From the definition of the term mycorrhosis given at the beginning of the section, it follows that this is a symbiosis of mushrooms with roots higher Plants.
In this regard, the symbiotrophic mushrooms involved in the formation of minerals are called mushrooms, or mycorrhorts. These mushrooms (Shemkhanov, 1962), isolated from mycorrhiz to a culture, do not form any reproduction bodies, according to which it could be directly determined by their systematic position. Therefore, to determine the mycorrhis mushrooms and their relationship with one or another woody or other plant at different times were used various methods.
The simplest method of direct observation in nature is based on external communicationexisting between mycorrhism and alocilly ones, mainly hawp mushrooms. The links of mushrooms with plants are notified for a long time, and on this basis the names of the wood mushrooms in the forest under which they grow, for example, underbesting, or berezoviki, under birch; Boomiers, or aspen, - under the aspen. The mushrooms of the mushrooms with plants are evidenced by the Mushroom Mushrooms (Cortinarius Hemitridus), which, by the expression of E. Melin - an outstanding researcher, Mikoriz of Wood Breed, follows Birch, as "Dolphin for the ship". Observations in nature served as initial points for subsequent studies and did not lose their significance so far as a rigorous method.
Micro-forming mushrooms are determined by hyphams of mushrooms, both growing in natural conditions and grown in pure culture, serological method, by half satserile and sterile cultures. In the process of use, the methods were modified, improved. For example, to determine the species of mycorrhizo-formers proposed a method for identifying mothrisian mushrooms with soil fungal mushrooms, considered by the Mikorizo-forming (Vanin and Akhreovich, 1952). The most accurate and reliable in solving the question of the actual participation of certain fungi in the formation of minerals has a method of pure mushroom cultures and the method of sterile cultures of minerals.
Applying various research methods and especially the method of pure cultures, scientists have determined the composition of the minecori-forming mushrooms for many tree species: pine, spruce, larch, oak, birch and other coniferous and hardwood.
Many scientists in our country and abroad made lists of mushroom-methods of various forest tree species. At the same time, different authors lead something more, then a smaller number of mushrooms participating in the formation of mycorrhiz of one or another breed.
Regarding the systematic composition of mushrooms involved in the formation of ectotrophic mycorrhis, all researchers believe that mushroom-forming agents belong mainly to the Class of BasidiomyCetes class (Agaricales) of the Basidiomycetes class (Agaricales). At the same time, the most commonly called the genera of mushrooms, forming the ectotrophic miticulture of woody rocks: Amanita, Boletus, Cantharellus, Hebe - Loma, Lactarius, Tricholoma, and others. In the formation of Mikoriz, representatives of the GasteromyceTales order from basidial mushrooms, for example, geaster, rhisopogon ; from the class of sampling fungi (ascomycetes), for example, Gyromitra, Tuber; Of the imperfect fungi (Fungi Inperfecti), for example, phoma, as well as from other systematic categories.
About the composition of mushrooms-mycorrhorts, the deriversion of them to some major woody rocks growing in the territory Soviet Union, testifies ne. full listcompiled mainly on published materials.
The list of fungi forming ectotrophic mycorrhizes with the roots of some tree breeds indicates that their number of different rocks is different. Pine has 47 species of minecori-forming fungi, Duba-39, in fir - 27, in Birch - 26 and ate - 21 views. At the same time, as part of mycorrhis mushrooms, there are mushrooms both from the group of the orders of hymenomycete and gumbroomycetes of the Basidiamine class and from the class of sampling fungi. Other wood species of mineral mushrooms are less, for example, by larch there are only 15 species, in Aspen 6 species, and the linden is even less - 4 types.
In addition to the quantitative composition of rocks and belonging to certain systematic categories, mushroom-forming agents differ in biological characteristics. So, mikoriznaya mushrooms They differ in the degree of derisions of them in their development on the roots of certain plants, according to specialization.
Most of the fungi participating in ectotrophic mycorrosis are not specialized in one of the host plant, and they smash mycorrhizu with many types of tree species. For example, a red amanita (Amanita Muscaria Quel.) Is able to form mikoriz with many coniferous and deciduous wood breeds. Some species of Boletus, Lactarius, Russula, whose fruit bodies are often found in conjunction with certain types of forest trees are often specialized. For example, the Mallarken Late (Boletus Luteus L.-Ixocomus) grows in a pine and spruce forest and is timed to the formation of mycorrhuses on the pine: Berezovik (Boletus Scaber Bull. Var. Scaber Vassilkov-Krombholzia) forms Mikariza predominantly on the roots of birch.
The least specialized among all Forest Forest Mixed Foreign Education Cenoccocum Graniforme. This mushroom has been found in the root system of pine, spruce, larch, oak, beech, birch, linden and other 16 wood plants (J. Harley, 1963). The absence of specialization and indispensability in relation to the substrate the cocobus indicates the widespread distribution of it even in the soils, on which none of the well-known owners of the mushroom is growing. Other non-specialized mushrooms, for example, Koznyak (Bottus Bovinus L.-Ixocomus) and Berezovik ordinary (Wartus Scaber Bull. Var. Scaber Vassilkov-Kroincholzia) can be in the soil in the form of mycelial chutes or risomorphs.
Small specialization of mycorrhis mushrooms is also manifested in the fact that sometimes on the roots of the same types of trees in natural conditions Forests Etotrofny Mikoriza form several mushrooms of mycorrhorts. Such an ectotrophic mycorrhoma root of one tree or a branch of the root formed by various symbionat mushrooms, some scientists are called multiple infection (Levison, 1963). As most of the Multi Mushrooms, there is no strict specialization in relation to the type of plants and the host plants have no specialization in relation to mushrooms. Most of the types of host plants can form mycorrhuses with several kinds of mushrooms, that is, the same tree can be simultaneously symbiped several types of mushrooms.
Thus, the composition of the fungi forming ectotrophic mikuriza is diverse by systematic signs and biological features. Most of them belong to few specialized uninfixed forms forming mikuriza with coniferous and deciduous wood and occurring in soil in the form of mycelial seewer and risomorph. Only some of the ministerial fungi identified a narrower specialization, limited to one genus plant.
No less diverse the composition of mushrooms forming endotrophic mycorrhiza. Endotrophic mushrooms are mushrooms relate to different systematic categories. Here, first of all, the endotrophic mycariza, formed by the lower mushrooms, which have no murbs, unflipped, and the highest mushrooms with multicellular, septic mycelium. Endotrofo Mikariza formed by mushrooms with unfinished mycelium is sometimes referred to as ficomital minecorn, as notioned mycelium has in the lower fungi of the ficomycete class (phycomycetes). For mycelium, ficomice mycorrhizes is characterized by a large amount of hyphae diameter, endophyte its distribution in the tissues of the root root and formation inside the fabrics of the Armbusl and Vesicul. On this basis, endotrophic mycorrhiz is sometimes called more vesicular armbuscular mycorrhism.
In the formation of the ficomice endotrophopic mycorrhiza, a group of rhizophagus mushrooms, consisting of two finogone and pythium ficomytes, which are very different from each other with culture and other signs.
The composition of the mushrooms of endophyte mycorrhiza with septic mycelium varies depending on the type of mycorrhiza and group of plants, with the roots of which it is formed. Orchid (Orchidaceae) has long ago attracted the attention of botany on their diversity of forms, methods of reproduction and distribution, economic value. These mushrooms are also investigated from the point of view of mycorrhuses, as all representatives of this family are infected with mushrooms and co-hold mushrooms in the cells of the cortex of their absorbing organs. Orchid mushrooms in many ways are a separate group: they have a septic misgent mycelium, and on this basis relate to basidial mushrooms. But since they do not form fruit bodies in culture, they are attributed to imperfect stages, the genus RhizoCtonia-RH. Lenuginosa, Rh. repens and others.
At various times, many types of RhizoCtonia are allocated from seeds and adult plants orchids, including the perfect stages of basidial mushrooms, such as Corticium Catoni. The mycelium of basidial mushrooms with buckles isolated from orchid, in fruit bodies and other features refer to this or that kind. For example, Marasmius Coniatus forms Mikariz with Didymoplexis, A Xeritus Javanicus with Gastrodia views. ARMILLARIA MELLEA QUEL (ARMILLARIA MELLEA QUEL) does not forms buckles, but it is easy to determine in vegetative form on rhizomorphs. He is a mycorrhizo-formator at Lian Galeola (Galela SeptentRional IS), gastrodia (Gastrodia) and other orchid.
Mersery mushrooms (Ericaceae) were originally highlighted from the roots of Lamberry (Vaccinium Vitis Idaea), Vesca (Erica Carnea) and Raised (Andromedia Polifolia). In culture, these mushrooms have formed picnides and got the name Phoma Radicis with 5 races. Each race was named the name of that plant from which it was allocated. Subsequently, it was proved that this mushroom is a mycorride of heers.
Very little is known about the mushrooms that form per-spinal mineral mushrooms. In all likelihood, some soil mushrooms can be found here, which can occur in the rhizosphere of different types of trees in various soil conditions.
Mushrooms, enveloping the roots of the host plants, soluble carbohydrates are needed as a carbon source, and in this respect they differ from most of their vocabulary, i.e., non-libiotic pallets that split cellulose. Mycorris Mushrooms Lo ¡At least part of their carbon needs are satisfied with the owners. Mycelium sucks mineral bioogens from the soil, and at present there is no doubt that he actively supplies the host plant. In research using radioactive labels, it was found that phosphorus, nitrogen and calcium calcium on gifs of mushrooms can fall into roots, and then to shoots. It is surprising that Mikoriza apparently acts less effectively and without hyphae descending from the enveloping "shell" root from mycelium. Consequently, this "shell" itself should have a good developed abilities absorb nutrients and transmit them to the plant. [...]
Mycorris cohabitation (symbiosis) is mutually beneficial to both symbilations: the mushroom removes additional nutrients and water from the soil for wood, and the tree supplies the mushroom with products of its photosynthesis - carbohydrates. [...]
Mushrooms entering symbiosis with forest trees are most often belonging to the Basy Zidiomycete Group - hats mushrooms that are uniting both edible and inedible species. Mushrooms that we collect with such hobbies in the forest are nothing but the fruit bodies of mushrooms associated with roots various trees. It is curious that some of the ministerial mushrooms prefer some one tree of wood, others - several, and their list can include coniferous and deciduous trees. [...]
Mycorrhis symbiosis "Mushrooms - roots of plants" is another important adaptation mechanism developed by the low bioavailability of phosphorus. The fungal component of symbiosis increases the absorbing surface, but it is not capable of stimulating sorption by chemical or physical impacts. Phosphorus of mushroom gifs exchanged on carbon fixed with a symbiotic plant. [...]
Uh who mushrooms need soluble carbohydrates. [...]
Hole mushrooms can form mikurizomes with one, with several or even with many woody rocks, in systematic relations are sometimes very remote from each other (for example, with coniferous and deciduous). But often observe that the mushroom is dedicated to the trees of only one species or one kind: to larch, birch, etc. within the same kind - to individual species - they usually turn out to be "insensitive." However, in the case of the genus of pine (RVV), there is a big deritment not to all of the kind as a whole, but to the components of it with two substrates: to two-day pines (for example, to the pine of ordinary) and to five-walled (for example, to the Siberian cedar). It is impossible not to note such cases when some mushroom mushrooms, isolated from wood roots, can seem to develop; like saprophytes, by satisfying OPEAD (Opav-Usch needles, leaves, rotten wood) of those tree breeds with which they usually form Yikuriza. For example, a white mushroom was found on top of a huge boulder in a pine forest, asian satellite (larch satellite) - on a high drunk stump of birch, stretching in the larch forest. [...]
M. Plants and Mikoriznaya Mushrooms. These relationships with mushrooms are peculiar to most types of vascular plants (flowering, voted, ferns, horsages, planes). Mycorrisian mushrooms can swell the root of the plant and penetrate the root fabric, without applying significant damage to it. The mushrooms are incapable of photosynthesis from the roots of plants organic substances, and in plants due to branched mushroom threads, the suction surface of the roots increases hundreds of times. In addition, some mitigariza mushrooms are not simply passively sucking food elements from the soil solution, but at the same time act as the reasons and destroy complex substances to simpler. Through mycorrhiza from one plant to another (one or different species) organic substances can be transmitted. [...]
There are still mycorrhis mushrooms that cohabites with the roots of higher plants. Mycelium of these mushrooms envelops the roots of plants and contributes to the production of nutrients from the soil. Mycorrise is observed mainly in wood plants having short sucking roots (oak, pine, larch, spruce). [...]
These are mushrooms of the birth of Elafomyzes (Elapho-Myces) and Truffle (Tuber). Recent births form mycorrhiza and with woody plants - beech, oak, etc. [...]
In the case of endotrophic mycorrhis, the relationship of the fungus and the highest plant is even more complex. Due to the small contact of the hypotic mushroom gif with soil, there is a relatively small amount of water, as well as mineral and nitrous substances in the root. In this case, the value for the highest plant is likely to acquire the biologically active substances of the type of vitamins produced by the mushroom. In part, the mushroom supplies higher plant and nitrogen substances, since part of the gif mushroom, which is in the root cells, is digested by them. Mushroom gets carbohydrates. And in the case of the mycorrhiza orchid mushroom, heels carbohydrates (in particular, sugar) to the highest plant. [...]
Almost all types of trees in normal conditions are cohabitating with mycorrhis mushrooms. Mycelium Mushroom Case Pulls Thin Wood Roots, penetrating into the intercellular space. The mass of the finest mushroom threads departing for a significant distance from this cover, successfully performs the function of root hairs, sucking the nutrient soil solution. [...]
One of the most common species of this kind and the whole family is a white mushroom (V. Edulis, Table 34). It is the most valuable in food from all edible mushrooms in general. It has about two dozen forms, which differ mainly of the colorful fruit body and a mycorrhisa deritance to one or another woody rock. Hat white, yellow, brownish, yellow-brown, red-brown or even almost black. Sponged layer in young copies pure-white, later yellowish and yellowish-olive. On the leg light net drawing. White flesh, does not change on the break. It grows with very many woody rocks - coniferous and deciduous, in the middle lane of the European part of the USSR - more often with birch, oak, pine, fir, but never in the USSR not marked with such a common breed as larch. In the Arctic and Mountain Tundra, occasionally grows with a dwarf birch. Kind of fish, however, in the cultures of the appropriate tree species are known and outside the Harlactics (for example, Australia, South America). In places grows abundance. In the USSR, a white mushroom lives mostly in the European part, in Western Siberia., in the Caucasus. He is very rare in Eastern Siberia and on Far East.[ ...]
The roots of ugover thick and fleshy, in many species pulls. In the cortex of the root cortex, the mushroom is usually made relating to the ficomycetam. These minorized roots are devoid of root hairs. [...]
The role of mycornizes in tropical rainforests, where the absorption of nitrogen and other inorganic substances occurs with the participation of a mycorrhis mushroom, which feeds the saprotrophospores on fallen leaves, stems, fruits, seeds, etc. The main source of minerals is not the soil itself, but soil mushrooms. . Mineral substances come to the humbness directly from the hypotic mushrooms. In this way, more polyuetics are provided by the use of minerals and more than their comprehensive circulation. It is explained to imopo that most of the roasting rainforest plants are in the surface layer of soil to a depth of about 0.3 m. [...]
It should be noted that in artificially created forests, from one or another woody rock accompanying them especially characteristic species Mycorris mushrooms occur sometimes very far from the borders of their natural range. In addition to woody breeds, the type of forest, the type of soil, its humidity, acidity, etc. [...] are of great importance for growing soil fungi. [...]
Gruce is real occurs in birch and pine-birch forests with a linden undergrowth big groups ("Flocks"), from July to September. Mandatory sycorrhosis with birch mushroom. [...]
Mutualism is a widespread form of mutually beneficial relationship between species. A classic example of mutualism can serve lichens. Simbiounds in lichen - mushroom and alga - physiologically complement each other. Gifs of the mushroom, the fatty cells and threads of algae form special suction processes, Gautory, through which the mushroom receives substances assimilated by algae. Algae mineral substances are obtained from water. Many herbs and trees normally exist in a cohabitation with soil mushrooms that are in their roots. Mycorrisian mushrooms contribute to the penetration of water, mineral and organic substances from the soil in the roots of plants, as well as the absorption of a number of substances. In turn, they receive carbohydrates and other organic substances for their existence from roots of plants. [...]
One of the measures against the acidification of forest soil is their lime in the amount of 3 t / ha every 5 years. Promising may be the protection of forests from acid rain with the help of certain types of mineral mushrooms. The symbiotic community of the Mushroom Mycelium with the root of the highest plant, expressed in the formation of mycorrhiza, can protect trees from the destructive effect of acidic soil solutions and even significant concentrations of some heavy metals, such as copper and zinc. Many mushroom forming mushrooms have an active ability to protect trees from the effects of drought, which are especially detly for trees growing in anthropogenic pollution. [...]
R. DecoloRans (R. DecoloRans) has a hat first spherical, spherical, then open, flat-convex and upward, yellow-brown, reddish and yellowish-orange, on the edge of more or less reddish, scattered or pinkish, unequal fading, with scattered Red stains, a diameter of 5-10 cm with a thin, weakly rinted edge. Removal plates, white, then yellow. These mushrooms are found mainly in the pine forests of a green-moshnik type. Mandatory as mycorrhis mushrooms with pine. The taste is sweet, then witty. [...]
Most of the mineral nutrition elements enters the forest organisms and in full bite of the ecosystem solely through the roots of plants. Roots extend in the soil, branching into more and more subtle endings, and thus covers a sufficiently large volume of soil, which provides a large surface of the absorption of nutrients. The surface area of \u200b\u200bthe community roots was not measured, and it can be assumed that it exceeds the surface area of \u200b\u200bthe leaves. In any case, nutrients mainly enter the community not through the surface of the roots themselves (and not through root hairs for most plants), but through the surface of mushroom hymicals significantly prevailing over the area. The surface of the prevailing part of the roots is a mikoriznaya (that is, with a mushroom mycelium, which is in the symbiosis with the root), and the gifs of these mushrooms extend from the roots into the soil; For most terrestrial plants, mushrooms are intermediaries when absorbing nutrients. [...]
Ecosystem feature includes a complex distinctive signs Metabolism - transfer, transformation, use and accumulation of inorganic and organic substances. Some aspects of this metabolism can be studied using radioactive isotopes, such as radioactive phosphorus: monitoring their displacements in the aquatic environment (aquarium, lake). Radioactive phosphorus very quickly circulates between water and plankton, slowly penetrates the coastal plants and animals and gradually accumulates in bottom sediments. When phosphoric fertilizers are brought into the lake, there is a temporary increase in its productivity, after which the phosphate concentration in water returns to the level of the fertilizer's introduction. The transfer of nutrients combines all parts of the ecosystem, and the amount of nutrients in water is determined not only by its intake, but also the full function of the ecosystem in the stable state. In the forest ecosystem, nutrients from the soil come into plants through the ministerial mushrooms and roots and are distributed by various tissues Plants. Most of the nutrients are in the leaves and other briefly living fabrics, which ensures the return of nutrients into the soil through a short time and the completion of the cycle. Nutrients also come to the soil and in the soil as a result of their washes from the leaves of plants. From the surface of the leaves, it is also washed off into the soil and organic substances, and some of them have an inhibitory effect on other plants. Chemical inhibition of some plants by others is only one of the manifestations of the allehmic influence, the chemical effects of one species on the other. The most widespread variant of such impacts-use chemical compounds Organisms to protect against their enemies. In the metabolism of the communities, TRN participation of extensive groups of substances take part: inorganic nutrients, food (for heterotrophs) and allehmic compounds. [...]
Modern ferns, geological History which goes back to Carbon (Permo-Car-Bonov genus Psarinius - Rzagopshhe - etc.). Perennial plants vary from small forms to very large. The stalks are the cultivative corps or thick fatnevous trunks. Stems are characterized by meaturacy. In stems, as in other vegetative organs, there are large lyseed mucus, which are one of the features of Marathythioisid. In large forms, it is very formulated complex structure (The most difficult at Angi-op is Angiopteris). Tracheidis staircase. At the kind of angiopteris there is a very weak development of secondary xylema. Roots carry peculiar multicell root hairs. The first formed roots usually contain a mitigious fibermic mushroom in the crust. Young leaves always spirally twisted. It is very characteristic of the foundation of two thick shelter-like formations, connected together transverse jumper.[ ...]
The ability of green plants to carry out photosynthesis is due to the presence of pigments. The maximum light absorption is carried out by chlorophyll. Other pigments absorb the remaining part, transforming it into different kinds Energy. In the flower coated with pigmentation, a solar spectrum with a certain wavelength is selected. The idea of \u200b\u200btwo plasma in organic world predetermined the symbiotrophic start of plants. The symbiotic endophytes of the FUNGI Imperfect class synthesize the pigments of all colors, hormones, enzymes, vitamins, amino acids, lipids and supply their plants instead of the obtained carbohydrates. Hereditary endophyte transmission guarantees the integrity of the system. Some species of plants have two types of endophyotic minecori mushrooms or mushrooms and bacteria, the combination of which ensures the color of flowers, growth and development of plants (Gelzer, 1990).
In order to be clearer to imagine what the appearance of the roots of trees looks like, it is necessary to compare the appearance of the root endings with mycorrhism overlooking the roots without it. The roots of the becklet beard, for example, devoid of mycorrhuses, are poorly branched and the same all over the entire length of the roots of rocks forming mikuriza, in which sucking miticultural endings differ from growth, not mikurizny. Mycorrisian sucking endings or make-shaped swells at the tip at oak, or form very characteristic "forks" and their complex complexes that resemble corals, in pine, or have a brush shape. In all these cases, the surface of the sucking endings under the action of the fungus increases greatly. Having made a thin cut through the mycorrhisa end of the root, you can make sure that an anatomical picture is even more diverse, i.e., the case of mushroom hyphae, powered root ending, can be different thickness And coloring, to be smooth or fluffy, consisting of so tightly twisted hyphae, which makes the impression of real fabric or, on the contrary, be loose.
It happens that the case consists not from one layer, but from two, distinguished by the colorful or structure. To varying degrees, the so-called target of the target can be expressed, i.e., the gifs running on interclausers and forming a certain network in the aggregate. In different cases, this network can spread to a greater or less layer of root parenchyma cells. The gifs of the fungus penetrate partially in the cells of the cow parenchyma, which is especially well expressed in the case of aspen mycarishes, birch, and partially digested there. But no matter how the picture of the inner structure of mycorrhis roots is originally, in all cases it can be seen that the gifs of the fungus do not enter the central cylinder of the root and in the merysist, that is, in that zone of the root end, where the root increases due to reinforced cell division of cells . All such mycarishes are called ectoendhotrophic, since they have a surface cover with gifs derived from it, and gifs passing inside the root fabric.
Not all tree breeds have methods of such types, as described above. Maplea, for example, Mikoriza is different, that is, the mushroom does not form an outdoor case, but in the cells of parenchyma, you can see not separately reaching gifs, but entire of gifs, often filling the entire space of the cell. Such mycorrise is called endotrofn (from Greek. "Endos" - in, and "trophy" - food) and especially characteristic of orchid. The appearance of the mycorrhisal endings (shape, branching, penetration depth) are determined by the tree of wood, and the structure and surface of the cover depend on the type of mushroom forming mikuriza, and, as it turned out, mikuriza can simultaneously form one, and two mushrooms.
What mushrooms form mikuriz and with what kind of breed? It was not easy to solve this issue. At different times were offered for this miscellaneous methods, Up to careful tracking of the course of mushroom hyphae in the soil from the base of the fruit to the root end. Most. effective method It turned out to be sowing in sterile conditions of a certain type of mushroom into the soil, on which a sighter of a certain breed of wood was grown, i.e. when the synthesis of mycorrhiza was carried out under the experimental conditions. This method was proposed in 1936 by the Swedish scientist E. Melin, who took advantage of a simple chamber consisting of two flasks connected to each other. In one of them, a sterile sterilian soster was grown and a mushroom was introduced in the form of mycelium, taken from the young fruit body at the place of the transition of the hats into the leg, and in the other there was a liquid for the desired soil moisturizing. Subsequently, scientists who continued work on the synthesis of mycorrhiza made various improvements in the structure of such a device that allowed experiments on more controlled conditions and for a longer time.
When using the Melin method, by 1953, it was experimentally proved by the connection of woody breeds with 47 types of mushrooms from 12 birth. It is known that miticulture with woody rocks can form more than 600 species of mushrooms from such birth, as a permanira, robes, hygroforms, some flashlights (for example, freak), raw food, etc., and it turned out that everyone can form mycorrhiza not with One, and with various rocks of trees. In this regard, all records beat a sample mushroom, having sclerosy, cerebral cereal, which under the experimental conditions formed mikoriz with 55 species of wood species. The greatest specialization is characterized by a girlfriend, forming mikuriza with larch and cedar pine.
Some genera of mushrooms are not capable of forming Mikariz - Govorushki, Colliebia, Ommalia, etc.
And yet, despite such a wide specialization, the impact of various mushrooms-mycorrhizo-formers on the higher plant is not the same. Thus, in the Mikarize of the pine, an ordinary formed by the oil, the absorption of phosphorus from hard-to-reach compounds is better than when the Mikuriza is involved in the formation of mycorrhiza. There are other facts that confirm this. It is very important to take into account in practice and when taking the mineralization of woody breeds for them. better development Such a mushroom should be selected for a kind of breed, which would have the most favorable effect on it.
It is now established that hymenomycetes-mycorrhizo-formers in natural conditions without communication with the roots of trees do not form fruit bodies, although their myceliums can exist Saprotrofn. That is why so far in the beds it was impossible to raise freight, rhyge, white mushroom, a boletus and other valuable species of edible mushrooms. However, in principle, this is possible. Someday, even in the near future, people will learn to give mycelium all that he receives from cohabitation with the roots of trees, and make him fron. In any case, in laboratory conditions, such experiments are being conducted.
As for woody rocks, a spruce, pine, larch, fir, possibly most and other conifers, are considered to be highly by mycothrophic, and from hardwood - oak, beech and ram. Weakly mycothrophs of birch, elm, lip, osin, poplar, linden, willow, alder, rowan, cherry. These species of trees have mikuriza in typical forest conditions, and in parks, gardens and when they grow in the form of individual plants can not have it. In such fast-growing rocks, as a poplar and eucalyptus, the absence of mycorrhiza is often associated with rapid consumption of the resulting carbohydrates with intensive growth, i.e., carbohydrates do not have time to accumulate in roots, which is a prerequisite for settlement on them mushroom and the formation of mycorrhiza.
What are the relationships of the components in Mikoriz? One of the first hypotheses about the essence of mycorrhosis was proposed in 1900 by the German biologist E. Stahl. It was as follows: in the soil there is a fierce competition between various organisms in the struggle for water and mineral salts. It is especially strongly expressed in the roots of higher plants and mycelium of mushrooms in humus soils, where mushrooms are usually a lot. Those plants that possessed a powerful root system and good transpiration were not strongly suffering in such competition, and those whose root system It was relatively weak, and the transpiration is reduced, i.e., plants that have not been able to successfully suck the soil solutions, came out of the predicament, forming mikoriz with a powerful-developed system of gif, penetrating the soil and increasing the absorbency of the root. The most vulnerable place of this hypothesis is that there are no direct relationship between the absorption of water and the absorption of mineral salts. Thus, quickly absorbing and rapidly evaporating water plants are not the most armed in the competitive struggle for mineral salts.
Other hypotheses were based on the ability of mushrooms to influence their enzymes on the lignino-protein complexes of the soil, destroy them and make accessible to higher plants. Assumptions were also expressed, confirmed in the future, that the fungus and plant can exchange growth substances, vitamins. Mushrooms as heterotrophic organisms that need the finished organic matter are obtained from the highest plant, first of all, carbohydrates. This was confirmed not only by experiments, but also direct observations. For example, if the trees in the forest grow in highly shaded places, the degree of mineralization is strongly reduced, since they do not have time to accumulate in due carbohydrates. The same applies to fast-growing trees. Consequently, in rarefied forests, mycorrhosis is formed better, faster and more abundant, and therefore the process of mineralization can be improved during the carrying out of the logging.
Many would like to make mushrooms on their plot, near the house. However, this is not easy to do. On the one hand, the mushrooms themselves appear there, where it is not necessary, for example, on the lawns and in flower beds suddenly grows on the trees or raincoats, and on the trunks of trees - drums that cause rot. On the other hand, in a different year and the weather stands mushroom - warm and wet, and the favorite mushrooms (white, boletus, boomines) are not all and no.
Mysterious world of mushrooms
In order to understand mysterious world Mushrooms, you need to get acquainted with their biological and environmental features at least in general.
Mushrooms - the organisms of disputes, the unity of their breeding and settlement are the smallest cells - disputes. Finding into favorable conditions, they germinate, forming gifs - the finest filamentous structures. In different types of mushrooms for the development of the GIF, a certain substrate is required: soil, forest bedding, wood, etc. In the hyphae's substrate, they quickly grow and, intertwining among themselves, form myceliums - the basis of the mushroom organism. Under certain conditions, fruit bodies, employees for education and dispersion of the dispute, are formed on the surface of the scenery of the substrate.
The most valuable types of edible mushrooms are distinguished by a large variety in food methods and in relation to the substrate on which they grow. On this basis, all the fungi you are interested in can be divided into three large groups:
The medium for the development of mycelium of mushrooms belonging to this group is the soil, more precisely, its upper humus horizon, consisting of decomposed to the monotonous organic mass of remnants of dead plants, excrement of herbivores or humus. In such conditions, saprofite mushrooms appear by themselves, spreading naturally.
This category includes the most popular mushroom culture of champignon two-starry ( Agaricus Bisporus.), as well as other representatives of the genus Shampignon ( Agaricus.): w. ordinary (A. Campester.), sh. Field ( A. Arvensis), sh. Forest ( A. Silvaticus.). There are a number of fungi of this group - a smoking hack ( Clitocybe nebularis.); Some types of umbrellas family ( Macrolepiota.): s. motley M. Procera.), s. shaggy (M. Rhacodes.); The manure is white ( Coprinus Comatus.) and etc.
Mushrooms - Wood Destroyers
In Russia, the cultivation of a wood-sinking mushroom is widely practiced - flamemulines of velvet ideas, or winter opens ( Flammulina velutipes.). Winter Opels naturally grows on the trunks of living, but weakened or damaged deciduous tree trees, especially Yves and poplars. It is not bad to endure frosts, so forms fruit bodies mainly in the autumn-winter period or early spring. Artificially grown this mushroom only in closed rooms, as its cultivation in the open soil represents a threat to gardens, parks and forests.
In the past 30-40 years, an ordinary oyster gained great popularity ( PleUrotus. ostreatus.). For its cultivation, cheap substitutions containing substrates are used: straw, corn cords, sunflower husks, sawdust, bran and other similar materials.
Fruit body mushroom (in everyday life called simply "mushroom") - the reproductive part of the fungus, which is formed from the intertwined Gif mycelium and serves to form a dispute.
Mycorrises - non-devented structures from the root of plants and mushroom fabrics.
White mushroom 
Lisuki 
Ryzhik
Mikoriznaya mushrooms
Significantly worse than one artificial cultivation The mushrooms of the third group are the mycorrhizo-formers associated with the power facilities with the roots of higher plants. It is to this group that the most most valuable nutritional and taste properties of edible fungi belong.
As already mentioned, for their development requires roots of wood plants - forest formers. Mikorrhis symbiosis allows trees to expand their ecological range and grow under conditions far from optimal.
A visual example is different types of larchs, from an early age on their root endings, mikoriza with oil larch ( SUILLUS GREVILLEI.), And after 10-15 years under the trees, fruit bodies of yellow-orange color appear. Practice shows that if you put on the site, even one larch tree - under it after a while, mushrooms will definitely grow.
A similar picture is observed with a pine ordinary. This tree breed enters into mycorrhosis symbiosis with many types of mushrooms, but the tight (mandatory) mineralization agents are Late, yellow, or real butterfly ( S. lutens.), and oil grainy ( SUILLUS Granulatus.). Symbiosis with these types of mushrooms allows the pine to grow on poor sandy soils, where other tree breeds can not worry. Having created decorative biogroups from the pine formation on its plot, it is quite possible to count on the appearance of these types of oil.
It is much more complicated by the fact of white, boosaine, stabber, rims, chanterelles and even raws. The reason is that they are not mandatory mycorrhorts and take into symbiosis with trees only in conditions when the last requires their help. Please note where in nature is the most mushroom places? On the edge of the forest, cutting down forest landings. In favorable for woody breeds, miticultural symbiosis is not formed.
Nevertheless, practice has cases of successful diving of these types of mushrooms. Most often, this happens as a result of a transplant of large trees with a lump of land. Even cases of the mass appearance of the fruit bodies of the cheesecakes are recorded after the creation of allest birch landing by the rims along the streets in Moscow. Therefore, decorating with trees, from the very beginning, you need to take care of creating favorable conditions for the development of mushrooms-mycorrhorts. First, you need to know with some tree species, one or another kind of fungus can form mikuriza. Secondly, if possible, create close to optimal conditions Mediums for the development of mycorrhiza and the appearance of fruit bodies.
In addition to the presence of roots of trees, a certain temperature is needed for the development of mushrooms. Few people know that at temperatures above +28 oh mycelium ceases to grow, and with +32 o C occurs its death. Therefore, the surface of the soil must be priented with crowns of trees and shrubs. For the development of mushrooms is needed and pretty high humidity Soil and air. This can be achieved by regular irrigation. Moreover, to pour the soil with water to its oversaturation in no case cannot, otherwise the mycelium will move. The development of mycorrhis mushrooms may prevent the creation of a lawn under the trees or other impaired soil horizons. Do not roll up under the trees fallen leaves and chew.
You can stimulate the appearance of certain types of mycorrhis mushrooms by sowing their dispute, for which the mature and already beginners are degraded with fruit caps need to be cooled in warm, best rainwater, hold a few hours, mix thoroughly and with this solution to pour the soil under the trees.
Wood 
Boosynoviki 
Champignon
Mushrooms and trees
We now consider the most interesting types of edible mushrooms from the point of view of their timeliness to certain woody rocks.
White mushroom (Boletus Edulis.) White birch mushroom ( B. Edulis f. Betulicola.) Forms mikurizu with birch pole, b. Dubova ( B. Edulis f. Guercicola.) - with oak cherry, b. G. Pine ( B. Edulis f. Pinocola.) - with a pine ordinary, b. Spruce ( B. Edulis f. edulis.) - with an ordinary fir.
Stabberor Obabok ordinary ( Leccinum Scabrum). This name is often used not only for ordinary boletus, but also for all types of Leccinum kind of leccinum with a brown cap: black, marsh stoves. All of them form mikuriza with our views of Berez. Proprietary and black boravets are more often with birch, and swamp and pink - with a birch fluffy.
Boost.Under this name, the types of Leccinum genus with an orange hat are combined, which differ from themselves not only by external signs (for example, in color of scales on the leg), but also by mycorrhisual partners. The most typical view is the boletus red ( L. Aurantiacum) With an intensely colored orange hat and a white leg, which forms mikuriza with aspen and other types of poplars. Boosynovik, or Obabok Mochlovy ( L. Versipele.), with black scales on the leg forms mikurizu with birch in raw places. Boolein, or about. oak (L. Guercinum), differing in red-brown scales on the leg, forms mikurizu with an oak cherry.
Fox ordinary, or real ( Cantharellus Cabarus.), It is capable of forming mikurizu with different woody rocks. Most often with pine and fir, less often with deciduous, in particular with oak.
Syrozhuya (Russula.). In our forests, about 30 types of raw materials grows. Some of them, in particular with. Green ( R.. aeruginea.) And with. pink R. Rosea.), form mikurizu with birch, others are able to join the symbiosis with roots of different types of trees (s. Blue-Yellow - R. Cyanoxantha., from. Food - R. Vesca., from. breaking - R. Fragilis).
Ryzhiks (Lactarius.). Ryzhik real, or pine ( L. Deliciosus.), - Mikorizo-formator with a pine ordinary. Ryzhik spruce ( L. Sanguifluus.) - with an ordinary fir.
Smart black, or Chernushnik(Lactarius Necator), forms mikurizu with birch and fir.
They occupy a special place in the biology of higher or vascular plants. Mikoriza (translated from Greek - Mribocornia) arises as a result of a symbiotic cohabitation of a mushroom with the root of the highest plant. Mycorridge is found among forest trees, grassy vegetation and agricultural plants (wheat, etc.). It was found in plants in Paleozoic, Devonian and coal deposits.
The meaning of mycorrhis for living plants for the first time in Russia explained in the first half. XIX century Russian scientist F. M. Kamensky, who studied the symbiotic relationship of the mushroom with a herbaceous plant approach. Thanks to the symbiosis of mushrooms with roots, the nutrition of plants is improved due to their ability to use micotrophic mushrooms. According to the relationship between the roots of the highest plant and mycelium, the mushroom distinguish three main types of minerals: endotrofny (internal), ectotrophic (external), transitional (ecto-endotrophic).
Most herbaceous plants have endotrofny mycarishes. Mycelium Mushroom is located mainly at the top of the root, the mushroom does not penetrate into the rope of the rise of the root of the root. Mycelium Mushroom can be embedded inside the root hairs cells, forming there Gifs, tree branching or bubble swollen. The root cells of the plant, in which the mushroom settled, remain alive and gradually digest the mycelium penetrating into them, thus getting nitrogen, which is not always in an affordable form in the soil. Herbatous plants, especially orchid, enter into a minorization with microscopic mushrooms that do not form fruit bodies. The seeds of most orchids are not able to germinate without the participation of the fungus, only this is due to failures when trying to artificial breeding orchids. Flowering orchids It was sometimes mined in tropical countries with a big risk for life and brought to Europe, where they cost and stand so much very expensive. Therefore, it is understood by the desire of rabbedodes to grow orchids from seeds to obtain hybrid forms. When studying the inephious nesting of an ordinary - a mycorrhis orchid plant that does not have chlorophyll, it was observed that the gifs of the fungus affect the germination of seeds of this plant. The nesting depends on the mushroom all life. Some orchids for the formation of rhizomes require 10 years or more, and only after that they bloom. Orchids with green leaves there is no such life dependence on mycorrhism. As a result of the interaction of the plant with the mushroom, it produces biologically active substances that increase the growth of plants.
The useful role of mycorrhis-forming mushrooms is mainly in the supply of wood plants with elements of mineral nutrition and vitamins. However, in herbatous plants in the formation of mycorrosis, other mushrooms are more often involved - the so-called imperfect. Etotrofny Mikoriz is most often found in wood and very rarely in herbal plants. In this case, the roots of wood plants develop an outdoor case from gif mushroom. Root hairs at the root Pet, their role is performed by the gifs of the mushroom.
Wood plants also occurs the mikuriza of transition type - ecotendotrophya. Gifs of the fungus abundantly cover the root outside and give branches that penetrate the root. The outer gifs of the fungus are pulled out of soil water, mineral salts, as well as soluble nitrogen and other organic matter. These substances incoming from the soil are used partially by the plant, and part of them are going to the growth of mycelium and the formation of the fruit bodies of the mushroom. In the vital growing parts of the root (cylinder) of mycorrhis mushrooms, there is no: if they fall there, they are immediately digested by plant cells. Symbiounta Mikoriz cannot exist without each other. If the mitheric mushrooms do not meet the roots of trees, they do not form fruit bodies. Therefore, it is very difficult to create an opportunity for growing in artificial conditions, for example, a white mushroom.
In the numerous species kingdom of mushrooms, mycorrhis mushrooms are only a small part of it. For example, among the 900. Basidiomycete generais only representatives of 91 species are capable of giving miticultural education. Currently there are about 200 thousand higher plants who come into contact with the mycorrhisian mushrooms. The most favorable conditions for the development of minerals in soils depleted by soluble nitrogen and phosphorus. In the soils, where enough phosphorus and nitrogen, mycorrise is almost never found.
Hole mushrooms form mikurizes with many higher plants, sometimes removed in the systematic plan far from each other, for example, with coniferous and deciduous. Sometimes in different habitats, the mycorrhorts have a mycotrophic relationship with various trees breeds, such as an ordinary oil in Leningrad region - with pine species, and on Sakhalin - with other trees. Mikorrhoma Mushroom Mushroom Mushroom Red associated with 26 species of trees - fir, larch, fir, pine, birch, topolam, oak, etc.
Almost all soils of the Soviet Union are suitable for mushroom-forming agents. Mycorrias formation is sometimes observed in places far away from the forest, and where the forest has not grown for a long time. The process of mineralization in our northern podzolic soils is particularly intense.
Much is the most important mushroom mushrooms when planting forest protection strips. Artificial frisms create favorable conditions for the preservation of moisture in the steppe part of the country, and this affects the increase in crop yields. Filming up the role of mycorrhism in the observing and development of woody breeds in various climatic conditions Our country is still one of the most important tasks of mycology. For example, it is known that in the southern regions the formation of mycorrh is weaker than in the northern, and there is an artificial infection of forest-sodes. The protection of mushrooms - the methods of mycorrhiza is necessary for the successful management of forestry. In the Leningrad region there are many such mushrooms.
It should be noted another phenomenon in nature that affects the development of mycorrhosis in the soil. Currently, the growth of the trees of many breeds compared with the 1930s and 1950s slowed down due to the so-called acid rains containing products of emissions into the atmosphere by industrial enterprises. Acid compounds kill mycorrhis mushrooms on the roots of trees, and after the death of the mushroom, the trees themselves die. The negative effect of acid rain is marked with us, in the USA, Japan and other countries.
Many types of mushroom mushrooms edible. They are not only tasty and fragrant, but also nutritional. There are no vegetable starch in the mushrooms, but there is glycogen and sugars who give them a sweet taste. Especially a lot of sugars in white, stabber, oils. In the legs of the mushrooms of sugars more than in the hats. The number of protein compounds in mushrooms is greater than in meat, eggs, peas, rye. They are concentrated mainly in a mushroom hat. Fats are contained from 1 to 6%. Almost all edible mushrooms, as already noted, contain vitamins A, B, in 1 to 2, C, D and PP. Vitamin RR in them as much as it is in yeast, liver, and vitamin d is no less than in butter.
In nutrition and taste quality mushrooms are conditionally divided into four categories, to the first category include, for example, white, rhyge-valuable and delicious mushrooms; to the second - boletus, boomes, freak - inferior to the quality of the mushrooms of the first category; to the third - the raw blue, autumn, mokhovik; The fourth category includes mushrooms that are collecting only lovers - these are oyster (ordinary, autumn), a goat, a green grinding, marsh oil. All mushrooms of these categories are available in our area.
The Leningrad Mikogo B. P. Vasilkov believes that in the districts of the North-West, Volga region, the Urals and the Center, the annual stocks of food fungi are more than 150 thousand tons. In the forests of Russia there are more than 200 types of edible mushrooms. To accurately predict where and when the crop of mushrooms is, science can not yet. The crop of mushrooms depends on the weather of the current season, habitats and the type of mushroom. According to available information, the yield of a white mushroom with favorable conditions of growth reaches about 500 kg, and the oilbox is even 1 thousand kg with 1 hectare. In the lack of years you can only get a few kilograms with 1 hectare or completely
nothing. In some years, the mushrooms destroy pests from the world of insects (larvae flies, mosquitoes, etc.).
The range of collected edible fungi in each region is different. In the UK and the United States, wild mushrooms are not used at all. The peoples of the Far North also almost do not use mushrooms in food. Indifferent to the mushrooms Peoples of Central Asia, the Caucasus, as well as Bashkirs, Tatars. Russian, on the contrary, big lovers of mushrooms. In the harvest years, they collect valuable mushrooms, and in lack of towns - all edible species.
The most interesting group of the soot, which includes all types of white mushrooms and inedible - satanic mushroom and bile. This also includes Berezoviki (Obabki), Osinoviki, Oil and Kozsi. The size of the fruit bodies of these mushrooms can be different depending on the places of growth - from 1-2 cm in diameter (berezovik in the Arctic) to half a meter in the middle of Russia, and by weight - from several grams to 4 kg. Most often there are mean sizes - up to 20 cm in diameter. The legs of the fruit bodies in the same species may differ depending on the places of growth (as well as the coloration of the Hats). On low raw places, among the moss, herbaceous plants are pulled out. And in places dry they are usually short and thickened. Cohabitating with one type of trees or many woody rocks, sometimes in systematic relationships remote from each other, the mycorris mushrooms in some cases can, apparently, develop as saprotrophs (isolated from wood roots). For example, a white mushroom was found Paul a huge boulder in a pine forest.
In the Leningrad region, the sole mushrooms are presented less diverse than in the middle lane of Russia, and only 3-4 species are known in the arctic tundra. The mass formation of fruit bodies in soothed mushrooms is most often celebrated in August - September. Many types of solemn mushrooms are the mycorrhorts, so fruit bodies are artificially obtained, the exception is two types of mokhovikov. Among the solemn mushrooms in the Leningrad region, there are very few unselling, about 3-4 species are known. Especially often as a poisonous mentioned in the literature, Satanic Mushroom (Satanas's Boltus), but, according to the information of the French and Czechoslovak literature, this is quite edible, and even delicious (in boiled and fried form), mushroom.
In the Leningrad Region, many people are afraid of bright white mushrooms shine at a break. However, it is quite possible to use them after preheating.
Some types of solemn mushrooms contain antibiotic substances in fruit bodies (spruce white mushroom). These substances act negatively on the intestinal wand and tuberculosis microbes. The substances isolated from the white mushroom (sobbling of the rod) and the satanic mushroom, suppressed malignant tumors in mice. At the same time, the mushrooms were called lips in Russia and only in the XV-XVI centuries began to call all edible soles mushrooms. Currently, mushrooms have a lot of popular names (Borovik, Obabok, Mohovik, Mokhovik, etc.), but some types of such names do not have, and in popular literature they are denoted by Latin name.
It is known 750 species of the root. The fruit body of these mushrooms is usually large, fleshy. The leg is dormant, thickened, especially in young, with a characteristic embossed mesh pattern. White mushroom, the most valuable in food ratio from mushrooms in the Leningrad region, has several forms that differ in the color of the fruit body and a mycorrhisual dedicacy. A hat is whitish, yellow, brown, yellow-brown, red-brown or even almost black. Sponged layer in young copies pure-white, later yellowish and yellowish-olive. On the leg light net drawing. The flesh is white on a break, does not change. Growing under many tree breeds in the Leningrad region: under oak, birch, pine, fir, but never meets under larch. White mushroom is called because when cooking and blanks, the pulp does not darken it.
It is found in the Leningrad region Dubovik Olive-Brown (Boltus Luridus). His His Olyvo-Buray Hat, the sponge layer orange-red and from the pressure sharply shines. On the leg a net drawing. It grows mainly with oak. Inedible Satanic Mushroom, similar to this Dubovik, is practically no in the Leningrad region. It is very rarely found with us and the cheeky dubovik. It resembles olive-brown, but on the leg does not have a mesh pattern, instead, only small carmine-red scales.
In deciduous and mixed forests, the mushroom groves the boletus. It is found very often from June - July to September. Hat up to 10 cm in diameter, first convex, later pillow, white, yellow, gray, brown, brown, sometimes almost black colors. White flesh, not changing on the cut. The leg is up to 20 cm long, 2-3 cm thick covered with dark scales. Edible, second category. More than others in the Leningrad Region are known for the ordinary stabber. This species always settled next to the birch of various types in the forests and swamps. The boletus pose from the ordinary boletus is distinguished by the marble colors. The brown areas are interspersed with lighter or even white. At the breakfast pulp pose. The fruit bodies of this mushroom are formed in autumn. Bolotnaya stabber grows in raw birch forests in the first half of September, a dirty-white hat, with a weak watery flesh. Mushroom refers to the third category. The subbrazovik is very similar to the unmarried bile mushroom, which is different from it a dirty-pink tubular layer, a mesh pattern on the leg and bitter pulp.
Often in the Leningrad region there is a Polish mushroom (photocomus Badius). The leg may be straw-like, and cylindrical; Hat chestnut-buoyed, dry weather dry, and in crude sticky; The tubular layer is first whitish (as a result, it is often taken for white mushroom), then pale greenish-yellowish; The flesh is whitish, on the break blue. It grows in coniferous, less often in deciduous forests. This is an edible mushroom, refers to the second category.
Maslenok (Sufullus) comes across coniferous forests, and in vain to look for it in Osinnik or a birch forest. The fruit bodies are small or medium, the hat is usually the mucous, sticky, the leg is solid. More often than other types of Pass in the Leningrad region there is a yellow oil (Suilelus Luteus). It has a brown or yellow sticky hat, a leg with a sticky outside the ring. It grows in a spoken coniferous forests, on the edges, roadside of roads, etc. Favorite places of the oil was yellowish (Sufullus Flyland) - swamps and raw areas of the forest. With it, it should not be confused by an inademy type - a pepper mushroom (Sufullus Pipihoatus), a frustrated flesh, sulfur-yellow, slightly red, outer-like pepperbank; It grows single in coniferous and deciduous forests. The hat is small, up to 8 cm in diameter, round, fleshy, yellow-brown, copper-red, in wet weather sticky, in dry shiny.
In the cultural plantings of the larch in the Leningrad region, the cooler of the marsh (soul of the Rolluster) is found, it is very similar to the masona, but differs from it dry, a non-slip cap and a more dense pulp.
Knip and twist are known. These are saprotrophs developing on soil or wood. On the stump pine or near them, the twist is growing thick with a rzavo-brown hat, dry by light pulp. Bottom woven cards are descending, yellow connected at the base. Low-quality mushroom (fourth category).
Not all edible and poisonous mushrooms are mycorrhorts. Such, for example, the autumn (Armielliella Mel). They will appear much in mixed coniferous-deciduous forests. Autumn Opels is an edible mushroom, the numerous fruit bodies exceeds all edible hats mushrooms. Like other edible hats mushrooms, contains a lot of substances valuable for the human body, such as zinc and copper. Hat of this mushroom with a small tubercle, pale-brown, brownish, covered with numerous brown scales. On the. The leg is a white retaining ring. The flesh is whitish, with a pleasant smell and an acidic astringent taste. A common view is summer opens (Majamius Ariadis), he meets in the Leningrad region. It grows by singly or large groups on forest glades, edges, pastures, in ravines and dutches, among the grass. Frequently forms "Witchy Circles". The radial growth of the fungi dries in the center of the circle of the soil, and therefore, on both sides of the rings of fruit bodies, there are circles more magnificent and juicy vegetation, and in the center of the grass is dried. Hat of this mushroom 2 - 3 cm in diameter, prostrated, with stupid tubercles, oath-brown. Plates are rare, failed. The leg is thin, fawn. The flesh is pale yellow.
Very similar to the edible Open poisonous mushroom Falconoen sulfur-yellow. This dangerous mushroom can grow on the same stumps as edibles. The false-drinking hat first convex, then half-fragrant, in the center often with the hill, yellowish, in the middle darker with a reddish or orange tint. The flesh is light yellow. The taste of the mushroom is bitter. It grows on the stump and occasionally on the trees in large groups, often with fragile feet together. It appears on the same time, from June to September, as the edibles, sometimes the same stumps. Therefore, it is necessary to be especially careful and carefully browse all mushrooms.
There are found in our forests and various types of cheesegles (Rousnu), Ryzhikov (lactarian), Gorky. These mushrooms are mycorrhorts. Most of them are edible (third and fourth categories). In the wet years in the Leningrad region, the raw materials are especially numerous. They refer to the family of raw materials, which also includes flashlights that allocate milky juice of various colors. For example, an orange-yellow orange juice has this juice and black bugs white. Syrozhka do not have a milky juice. These mushrooms have painted fruit bodies. There are among them and poisonous.
Syruzhka make up 45% of the mass of all mushrooms found in our forests. The best mushrooms are those who have less red, but more green, blue and yellow. Syntheka blue has a white flesh, odorless. The leg first solid, later the hollow. Have a yellow flesh with a sweet smell. The crude is false has a white flesh, spongy, very broken, with burning taste. Have a crown marsh hat, in the middle of the brownish. Prefers the damp pine forests, the edges of the marshes, forms mikurizu with sipe. From the Meltnikov, we have a Ryzhik (lactarian diliciosis), its hat round-convex, has concentric zones. Orange flesh, then green. Milky juice orange-yellow, sweet, green on the air. Ryzhik - edible mushroom first category. In birch and mixed forests, black grudge grows (lactarius intake). It has a broken, whitish pulp, dark with fault.
The most famous edible mushroom is chanterelle. Chanterelle refers to agricultural mushrooms; About 10 species are found in the country. The chanterelles contain vitamin in [(not less than in yeast) and PP; In addition, they have trace elements - zinc and copper. In the Leningrad region, a yellow chanterelle (Cantarellus Czibarius) and a gray chanterelle are known.
The family of the Amianitov consists of both fatally poisonous (pale custodia, smelly agar) and edible mushrooms, among them pink amanita and various types of floats.
About 30 representatives of the genus Amanite are found in the country. All mushrooms of this kind form mikuriza with various woody rocks. Pale leafing (Amanite Fallotes) has a hat different shades green color. The edge of the hat is smooth, the shape of her bell tumbler, then open, with a diameter of 5-10 cm. The leg is white, at the base extended in the form of a tuber, the ring outside the slightly striped, white, from the inside the weakly-colored. Looking like a pale grinding to the mumor of the flares on the hat almost always remains traces of the total covered in the form of white flakes. Old, dried rabbing mushrooms have an unpleasant sweet smell. The habitat of a pale leafing is wet areas under oak, birch, maple trees, i.e. in deciduous forests. In the Leningrad region, the pale messenger is found by groups and singly. This mushroom appears in the mass usually in the middle of August and grows until October. Pale refraining is the most poisonous mushroom. The poisoning is manifested in 10-12, and sometimes 30 hours after eating it into food, when the person is already able to save is almost impossible. The deadly toxin of this mushroom is Fallotine.
Large distribution in the Leningrad region has a smelly flying agent, or a white tank (Amanite Viroza). This is a large mushroom with white, to the top slightly yellowish hat. Hat without scales, bell tower, up to 12 cm in diameter. The leg is quite large, white, with a ring under the hat itself; Because of the scales, it felt rough. The smell is unpleasant. This species grows in coniferous and mixed forests, easily tolerate moisture and arid conditions, as a result of this is more common with us than pale custodia. Puffed Hats B. large quantities Contains amyanite and verosin toxins, the leg contains less than these deadly toxins.
Red Amanita (Amanit Muskaria) is widespread in the Leningrad region. The mushroom hat is red or orange-red, first sticky, then brilliant. On the hat - the remains of white covered in the form of white flakes. White leg, a smooth ring, white, sometimes slightly yellowish. The base of the legs swollen, covered with scraps of a white vagina in the form of concentric rings. From the appearance of a fruit body before it takes about 15 days. In red amoor, alkaloids are contained (muscarine, igyolin) and other toxic substances that strongly excited nervous system. They determine the hallucinogenic properties of a red amamor. A man who eating a piece of red amoor comes to the state of ecstasy, hallucins.
So, all edible mushrooms are a protein high-calorie product capable of competing with meat and dairy products. However, the mushroom cell shell contains a carbohydrate chitin polymer, which is difficult to digest in the human stomach. In addition, the chitinal shell of the mushroom cell makes the influx of enzymes. Therefore, the stronger the mushrooms are crushed, the more useful substances from them are extracted.
Is artificial breeding of mushrooms panstone? On successful attempts to grow the most nutrient mushrooms - White tells Mikogo F. V. Fedorov. That's what he recommends: "On the platform, shaded by trees, digging the pit, a depth of 30 cm and 2 m wide. It is filled with a nourishing mixture of a special composition. The mixture is prepared a month before the bookmark. It consists of fallen oak ^ leaves collected in spring, drunk oak wood (5% for the weight of the leaves) and pure horse manure without a litter (5% of the leaf weight). The leaves are placed in a bunch of layers of 20 cm, each layer is properly pecking the wood pipe and the horse manure and watered with 1% ammonium nitrate solution. After 7-10 days, when the mixture is warm up to 35-40 °, it is shuffled until a homogeneous mass is obtained. The prepared nutritional mixture is placed in the pittal layers of 10 -, 12 cm, speaking each layer of the eight-grantimetime layer of garden land. The total thickness of the gripped soil is adjusted to 50 cm. In the middle the garden is made slightly higher, so that water is not delayed. Landing is carried out by pieces of mushrooms taken from the forest. The landing pits are in a checkerboard, at a distance of 30 cm apart from each other, the fungne is harvested in the oak forest, in places where white mushrooms grow (oak shape). A shovel of soil layers of 20-30 cm, a thickness of 10-15 cm are cut around the funga, 10-10 cm thick. These layers are cut on 5-10 parts and plant a layer of land with a thickness of 5-7 cm. Grocery with mushrooms Slightly moisturize, covered with leaves and shields to preserve constant humidity »Mushrooms appear next year."