases. Belt 1 and butt end 2 are auxiliary bases.

When designing technological processes the choice of bases is of great importance. The processing of workpieces usually begins with the creation of installation bases. As rough bases can be selected workpiece surfaces either not processed at all, or processed in the future.

PLAN.

I. Introduction.

II. Main part.

1. Definition of character.

2. Features of communication and behavior, depending on the types of character accentuation.

3. Manifestation of character in human behavior and activities.

III. Conclusion.

Bibliography.

INTRODUCTION

Speaking about character, they usually mean those properties of a personality that leave a certain imprint on all its manifestations and express a specific attitude for it towards the world and, above all, towards other people. It is in this sense that we usually say that a person has bad character or good, noble, etc. We sometimes say in the same sense that such and such a person is spineless, wanting to say that he does not have such an inner core that would determine his behavior; his deeds do not bear the stamp of their creator. In other words, a spineless person is a person devoid of inner certainty; every act he does depends more on external circumstances than on himself. Person with character, on the contrary, it stands out above all certainty his attitude to the environment, expressed in the certainty of his actions and deeds; about a person with character, we know that in such and such circumstances he will do so. The character determines the certainty of a person as a subject of activity, which, standing out from the environment, refers to him in a specific way. To know the character of a person is to know those features that are essential for him, from which it follows, by which the whole image of his actions is determined. Personality traits are those essential human properties, of which with a certain logic and internal consistency one line of behavior follows, some actions and which are excluded, as incompatible with them, others contradicting them.

1. Definition of character.

Translated from Greek "character" is "chasing", "omen". Indeed, character is a special feature that a person acquires while living in society. Just as the individuality of a person is manifested in the peculiarities of the course of mental processes (good memory, rich imagination, ingenuity, etc.) and in the traits of temperament, it also manifests itself in character traits.

A character is a set of stable individual personality traits that develops and manifests itself in activity and communication, determining the ways of behavior typical for an individual.

Human personality ha characterized not only by what he does, but also by how he does it. Acting on the basis of common interests and beliefs shared by all, striving for common goals in life, people can find in their O social behavior, in their actions and deeds are not the same, n O swarm of opposite personality traits. You can, along with other people, experience the same difficulties, carry out your own problems with equal success. I am feelings, to love or not to love the same thing, but at the same time be gentle, tired P tough or tough, intolerant person, cheerful or sad, n ny or timid, livable or quarrelsome. Identical cr and tic remarks addressed to schoolchildren are always made by some teachers in a soft, polite, benevolent form, while others are rude and With ceremoniously. People with opposite outlooks on life, with n e similar s interests, with differences in the cultural level, with unequal morals b principles, these ingrained individual characteristics, such as a forcibly, are even more pronounced .

These individual characteristics that form a person's character relate primarily to will (for example, decisiveness or uncertainty, fearfulness) and feelings (for example, cheerfulness or depression), but to a certain extent also to mind(for example, frivolity or thoughtfulness). However, manifestations of character are complex formations and in a number of cases practically do not lend themselves to categorization of volitional, emotional or intellectual processes (for example, suspicion, generosity, generosity, rancor, etc.).

The character reveals a dependence on social relations that determine the orientation of a person's personality. So, for example, in a society based on the exploitation of man by man, the social position of representatives of the ruling classes contributes to the consolidation in their character of arrogance, arrogance, hypocrisy, greed, hypocrisy, etc. A different picture of character determination is inherent in socialist society. Both during the years of peaceful labor, and in the Great Patriotic War, the specific qualities of the character of the Soviet person were clearly manifested: selflessness, dedication, courage, modesty, diligence appeared as the core character traits of people building and defending a socialist society.

The formation of character occurs in conditions of the inclusion of the individual in social groups of various levels of development (in a family, a friendly company, a work or educational team, an asocial association, etc.). Depending on how the individualization of a person is carried out in a group that is reference for her and what is the level of development of interpersonal relations in it, a teenager, for example, can form in one case openness, frankness, courage, adherence to principles, firmness of character, in another case - secrecy, deceit, cowardice, conformity, weak character. In a team, as a group of a high level of development, the most favorable opportunities for the development and consolidation of the best character traits are created. This process contributes to the optimal integration of the individual in the team and the further development of the team itself.

Knowing the character of a person, one can foresee how he will behave under certain circumstances, and, consequently, guide the behavior of a person. Relying on the valuable properties of the character of the educated person, the teacher seeks to develop and strengthen them, and the negative ones - to weaken or at least compensate, compensating them with other, socially significant qualities.

depending on the type of character accentuation.

According to the famous German psychiatrist K. Leonhard, in 20 - 56% of people, some character traits are so sharpened (accentuated) that, under certain circumstances, this leads to the same type of conflicts and nervous breakdowns. Accentuation of character is an exaggerated development of certain character traits to the detriment of others, as a result of which interaction with people around them worsens. The severity of accentuation can be different - from mild, noticeable only to the immediate environment, to extreme options, when you have to think about whether there is a disease - psychopathy. Psychopathy is a morbid deformity of character (while maintaining a person's intelligence), as a result, relationships with people around him are sharply disrupted, psychopaths can even be socially dangerous for others.

But unlike psychopathy, character accentuations do not appear constantly, over the years they can significantly smooth out, approach the norm. Leonhard identifies 12 types of acceptance, each of which predetermines a person's selective resistance to one life's hardships, with increased sensitivity to others, to frequent conflicts of the same type, to certain nervous breakdowns. In favorable conditions, when it is the weak links of the personality that do not come under attack, such a person can become extraordinary; for example, the accentuation of character according to the so-called exalted type can contribute to the flowering of the talent of an artist, artist.

Character accentuations are often found in adolescents and young men (50 - 80%). You can determine the type of accentuation or its absence with the help of special psychological tests, for example, the Shmishek test. Often you have to deal with accentuated personalities and it is important to know and anticipate the specific features of people's behavior.

A brief description of the features of behavior depending on the type of accentuation is given below.

Hyperthymic (hyperactive) type.

Features of communication and behavior... Excessively elated mood, always cheerful, talkative, very energetic, independent, strives for leadership, risks of adventures, does not respond to remarks, ignores punishments, loses the edge of being unbelievable, there is no self-criticism. It is necessary to treat with restraint his unreasonable optimism and overestimation of his capabilities. Energy is sometimes directed to the use of alcohol, drugs, promiscuous sex life.

Energy, thirst for activity, new, optimism.

Features repulsive andcontributing to the conflict. Frivolity, a tendency to immoral acts, a frivolous attitude to duties, irritability in the circle of close people.

Situations in whichpossible conflict. Monotony, loneliness, conditions of strict discipline, constant moralizing can cause anger are contraindicated. There are often cases of manic depressive psychosis.

Preferredactivity. Work related to constant communication: organizational activity, sales service, store, theater. They are inclined to change professions, places of work.

Dysthymic type.

Features of communication and behavior... Constantly low mood, sadness, isolation, laconicism, pessimism, are burdened by noisy society, they do not get close to colleagues. They rarely enter into conflicts, more often they are a passive side in them. They appreciate those who are friends with them and tend to obey them.

Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. Seriousness, high morality, conscientiousness, justice.

Features repulsive andcontributing to the conflict. Passivity, pessimism, sadness, slowness of thinking, "separation from the team."

Situations in whichpossible conflict. Situations requiring vigorous activity, a change in the usual way of life are contraindicated. Propensity for neurotic depression.

Preferredactivity. Work that does not require a wide range of communication.

Cycloid type.

Features of communication and behavior... Sociability changes cyclically (high during periods of increased mood, and low during periods of depression)

During the period of mood elevation, they manifest themselves as people with hyperthymic accentuation, during the recession - with dysthymic accentuation. During the period of the fall, they are acutely aware of troubles, up to and including suicide. There are cases of manic depressive psychosis

Preferredactivity. Interests depend on the mood cycle. They are prone to disappointment in the profession, change of place of work.

Emotive (emotional) type.

Features of communication and behavior... Excessive sensitivity, vulnerability, deeply experiencing the slightest trouble, overly sensitive to comments, failures, so they often have a sad mood. They prefer a narrow circle of friends and relatives who understand perfectly. They rarely enter into conflicts, play a passive role in them. Resentment does not spill out out.

Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. Altruism, compassion, compassionate, rejoice in other people's successes. Executive, with a high sense of duty. Good family men.

Features repulsive andcontributing to the conflict. Extreme sensitivity, tearfulness Can provoke attacks from ill-mannered or irritable people.

Situations in whichpossible conflict. Conflicts with a loved one, death or illness of relatives are perceived tragically. Injustice, rudeness, being surrounded by rude people are contraindicated. Prone to neurotic depression, heart attack, hypertension.

Preferredactivity. Arts, medicine, parenting, caring for animals, plants.

Demonstrative type.

Features of communication and behavior... The desire to be in the center of attention and to achieve their goals at any cost is expressed: tears, fainting, scandals, illness, bragging, outfits, unusual hobby, lies. They easily forget about their unseemly deeds. Behavior depends on the person with whom he is dealing, high adaptability to people.

Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. Courtesy, perseverance, purposefulness, acting talent, the ability to captivate others, originality.

Features repulsive andcontributing to the conflict. Selfishness, unbridled actions, deceitfulness, boastfulness, shirking from work, a tendency to "get sick" in the most responsible and difficult moments. A tendency to intrigue, self-confidence and high claims. They provoke conflicts, while actively defending themselves.

Situations in whichpossible conflict. Situations of infringement of interests, underestimation of merits, overthrow from the "pedestal" cause hysterical reactions. Propensity for hysteria. Vicious circle communication, monotonous work oppressing.

Preferredactivity. Favorable work with constantly changing short-term contacts

Excitable type.

Features of communication and behavior... Increased irritability, incontinence, aggressiveness, gloominess, "boring", but flattering, helpfulness (as a disguise) is possible. A tendency to rudeness and obscene language or silence, slowness in conversation. They actively and often conflict, do not avoid quarrels with their superiors, are quarrelsome in the team, in the family they are despotic and cruel.

Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. Outside of fits of anger - conscientiousness, accuracy, love for children.

Features repulsive andcontributing to the conflict. Irritability, irascibility, inappropriate outbursts of anger and rage with assault, cruelty; weakened control over attraction.

Situations in whichpossible conflict. The tendency to conflicts for minor reasons, to neurotic breakdowns, psychopathy, delinquency (immoral behavior, alcohol abuse, antisocial behavior.

Preferredactivity. Physical labor, athletic sports. Due to quarrelsomeness, they often change their place of work. It is necessary to develop endurance, self-control.

Stuck type.

Features of communication and behavior... It "gets stuck" on its feelings, thoughts, cannot forget offenses, "settles scores", service and domestic intractability, a tendency to protracted squabbles, in conflicts they are more often an active party, a circle of enemies and friends is clearly defined. Shows lust for power - "boring preacher ".

Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. Striving to achieve high performance in any business, manifestation high demands to oneself, thirst for justice, adherence to principles, strong stable views.

Features repulsive andcontributing to the conflict. Touchiness, suspicion, vindictiveness, ambition, arrogance, jealousy, a sense of justice inflated to fanaticism.

Situations in whichpossible conflict. A hurt pride, an unfair resentment, an obstacle to achieving ambitious goals, a situation of jealousy can cause "delirium of persecution, jealousy."

Preferredactivity. Work that gives a feeling of independence and the opportunity to express yourself. It is necessary to develop flexibility, even forgetfulness.

Pedantic type.

Features of communication and behavior... Expressed boringness in the form of "experiencing" the details, at the service they are able to torture visitors with formal requirements, exhaust the household with excessive accuracy.

Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. Conscientiousness, accuracy, seriousness, reliability in business and in feelings, an even mood.

Features repulsive andcontributing to the conflict. Formalism, "chicanery", "boring", the desire to shift the adoption of an important decision to others.

Situations in whichpossible conflict. The situation of personal responsibility for an important matter, underestimation of their merits; tendency to obsessions, psychasthenia.

Preferredactivity. Professions that are not associated with great responsibility prefer “ paperwork»Are not inclined to change their place of work.

Anxious (psychasthenic) type.

Features of communication and behavior... A low background of mood, fears for oneself, loved ones, timidity, self-doubt, extreme indecision, experiences failure for a long time, doubts his actions. Rarely enters into conflicts, passive role.

Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. Friendliness, self-criticism, diligence.

Features repulsive andcontributing to the conflict. Fear, suspiciousness, due to defenselessness, sometimes serve as a target for jokes, "scapegoats."

Situations in whichpossible conflict. The situation of fear, threats, punishment, ridicule, unfair accusations is contraindicated. Psychasthenia tendency.

Preferredactivity. You cannot be a leader, make responsible decisions, because will endlessly weigh, worry, but will not be able to make a decision.

Exalted (labile) type.

Features of communication and behavior... Very changeable mood, emotions are pronounced, increased distraction to external events, talkativeness, amorousness.

Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. Altruism, compassion, artistic taste, artistic talent, brightness of feelings, attached to friends.

Features repulsive andcontributing to the conflict. Excessive impressionability, pathos, alarmism susceptibility to despair.

Situations in whichpossible conflict. Failures, sorrowful events are perceived tragically. Propensity for neurotic depression

Preferredactivity. Sphere of arts, artistic sports. Professions related to closeness to nature.

Introverted (schizoid) type.

Features of communication and behavior... Little sociability, closed, away from everyone, communication of necessity, immersed in himself, does not tell anything about himself, does not reveal his feelings, although he is characterized by increased vulnerability. He is restrainedly cold towards other people, even those close to him. Behavior and logic are often incomprehensible to others. They love loneliness. They rarely enter into conflicts - when trying to invade them inner world... Choice in choosing a spouse, searching for the ideal. Emotional coldness, weak attachment to loved ones.

Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. Restraint, sedateness, deliberation of actions, the presence of firm convictions, adherence to principles.

Features repulsive andcontributing to the conflict. Stubbornly defending your unrealistic views. Everything has its own point of view, often sharply different from the opinion of the majority.

Situations in whichpossible conflict. Deprivation of "hobby", favorite work is contraindicated. Loneliness, obsession, impudence, rudeness of others reinforce isolation. Cases of schizophrenia are frequent.

Preferredactivity. Work that does not require a wide range of communication, interests in theoretical sciences, philosophical reflections, collecting, chess, music, science fiction.

Extroverted (conformal) type.

Features of communication and behavior... High sociability, talkativeness to talkativeness, does not have his own opinion, is not very independent, strives to be like everyone else, disorganized, prefers to obey. He accepts orders from his superiors without hesitation. In a society with friends and in a family, he gives up leadership to another.

Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. Willingness to listen to the "confession" of another, diligence

Features repulsive andcontributing to the conflict."A man without a king in his head", susceptibility to someone else's influence, thoughtlessness of actions, gullibility, passion for entertainment.

Situations in whichpossible conflict. The situation of forced loneliness, lack of control and unregulated life are contraindicated. Hypomanic tendency.

Preferredactivity. Easy adaptability to new job... When objectives and rules of conduct are clearly defined, they can be good performers.

3. Manifestations of character in human behavior and activities.

Character-- lifetime acquisition of personalityty included in the systemTmilitary relations, injoint activities and communication with other people, and sothe most gaining its individuality.

Leaving an imprint on a person's appearance, character gets its most vivid expression in his actions, behavior, activities. Oh haraTotere should be judged in neRin turnbased on the actions of people in which the most completetheir essence is reflected.

There is an eastern proverb: "Sow an act - reap a habit, sow a habit - reap character, sow character - reap destiny." The emphasis in it is correctly placed on human actions, which, repeating themselves, become habitual, are fixed in character traits, constituting his essence, influencing the position of a person in public life and the attitude towards him on the part of other people. System atroutine actions and deeds-- the foundation of a person's character.

Man by his very essence is active. The structure of human activity includes both various involuntary, automated movements (facial expressions, pantomime, gait, etc.), and deliberate actions of a greater or lesser degree of complexity. Movements and actions, the implementation of which becomes a need for a person under certain conditions, as you know, are called habits. The most successful portrait does not provide as much information about a person's character as his usual actions and movements.

And yet, decisive, objective and irrefutable data about a person's character are provided not by these involuntary actions and movements of a person and not by the features of his appearance, but by his conscious and deliberate actions and deeds. It is by actions that we judge what a person is.

Thus, character is of a social nature, that is, it depends on a person's worldview, the content and nature of his activities, on the collective in which he lives and acts, on active interaction with other people.

Character is only one side of the personality, but not the whole personality. The man put in exa tremendous situation or just a situationchoice, able to rise above circumstances, in thatnumber and above propertyncharacter.

This ability of a person to withstand any circumstances, including internal, psychological, is a powerful force for human self-change, the basis of his development as a person. Therefore, any attempts to finally explain a person, to predict his behavior cannot be final in principle, since a person is able to devalue these explanations, challenge them and become different, that is, make a choice in favor of his social and universal application (and thereby his own development), and not just compliance with external and internal circumstances.

To the extent that a person is capable of this, in himforeground instreads not specifically characterological, butpublic and humaneskye. And to the extent that sheis not capable of this, the person actsandis exhaustedits character, typical individual characterandstikami in typical situations.

In addition, the same circumstances are reflected by people far from the same. "Those who want to do are looking for means, those who do not want reasons." Which of the circumstances a person will single out for himself as significant can be determined both by the external circumstances themselves (at the situational level of behavior), and - further - by the prevailing individual personality traits (including its character), i.e., internal circumstances , and, finally, the awareness of oneself as a subject of action, embodying high social and universal ideals, separated from both external (situational) and internal (individual psychological) circumstances and capable of influencing them.

Manifesting in actions and deeds, in the extent to which the subject is actively involved in joint activities, the character turns out to be dependent both on the content of the activity and on the successful or unsuccessful overcoming of difficulties, on the distant and immediate prospects in achieving the main life goals.

In this case, the character depends on how a person relates (on the basis of his previously established characteristics) to his failures and successes, to public opinion and a number of other circumstances. Thus, people studying in the same class of school or working on an equal footing acquire different character traits in connection with the fact that they cope with the case. Success inspires some and encourages them to work or study even better, others tend to “sleep on their laurels”; for some, failure is depressing, in others it awakens a fighting spirit.

In this way, the most important moment in character formation - how a person relates to environment and to oneself - as to another. These relationships are at the same time the basis for the classification of the most important character traits.

The character of a person is manifested, firstly, in how he treats other people: relatives and friends, comrades at work and study. Stable and unstable attachment, adherence to principles and lack of principle, sociability and isolation, truthfulness and deceit, tact and rudeness reveal a person's relationship to other people. The character of a person cannot be revealed and understood outside the team. In a team, in live communication with other people, such character traits as breadth or pettiness, quarrelsomeness or complaisance, peacefulness or a tendency to dispute clearly appear.

Secondly, the attitude of a person to himself is indicative of the character: self-esteem and self-esteem or humiliation and lack of confidence in his abilities. For some people, selfishness and egocentrism (placing oneself at the center of all events) come to the fore, for others - the subordination of their own interests to the interests of the collective, selflessness in the struggle for a common cause.

Third, character is revealed in a person's attitude to business. So, among the most valuable traits of a person's character are conscientiousness and diligence, seriousness, enthusiasm, responsibility for the assigned work and concern with its results.

Fourthly, character is manifested in the attitude of a person to things: not only an attitude to public property, but also careful or careless handling of his things, with clothes and shoes, books and teaching aids etc.

A person's activities, his behavior, first of all, are determined by the goals that he sets for himself, and the main determinant of his behavior and activities always remains the direction of his personality - the totality of his interests, ideals and beliefs. However, two people who have much in common in the direction of their personality and whose goals coincide may differ significantly in the methods they use to achieve these goals. Behind these differences are personality traits. The character of a person seems to have a program of his typical behavior in typical circumstances. Character traits, therefore, have a certain motivating, motivating force, which most reveals itself in stressful situations, if necessary, make a choice of actions, overcome significant difficulties.

Decisive in nature, a person moves from motives to actions, often without any prolonged struggle of motives. Tactfulness as a character trait of an individual contributes to the manifestation of caution in statements, which involves taking into account a number of circumstances and problems that are significant for the people with whom he communicates.

So, as a character trait, the degree of severity in an individual can be considered motivation to achieve- his need for the compulsory achievement of success in any activity, no matter how busy he is, especially in conditions of competition with other people. Achievement motivation as a trait of individuality is formed during life as a result of systematic and personally significant rewards of a person for successes and punishments for failures.

CONCLUSION.

The character of a person is a system of generalized generalized impulses fixed in the individual. The motives generated by the circumstances of life - this is that " construction material", From which character is formed. Motivation, motive is a property of character in its genesis. In order for a motive (urge) to become a personality trait, "stereotyped" in it, it must be generalized in relation to the situation in which it originally appeared, spreading to all situations that are similar to the first, in features that are essential to the personality. The property of character is ultimately the tendency, motivation, motive that naturally appears in a given person under homogeneous conditions.

This understanding of character, which connects it with motives, seems to come into conflict with everyday observations, which say that sometimes people with great breath, living with high noble motives, have a difficult character that makes them into everyday communication not very pleasant companions, but on the other hand, you can often meet a person about whom everyone around you say: "What a good, easy character he has!" Explanations for this must be sought not only in the fact that in people of the first and second kind, the center of mental attention is paid to different things, but also in the following circumstance: just as socially developed operations or methods of action are incorporated into abilities, they are, as it were, socially encrusted into character developed ways of behavior that meet the requirements of society for its members. These modes of behavior, which do not directly express the corresponding personal motives of a person, are mastered by him due to motives or considerations of a different order. Between the ways of behavior and the motives of a person, which are the results of his behavior, there is therefore no direct coincidence or correspondence. As a result, a discrepancy between the motives of a person, which are the results of his behavior, and the motives mastered by him for incidental reasons, ready-made methods of behavior, is obtained or may result. The character of a person, therefore, consists of an alloy of motives and not directly generated by them modes of behavior assimilated by a person. The basis of character is formed not by the modes of behavior themselves, but by generalized impulses regulating the corresponding modes of behavior, which, due to their generalization, can abstract themselves from individual private situations and become fixed in a person, in a personality. Above the motives, the patterns of behavior mastered by man are built up, also entering into the character. The one who does not see their basis behind them and judges people only by their "manners" judges them superficially.

The study of character and its formation, still little advanced, should have focused primarily on this problem - the problem of transitioning situationally, by the coincidence of circumstances generated by motives (impulses) into stable personal motives. This, in the pedagogical terms, determines the main line of educational work on the formation of character. The starting point here is the selection and grafting of appropriate motives through their generalization and stereotyping, transition into habits.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. General psychology: Textbook. For ped students. in-tov / Ed. A. V. Petrovsky. - M .: Education, 1986.

2. Rubinstein S. L. Foundations general psychology... - SPb .: Piter Publishing House, 1999.

3. Stolyarenko L. D. Fundamentals of psychology. - Rostov-on-Don: Publishers T in "F e nyx ", 1997.

External manifestations of character. Manifestation of character traits

Manifestation of character

CHAPTER 16. NATURE

3. NATURE AND MANIFESTATIONS OF CHARACTER

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