As we have already mentioned, social groups are divided into small and large groups. Small - these are groups of several people (up to 10) who are well acquainted and regularly interact with each other personally, for example, the school class, the workers' brigade, etc.
Large groups are groups where personal contacts are impossible between all members, in this case, relations are purely formal, for example, school students, workers factory, etc. There are no close personal contacts here, and communication takes place according to the formal rules.
If we consider the historical development of society, it can be noted that small groups (family, clans) had the leading importance in the traditional society, and in modern - large (classes, professional groups).
G. Zimmel believed that "the group size closely correlates with the degree of development of its representatives. The group size is directly proportional to the degree of freedom that its members enjoy: the smaller the group, the time it should act, the more closely to keep its members to protect their own integrity. From hostile effects of the external environment. ".Simmel G. Soziologie: Untersuchundeniiber Die Formen Der Vorgosellschaftung. 3. aufl.munchen; Leipzig, 1923, P. 534 as the group grows, the degree of freedom increases, the intellect, the ability of consciousness, is born.
Large social groups - quantitatively not limited social generality, having sustainable values, norms of behavior and socio-regulatory mechanisms (parties, ethnic groups, industrial and public organizations). Roomkeev M.I. General and social psychology. Textbook for universities. - M.: Publishing Group Norma Infra-M, 1999, p. 227
Big classification social groups According to different signs: the world of psychology. Psychology of a large group.
1. According to the nature of intergroup and intragroup social relations:
objective - people are combined with the community of objective links that exist independently of the consciousness and will of these people;
subjectively psychological groups arise as a result of the conscious association of people;
2. By the time of existence:
long existing - classes, nations;
briefly existing meetings, meetings, crowd;
3. By the nature of the organization:
organized - Parts, Unions;
unorganized - crowd;
4. By the nature of the emergence:
organized consciously - batch, association;
emerged spontaneous crowd;
5. By contact with members of the Group:
conditional- are created on a certain sign (gender, age, profession), people do not have direct contacts among themselves;
real groups - really existing groups in which people have close contacts (rallies, meetings);
6. By openness:
open;
closed - membership is determined by internal installations.
Large social groups can be divided into types: the concept and types of social groups.
1. Society is the largest social group that is the main object of theoretical and empirical research.
2. Territorial groups are formed on the basis of relationships based on the proximity of the place of residence.
3. Target groups are created to perform functions related to specific activities.
4. Intelligentsia is a social group that is professionally engaged in qualified mental labor, which requires special education. At the intelligentsia, a medical, industrial, scientific, pedagogical, military, cultural and artistic and other influence in the literature is found a fairly wide interpretation of the intelligentsia, including all mental workers Labor, including employees - specimens, bank controllers, etc.
5. Mental and physical labor people are considered as separate groups that differ significantly in terms of content, working conditions, in terms of education, qualifications, cultural and domestic requests.
6. The population of the city and the population of the village are the main types of settlement of people who differ in the place of residence. Differences are expressed in scale, concentrations of the population, the level of development of production, saturation of cultural and domestic facilities, transport, communications.
Among the variety of large groups, two, which are the subjects of the historical process -Ethnic groups and classes can be distinguished.
The ethnic group, or ethnos, is historically formed on a certain territory a sustainable social community, which has stable features of culture, language, mental warehouse, behavioral characteristics, consciousness of their unity and differences from other similar entities. At the highest stage of development, many ethnic groups form a sustainable socio-economic integrity - a nation. Nikeev M.I. General and social psychology. Textbook for universities. - M.: Publishing Group Norma Infra-M, 1999, p. 276
In system social production distinguish public classes. Their existence is due to the division of labor, the differentiation of social functions, the dissection of organizational and performing activities. And P. 277
Subjects of extraproup behavior are the public and mass. At the same time, P. 277
The public is a large group of people with common episodic interests, prone to uniform emotional-conscious regulation with the help of non-governmental objects of attention (rally participants, lecture listeners).
Mass - aggregate large number People constituting amorphous education that are not direct contacts, but united by common sustainable interests (large and small, stable and situational masses, etc.).
In the historical development of society and the specific development of groups, individual social communities pass several certain stages. They correspond to the level of development of groups. According to the classification of Dilgensky G.G. Such stages are three .Social psychology. Tutorial / dv. ed. A.L. Zhuravlev. - M.: "Pen SE", 2002, p. 169
The first is low - typological. It is characterized by the fact that members of the group are objectively similar to among themselves for some signs. These signs may be essential in the regulation of their individual behavior, but do not constitute the grounds for creating a psychological community. People combined on these features represent a set of individuals, but do not constitute unity.
The second level of development is characterized by the fact that its members are aware of their belonging to this group identify themselves with its members. This is the level of identification.
The third level implies the readiness of the group members to joint actions in the name of collective purposes. They are aware of the community of their interests. Solidarity level or level of integration.
The level of development of the socio-psychological generality of groups determines their real role in the socio-historical process as a whole, represents the psychological component of social and historical phenomena.
In the structure of large social groups, two subtypes can be distinguished. Mir psychology. Psychology of a large group.
First - ethnic groups, classes, professional groups. They are distinguished by the duration of existence, the pattern of occurrence and development.
The second is the audience, the crowd, the audience. They are short-term and occurred by chance, for some time included in the general emotional space.
The fundamental difference in large groups of the first and second subtype - in the mechanisms regulating intragroup processes.
The so-called organized large groups are managed by specific social mechanisms: traditions, customs, in short. It is possible to determine and describe typical for the representative of such groups lifestyle, characteristics of character, self-consciousness.
Inorganized large groups are managed by socio psychological mechanisms Emotional nature: imitation, suggestion, infection. They are characterized by the community of feelings and sentiment at a certain point in time, which, however, does not indicate the deeper psychological community of participants in this kind of social entities.
For all highlighted large social groups, general features are characterized, which distinguish these groups from small groups.
1. In large groups there are regulators social Behavior - These are the morals, customs, traditions. They give a characteristic of the lifestyle of the group. As part of a certain way of life, the interests, values \u200b\u200band needs of the group are of particular importance.
2. An important role in the psychological characteristic is the presence of a specific language. For ethnic groups, this is an ordinary characteristic, for other groups - "language" acts as a certain jargon.
General features that are peculiar to large groups cannot be absoluting. Each type of these groups has an uniqueness: it is impossible to build in one row class, nation, profession, youth.
The significance of each type of large groups in the historical process is different, as different and their features. Therefore, all the characteristics of large groups should be filled with specific content.
We looked at a large social group, gave it a characteristic, described the structure, now we will get acquainted with the psychological mechanisms of self-regulation of these groups.
Large social groups are formed on the basis of the awareness of people of objective conditions of their existence, nourishes and actualizes their fundamental interest.
they are rightly considered the main subjects of social development.
General characteristics of large social groups
Whatever the role of small social groups and interpersonal communication In the formation and development of personality, they themselves do not create historically specific social norms, values \u200b\u200band other essential elements of public psychology. These elements are formed on the basis of the historical experience of large social groups that are generalized by cultural and ideological systems, which is transferred to the individual through a small group.
These include public classes, ethnic associations (nations, nationalities), which are characterized by the duration of existence, the pattern of occurrence and formation; Crowd, audience, etc., having the basis of the randomness of occurrence, short-term existence and the like.
Classification of large social groups
Like any social subjects, large social groups classify various signs. By the nature of communication distinguish two types of large communities of people: 1) social classes, ethnic groups and so on. The basis are objective social ties. The affiliation of people to these groups is not predetermined by their will, consciousness, but is a consequence of the action of objective factors; 2) Parties, public, professional associations, etc. The person comes to them due to a conscious desire to combine on the basis of certain goals and values. The duration of existence allocate longer (classes, nations) and less prolonged (rallies, crowd, etc.) large social groups. According to the nature of the organization, large social groups are divided into those that have arisen (the crowd, public), and those that were organized consciously (associations, parties, and the like). Social psychology also distinguishes conventional (polo age, professional) and real large groups. An important feature of the classification is contact and interaction. So, to real large groups with close contacts are primarily rallies and meetings. Large groups can be closed and open. The most common is the division of large groups on social groups that were formed in the process. historical Development Societies play a certain role in the system of social relations and differ in duration, stability (ethnic, professional, age-age groups, etc.), and spontaneously educated communities, which are unstable, short-term (crowd, public, audience).
General features of large social groups
Large social groups are in the sphere of influence of specific regulators of social behavior - morals, traditions, morality. These regulators of public practice are formed, with which the Group is connected. An important characteristic Big social groups are language. Ethnic groups without it cannot exist. A sign of other groups (professional, age-related, etc.) E jargon as a variety of speech.
Features of the life position of large social groups together with behavior regulators form their lifestyle.
The lifestyle of a large social group is a set of sustainable typical forms of vital activity of generality.
Typical forms of vital activity of peoples, classes, other social groups, individual individuals manifest themselves in material and spiritual production, in socio-political and family-household spheres. Based on lifestyle, you can determine how people live, what interests are guided by what their thinking is. The subject of analysis can also be special forms of communication, type of contacts and relationships, interests, values \u200b\u200band needs. The lifestyle of generality indicates its attitude to society, to work, other communities and individuals. Since each type of large social groups is endowed only by its inherent properties, differs significantly from others (the ethnic group differs from professional), then their general characteristics Must have a specific content. The study of large social groups attract ethnography and ethnopsychology, comparative studies, sociology, statistical analysis, psycholіngvіstics, etc.
The structure of the psychology of large social groups
The structure of the psychology of large groups constitute various mental properties, mental processes and mental states. Precutively selection the most important elements The psychology of large groups covers a mental warehouse as a sustainable education (national character, traditions, customs, tastes and an emotional sphere as a dynamic education (needs, interests).
The mental warehouse of the group and the psychic warehouse of the individuals, which relate to it, not the same thing, since the formation of the Group's psychology is influenced by collective experience, the degree of assimilation of which is due to individual psychological peculiarities. So, the psychological characteristics of the group are not the simple sum of the person inherent in each personality, but express the typical, characteristic of all individuals.
Methods for studying the psychology of large social groups
Typical features of the psychology of large social groups are fixed in morality, traditions and customs. This encourages social psychology to use ethnography methods, which is peculiar to the analysis of some cultural products. One of the forms of using these methods are intercultural studies. We are talking On comparative studies (compare various cultures, social groups).
Often, social psychology in analyzing the psychology of large social groups enjoys traditional for sociology by methods, especially different techniques of statistical analysis. Not rare for social psychology There are also techniques from the field of linguistics, since during the study of large social groups you have to analyze the iconic systems.
A person participates in public life not as an isolated individual, but as a member of social community - family, friendly company, labor collective, nation, class, etc. Its activity is largely determined by the activities of the groups in which it is included, as well as the interaction within groups and between groups. Accordingly, in sociology, the Company acts not only as an abstraction, but also as a combination of specific social groups that are dependent on each other.
The structure of the entire social system, a set of interrelated and interacting social groups and social communities, as well as social institutions and relations between them there is a social structure of society.
In sociology, the problem of separation of society into groups (including nations, classes), their interaction is one of the cardinal and characteristic of all levels of the theory.
The concept of social group
Group is one of the main elements social Structure societies and represents a combination of people united by any significant sign - shared, common economic, demographic, ethnographic, psychological characteristics. This concept is used in law, economics, history, ethnography, demographics, psychology. In sociology, the concept of "Social Group" is usually used.
Not any community of people call the social group. If people are just located in a certain place (in the bus, at the stadium), then such a temporary community can be called "aggregation". Social community that combines people only one or more similar signs is also not called the group; Here the term "category" is used here. For example, a sociologist can attribute students from 14 to 18 years to the youth category; The elderly people who pay benefits allowance provides benefits communal services- to the category of pensioners, etc.
Social Group - This is an objectively existing sustainable community, a set of individuals, interacting in a certain way based on several signs, in particular shared expectations of each member of the group in relation to others.
The concept of a group as an independent along with the concepts of personality (individual) and society is already found at Aristotle. In a new time, T. Gobbs first identified the group as "a known number of people united by common interest or a common matter."
Under Social group It is necessary to understand any objectively existing sustainable set of people associated with the system of relations regulated by formal or informal social institutions. Society in sociology is considered not as a monolithic formation, but as a combination of many social groups that interact and are in a certain dependence of each other. Every person belongs to a variety of similar groups during his life, among which - family, friendly team, student group, nation, etc. The creation of groups contribute to the similar interests and objectives of people, as well as awareness of the fact that when combining action, it is possible to achieve significantly greater results than with individual action. Wherein social activity Each person is largely determined by the activities of the groups in which it is included, as well as the interaction within groups and between groups. It can be argued with full confidence that only in the group a person becomes a person and is able to find a complete self-expression.
The concept, formation and types of social groups
The most important elements of the social structure of society are Social groups and . As forms of social cooperation, they are such associations of people jointly, whose joint actions are aimed at meeting their needs.
There are many definitions of the concept of "Social Group". So, according to some Russian sociologists, the social group is a collection of people who have common social signs performing socially need function In the structure of public division of labor and activities. The American sociologist R. Moton determines the social group as a set of individuals, in certain ways interacting with each other, aware of its belonging to this group and recognizing the members of this group from the point of view of others. It allocates three main features in the social group: interaction, membership and unity.
In contrast to mass communities, social groups are characterized by:
- sustainable interaction, promoting the strength and stability of their existence;
- relatively high degree of unity and cohesion;
- a well-pronounced homogeneity of the composition involving the presence of signs inherent in all members of the Group;
- the possibility of entry into wider social communities as structural units.
Since each person in the process of its livelihood is a member of a wide variety of social groups that differ in size, the nature of the interaction, the degree of organization and many other features, there is a need for their classification according to certain criteria.
Allocate the following Varieties of social groups:
1. Depending on the nature of the interaction - primary and secondary (Appendix, Scheme 9).
Primary group By definition, C. Kuli, is a group in which the interaction between members is direct, interpersonal in nature and is different high levels emotionality (family, school class, group of peers, etc.). By socializing the individual, the primary group acts as if the link between the person and society.
Secondary group - This is a more numerous group into which the interaction is subordinated to achieving a certain goal and is formal, impersonal. In these groups, the focus is on not personal, unique qualities of the group members, and their ability to perform certain functions. Examples of such groups can serve as organizations (production, political, religious, etc.).
2. Depending on the method of organizing and regulating the interaction - formal and informal.
Formal group - This is a group that has legal status, the interaction in which is regulated by the system of formalized norms, rules, laws. These groups have consciously supplied target, Regulatoryly enshrined Hierarchical structure and operate according to the administratively established order (organization, enterprises, etc.).
Informal group It occurs spontaneously, based on common views, interests and interpersonal interactions. It is deprived of official regulation and legal status. The head of such groups is usually worth informal leaders. Examples of M o Gut serve friendly companies, unification of informal among young people, lovers of rock music, etc.
3. Depending on affiliation for individuals - Ingroups and outgroups.
Ingroup - This is a group to which the individual feels directly affiliated and identifies it as "mine", "our" (for example, "my family", "my class", "my company", etc.).
Outgroup - This is a group to which this individual does not belong and therefore assesses it as "someone else's", not its (other families, another religious group, another ethnos, etc.). Each Individual Ingroup has its own authograph estimate scale: from indifferent to aggressive-hostile. Therefore, sociologists suggest measuring the degree of adoption or closure relative to other groups on the so-called "Social Distance scale" Bogardus.
Reference Group - This is a real or imaginary social group, the value system, norms and estimates of which serves for the Individual standard. The term was first proposed by the American social psychologist Hymen. The reference group in the system of relations "personality - society" performs two important functions: regulatory, being for an individual, the source of the norms of behavior, social attitudes and value orientation; comparativespeaking for the Individual standard, it allows it to determine its place in the social structure of society, evaluate itself and others.
4. Depending on the quantitative composition and form of links - small and large.
- This is directly contacting a small group of people, combined for joint activities.
Small group can take a variety of forms, but the initial are "Diad" and "Triad", they are called the simplest Moleculessmall group. Dyad consists of two people and is considered extremely fragile association, in Triad. Actively interact three persons, She is more stable.
Characteristic features of a small group are:
- small and stable composition (as a rule, from 2 to 30 people);
- spatial proximity of group members;
- stability and duration of existence:
- high degree of coincidence of group values, norms and samples of behavior;
- intensity interpersonal relationship;
- a developed sense of belonging to the group;
- informal control and information saturation in the group.
Large group - This is a numerous group in its composition, which is created for a specific purpose and the interaction in which is mainly mediated in nature (labor collectives, enterprises, etc.). This also includes numerous aggregates of people who have common interests and occupy the same position in the social structure of society. For example, socio-class, professional, political and other organizations.
The team (Lat. Collectivus) is a social group in which all vital ties between people are mediated through socially important goals.
Characteristic team features:
- combination of the interests of individual and society;
- the community of goals and principles that are members of the team as value orientation and norms of activity. The team performs the following functions:
- subject - The solution to the problem for which it is created;
- socio-educational - Combination of the interests of individual and society.
5. Depending on socially significant features - real and nominal.
Real groups are groups allocated for socially significant criteria:
- paul - men and women;
- age - Children, youth, adults, elderly;
- income - rich, poor, wealthy;
- nationality - Russian, French, Americans;
- marital status - married, idle, divorced;
- profession (occupation) - doctors, economists, managers;
- place of residence - Citizens, rural residents.
Nominal (conditional) groups, sometimes they are called social categories, are allocated to conduct a sociological study or statistical accounting of the population (for example, to find out the number of beneficiaries, single mothers, students receiving students personal scholarships etc.).
Along with the social groups in sociology, the concept of "quasigroup" is distinguished.
The quasi-group is informal, spontaneous, unstable social community that does not have a certain structure and system of values, the interaction of people in which wears, as a rule, third-party and short-term nature.
The main types of quasigroup are:
The audience - This is a social community united by interaction with the communicator and receiving information from it. Heterogeneity of this social Educationdue to difference personal qualities, as well as cultural values and the norms of people entering it, determines and different degree perception and evaluation of information received.
- temporary, relatively inorganized, structureless accumulation of people united in a closed physical space with generality of interests, but at the same time devoid of clearly conscious goals and related similarity of the emotional state. Allocate common characteristics of the crowd:
- constability - People who are in the crowd are usually more sustainable than outside;
- anonymity - Individual, being in a crowd, as if merged with it, becomes unrecognizable, believing that it is difficult to "calculate";
- spontaneity (contamination) - People in the crowd are susceptible to fast transmission and change of emotional state;
- unconsciousness - The individual feels invulnerable, out of social control, so his actions are "soaked" by collective unconscious instincts and become unpredictable.
Depending on the method of forming a crowd and behavior of people in it distinguish its following varieties:
- casual crowd - an indefinite set of individuals formed spontaneously without any purpose (to observe the celebrity suddenly appeared or traffic accident);
- convention crowd - relatively structured assembly of people under the influence of planned predetermined norms (viewers in the theater, fans at the stadium, etc.);
- expressive crowd - The social quasigroup formed for the personal pleasure of its members, which in itself is already the goal and the result (discos, rock festivals, etc.);
- acting (active) crowd - Producing some actions group that can perform in the form: gathering - emotionally excited crowd, with violent action, and Resting Crowd - Groups characterized by special aggressiveness and destructive actions.
In the history of the development of sociological science, various theories were developed, explaining the mechanisms of formation of the crowd (Lebrone, R. Turner, etc.). But with all the inconsistency of points of view, one thing is clear: To manage the command of the crowd, it is important: 1) to identify sources of the occurrence of norms; 2) to determine their carriers by structuring the crowd; 3) purposefully affect their creators, offering a crowd significant goals and algorithms for further action.
Among the quasigroups closest to social groups are social circles.
Social circles are social communities that are created with the purpose of sharing information between their members.
Polish sociologist Ya. Schapansky highlights the following types of social circles: Contact - Community, constantly based on certain conditions (interest in sports competitions, sports, etc.); Professional - going to exchange information exclusively but professional sign; status - formed about the exchange of information between humans with the same social status (aristocratic circles, female or men's circles, etc.); friendly - Based on the joint conduct of any events (companies, groups of friends).
In conclusion, we note that quasigroups are some transients, which, with the acquisition of such signs, as organizedness, stability and structure, are transformed into a social group.
History
The word "group" fell into Russian at the beginning of the 19th century. From Italian (IT. gROPPO., or gruppo. - knot) as technical term Paints used to designate several figures constituting the composition. . This is exactly how his dictionary of foreign words began on the beginning of the 19th century, where among other overseas "Dicks" also contains the word "group" as an ensemble, composition "figures, integer components, and so proven that the eye looks around."
The first written appearance of a French word groupe.From which, later, his English and German equivalents occurred, dates back to 1668 due to the Moller, a year later, this word penetrates the literary speech, while still retaining technical color. The broad penetration of the term "group" in a variety of knowledge of knowledge, its truly generally creating the appearance of it " transparency", That is, clearness and publicly available. It is most often used in relation to some human communities as the collections of people united for a number of signs of a certain spiritual substance (interest, goal, awareness of their community, etc.). Meanwhile, the sociological category "Social Group" is one of the most difficult For understanding due to significant discrepancies with everyday ideas. The social group is not just a combination of people united in formal or informal signs, but a group social position that people occupy. "We cannot identify agents that inform the position, with the very position, even if the combination of these agents is a practical group mobilized for uniform action for the sake of common interest."
Signs
Types of groups
Large, medium and small groups are highlighted.
Large groups include aggregate of people existing on the scale of the whole society as a whole: these are social layers, professional groups, ethnic community (nation, nationality), age groups (youth, pensioners), etc. Awareness of belonging to the social group and, accordingly, Interests as their own is gradually, as organizations that protect the interests of the Group (for example, the struggle of workers for their rights and interests through the organization of workers).
Middle Groups include manufacturing associations of employees of enterprises, territorial community (residents of one village, cities, district, etc.).
Material small groups include groups such as family, friendly companies, neighboring communities. They are distinguished by the presence of interpersonal relations and personal contacts with each other.
One of the earliest and most well-known classifications of small groups to primary and secondary was given by the American sociologist. Kuli, where he conducted a distinction between them. "The primary (basic) group" refers to those personal relations that are direct, face to face, relatively constant, and deep, such as family relationships, a group of close friends and the like. "Secondary groups" (the phrase that Kuli did not actually use, but which appeared later) relate to all other person-to-face relations, but especially to such groups or associations, as a production, in which a person belongs to others through the formal , often legal or contractual relations.
Structure of social groups
The structure is a structure, a device, an organization. The structure of the group is a way of interconnection, its interpordability component parts, group elements (carried out through group interests, group norms and values) forming a sustainable social structure, or a configuration of social relations.
The current large group has its own internal structure: "core" (and in some cases - kernels) and "Periphery" With a gradual weakening, as the entrance properties are removed from the kernel, according to which the individuals identify themselves and this group is nominated, that is, on which it is separated from other groups allocated according to a specific criterion.
Specific individuals may and not possess all the essential features of the subjects of this commonality, they are constantly moving in their status complex (repertoire of roles) from one position to another. The kernel of any group is relatively sustainable, it consists of carriers of these essential traits - professionals of symbolic representation.
In other words, the group's core is a combination of typical individuals that most constantly combine the nature of the activity, the structure of needs, norms, installations and motivations identified by people with this social group. That is, the agents occupying the agents should work out as social organization, social community, or social corps with identity (recognized ideas about yourself) and mobilized around a common interest.
Therefore, the core is a concentrated expressive of all social properties of the group that determine its qualitative difference from all other. There is no such nucleus - no group itself. At the same time, the composition of the individuals included in the "tail" of the Group continuously changes due to the fact that each individual occupies a lot of social positions and can move from one position to another situationally, due to the demographic movement (age, death, illness, etc. p.) or as a result of social mobility.
The real group has not only its structure or design, but also its composition (as well as decomposition).
Composition (Lat. Compositio - compilation) - organization of social space and its perception (social perception). The composition of the group is a combination of its elements that form a harmonic unity, which ensures the integrity of its perception (social gestalta) as a social group. The group composition is usually determined through social status indicators.
Decomposition - the opposite operation or the process of separating the composition on the elements, parts, indicators. The decomposition of the social group is carried out by projection on various social fields and positions. Often the composition (decomposition) of the groups is identified with a set of demographic and professional parameters, which is not entirely true. The parameters are not important here, and to the extent that they characterize the status-role-role position of the group and act as social filters that allow it to carry out social distance to not merge, not to be "blurred" or absorbed by other positions.
As for the membership in a group of a specific individual as an element of the composition, it is indeed he faces the outside world that surrounds it and positions it as a member of the group, i.e. His personality in this situation becomes "insignificant", in it, as in person, as a member of the group, see first of all the whole group.
Functions of social groups
There are various approaches to the classification of the functions of social groups. American sociologist N. Smelzer allocates the following functions of groups:
Social groups are currently
A peculiarity of social groups in countries with a developed economy is currently their mobility, openness of the transition from one social group to another. The rapprochement of the level of culture and education of various socio-professional groups leads to the formation of common sociocultural needs and thereby creates conditions for the gradual integration of social groups, systems of their values, their behavior and motivation. As a result, you can state the update and expansion of the most characteristic modern world - middle layer (middle class).
Notes
see also
- Tusovka
Links
- Definition of the COP of the Russian Federation No. 564-oh about the constitutionality of a ban of excitation of hatred for social groups in Article 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation
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