Every gardener dreams of getting a rich harvest from his vineyard. But for this there is little knowledge about how to properly care for grapes. It is necessary to get acquainted with grape diseases and methods of their treatment.
Grapes are susceptible to a variety of diseases, including leaf rubella
Types of grape diseases
An important method of combating diseases is spraying the bushes. It is better to start doing it before the buds open. The bushes should be sprayed in the spring with a three percent solution of Bordeaux mixture. Cooking method: in 5 l warm water dilute 300 gr blue vitriol and mix, in another bowl for 5 liters, dilute 300 g of freshly slaked lime, then mix both solutions, pouring blue vitriol into lime milk. After mixing and straining our mixture, pour it into the sprayer. Now you can process the entire vineyard, including young and perennial bushes. Such prevention protects grapes, but does not completely save from diseases. Therefore, let's take a closer look at grape diseases and arm ourselves with ways to deal with them.
Diseases of grapes are divided into two types:
- Infectious - these are diseases that are transmitted from diseased bushes to healthy ones through viruses, fungi or bacteria. The danger lies in the fact that under certain favorable conditions, the infection can destroy the entire vineyard completely. The transmission of the disease is possible by wind, water, animals and even workers. garden tools. Everyone needs to fight accessible ways: disease prevention, high agricultural background and quarantine.
- Non-infectious - these are diseases that occur due to adverse weather conditions, soil acidification or an increase in its alkaline balance. If there is poor development vine, cracking and drying of the color of the ridges, shoots with short nodes, then you should immediately take measures to treat the diseased bush.
Below we consider the description and signs that characterize grape diseases.
Leaf discoloration may be a sign of non-communicable diseases in grapes
In other words, this disease is called ashtray or powdery mildew. It is caused by a fungal infection that affects not only foliage, berries, shoots, but also inflorescences. grape bush. This disease is easy to detect by the presence of an ash-gray coating on the leaves of the plant, which quickly wither and dry.
Oidium winters on the vine in the form of a dense mycelium, and in summer, with the onset of warm and wet weather, the fungus grows. Spores are formed - sidia, which are carried by the wind throughout the vineyard and cover the greenery powdery coating. Affected shoots grow weakly, and the fruits generally rot or dry out. The oidium reproduces with its spore sidium throughout the warm season, so it is necessary to constantly carry out all the common preventive procedures that we met earlier in this article.
Oidium - a fungal infection of grapes
In another way, downy mildew. This disease affects all parts of the grape bush and is a danger of death for the entire vineyard. The disease manifests itself in the fact that the leaves begin to lose their shape, and their green color seems to be smeared with dirty oil. When the temperature rises in summer, the disease progresses, covering lower part leaves with a gray cobweb-like bloom. Then the leaves change their color to dark brown, dry out and fall off. We observe the same picture with the ovary, inflorescences and fruits of grapes, which are the size of a pea. large fruits the fungus is not affected.
Mildew usually hibernates in fallen leaves (winter spores), and in summer it germinates in zoosparangi at a temperature of 13 degrees and humid air. The incubation period for the spread of downy mildew is the beginning of May - the end of July.
The emerging spores easily move with water, affecting the organs of the vine and penetrating into the depths of the plant tissues. Growing, the mushroom thread covers the grapes with oily spots.
To prevent infection of the vineyard with mildew disease, the following conditions must be met:
- Do not plant grape bushes in lowlands, where moisture often lingers after fog or dew.
- Comply with the conditions of ventilation and penetration of sunlight.
- Mandatory cleaning of foliage.
- Timely treatment with Bordeaux liquid.
Mildew occurs in conditions high humidity
Anthracnose
This fungal disease. Widespread in vineyards located in areas with a warm and humid climate (Black Sea coast, Moldova, Ukraine).
Anthracnose fungus affects almost the entire bush. Long stored in the form of pycnidia, sclerotia and mycelium (up to 5 years). After overwintering on the affected parts of the bush, about 30 generations of spores mature during the season, which infect more and more new areas of the vineyard.
The disease is manifested by the appearance of brown spots with a white border on the leaves of grapes. In the middle of the spots, the green tissue dies and falls out. Brown, and then pink-gray circles with dark edging are also formed on the shoots. The fabric cracks, deep wounds appear. Shoots break, dry and die. The disease leads to the death of most of the crop, causing great damage to gardeners.
Anthracnose of grapes is manifested by brown spots on the leaves
Chlorosis
This disease in the grape bush causes a metabolic disorder. The formation of chlorophyll occurs with disturbances, so the process of photosynthesis obviously slows down. If you notice that your vine is practically not growing, and the leaves are strangely yellowing, it's time to sound the alarm. Your vines are sick.
There is infectious and non-infectious chlorosis. If a focus appears, then chlorosis affects not only the grapes, but also all the plants that are around.
It is necessary to pay attention to the composition of the soil of the vineyard. If there is an excess of lime, a glut or lack of minerals, then this often leads to this disease.
It is necessary to qualitatively change the condition of the soil, and at high humidity to carry out drainage work.
Unnatural yellowing of leaves - the first symptom of chlorosis
white rot
A fungal disease that affects grapes after a hail, sunburn and Mildew. At first, the fungus affects the stalks, gradually moving to the berries. This directly threatens the entire crop, because grapes affected by white rot are bland and tasteless.
The fungus overwinters on fallen berries and leaves. To successfully fight this disease, it is necessary to carefully remove diseased berries, because they are the main source of the disease.
Gray rot
A disease that can destroy the entire crop. Diseased grape fruits shrivel, after which they burst and acquire a rotting gray coating. Such bunches of grapes are not suitable for storage and transportation.
There are no effective measures to combat this disease, it is important to comply with all preventive measures for growing crops.
Gray rot destroys the berry crop
black rot
Fungal disease that affects shoots, leaves and berries. They call it so because the sporulation of the fungus is black. The fungus spends the winter in the soil or on a grape bush, and then infects the plant during rain.
The disease is manifested by the fact that depressed brown spots appear on the berries. Over time, they acquire a purple hue and increase in size. The berry turns black and crumbles.
Spraying with Bordeaux liquid is the most effective in the fight against black rot.
acid rot
Drosophila fly (fruit fly) damages the berries of a grape bush when ripe. This insect quickly decomposes and utilizes fruits with semi-liquid pulp.
Acid rot is the rotting of brownish berries in ripe bunches of grapes. Prevention will be the removal of spoiled berries, dusting the crop with garden sulfur.
If you do not remove the affected berries, acid rot will spoil the entire bunch.
Escoriosis
In other words, black spotting. In the summer, at the beginning of June, signs of the disease can be observed. Dark spots appear on the shoots of grapes and leaves. They blur into oval spots and fade. Even grape buds are covered with these spots.
It is very difficult to fight this chronic disease, but grape bushes need to be treated regularly.
Necrosis
This disease is also called dry arm, because it is manifested by the drying and extinction of the vine. The main problem is that this disease is not visible on the surface of the cortex, because the spots form inside, connecting into a ring. The main way to deal with necrosis is prevention. Do not cover the vine for the winter with an earthen layer; it is better to use cellophane or other insulation.
bacterial cancer
A plant disease caused by a rod-shaped bacterium. Small white growths form on the vine. Then they become dark in color and become hard. Such tumors occur at the sites of vaccinations or other mechanical damage through which bacteria penetrate. A diseased plant develops poorly or dies quickly.
Measures to combat bacterial cancer are cutting tumors to healthy tissue and treating mechanical damage with a 5% solution of copper sulphate.
Growths of bacterial cancer must be cut off and treated with copper sulphate
rubella leaf
This is a common disease of dyed grape varieties.
In summer, at the end of June - in July, a red tint can be seen on some leaves. This is the first sign of rubella leaves. Then the leaves slowly thicken, become brittle - the necrosis of living tissues begins.
Leaf rubella often occurs if there is not enough potassium in the soil or after a long drought. To cure grapes you need:
- enrich the soil with potash fertilizers;
- spray grape bushes with potassium nitrate.
It can be concluded that the usual prevention saves the vine from most diseases. This includes checking each seedling for grape disease, regularly destroying diseased bushes, trimming off unwanted leftovers - these are all common preventive measures for the health of your vineyard.
It is difficult to find a person who would remain indifferent to sweet fragrant grapes. And what a shame it is when the grape harvest dies because of your oversight. The most common cause of crop failure is various diseases. Therefore, people who decide to start growing vines need to know the main diseases of grapes and methods for their treatment.
All grape diseases are divided into three groups:
- fungal;
- viral;
- bacterial.
Fungal diseases include:
- mildew;
- oidium;
- anthracnose;
- alternariosis;
- cercosporosis;
- escoriosis;
- apoplexy;
- gray rot;
- white rot;
- black rot;
- armillariasis;
- verticillosis;
The group of bacterial diseases consists of:
- bacterial cancer;
- bacteriosis;
- bacterial necrosis;
- bacterial spotting:
- Pierce's disease;
- acid rot;
Viral diseases of grapes are:
- marbling of leaves;
- vein mosaic;
- leaf vein necrosis;
- chlorosis;
- short knot.
Treatable and therefore relatively safe are only fungal diseases. Viral and bacterial diseases are practically incurable, and can destroy not only the crop, but the entire vineyard.
Mildew
One of the most common grape diseases. It is also often referred to as downy mildew. The culprit of its appearance is the fungus Plasmopara Viticol.
The spores of this fungus can easily tolerate both frost and heat. During the season, this harmful fungus can give up to 15 generations. But for intensive reproduction, it requires humid, warm weather. At +12°, its development practically stops.
Fat yellow spots appearing on the leaves indicate the defeat of mildew grapes. On the underside of the leaf, colonies of fungi form a white coating. As the disease progresses, the spots increase in size and turn brown, the leaves dry and fall off prematurely.
You can fight mildew with both chemicals and folk remedies. Of the folk remedies, the most effective are planting dill next to the vine - its smell is not to the liking of the fungus.
You can also spray the bushes with water garlic or horsetail broth. To prepare it, take 75 g of garlic or horsetail in a bucket of water.
Of the chemicals, mildew is fought by spraying the shoots with preparations containing copper: Bordeaux mixture, copper oxide and chlorine. The causative agent of the disease is killed by drugs whose working component is mancozeb - Mancozeb, Acrobat MC, Rapid Gold, Acidan, etc.
Effective against mildew Ridomil and Ridomil gold, in which the main " strike force» performs Metalaksil. For effective fight with mildew you can treat and biological preparations: Planriz, Delan, Alarin-B.
For the treatment of grape bushes, a working solution is prepared by diluting the contents of the preparation in water according to the instructions attached to it, and the plants are sprayed with this solution. The treatment is repeated three times: the first time the plants are treated in early spring, before bud break, the second - before flowering, the third - at the beginning of tying berries.
Oidium (powdery mildew)
The causative agent of the disease is the fungus uncinula grapes. It can affect grape bushes throughout the growing season. It affects the young vine, leaves, inflorescences and berries.
The leaves on the bushes affected by the fungus are completely covered with white bloom, and it is observed not only on the outer, but also on the back side of the leaves. At optimal conditions development (moderate humidity and warm weather), the mycelium grows so strongly that it covers the plant like a second bark. The berries on the affected plants crack, it seems that the grains from them are about to fall out.
Used to fight disease chemicals: Topaz, Thiovit-Jet, Skor, Byleton. Also today, combined preparations are produced that can protect grape plantings from both oidium and mildew. These are Quadris, Storby, Cardio.
From folk methods sometimes, to combat powdery mildew, a milk solution is used (1 liter of milk is diluted in a bucket of water), a 5% solution of potassium permanganate (5 g of manganese is diluted in a bucket of water), which are sprayed several times on plants during the growing season.
Gray rot
The causative agent of the disease is the fungus botrytis gray. Almost all terrestrial parts of the plant are affected by the disease. Outwardly, its manifestations are very reminiscent of ordinary rot, but, unlike it, with high humidity the fungus multiplies rapidly, affecting large areas.
On the affected bushes, the entire crop of berries dies. Effective drugs not yet available to combat gray rot, most often Zuparen or Fundazol are used to treat affected plants.
Of the folk methods, spraying the bushes with a solution of iodine is used: 1 g of the drug is diluted in a bucket of water and treated with this solution. But both chemicals and iodine solution can only slow down the development of the disease, but do not stop it completely.
As a prophylaxis against gray rot, pinching grape bushes and removing part of the leaves can be considered. These measures contribute to better ventilation of the bush, which significantly reduces the risk of disease.
Anthracnose
The causative agent is the fungus Gloeosporium ampelinum. Spots of a pinkish-gray tint with brown edging appear on the leaves and berries of affected plants. Leaves and berries quickly dry out and fall off, appear on the bark deep cracks, due to difficulties with nutrition, the bush lags behind in development.
When the first signs of the disease are detected, the vineyard is treated with Ridomil, Arceride, Acrobat. It is necessary to carry out 3-4 treatments per season, at intervals of 10-14 days, while it is better to alternate drugs.
Alternariosis
The causative agent is Alternaria fungi. The disease usually rages in the spring, affecting the ground parts of the bush. On the leaves and bark appear silvery brown spots, and on the berries they have a white color. In wet weather, the spots turn olive.
For prevention in the spring, grape bushes are treated with copper sulfate, and if signs of a disease are detected, the plants are treated with Skorom, Quadris, Rapid-Gold, Kolfogo Super.
white rot
The causative agent is the fungus sclerotinia. At high humidity and high temperature the fungus grows very fast. Infection of bushes most often occurs in August. It mainly affects berries and young shoots. Outwardly, it looks like white dust settled on berries and shoots.
Berries affected by white rot become soft, as if scalded. If signs of white rot are found, the bushes should be immediately treated with Fundazol or Kolfogo super. To finally defeat the disease, it is necessary to carry out at least 3-4 treatments.
Bacterial diseases
Bacterial diseases are the result of the development of various pathogenic bacteria on the bush. Almost all of them are practically untreatable, and the only way to get rid of them is to completely remove and dispose of the bush.
bacterial cancer
The causative agent of the disease is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium.
It acts in late autumn and winter, affecting the vine. First, the bark on an infected plant will blister and then tear. Some vineyard owners are trying to combat this scourge with tetracycline oxide, but the effectiveness of this remedy is in serious doubt.
The only one for today in an efficient way the fight against bacterial cancer is the complete removal of the hive. But even after that, strict quarantine supervision is established on the affected land for 4 years.
Viral diseases
Viral diseases appear under the influence of harmful viruses. Like bacterial infections, they are practically untreatable. Today, 35 diseases of grapes associated with the defeat of its virus are known. But they are still very little studied, in most cases there are only descriptions of diseases, and even those are not always complete.
It is possible to infect a healthy plant with a harmful virus only with infected juice. Most often this happens when pruning diseased and healthy bushes with one tool. The natural spreaders of viruses are nematodes and sucking insects.
Sometimes the symptoms of viral diseases are mild or absent at all - it all depends on the natural immunity of the plant itself or varietal resistance. But there are times when the development of such diseases proceeds quickly and violently.
Short knot
The leaves of the grapes become asymmetric, begin to "curly". Interspersed with normal length internodes appear ugly-shortened, sometimes one internode is placed next to the other (double internode). Young shoots of the affected bushes become flattened and forked. The berries fall off before ripening, the bushes quickly degenerate.
yellow mosaic
It is clearly visible in the spring, when the affected bushes change their natural color, turn yellow. Yellow spots or stripes appear on the leaves. There are almost no clusters on the vine, and the formed berries grow no more than a pea. The growth of the bushes stops, the plant dies.
Wood striation virus
Longitudinal depressions in the form of pits or furrows appear on the bark of infected plants. The bark thickens, becomes loose. The growth of the bushes stops, and the plants quickly die.
red leaf virus
The leaves on the affected bushes become noticeably smaller than healthy ones, have a yellowish color. In the future, with the development of the disease, they quickly turn red and fall off.
leaf roll virus
The symptoms of the infection are similar to those of the red leaf virus. The disease develops in the second half of summer, the leaves on infected plants quickly turn yellow or red, but at the same time a green strip remains on them along the central vein. The leaves thicken, curl, the set berries fall off without ripening.
There is only one way to fight viral infections - the complete removal of infected bushes. It is impossible to grow grapes in the area affected by the virus for 5-6 years.
Despite such a huge number of diseases, and even a dozen pests that annoy grapes, it is possible and necessary to grow it.
You just have to treat him like little child- take care, protect, carry out preventive "vaccinations" on time, treating the bushes in order to prevent the occurrence of diseases. And then in the autumn the grapes will thank you with weighty tassels, each berry of which will contain a piece of sunny summer.
I am not a botanist and if not for my vineyard, I would never have written this article.
How much our whole family suffered, fighting first with one grape disease, then with another. Confused in the names and methods of treatment.
How much easier life would be for gardeners in the absence of various diseases that affect crops grown with such love. But there is no choice left - it is necessary to wage war with them.
In the selected photos - grape diseases. Not all diseases are curable, there are fatal diseases among them, so it is especially important to recognize them in time.
Mildew (peronospora viticola de bary)
Gardeners are familiar with this disease firsthand, since it has to be dealt with most often, since it is one of the most common diseases. Mildew is also called downy mildew. This fungal disease manifested by the defeat of leaf plates with yellow spots and gray bloom. Without special treatment, the grapes may die.
The fungus can damage not only grape leaves, but also fruits.
Oidium, or powdery mildew (oidium tuckeri berk)
This fungus is somewhat less common than downy mildew. The disease manifests itself in the appearance of a gray coating on leaf plates and fruits. The disease is especially prevalent in hot weather. If you do not start treatment with the fungus, then this can ruin the crop, the berries will begin to crack, and within a few years all the vines will die.
The fungus oidium is a relative with powdery mildew on apple trees, currants and other plants in the garden. Inflorescences and fruits suffer the most.
Anthracnose
When this disease appears, dark brown spots become visible on the leaves and all ground parts of the plant. Gradually, the affected areas begin to die.
The causative agents of anthracnose are imperfect fungi Gloeosporium, Colletotrichum, Kabatiella. This disease was nicknamed "bird's eye" for some similarities. The disease manifests itself on leaves, petioles, ridges of bunches and young shoots. The diseased parts of the vine slowly begin to dry out, and then die off completely. Grape brushes are most susceptible to disease with the onset of flowering.
Alternariosis
Most often, the disease appears in the spring. At the same time, branches, leaves, and berries suffer. The fruits begin to become covered with white spots, and the rest of the plant with brown or silver spots. Infected fruits begin to deteriorate literally before our eyes.
Alternariosis especially develops in hot and dry weather. With the widespread warming of the climate in recent years, this disease has spread very widely in all areas of grape cultivation.
cercosporosis
Leaf plates and berries are covered with brown spots that begin to grow. Leaves and fruits dry and die.
Escoriosis
The fungus leads to the appearance of black spots on the branches and leaves. The stalks gradually dry out and fall off.
Apoplexy
Infection occurs from a fungal infection, but secreted by fungi during growth in huge quantities toxins can lead to lethal outcome. This disease is also called exa. Most of the manifestation of the disease is observed in summer time. If the disease has an acute form, then the plant dies in just a few days. In the chronic course of the disease, the plant suffers for several years.
A sign of the disease is the appearance of white spots on the lower leaves of the vine.
Gray mold (botrytis cinerea)
Gray rot fungus damages the aerial part of the vine, sore spots begin to become covered with a grayish fluff. First of all, the lowest clusters located near the ground suffer. At the same time, the fruits first acquire a brownish tint, and then become covered with bloom. gray color.
white rot
With this disease, the fruits of grapes suffer. White coating, like moss creeping over the berries. They start to warp and fall off.
White rot often accompanies mechanical injury to the vine.
black rot
This fungus is manifested by the appearance of dark purple spots on leaf plates and grapes. The disease spreads rapidly, covering an ever larger area with rot.
Armillariasis
This disease causes the leaves to turn yellow and the roots to turn brown. In autumn, yellow mushrooms sprout on the affected areas.
Verticillosis
With verticillium in a plant, the leaves turn yellow, and the shoots begin to die very quickly. The fungus can persist for up to five years.
Various grape diseases and their treatment, video:
Bacterial diseases
bacterial cancer
This is a very dangerous and incurable bacterial disease. Manifested in the appearance of growths on the plant. During the first two years, the vine gradually ceases to bear fruit, and then the diseased vine dies. Affected plants are immediately removed and certainly burned to prevent the spread of a terrible disease. For the next two years, the vine cannot be planted in this place.
bacteriosis
Bacteriosis disease manifests itself in the form of wrinkled pink-purple spots on the grapes. The reason is the scorching rays of the sun.
Bacterial necrosis
At the same time, the berries are covered with black, clearly defined spots, the branches dry up and die.
acid rot
Berries acquire Brown color and start to decompose. Fruit rot begins. As a result, it can lead to the death of the entire crop.
Viral diseases of grapes
Viral diseases are deadly, there is no cure for them yet. Sick plants must be destroyed.
There is only one way to protect yourself - to choose grape varieties that are resistant to viral diseases for planting on the site.
Most often, plants suffer from:
- marbling of foliage;
- vein mosaic;
- leaf necrosis;
- chlorosis - discoloration.
Non-infectious chlorosis
Viral diseases
Diseases of viral origin are extremely difficult to recognize. The symptoms are similar to many other ailments that do not have a viral nature:
- cracking wood;
- leaves are deformed and their color changes;
- inflorescences fall;
- the plant slows down in growth and development.
Methods for the treatment of diseases of the vine
The following fungicides work best against fungal bacterial infections:
- Against mildew, white and black rot:
Good treatment with Rodimol Gold, Polyhom, Arceride, copper oxychloride, Bordeaux mixture.
- To combat oidium:
It can be treated with Topaz, Strobi, Acrobat MC, Horus, Thiovit, using colloidal sulfur.
With the help of sulfur checkers, protection against oidium is carried out in greenhouses, burning them in the fall, after the end of the growing season. And also in the spring, immediately after the shelter is removed.
- For the treatment of alternariosis, cercosporosis, Bordeaux liquid is used.
- With escoriosis, treatment is carried out with Bordeaux liquid and benzophosphate.
- In apoplexy it is best to use Arsenite, but the drug is very poisonous.
- With anthracnose, Bordeaux liquid, Polyhom, copper oxychloride are used.
- From gray rot they use Switch, Horus, Antrakol.
- Copper-containing fungicides are suitable for armillariasis.
- With verticillosis, Fundazol is used as a spray.
Bacterial diseases are the most difficult to treat. Without fail, diseased areas or even the entire plant are urgently removed. Be sure to treat with an insecticide from insects that can be carriers of the disease, and then treat the plant with Bordeaux liquid.
Diseases of viral origin are almost untreatable. When they are found, diseased plants are best destroyed.
But it must be remembered that best remedy From all diseases is prevention. And this is proper care.
And, of course, with a natural desire to improve the quality of the crop, I want to minimize the chemical treatments of plants.
It is in this case that prevention comes to the fore, becoming an ally in the fight for good harvest grapes.
- Prevention will reduce the risks of possible diseases and, as a result, will reduce the use of insecticidal preparations in the treatment of plants.
- With preventive treatments, measures are taken after harvesting, which reduces the possible accumulation of harmful toxic substances in the fruits.
- The dosage of chemically active substances for prevention is one and a half to two times less than for therapeutic purposes.
- Prevention measures contribute to obtaining healthy material for plant propagation.
The best way to prevent is proper care. With experience comes an understanding of the need for preventive treatments on the vine, but many gardeners believe that growing grapes without the use of chemicals is the best way.
In cases of damage to the bushes, the question is put in a completely different way: either to lose the vineyard completely, or try to save it with the help of products chemical industry. In such situations experienced gardeners usually choose the second option.
Everyone who grows grapes on their plot knows how much work goes into caring for this plant, and therefore must be able to cope with a variety of diseases and pests. In order for the fight against diseases and pests of grapes to be most effective, you need to be able to recognize the symptoms and choose the right necessary funds treatment.
Types of diseases that grapes are susceptible to
There are a large number of diseases that grapes can suffer from. It is necessary to study their symptoms in order to be able to find the right treatment.
Non-infectious chlorosis
With non-infectious chlorosis, the leaf blade of the grape first changes from dark green to light green. Then the leaves turn yellow and only the veins of the leaf and a small amount of tissue next to them remain green. Subsequently, the affected leaf dies off.
Not only leaves suffer from non-infectious chlorosis, but the whole plant as a whole. The vine slows down its development, the growth point of the entire shrub dies off, the ovaries crumble. In addition, there is a high risk that diseased shrubs may not survive the winter.
The following varieties are most susceptible to non-infectious chlorosis: Agate Donskoy, Italy, Magarach, Isabella, Pino (black and blanc), Aligote. The least affected are Chasselas (white and pink), Saint Laurent, Muscatel, Pinot Meunier.
With non-infectious chlorosis, the leaf turns yellow, but its veins remain green.
There can be several reasons for the occurrence of non-infectious chlorosis.
- unfavorable climatic conditions. Non-infectious chlorosis is often due to cold, rainy weather;
- unsuitable soil. Grapes can get sick if they grow in an airtight clay soil. Soil alkalinity also plays an important role. If the level is high enough (pH8 and above), then your grapes will have a hard time extracting iron from the soil, which is necessary for the synthesis of the green pigment - chlorophyll, and absorb it, so the leaves will begin to change color and turn yellow.
Treatment of non-infectious chlorosis
If you notice signs of non-infectious chlorosis on grapes, then take the following actions:
- Check the alkalinity of the soil. If the indicators are high, then adding ammonium sulfate salt to the soil at the rate of 100–150 g per bush, as well as using a solution iron sulphate. To make it, dissolve 50 g of powder in 10 liters of water. Spray the bush for 5 days. Remember to do this in the spring before the buds open or in the fall after the leaves have fallen. If you need urgent treatment of the plant, then the concentration of the solution should be weaker, otherwise you risk burning the leaves. In this case, dilute 2-5 g of powder in 10 liters of water. Spray the plant for 5 days until the leaves regain their previous color. This procedure is preferably done in the evening.
- V spring period it is useful to spray with preparations containing iron in a chelated (capable of transformation) form, such as Brexil Fe, Iron Chelate, etc.
- Also as foliar feeding preparations enriched with macronutrients such as phosphorus and potassium are suitable (for a solution of superphosphate, dilute 20 g of powder in 10 liters of water, for a solution of potassium sulfate - 5 g of powder per 10 liters of water), as well as containing trace elements zinc, boron, manganese and magnesium ( for example, a solution of manganese sulfate - 4 g per 10 l). They must be used simultaneously with chelating drugs.
- Improve soil quality. For this effective measure is a deep excavation of the site. In this case, you will remove from the soil excess moisture due to its evaporation. And if your site has heavy soil, then regularly loosen it and do not forget to add compost.
With infectious chlorosis (otherwise this disease is called yellow mosaic), grape leaves become covered with yellow spots, including veins. Infection of grapes with this disease entails such consequences as pea (chopping) of berries, death of leaves, and a decrease in frost resistance. On the territory of Russia, infectious chlorosis is more common in regions with a warm climate and mild winters.
With infectious chlorosis, the veins also turn yellow in grape leaves.
The causes of this disease may be as follows:
- presence of nematodes. Worms and their larvae are carriers of this disease. Nematodes settle on the stems, leaves and roots of the plant, causing the plant to become ill. Keep in mind that a moist environment is most favorable for nematodes.
- Use of an infected scion.
Unfortunately, grapes affected by yellow mosaic cannot be treated. If you notice symptoms of this disease on your grapes, then it is best for you to uproot and burn the bush, and treat the earth with a solution of iron sulfate (50 g per 10 liters of water).
Leaf curl
Leaf curl in vines can be caused by both infection and adverse conditions.
- Infection. When infected, grape leaves curl and dry out. The fruits become less sweet, decrease in size, and also change their color. All this inevitably leads to a decrease in the quality and quantity of the crop. Symptoms usually appear at the end of August, and if the bush is irrigated, then at the beginning of June. Leaves begin to curl inward. First of all, this happens with the leaves located at the base of the bush. Closer to the top, the leaves curl outward. Their color also changes: in varieties of white grapes, the leaves turn yellow, in varieties of colored grapes - red, while the veins remain green. Infection usually occurs through a graft, so try to use healthy grafting material. Unfortunately, such a shrub is not amenable to treatment. You will need to destroy it immediately to avoid infecting other plants.
- Unfavourable conditions. These include insufficient levels of humidity, hot dry weather and a lack of nutrients (potassium, nitrogen, sulfur, manganese). Control measures. This problem can be solved by providing grapes with regular watering, as well as adding potassium sulfate (about 50 g per bush), ammonium nitrate (30 g per 10 l of water) or ammonium sulfate (40 g per 1 m 2) to the soil.
If the curling of the leaves began from the top of the bush, then this is a sign of a lack of nutrients, twisting at the base indicates the presence of an infection.
Curling of vine leaves can be caused by both diseases and adverse conditions.
Anthracnose manifests itself in the form of small brown rashes on leaves and shoots, which then merge into big spot. The stain dries up and breaks, so the leaves of the grapes appear perforated. This disease undermines the vital activity of the entire shrub, since it loses foliage and cannot produce the necessary substances with the help of it.
If you are treating in the spring, keep in mind that this can be done before the shoots reach a length of 10 cm.
How to treat anthracnose:
- Bordeaux liquid 3 is suitable for processing, after a week 1. You can spray the bushes only in the morning or in the evening.
- After applying Bordeaux liquid twice, use Previkur, Ordan or Fundazol for spraying every 10 days.
- In the fall after pruning or in the spring before bud break, the shrub can be treated with a DNOC solution (2.2%).
With anthracnose, the leaf is covered with flat brown spots.
Symptoms black spot appear on different parts plants in May-June, towards the end of flowering, in the form of small black spots or chlorotic (gray-yellow) spots with a black center. Spots form along the veins of the leaf, gradually increasing in size. The spots have a light border of a light shade. The affected leaf becomes wavy to the touch, and then holes appear on it. Subsequently, the leaves fall off.
On shoots, especially annuals, the disease manifests itself as follows. First, dark dots or strokes appear on the nodes within the first 6–7 internodes. Then the dots increase and merge into large spots, which, in turn, spread and crack along the middle. The wood of the lower internodes becomes grayish-white. If the disease has hit the trunk deep enough, then it can dry out. Also, with black spotting, frost resistance decreases, and in winter the shrub may freeze.
Black spot is one of the most dangerous diseases of grapes, leading to its death.
As for the berries, the symptoms appear after ripening. The berries turn brown at first, then purple, and then fall off. If treatment is not started in a timely manner, then in 5–6 years the shrub will die.
At the beginning of the disease, the symptoms of black spot can be confused with the defeat of the Phyllocoptis mite. To distinguish them, examine the leaf against the light and through a magnifying glass: if the veins of the leaf converge in one place, and this spot has yellow center, then the grapes are affected by a tick.
The disease is caused by a fungus that penetrates the plant tissue and spreads in it, causing cell death. The spores of the fungus are carried by drops of water.
The most resistant to black spot varieties are Cabirnet Sauvignon, Riesling, Relay, Tavrida. The least resistant are Italy, Aligote, White Muscat, Cardinal, Chardonnay.
Treatment of grapes for this disease is long-term:
- When the first signs appear, remove the affected parts of the shrub and burn.
- Treat the shrub with a solution of sulfur or sulfur-containing preparations (Ditan, Poliram). This must be done between the swelling of the kidneys and the growth of shoots up to 10 cm.
- You can also treat the shrub with 1% Bordeaux liquid.
- V autumn period after the leaves have fallen, treat the grapes with DNOC.
It manifests itself in the form of olive-colored rashes on the leaves, subsequently the rashes are covered with a velvety coating. The leaves shrink and die, the ovary crumbles, and the fruits, if they ripen, become different sizes, crack and become covered with the same spots. The following remedies can be used as a treatment:
- Colloidal sulfur solution (100 g of powder per 10 liters of water). Spray the bush in the morning or evening when the sun is at its least active, otherwise the leaves may get burned.
- Fundazol (10 g per 10 liters of water) or Kuproskat in the same dosage.
Usually three treatments are enough, but if the disease is advanced, then their number can increase to five. It is also useful to feed the grapes with ammonium nitrate (10 g of powder per 10 l of water) or ammonium sulfate (10 g per 10 l of water).
With scab, the leaves are covered with plaque, which then darkens.
Oidium, or powdery mildew, appears as a gray- white coating, which covers leaves on both sides, and also affects inflorescences and berry clusters. The inflorescences fall, and the berries become smaller and burst so that their bones become visible. The plant has reduced frost resistance and in winter it may die.
It is noted that a strong smell of rotten fish emanates from diseased plants.
Reason for appearance: oidium is a fungal disease, the fungus lives on the surface of the shrub and its spores are easily carried by the wind, infecting plants. Incubation period The recovery takes no more than two weeks.
The defeat of grapes by oidium significantly reduces the quality of the fruit and can lead to the death of the shrub.
The grape varieties Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Rkatsiteli are most susceptible to powdery mildew. Relatively resistant varieties Aligote, Merlot, Semillon.
- Powdery mildew is successfully treated with sulfur (colloidal can be used). To prepare the solution, dilute 100 g of powder in 10 liters of water. Remember that spraying is necessary in the morning or evening, when the sun is at its least active, otherwise you risk burning the leaves. The temperature at the time of the procedure should be at least +20 ° C. Repeat the treatment of the bush every 10–20 days until recovery.
- Also, gardeners often use humus infusion to combat this disease. It is done like this: a 100-liter barrel is filled with humus by a third, poured with water at a temperature of +25 ° C, covered with burlap and insisted for 6 days, stirring regularly. The resulting solution must be filtered, and then sprayed with shrubs in cloudy weather or in the evening. Re-treatment is carried out in a week.
- If you want to use a special preparation, then treat your affected shrub with Fundazol, Topaz, Thiovit, preparing it according to the instructions. As a rule, it is enough to apply twice a week apart. But remember that chemicals cannot be used during the ripening period of the berries, so at this time spray the shrubs with a solution of potassium permanganate to contain the disease.
Video: oidium in the vineyard
Mildew, or downy mildew, is one of the most common and dangerous fungal diseases of grapes. The main symptom is the formation of oily yellow spots, which then turn brown, on outside leaf and white coating on the inside, but in dry weather it may not appear. Infected inflorescences turn yellow and curl, and then dry up. The berries are very small.
When mildew is affected, the leaves of the grapes are covered with a white coating on the inside
Treatment
One of the most effective means for the treatment of mildew is a mixture of Bordeaux liquid and lime mortar. The concentration of copper sulphate depends on the time of spraying: before the opening of the kidneys, a 3% composition is used, in a later period - 1%. The solution is prepared as follows: in 5 l hot water dilute 100 (300) g of copper sulfate, in a separate bowl, dilute 75 g of quicklime and 10 liters of water, and then mix both compositions, strain and process the shrub, Special attention giving back side of leaves. If it rained shortly after the procedure, then repeat the treatment.
Of the drugs to combat mildew, Kuprozan, Antrakol, Kuproksat are suitable. Keep in mind that, if effective enough, they can also slow down the development of the shrub.
Blackleg
Blackleg is a fungal disease. Grapes can suffer if you plant them in contaminated soil. It is manifested by the fact that the shoot from below turns black and looks dirty, it can soften. Young plantings suffer the most. From the stem, the disease passes to other parts of the plant, and the grapes may begin to turn yellow leaves and rot the stalks.
When a black leg appears on the stem, the stem looks soiled
Treatment: the fungus reproduces well in a humid environment, so adjust the amount of watering, and also dry the soil (dig, loosen and sprinkle with ash), but water the plants with a solution with the addition of Energen 10 g per 10 l of water or Hom 4 g per 10 l of water.
Video: mildew in the vineyard
Damage to grapes by pests
wasps
Wasps are common vine pests, and it is quite possible that you will find berries bitten by them on your shrub. Usually, these insects do not finish eating the berry, and, spoiling one, move on to the next, so even a small number of pests can ruin a significant part of the crop.
Wasps are attracted to the sweet scent of ripening grapes.
Measures to combat wasps are as follows:
- Destruction hornet's nest. This event is best done in low light conditions (late evening, night or early morning), when the insects are least active. Spray the nest with a poisonous substance (Dichlorvos, Raptor, Raid), after 20-30 minutes, carefully remove it into a resealable container and burn it. Please note that for this event you need to wear tight clothing that completely covers the body and protect your face, for example, with a net.
- Use of protective bags. If there is no nest nearby, then you can protect the grape brushes by putting on them special fabric bags in a small cell. The advantage of this method is that in this way you will also save the grapes from birds. The downside is the high labor intensity of the event, so this method is best used in small areas with a small number of vines.
- Making poison. You can place flat dishes with diluted honey or jam mixed with Regent or Aktara next to the bushes (1 g of preparation per 100 g of product).
Ticks
There are several types of mites that can damage your grapes. Tick infestation causes slow growth and development of shrubs, destruction of young shoots, and a decrease in the quality and quantity (by 20–50%) of the crop.
The main features of this pest include the presence on outside leaves of red, silver and pale yellow spots, and the appearance of membranes between the leaf and the stem is also possible.
The presence of small yellow peas on the leaves of plants indicates the appearance of a spider mite.
If you notice red swellings and bulges on the outside of the grape leaves, and brown spots on the inside, this indicates that a felt mite has wound up on your shrub.
The main symptom of felt mite infection in grapes is the presence of red raised rashes.
- Remove affected leaves and shoots from the bush
- Treat the grapes with the following preparations, paying particular attention to inside sheet if you use them in summer:
- colloidal sulfur solution. It is used when shoots grow by 5 cm and at a temperature not lower than 20C. To prepare the solution, dilute 100 g of powder in 10 liters of water. Please note that this solution only affects adult insects, so carry out another treatment with a special preparation (Apollo, Neoron, Fitover) in the fall after leaf fall.
- Special preparations (Apollo, Neoron, Fitover), prepared according to the instructions. But keep in mind that it is undesirable to use them during the fruit ripening period.
- DNOC. Used in spring (before bud break) or autumn (after leaf fall). Prepared in the usual way.
Red tick
If this pest has wound up on your grapes, then the leaves will acquire a bronze hue. Treatment is reduced to the removal of all affected leaves and the treatment of the shrub with a solution of sulfur or a special preparation, as in the fight against other ticks.
Phylloxera
Phylloxera, or grape aphid, is one of the most dangerous pests of grapes. An unpleasant feature of this pest is its rapid spread throughout the vineyard.
You can also fight phylloxera with the help of Fozalon, Kimnix (suitable for both types of phylloxera), Aktellik. They are especially well suited for processing a small vineyard.
Other grape problems
In addition to diseases, there are several other problems that you may encounter in the process of growing grapes.
Mice chewing
Rodents often use vine bushes as food during the winter. Plantations located near forests or fields where sunflowers or cereals were grown in summer are at the greatest risk.
You may find that your grapes are ravaged by mice after you free the bush from its winter hiding place. If such a situation occurs, then first of all evaluate the extent of the damage caused.
Most often, relatively young shoots are damaged by mice, and not perennial boles and sleeves.
Some fruit vines were damaged. Remove shoots with completely gnawed bark and gouged out eyes, but at the same time try to leave the buds at the very base of such a shoot. Subsequently, new shoots will grow from these buds, and you can form new fruit vines on them.
Some parts of the fruit vine were damaged. Cut off the most damaged areas, including those where there are no intact buds. Keep in mind that even on a short-cut vine, you can grow a crop, and form a vine on new grown shoots.
Shedding of grapes
This can happen for several reasons.
- Features of the variety. When ripe, the grapes of some varieties may crumble (Ukrainka, Rusbol). Therefore, carefully study the information regarding the variety that you are going to plant.
- Lack of trace elements in the soil. If the soil is poor in nutrients, then this problem can be eliminated with the help of ash - add it to the soil during weeding or in the spring when digging. In August, the use of an ash solution of 2 kg per 10 liters will help you, brew for 1 to 7 days. 1 time in 10 days before autumn leaf fall.
bark cracking
If you notice cracks running along the trunk on your grapes, then you should not worry, as this is due to the natural process of wood growth.
To avoid infection, do the following:
- Treat wounds with a 3% or 5% copper sulfate solution.
- If you live in a cold climate, insulate the bushes with burlap for the winter.
Drying of the leaves
This can happen with a lack of nitrogen. If you are faced with this problem, then feed the shrub with ammonium nitrate at the rate of 30 g per 10 liters of water.
Grape leaves can dry out with a lack of nitrogen
Drying out or rotting of the vine
This situation may arise when the shrub is released from its winter shelter. In this case, take a square of roofing material (1 side - 50 cm), cut a hole with a diameter of 10 cm in the center. Dig up the shoots to the heel roots, cover them with roofing material and pour with a solution with the addition of a growth stimulator.
Grapes Protection Calendar
You can protect grapes from damage according to the following calendar:
- First treatment: carried out in the spring, until the shoots have reached 10 cm in length. Preparations: Thiovit Jet (100 g) + Abiga Peak (40 ml) + 10 liters of water. This mixture will enrich the grapes with sulfur and copper, which are the most effective pest control agents.
- Second treatment: carried out 3 weeks after the first. Thanks to them, you will completely protect the grapes from anthracnose.
- Third treatment: carried out immediately before flowering. Mix preparations Kabrio Top (30 g) and Aktara (4 g) in 10 liters of water. The validity period is about two weeks.
- Fourth treatment: try not to delay, as the ovary is not protected and is an easy prey for pests and infections. It is necessary to treat the grapes with Cabrio Top solution with the same dosage.
- Fifth treatment: carried out after 10-12 days, the berries are already the size of peas. Make this mixture: Ridomil Gold (30 g) + Topsin M (20 g) + Aktara (4 g) + 10 liters of water.
- Sixth treatment: carried out after 14 days. Required solution: Thanos (4 g) + Topaz (4 ml) + 10 liters of water. These drugs do not leave marks on the berries.
Summing up, we can say that, although the treatment of grapes will require a lot of effort from you, with the correct implementation of all therapeutic measures and timely preventive treatment, you have every chance to save your shrub and ensure its healthy development.
How it would make life easier for gardeners the absence of all sorts of diseases that affect their favorite crops. Unfortunately, there is no getting away from them - you just have to fight staunchly and courageously. Today we will consider grape diseases - photo and how to treat. The advice of experienced gardeners in this matter is always especially appreciated by farmers.
Unfortunately, not all grape diseases can be cured. Some of them are not amenable to any of the known and safe for humans means. Almost all fungal diseases respond well to treatment, but rid grapes of bacterial and viral infections almost impossible.
Learning to distinguish between fungal diseases of grapes
Mildew
This disease is well known to gardeners and, as it occurs most often. Its second name is downy mildew. Infecting the plant, the fungus causes the appearance on the leaves yellow spots and gray plaque. Without proper intervention, the culture quickly disappears.
In the photo, a fungal disease of mildew grapes oidium
It occurs a little less often than downy mildew. The second name of the disease - powdery mildew. Manifestation - a gray coating on the leaves and berries. The disease develops in hot weather, and if left unchecked, will lead to cracking of the berries. In a few years, the vineyard will completely disappear.
Anthracnose
On the picture dark spots anthracnose Alternariosis
The disease mainly develops in the spring. It affects all above-ground parts of the plant, only on the berries it appears as white spots, and on the other parts - brown or silver. Affected berries quickly deteriorate.
cercosporosis
Escoriosis
For everyone aboveground parts bush fungus causes the formation of black spots. The affected stalk often dries up and breaks off.
Pictured escoriosis grapes Apoplexy
This disease is caused by fungi, and the death of the plant occurs as a result of their release a large number toxins. Second name - eska. Most often appears in the height of summer. In the acute form, the bush disappears in a matter of days. The chronic form lasts for several years, and it can be recognized by white spots on the lower leaves.
Gray rot
A fungal disease that can affect any above-ground parts of the grape bush. The affected areas are covered with a fluffy coating of gray. Hands hanging down to the ground are most often infected.
white rot
Plaque white color covers the berries of the plant. Over time, they completely change color and fall to the ground. The appearance of the disease is most often provoked by mechanical damage to the bush.
In the photo, white rot of grapes black rot
A fungal disease that manifests itself as purple spots on berries and leaves. As the disease progresses, the area covered with spots increases.
Armillariasis
When affected by this fungal disease, the leaves turn yellow and the roots turn brown. With the onset of autumn, the affected plants are covered with yellow mushrooms.
Verticillosis
In this case, the fungus leads to yellowing of the leaves and rapid death of the shoots. The fungus remains alive for up to 5 years.
Bacterial diseases of grapes
bacterial cancer
This is the name of a dangerous and untreatable disease caused by bacteria. Manifestation - outgrowths on the vine. In the first two years, the yield will drop sharply, and in the future, the affected plant will completely disappear. This is one of the incurable diseases of culture. It is better not to plant grapes in this place for the next two years.
bacteriosis
Wrinkled dark pink areas appear on the berries. The impetus for their education is scorching sun.
In the photo, bacteriosis of grapes Bacterial necrosis
Black spots with a clear brown outline form on the berries, the shoots dry out.
sour rot
Viral diseases
Experienced gardeners know how dangerous viral diseases are. Since they are not amenable to treatment, the affected vine bushes are advised to be completely removed. The only way to protect your vineyard from them - to acquire a sustainable crop variety.
Common viral diseases include:
leaf marbling,
vein mosaic,
leaf vein necrosis,
chlorosis- discoloration,
short knot- dwarfism.
In the photo, chlorosis of grapes Viral diseases are extremely difficult to diagnose. They have in common specific traits: cracking of wood, deformation of leaves and change of their color, fall of inflorescences, slow development of the plant.
In addition, there are a number of non-communicable diseases that arise due to unsuitable conditions or lack of nutrients. They can manifest themselves in different ways: spots on the leaves, developmental delays, drying out of bushes and berries, shedding of berries, etc.
How to treat grape diseases?
Once you have learned to recognize grape diseases, it's time to learn effective ways deal with them. The best way to take preventive measures is to proper care. Some experienced gardeners carry out preventive spraying of bushes, but most prefer to grow grapes without the use of chemicals.
In cases of damage to the bushes, the question is put in a completely different way: either to lose the vineyard completely, or try to save it with the help of chemical industry products. In such situations, experienced gardeners usually choose the second option.
What fungicides (drugs against plant fungi and bacteria) have proven to be good?
Mildew. From this fungal infection, spraying with such preparations will help: Rodimol Gold, Strobi, Polyhom, Arceride, copper oxychloride, Bordeaux liquid.
Oidium. Such fungicides will help in the fight: Topaz, Strobi, Acrobat MC, Horus, Thiovit, colloidal sulfur, Carbis Top.
Alternariosis. Bordeaux liquid helps to cope well.
Cercosporosis. It is best to use Bordeaux mixture in this case.
Escoriosis. Experienced gardeners use benzophosphate and Bordeaux liquid to fight.