How a grape bush grows and develops. Harvesting and rooting grape vines

To receive you need to large bunches tasty grapes in the fall, systematic care, feeding and protection of the plant from pests should be carried out during the period of development of the bush. With the experience of cultivating the crop comes the knowledge of the basic rules and increasing the yield of the plantation and the formation of the vine.

The structure of the bush and the purpose of crown molding

The grape bush consists of a root system and an underground trunk. Above the soil surface is a vertical trunk or head of a bush. The trunk is formed in areas where it is not required to cover the bush for the winter. A stem is not needed for a covering bush, and sleeves go from the head, a perennial part of the bush. A vine leaves from the sleeves, branches on which the crop is formed.

The purpose of the formation of a grape bush is to achieve productivity. That is, the nutrition of the bush should be aimed at obtaining berries. To obtain a high-quality crop, it is required to leave as many ovaries on the bush as the plant feeds and brings to a mature state. Therefore, during the season, in addition to watering, fertilizing and processing, it is required to form a bush so that each leaf is illuminated and works for the harvest.

Grape pruning and vine care

In different periods of development, trimming and pinching lashes performs different tasks. Typically, the work takes place in three stages:

• pruning grapes in spring;
• green operations;
• autumn pruning grapes.

If you do not prune, pinch the bush regularly, it runs wild, the yield decreases. However, in some cases, the bush is formed according to its requirements. For a decorative bush, the vine may not be shortened and wrap around the frame of the shelter, but then the yield on it will be secondary, not the main factor.

Vine pruning in spring

in the spring, after removing the winter shelter, it consists in revising the overwintered vines. At this time, the state of the overwintered bush is assessed. Even before the start of sap flow, with sharp tools and special techniques, the sleeve is formed and the vine is prepared. Here, the removal of weak shoots is carried out, sleeves are formed in the first years of development of the bole, on which vines grow in the future. The task of the master is to correctly cut and shape the plant so as not to disturb the path of sap flow from the sleeve to the vine.

At the same time, the entire state of the bush is assessed for winter preservation. Depending on the degree of freezing, a bole is formed.

When performing spring pruning of grapes, it must be remembered that this is a surgical operation on a tree, so you should work with disinfected tools, and make the wounds gentle.

After shoots begin to appear on the branches, the strongest ones are left and one at a time, the rest all break out. From the very beginning, a bush is formed with the optimal number of branches, which should have enough lighting and nutrition.

Summer vine care

Gardeners know from experience how to properly form a vine. It is believed that you need to know the characteristics of each plant and talk with it during the work. Formation work consists of the following operations:

• vineyard pruning in June;
• stem pinching;
• brush regulation;
• chasing a vine.

Pruning grapes in the summer after flowering is to regulate the harvest. The fewer brushes the vine feeds, the more full-bodied and tastier they will be. It is necessary to find a balance so as not to overload the bush and get a good harvest. Yield shaping comes with experience in crop management.

The harvest is normalized again after the formation of brushes, leaving one or two very first brushes with poured berries on the shoot. At the same time, small ovaries are removed. The procedure is done at a time when the berries are still the size of peas.

At the end of June, the shoots are shortened by pinching, leaving five leaves above each bunch of grapes, which is enough to form a crop. At the same time, all stepchildren that appear in the axils of the leaves are removed, leaving only those that are required for the formation of the vine in the summer. In June, pinch the ends of the vine to limit its growth. Wherein most of food will be redistributed to the pouring of bunches of grapes. However, those young shoots that grow for replacement are not shortened.

Constantly during the summer there is a garter of shoots, after they have grown more than 20 cm above the lower tier of the wire. At the same time, the condition of illumination of each leaflet is observed. The grower considers the most important thing in maintaining a crop is the regulation of green mass, watering and feeding the plant at the right time.

Another agricultural technique that accelerates the maturation of the brushes is the chasing of the vine. This means that all the tops of the remaining shoots are removed, leaving 13-15 sheets each. Under these conditions, the intensive development of stepchildren in the axils of the leaf begins. Stepchildren should be removed regularly. The video set at the end of the article will help to master the basic techniques of chasing grapes in the summer.

Among winegrowers there are also opponents of the use of coinage. They cite that growing without the use of vine shortening promotes root growth. They claim that the plant is less sick and the berries are tastier. However, disputes are possible only in relation to vineyards cultivated without shelter. For stemless varieties, the formation of a vine in the summer is mandatory.

Fertilizing and processing the vine

At the same time, nitrogen fertilization is excluded in the second half of summer, and the growth of greenery slows down. Phosphorus-potassium nutrition continues, it improves the filling, the taste of grapes and increases the winter hardiness of the crop. The ash dressings of the bole are especially valued.

For better illumination of the bush, already beginning to lose its strength by the rays of the sun, three weeks before harvesting, some of the leaves from the vine are removed, giving maximum illumination to the clusters. Be sure to remove the leaves at the bottom of the bush and from the clusters. Airing will exclude the possibility of fungal diseases, which are especially common during the period of night cooling and dew.

Vine care would be incomplete if it did not include activities such as the fight against fungal diseases and insect pests. The ones that can kill him include oidium and mildew. Therefore, if a characteristic plaque or spots appear on the leaves on the back side, it is necessary to treat with fungicides. Most often, preventive treatment with Topaz is carried out.

Insect pest grape mite is removed with insecticidal preparations. However, three weeks before harvest, any processing is prohibited. During the season, preventive treatments of the vineyard are carried out three times. In the event of the first signs of fungal diseases, the entire garden is treated.

How to prune grapes in autumn

Autumn care for the vine is to properly prepare it for wintering. How to cut grapes in autumn and prepare the vine for wintering in each climatic region is decided differently. Stemless bushes require preparation of the vine during the period when the leaves fall off. Then cut out all the weak shoots, remove their young green parts. The vines are carefully removed from the supports, tied in bunches and placed in specially prepared grooves. In this tubule, the vines covered with leaves and earth will wait until the next year to repeat the life cycle.

Summer chasing grape vines - video

Grapes, like any plant, includes various organs, each of which performs a certain vital function. An adult grape bush has aboveground and underground parts. Roots belong to one, to the other - trunk, shoots, eyes, leaves, antennae and inflorescences consisting of flowers and berries collected in clusters. Consider the main parts of the vine.

Outside, the stem of the grape is covered with bark, the dead layers of which are separated annually.

Trunk grapes is a continuation of the underground trunk, the size of which depends on the system of formation of the bush. Sleeves, shoulders (perennial branches of the trunk) and smaller parts of the bush (horns, knots, etc.), when pruned, which form fruit vines, are intended to properly distribute fruitful shoots and put leaves and clusters in the best color conditions.

The old bark does not protect the trunk from adverse external factors and serves as a wintering ground for various harmful insects, so it must be cleaned and burned every 3-4 years.

grape shoots

The summer or green shoot is the youngest leaf-bearing part of the vine.

shoots grapes - branches of the vine that are in the growth stage or have completed the first year of their existence. They have thickenings (nodes) usually more colored than the rest of the shoot.

1 - node, 2 - petiole, 3 - internode, 4 - complete diaphragm, 5 - incomplete diaphragm, 6 - pith, 7 - eye, 8 - antennae

The area of ​​escape between two nodes is called an internode. . At the base of the shoot, the internodes are short, and in other parts they are approximately the same length. On a longitudinal section of an annual shoot, the core is visible in the form of a loose mass of white color (it turns brown by the end of the growing season). Behind it is a layer of light green or slightly yellowish wood, then a green layer of cambium and brown bark.

At the level of each node there is a partition called a diaphragm. The thickness and shape of the diaphragm are very different, but within the same variety they are always more clearly and fully expressed on the node with the antennae. At the beginning of the growing season, the herbaceous shoots are fragile and are painted in a pale green color, in some species they are brown or reddish. The top of the shoot bends down during growth.

The steepness of the bend is an indicator of the strength of the growth of the shoot: if the bend of the tip is steep, then the growth of the shoot is strong. The straightening of the top indicates a suspension of shoot growth.

grape leaf

The vine leaf is the main organ of respiration and transpiration.

Sheet grapes - the most important organ of nutrition of the vine. In the leaves, in the process of photosynthesis, the formation of plastic substances necessary for building a crop occurs. In different varieties of grapes, the leaves differ in size, the nature of the plate, the size and shape of the teeth, color, pubescence, the size of the petiole, etc.

The leaf surface may be smooth, wrinkled, blistered, folded, or funnel-shaped. With a sufficiently developed leaf surface, not only good growth of shoots, the appearance of rudimentary inflorescences and a plentiful harvest in a given year, but also the accumulation and deposition of a rich supply of nutrients for the development of a bush of the next year follows.

grape tendrils

ANTENNA SUPPORT AND ACCELERATE PLANT DEVELOPMENT

tendrils grapes are of no small importance in the existence of the vine. They are provided for the purpose of attaching the grapes to the support and allow the plant to rise to a decent height, as a result of which the leaves and clusters have a greater chance of absorbing sunlight.

Almost absolutely in all types of grape tendrils alternate: in any 2 areas they exist, and in the 3rd they are absent. Only in certain species they are formed at any node.

flowering grapes

Flowers are considered the softest receptive component of the plant.

When the grapes bloom, small flowers (2-4 mm) are formed, yellowish-emerald, hanging in bunches. There are 3 main types of leaf: male, bisexual and female. Male flowers are more common in non-domestic vine varieties and in North American rootstocks. Plants with this type of flower have large inflorescences and do not bring berries.

In the practice of viticulture, the pollen of male flowers is used for the purpose of synthetic pollination of functionally female plant species. A bisexual flower has well-formed ovaries and stamens with pollen necessary for fertilization. In many species of grapes, the flower is bisexual and is capable of self-pollination.

In the so-called female flowers, pollen has no opportunity for fertilization. For this reason, species with a similar flower bear fruit only if pollinated by outside pollen. The branch is formed after the insemination of flowers and the setting of berries. It consists of a crest of berries, stalks and stems. The branch is attached to the shoot by a peduncle of various sizes.

Bunch of grapes

After ripening, the berries of certain types with a clear color acquire an attractive appearance due to sunlight.

According to the figure, bunches of grapes are:

conical,

cylindrical,

spreading

transitional.

Depending on external circumstances and environmental factors, bunches of grapes are divided into small (less than 13 cm), ordinary (13-18 cm), large (18-26) and very large (more than 26 cm).

Berries of different types of grapes differ in a huge variety. According to statistics, they are very small (about 10 millimeters), small (about 12 millimeters), mediocre (up to 17 millimeters), large (up to 25 millimeters) and very large (exceeding 25 millimeters). According to the figure - convex, oval, rounded, elongated, longish, flattened.

Among the types of grapes, it is possible to find bunches of absolutely all colors of colors: pale emerald, iridescent scarlet, lilac, blue, dark golden yellowish, etc.

GRAPES COATED WITH SPRING

Berries have a waxy skin, sometimes (). The pulp includes glucose, acids, various vitamins and various aromatic elements. In many types of grapes, the nectar of the berries is transparent. Only in single species the nectar is colored in a wine-reddish tone. The skin of berries in some species is tender and refined, literally bursting, in others it differs in significant width and strength. It contains special coloring elements. The taste of berries, the ability of the species to endure long-term storage and transportation are significantly dependent on its structure.

grape seeds

In a berry, the number of seeds varies from one or more

Grape seeds are small pear-shaped with an elongated beak. Ripened grape seeds have a chestnut color. In many types of grapes, the seeds are quite simply separated from the pulp, in some species there are no seeds at all.

Most seedless berries are small. Under unfavorable adverse pollination conditions, many bisexuals, especially female species, can form seedless berries the size of a pea. This manifestation is called pea berries.

Extreme conditions for the southern berry are not a hindrance! A grape lover will be able to grow a grapevine on his plot or in an apartment and get a good harvest in the second year after planting!

1) How grapes grow

Grapes is a perennial berry bush, reaching a height of 15 to 40 m. It has a branched stem, which eventually acquires a tree, reaching up to 0.7 m in diameter. Long vines, clusters and foliage develop from the stem. Clinging with antennae to any support, it stretches upward. Grapes are not a whimsical plant and adapts even to the most severe climate of Russia. Steadfastly endures defeat by hail, recovering after a harsh winter and easily tolerates autumn-spring pruning. Grapes is a heat-loving plant, but the process of photosynthesis does not stop even at a temperature of -25 degrees. The fruits of the berry bush have a whole storehouse of vitamins:

• Phosphorus.
• Vitamins B, PP, C, P.
• Copper.
• Iron.
• Zinc.
• Folic acid.
• Silicon.

2) How grapes grow - cultivation

There are two ways to grow grapes: vegetatively and by seeds. On your windowsill, you can completely grow grape seedlings, in the spring, transplanting it from a cramped pot into a prepared place for growing. But it should be borne in mind that when propagated by seeds, some grape varieties change their qualities for the worse.

• Seeds for planting are selected from overripe bunches of grapes, the seeds of which are dark brown.
• Large seeds with a thick shell are most valued.

The vegetative method of propagation of a crop involves 2 methods - cuttings and layering. When propagating by cuttings, planting material is prepared from autumn, keeping the cuttings in a cool place. In early March, they are planted in plastic cups and grown until young shoots appear. When propagating by layering, the strongest shoot is selected and rooted in a prepared hole, located 20 cm from the mother bush. Watering and hilling throughout the season, it is recommended to replant only in the next spring. Reproduction by layering is considered a more successful way of breeding grapes, in which it is possible to preserve all the taste qualities of the mother bush.

3) How grapes grow in an apartment - what you need to know

Growing grapes in an apartment is convenient and beautiful, in addition, you get the opportunity to harvest 2 times a year! The best place for grapes is a window sill on the sunny side of the house. For cultivation grapes flat :

• Prepare a box for planting cuttings measuring 10X12X12 cm.
• Lay river sand at the bottom of the box with a layer of 2 cm, which will serve as excellent drainage.
• Pour over humus and fertile soil 50/50, add 50 g of mineral fertilizers.
• With the onset of warm weather, take the accustomed stalk to the balcony or garden, bringing it into the room during frosts.
• By autumn, a shoot with 15–20 nodes will form on the seedling, which will begin to bear fruit next spring. Closer to winter, grapes shed their leaves and require rest, duration about three months. At this time, remove the plant in a cool place (+2, +8 degrees).
• Every year, transplant the grapes with the preservation of the earthy clod into a box 10-15 cm deeper than usual. Pruning of the plant is done after dropping the leaves, remove from fruitful shoots up to 8 eyes.

4) How grapes grow on the site

When choosing a site for vineyards, give preference to areas near buildings on the south side. During daylight hours, the plant will be warm and light, and at night, the heated surface from the sun will provide the grapes with additional heat, contributing to the ripening of ripe berries ahead of time. A planting pit for a grape seedling has been prepared since autumn:

• Prepare a hole 70–80 cm deep and about 60 cm wide.
• The bottom must be covered with crushed brick or pebbles, about 25 cm high.
• Prepare a 1:1:1 potting mix consisting of river sand, clay and fertile soil.
• The soil mixture must be mixed with phosphorus fertilizers and poured 20 cm into the seat.
• Lay well-rotted manure with the last layer and fill it with a bucket of hot water.
• After planting, mulch the plant and water.

To form a beautiful shape, place a support next to the bush and fasten the vine next to it. Pruning is done in the spring - for the growth of lateral stems, remove unnecessary shoots from above and pinch the top. Apply top dressing in the spring before flowering and when the berries ripen. For the winter, the grapes are covered with a film, and the root system is sprinkled with sawdust or peat.

There is hardly another plant in the world that is so cared for and so nurtured in gardens in the south and north, studied far and wide and revered as the greatest gift of nature.

Repeated mention in the Bible, a special science that studies only this plant, a branch of medicine that treats diseases with the help of juice and wine from it - all this confirms the uniqueness of grapes.

The vine was sung in verse, immortalized in world masterpieces of painting, described in medical treatises. And, of course, she's worth it.

The vine is a hardy plant. In southern countries, it suffers drought for several months. In cold areas, it does not freeze at low temperatures of -20 ° C. The grape bush grows well on infertile sandy and stony soils.

The structure of the vine is the main reason for the high adaptability of the plant to different weather conditions.

A grape bush in general is no different from the structure of any plant:

• root system;
• trunk;
• crown.

The root system of the plant is very strong. Sometimes it goes deep into the earth up to six meters, providing the vine with water and nutrition.

Important! The root, in addition to the function of retention and provision, carries out work on the accumulation of nutrients.

The root structure is complex. According to the time of regrowth, the roots are old (skeletal) and young (overgrowing). The roots grow all year round at +9 °C and above.

The root stem very firmly fixes the plant in the ground, it ends with a heel. This is a cutting that was planted in the ground. The top of the cutting is called the head. Here are dormant buds that wake up when the bush freezes or is heavily pruned.

According to the location, the roots are divided into superficial, lateral and main. At the top, surface or dew roots grow, trapping and consuming rain moisture.

Calcaneal (main) and median (lateral) roots assimilate and accumulate nutrients, extract water from the depths of the soil.

The trunk is the weakest point of the vine. Over time, it grows only in breadth.
The crown of the vine consists of sleeves and shoots. They develop buds, inflorescences, ovaries, berry clusters, mustaches, leaves.

Sleeves or shoulders - perennial shoots with dark bark, cut to 35 cm. They function as skeletal branches, fruit-bearing branches develop on them.

The annual vine is a two-year-old shoot with matured chocolate-colored bark - a young shoot with clusters grows on it this season. They are shortened to 30 cm.

Fruit shoots (fruit arrows) - this year's shoots with green bark bear the main leaf load, inflorescences develop on them and clusters ripen. The shoot is shortened by 4–15 eyes, in the fall it is removed after fruiting.

Side shoots or coppice shoots - unwanted shoots, usually grow on an old tree. The berries on them grow underdeveloped and sour. They are removed in the summer.

A fattening shoot or spinning top is a green shoot, the length and thickness of which is noticeably larger than neighboring vines. Appear after freezing or improper pruning of the bush. Usually removed immediately after regrowth.

Stepson - a young shoot growing from the axils of the leaves of the main shoots.

Kidney - a leaf or shoot grows from it.

The leaf is a respiratory and nutritional organ, consists of a leaf blade and a petiole.

Mustache is a climbing organ with which the vine is held on horizontal or vertical surfaces. After fruiting, the mustache will become woody.

Inflorescences are reborn mustaches, containing male and female flowers. Clusters with berries develop from them.

Ovary - green berries formed from the inflorescence after flowering.

Important! The vine, due to its structure and constant renewal, can live for several hundred years and at the same time actively bear fruit.

Wine made from berries harvested from old grape bushes is highly valued.

Care

If you study the structure of the vine well, then you can easily understand the basic rules for caring for the plant.

Grapes grow well on any soil except waterlogged. It is important for him to get enough heat, so planting is done on the southern and southwestern slopes with maximum illumination or on well-lit, flat areas.

After choosing the right landing site, you should take care of other necessary work in the vineyard:

• installation of trellises;
• laying a drainage pipe;
• garter;
• pruning;
• watering;
• treatment for diseases;
• wasp protection.

Vine care is described in many books in great detail. But when growing grapes, a lot of small questions always arise, the answer to which can only be found after gaining one's own experience.

tapestries

Usually trellises are installed in long rows united in a north-south direction. Standard height - 2.2 m, distance between rows - 2.5 m. The first wire is pulled at a height of 50 cm from the ground, all subsequent ones - at a distance of 30 cm from each other.

Important! The wire must be pulled tight, without sagging.

The trellis designs are varied. The trellises allow sleeves to be positioned closer to the sun and provide convenient harvesting and pruning.

Drainage

Laying a drainage pipe at a depth of 80 cm will help the grapes feel great in any heat. Fertilizers that are fed through the pipe along with water are absorbed by the roots instantly.

pruning

Determining the degree of aging by touch comes with experience. Beginning growers can be advised to cut off the upper part of the vine with a white center, leaving shoots with a green inside.

Important! The main pruning is carried out in the fall after the leaves are flying around. Cut off the cold and damp part of the stem, and leave the dry and warm part.

On a two-year sleeve, no more than 3-4 shoots of the current season are left. The new vine grows 0.5–1 m long. A three-year-old vine grows 10 m per season. Rejuvenation of the grapes occurs by shortening the old vine at the point of growth of a strong new shoot.

Important! In the spring, pruning is not done, since the sap flow in the vine begins very early.

The vine after spring pruning begins to "cry", may expire with juice and dry out. It is possible to prune dead after winter or diseased sleeves no earlier than the second half of June, after the end of sap flow.

Watering

The vine needs to be watered especially hard three times per season:

• when buds open;
• after flowering;
• when the berries ripen.

Important! Do not water the plant before and during flowering, this will lead to shedding of flowers. And also you should not water before harvesting the clusters, as the ripening of the berries is delayed.

Watering is carried out several times at the right time:

1. Spring moisture-charging watering before blooming eyes.
2. Vegetative watering is carried out once a week for a young plant and 2 times a month for an adult. Under the bush pour 5–20 liters of water from 1 tbsp. l. (per 10 l) Kemira combi fertilizers.
3. Autumn moisture-charging watering is very important for the plant. Wintering on dry ground should not be allowed.

Protection

Under the bush pour 5-7 kg / sq. m. humus, prepared cut shoots are tied and treated with 5-7% iron sulphate from mold.

Important! Main protective treatment carried out in the fall, after harvesting and before sheltering for the winter.

Against mites and sprayed with Thiovid or colloidal sulfur. Against the leaflet, a decoction of chamomile, tobacco or Rovikurt is used. During this period, it is worth mixing fungicides and insecticides to spray the vines.

Chasing, that is, removing the upper part of the shoot with unripened leaves, and pinching reduces the number of gall mites by 90%.

In the fall, wasps turn from a vine grower's helper into a headache. They eat away the sweet berries of ripe grapes, as the thin skin is unable to protect them. The treatment of bushes with Antitlin and "liquid smoke" will help to cope with this trouble. Wasps cannot stand the smell of smoke and tobacco.

reproduction

Varietal grapes are not propagated by seeds, only vegetatively: cuttings, layering, grafting.

cuttings

For propagation by cuttings, first choose a suitable uterine bush - varietal, healthy, high-yielding. Then cuttings are cut from fully mature annual fruit-bearing growths, choosing the middle or lower part of the vine. At the same time, top, coppice shoots are not suitable.

Important! The degree of maturity is determined using ordinary iodine. If you moisten the end of the vine in a 1% iodine solution, then the ripened vines will become almost black, and the underdeveloped vines will turn pale green.

Harvesting of chibouks in the southern regions takes place in spring, in areas where grapes are a covering crop, in autumn, during pruning. The standard length of the shank is 60–70 cm, thickness 5–10 mm.

If possible, it is better to cut the vine with double blanks, doubling the length. From below, the shank is cut off at a distance of 1-2 cm from the node, from above - in the middle between the nodes.

To save the blanks until spring, the cuttings are immersed for 2 seconds in a 3% solution of iron sulfate, dried, tied in a bundle, tied a tag and stored for storage:

• underground in a hole;
• in a box with sand;
• into the refrigerator.

The overwintered chibouks are taken out of storage in advance and begin to prepare for planting: they are sorted out, the dried ones are rejected, the cuts are refreshed, furrows are applied, soaked in water, kilching is done, initialing of the upper cuts, treatment of the lower cuts with stimulants.

Without a complex process of kilching, the cuttings take root well after two days of soaking, as well as planting lying down to a depth of no more than 10–15 cm. 2 buds remain above the ground, a bucket of water is poured under the seedling.

Be sure to keep the ground constantly moist. Watering is repeated in the spring 1 time in 2 weeks, in the summer - 1 time per week.

layering

Reproduction of your favorite variety by layering allows you to quickly get a very strong fruiting bush. Use mature and green vine.

The matured vine can be laid in the fall by selecting a couple of tops and laying them in grooves 25–30 cm deep and covered with humus. Leaves, tendrils, stepchildren are removed on the shoots.

In the spring, the pinned shoot is buried to a depth of 15 cm, covered with nutrient soil, watered with potassium permanganate. The shoots are separated after 2-3 years.

Green cuttings of the vine are rooted using the same technology, but the laying of the vine in the soil begins in the second half of July. At the same time, the end of the green layer, left above the ground, is pinched over the 3rd sheet.

Graft

Always produced during the grape growing season. Vaccination can serve several purposes:

1. This is the most suitable way to replace the variety on the bushes.
2. Protection of plantings from a quarantine pest - phylloxera. Control tactics - grafting varieties on pest-resistant rootstocks.

There are many ways to vaccinate:

• in a split;
• into the side cut;
• copulation on a green shoot;
• budding.

Moreover, each method has several execution techniques, each method is good for its execution time - spring, summer or autumn.

Conclusion

The vine is a real miracle of nature. Wherever this plant grows, it is revered and cherished, the secrets of cultivation are passed on from generation to generation.

Lesson 1 - The structure of a grape bush

In natural natural conditions A grape bush is a perennial liana with several climbing trees or rocks, and sometimes creeping along the ground and reaching for sunlight, flexible, many-meter-long lignified stems, at the ends of which young green shoots-vines develop annually, carrying grapes. A feature of grapes is that only green shoots that develop from last year's buds bear fruit on it, i.e. annual vines.

The grape bush (Fig. 1) consists of two systems: underground and aboveground. In the underground part of the grape bush there is an underground stem with a root system and a bush head - a thickening, which is the beginning of the above-ground part of the bush.

Rice. 1. Scheme of the formation of a grape bush

An underground trunk is the cutting from which the grape bush was grown. Roots developed in its lower part and along the lateral surface, and shoots grew from the upper eyes, from which the aerial part of the bush is formed within 3-4 years.
These shoots become the basis of the bush and are called sleeves. The trunk and sleeves after the first year of life develop only in thickness.

Roots according to the height of the bole differ into calcaneal (main), median (lateral) and dew (upper) ones, and according to the degree of development - old (skeletal) and young (fouling) roots. Skeletal roots are hard, covered with cork, serve as conductors of water with minerals dissolved in it, accumulate and store nutrient reserves. Young fibrous roots suck out water and minerals from the soil, they synthesize organic substances - nutrition for the grape bush. Each young root has a growth cone at the end, where new cells are formed, i.e. development of the root system. With age, part of the skeletal roots dies off. The remaining six or seven continue to develop, forming the roots of subsequent orders: the third, fourth, etc.

The roots of grapes do not have a dormant period, like the aerial part and stem in winter, and under favorable temperature conditions (+ 9 degrees and above) they are able to develop all year round. But the strongest growth, of course, falls on the spring - summer and autumn period. The root system of grapes is usually located at a depth of 0.6 - 1.5 meters. In structural, well-drained soils, roots can go down to 2-3 meters or more. The radius of the roots is 3-4 meters or more.
The roots of Euro-Asian grape varieties can withstand temperatures up to -5, -70 C, and Amur and some American varieties up to -9 ... -120 C.

Above-ground stem - a vertical stem, a continuation of the underground stem. In the northern (Siberian) sheltering viticulture, an above-ground stem is not allowed, it is not formed.
To ensure the protection and shelter of grapes from frost, a head is formed in the upper part of the underground trunk - a thickened upper part of the underground trunk, then 2-4 or more perennial vines depart from it. The head is much thicker than the underground bole. is the basis of developing vines (sleeves). In order to properly form a vine bush, to correctly carry out pruning and other operations that ensure development and productivity, you need to know the above-ground organs of the grape, their name and the purpose of each of them.

Sleeves (shoulders) - perennial vines, more than 35 cm long, extending from the head of the bush. Depending on the shape of the bush being created: fan, cordon, bowl, etc., or depending on the design of the supports: one-plane trellis, two-plane trellis, gazebo, the number of sleeves in the bush can be different - from one sleeve to six or more.
Horns - shortened sleeves (shorter than 35 cm).
All green growth of the current year is called annual shoots, and after maturation, from autumn to spring of next year, annual vines

Rice. 2. Organs of a grape shoot.
1 - main shoot, 2 - stepson, 3 - stepson of the second order, 40 - double shoot, 5 - buds, 6 - corner bud, 7 - inflorescence, 8 - leaves, 9 - tendril, 10 - year old vine

Stepchildren are young shoots developing from the axils of the leaves of the main shoots (Fig. 3). If you pinch the top of the stepchild, stepchildren of the second order develop from the axils of its leaves, on which, in turn, stepchildren of the third order can appear.

The annual vine is a ripened shoot of the last year, from the grasses of which new green shoots with clusters (fruit shoots) develop in the current season. If there are no clusters on the green shoot, such an shoot is called barren.

A fruiting vine is considered to be a fruit arrow on which shoots of the current year (annual shoots) developed and bore fruit. Usually, fruiting vines, together with annual shoots on them, are removed during pruning in the fall. But any one-year-old shoot that has matured on the arrow is ready to bear fruit next year. From such shoots, new fruit arrows can be formed. One-year-old shoot, the thickness of which at the 8th internode is more than 10 mm. considered "fatty".

The grape shoot consists of nodes (thickenings) and internodes. The center of the shoot in the internodes is occupied by the core. On the node are located: a leaf with an eye hibernating in its axil, a stepson can develop in the axil of the leaf, and on the opposite side of the node a tendril or inflorescence. Sometimes an extra-axillary shoot can develop in place of the antennae.

At the node where the tendril or inflorescence develops, there is a full diaphragm separating the internode. Where there is no tendril or inflorescence on the node, the diaphragm is incomplete (underdeveloped). A full diaphragm is a "pantry" of nutrients.

The crown is the top of a growing shoot.

Growth point - the apical part of the shoot. During the period of active growth, the apical part is strongly curved (nutation); when growth is attenuated, the apex straightens somewhat. This happens in late August - early September.

The leaf consists of a carved plate and a long petiole. The shape, size, irregularity of the leaves are varied and are a varietal sign of grapes. Leaves perform the most important function in the life of grapes - photosynthesis, i.e. the production of organic nutrients (starch, sugars, amino acids, etc.) Leaves absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release oxygen. Leaves not only assimilate and breathe, but also evaporate excess moisture from the roots. During the day, grape leaves from an area of ​​​​1m2 evaporate up to 1.5 liters of water.

The kidney is the germ of the future shoot. The buds are united in the eyes, which form in the axil of each leaf on a green shoot.

The wintering eye is a complex organ in which several buds are combined, densely covered with hairs and scales. There are kidneys: central (main), replacing (reserve) and stepson (summer). If for some reason the main kidney is damaged, then replacement kidneys develop. One eye can have from two to six replacement buds. There is only one stepson bud in the ocellus and it develops in the ocellus before the others. If the main and replacement buds develop after overwintering, then the stepson bud is formed into a shoot on a vegetative green shoot in the current season.

Rice. 3 Grape Escape
1- node, 2- internode, 3- eye, 4- leaf petiole, 5- stepson, 6- diaphragm is complete, 7- diaphragm is not complete, 8- core, 9- antennae.

Corner buds - the first 2-3 eyes at the base of each shoot. They are poorly developed and often infertile.

Sleeping buds are buds that have not developed and remain in the nodes of a perennial vine, on the head of a bush and in an underground trunk. These buds are very viable and carry the functions of restoring and rejuvenating the grape bush. Shoots developing from dormant buds on the head and sleeves are called top shoots, and those developing from an underground stem are called coppice shoots.

Extra-axillary shoots are called shoots formed on nodes instead of antennae. These shoots are able to bear fruit in some varieties, developing inflorescences at the first node.

Twins, tees - shoots that develop from replacement buds along with the main central shoot. All of them can be fruitful, but inflorescences on shoots from replacement buds are weaker. Sometimes up to six shoots (panicle) develop simultaneously from one eye. In such cases, one or two of the strongest are left, the rest are broken out.

Antennae - an organ for the natural fixation of the shoot on solid supports (in vivo these are trees, rocks, etc.). Antennae are formed on the nodes on the opposite side of the leaf; either a tendril, or an inflorescence, or an extra-axillary shoot can develop here. The tendril can also develop on the crest of the inflorescence, thus securing the bunch on a solid support. The first tendril grows on Euro-Asian varieties from the 4th - 5th node. Along the length of the shoot, the antennae are arranged in pairs: two nodes with antennae, one without. And only in isabelle varieties have antennae on the shoots at each node. With the artificial fixation of vines, the tendrils lose their significance, and since. for their development, they take away nutrients, it is desirable to cut out part of the antennae.

Lesson 2 - Vegetative propagation of grapes

PREPARATION AND STORAGE OF CUTTINGS

Planting material - cuttings or seedlings should be purchased from nurseries or from experienced growers who guarantee varietal compliance of the material and the absence of dangerous diseases!
Do not purchase seedlings from regions infected with phylloxera!
Any planting material must be disinfected, both at the harvesting site and before planting!

Grapes, as a perennial plant, annually undergo a small annual cycle of development, consisting of a dormant period and a vegetative period.

The dormant period begins after leaf fall and ends in spring with climate warming. During the period of winter dormancy in the plant, the physiological processes that support life fade and proceed very weakly. Kidneys at rest do not germinate even under favorable temperature conditions. This is the so-called physiological rest.

From the second half of January, the plant goes into a state of forced dormancy. In this state, a quick awakening of vital activity is possible under favorable temperature conditions (t = + 100 s or more). This period is used for winter grafting and accelerated cultivation of own-rooted and grafted grape seedlings.

For winter cultivation of grape seedlings, cuttings of a mature annual vine are used. For propagation, cuttings are selected with the most typical varietal qualities of uterine bushes with a high yield.

The most suitable for cuttings are shoots developed on the vine of the previous year from the central buds. The stalk is part of a mature shoot. Cuttings can be of any size, even single-eyed. Rational, convenient for rooting, can be considered 2 x and 3 x eye cuttings. The most viable are cuttings harvested in the fall after the completion of the growing season. For cuttings, mature shoots with a diameter of 7-10 mm are selected. Thinner cuttings take root worse. But some varieties have thin vines, such varieties will have thinner cuttings.

When cutting cuttings, the vine is cleaned of antennae and stepchildren. The lower cut is made at an angle to the axis 3-4 cm below the node on which the tendril or bunch was. Recall the previous lesson - "At the node where the tendril or inflorescence develops, there is a full diaphragm separating the internodes. The full diaphragm is a "storehouse of nutrients." This means that the nutrition of the first young roots on initial stage development will be provided by this pantry. The upper cut is made perpendicular to the axis 4-5 cm above the node. Then the cuttings are collected in a bundle, aligned along the lower ends and tied in 2 places. A label with the name of the variety is attached to each bundle. Before laying the cuttings for winter storage, it is advisable to soak them in water for a day, then spray or immerse for a few seconds in a 3% solution of iron sulfate. These are preventive measures that protect the cuttings from drying out and mold formation during storage.

Cuttings are normally preserved in plastic bags in a ventilated basement, at a temperature of 0 - + 6 0C. You can fill the cuttings with wet clean sand. To do this, a hole is dug 0.5 m deep. Bundles of cuttings are laid horizontally in it, which are then poured with moderately moist sand. A wooden control cover is laid on the powdered cuttings and everything is covered with sand to the top. When digging cuttings, sand is thrown with a shovel to the control cover. After removing the lid, so as not to damage the kidneys, the cuttings are dug out by hand. It is very convenient to store a small amount of cuttings in two 1.5 liter plastic bottles with cut bottoms. After laying the cuttings in one of the bottles with the second bottle with a cut bottom and 2 longitudinal cuts, the package with the cuttings is securely closed.

Rice. 4. Packing cuttings for winter storage

This method of storage is convenient because the cuttings do not need to be tied. It is very convenient with this method to ventilate the cuttings. To do this, just open the plugs. And airing the cuttings 2-3 times during storage is necessary in any way.

Preparation of cuttings for winter rooting begins at the end of February. The cuttings are taken out of storage, cleaned of sand, then washed in a solution of potassium permanganate from possible mold, after which they begin to check their condition in appearance.

The condition of the wood is determined by the updated cross section. It should be bright green, with pressure on the handle near the cut of wood, slight traces of moisture should stand out.
Having made a longitudinal section of the lower eye, we will check the condition of the kidneys. Living buds in the eye have the same bright green color. Dark dots or spots on the cut of the eye indicate kidney damage. Cuttings with dark spots, blackened or browned bark and wood, with damaged buds are discarded.

The optimum moisture content of the vine is 51-52%. During storage, some of the moisture may evaporate, so restoring the moisture in the cuttings to the optimum is a must. It is better to use a soft pad for locking. rain water(melted snow).
The soaking time can be, depending on the condition of the cuttings, from one to three days.

WINTER ROOTING OF WOODEN CUTTINGS.

Before rooting, each cutting must be labeled with the name of the variety. The lower sections of the cuttings must be updated directly under the nodes. Once again, remember that the lower node of the handle must be with a full diaphragm. The cut can be any: - straight, perpendicular to the axis; oblique - one-sided; bilateral (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. a - a three-glazed cutting prepared for rooting, c - a straight cut under the knot, a bevel cut, d - a two-sided cut

It is believed that oblique cuts increase the area of ​​​​callus formation - the plant tissue from which roots develop.
It is important that the cuts are smooth, without crushing the wood, i.e. you need to do them with a very sharp knife. On the lower part of the cutting, from opposite sides along the bark, grooves can be scratched with a knife, which will also become a place for the formation of roots. The lower kidney may not be removed, but when it is removed, we once again control the condition of the cutting. The upper sections of the cuttings are not updated. They are perpendicular to the axis of the cuttings and 4-5 cm above the top node. The top cut should be protected from fungal putrefactive bacteria by dipping for a second in a molten mixture of paraffin and wax (2:1).

The most common and acceptable method of rooting cuttings is sprouting in cups. Prepared cuttings are kept during the day in an aqueous solution of heteroauxin (0.5 tablets per 5 liters of water) or honey (1 tablespoon per 10 liters of water). The cuttings are installed with their lower ends in the solution, the upper part with the eyes remains above the solution. Dishes with cuttings are covered with a plastic bag and installed at a heat source (oven, battery). Then the cuttings are planted in cups (Fig. 6) with a fertile mixture consisting of one part of humus, one part of peat, two parts of soddy soil and one part of coarse sand. Such soil with granular fertilizers is now sold in all stores selling seeds. Cups are easy to make from plastic 1.5 liter bottles. Cut off the top of the bottle, leaving the bottom about 20 cm high. Don't forget to make some drainage holes in the bottom of the cup. The upper part of the bottle will serve as a cap-lid for your cup and will provide a microclimate for the rooting period of the cutting.

Rice. 6

The earth in the cup should be moist enough so that a hole with a diameter of approximately 20 mm can be formed in it in the center of the cup almost to the entire depth. A "pillow" of coarse-grained sand is poured into this hole, then a cutting is installed and the hole is filled to the top with sand. The sand protects the cutting from harmful bacteria.

The main danger when rooting cuttings is the awakening of the kidneys and the development of green shoots before the roots appear; after all, the shoots are genetically incorporated in the buds, and there are no roots, even signs of roots on the cutting. But if the soil in the cup is heated from below, and the buds are kept cold, in a month or a little more, seedlings are obtained with a good root system and buds that are just waking up. How to create such conditions? Best on the window. Indeed, at home, we usually grow seedlings on the windows.

We install cups with cuttings on a metal or plastic pallet. We fix the pallet on the radiator under the window. We need to provide a temperature difference: in the area of ​​root formation, i.e. at the bottom of the cup + 25 - +300 s and + 10- + 15 deg. C in the kidney area. Heat will flow to the cups from the bottom of the battery.

Rice. 7

And in order to create a low temperature for the kidneys, we open the inner frame of the window and isolate the cuttings from the influence of the warm air of the room with a polyethylene screen fixed in the window opening. If the cooling of the cuttings is not enough, periodically open the window and supply cold air from the street. If warm (+25-30 0 s) water is periodically poured into the pan, we will ensure that the cuttings are fed from below, through the drainage holes, and, in this case, watering from above is not necessary. As soon as white roots begin to be visible through the transparent walls of the cups, cooling of the cuttings can be stopped.

From the moment the shoots from the buds develop, open the caps on the lids, and with the start of active growth of the shoots, begin to harden the young seedlings. In the absence of direct sunlight, remove the lids from the cups and gradually increase the time the seedlings stay outside the greenhouse conditions.
In the ground, in a permanent place, seedlings are planted in the spring, when the earth warms up to a temperature of + 100C. The advantage of growing seedlings in winter is that due to the early start of rooting, the growing season of a young grape bush increases by more than three months and the seedling has time to prepare well for winter.

Lesson 3 - Rooting lignified cuttings in the open field

For a grape school, a sunny, wind-protected land plot with fertile, structural, light soil is selected. It can be light loamy, sandy or chernozem soil. The plot for school is prepared at the end of summer or autumn. In preparation for each square meter, the following is applied: humus - 15-20 kg., Superphosphate -100 g., Potassium sulfate -50 - 70 g. The applied fertilizers are dug up.

Cuttings can be planted in a shkolka in the fall, immediately after harvesting, or in the spring, when the earth warms up at a depth of 25-30 cm to + 100 s. 3 eye cuttings are used. Before planting, the cuttings are kept for a day in a warm (+30 - +40 0c) stimulant solution: a solution of heteroauxin (0.5 tablets per 5 liters of water) or flower honey (1 tablespoon per 10 liters of water). The cuttings are planted in grooves with a slope of 450 to the north, to a depth that ensures the location of the upper eye at ground level. (Fig. 8).

Rice. 8.

The distance between the cuttings in a row is 10-12 cm, the distance between the rows is 30 cm. Before planting the cuttings, the grooves are abundantly watered with warm water and the cuttings must be placed in moist soil. After planting the cuttings, the grooves are covered with soil and again filled with warm water, and after it has been absorbed, the ends of the cuttings protruding above the ground are rolled up with a roller 4-5 cm high. .

After the buds open and shoots appear above the ground, a cross-shaped hole is cut in the film above each cutting for the exit and further growth of the shoot.

During the period of rooting and development of seedlings in shkolka, frequent watering is necessary. The highest soil moisture of 90-85% of the MPC (maximum useful moisture capacity) should be until the end of June, somewhat less than 85-75% in July, and watering is gradually reduced in August-September up to 65% soil moisture.

To accelerate the development and maturation of seedlings, their foliar top dressing is carried out. In June-early July - the first foliar top dressing (30 g of ammonium nitrate, 200 g of superphosphate, 100 g of potassium sulfate per 10 liters of water). Superphosphate during the day is dissolved in 3 liters. water with frequent stirring. In 2 liters of water dissolve 30 g of ammonium nitrate, 100 g of potassium sulfate and 10 g of boric acid. After a day, the superphosphate solution is drained from the sediment, both solutions are mixed and the total volume is adjusted to 10 liters. adding water. When spraying, the solution should be applied to the lower and upper surfaces of the leaves. Spraying is carried out in cloudy weather or in the evening, before sunset. Under these conditions, the solution evaporates more slowly, remains on the leaves longer and is more fully absorbed by them. It is very useful to spray again with water after a day or two in order to dissolve the remnants of nutrients remaining on the leaves and, thus, allow the plant to fully assimilate them.

In the second half of July - early August, a second top dressing should be carried out (200 g of superphosphate and 100 g of potassium sulfate per 10 liters of water). Preparation and application of the solution is similar to the first feeding.

Only two shoots should be left on each seedling, breaking off doubles and tees. If one shoot develops on the seedling, to create the second, the existing shoot must be pinched at the point of growth after the 5-6th leaf. After 10-15 days, stepchildren will begin to develop on the shoot. Of the formed stepchildren, one lower one is left, all the rest are pinched on a stump.

At the end of August, chasing is carried out - the removal of the upper part of the shoots to a normally developed top sheet. Chasing is carried out in order to stop growth and accelerate the ripening of shoots.

Seedlings should not be left to overwinter. The digging of seedlings is carried out before the onset of the first autumn frosts. 3-4 days before digging, the school is watered to the full depth of the roots. The seedlings dug out of the shkolka are tied into bundles, labels are hung on them indicating the variety, and, having dipped the roots in a clay mash, they are placed in plastic bags and stored in the cellar at t \u003d 0 - + 60 s.

At autumn planting In order to protect them from winter frosts, it is necessary to cover the cuttings in the shkolka with a layer of 25-30 cm of earth over the film. And in the spring, when the soil warms up to + 10 0C, remove the earthen cover and allow the cuttings to develop according to the agricultural technology described above. Growing seedlings in the same place for more than two years is not recommended, because. the soil is tired of monoculture, there is a danger of poor development of seedlings and the appearance of diseases.
Growing seedlings from green cuttings.
IN summer period propagation of grapes is carried out by green cuttings. This is also the only reliable method of propagation for varieties such as "Purple Early", "Festival", etc., which are difficult to root with lignified cuttings.

Two-eyed cuttings with a leaf at the second eye are cut before flowering from any green shoots, except for coppice, from the 3rd to the 7th node. Best of all, cuttings from shoots of fruit arrows and replacement knots take root. Cuttings are harvested early in the morning or in cloudy weather and immediately placed in water with a potassium permanganate crystal or in a solution of a heteroauxin stimulant or flower honey. If the cuttings are kept in a stimulant solution in a cool place for 4-5 hours, then their rooting period is reduced.

Rooting of green cuttings can be carried out in glass jars with water, the level of which is about 2 cm (Fig. 9).

Rice. nine.

From above, the jar with cuttings is closed with a plastic bag with a hole in one of the corners. The jar is placed on a sunny window. After the formation of the rudiments of the roots, the cuttings are carefully removed from the jar and planted in pre-prepared nurseries so as not to damage the roots.

Nurseries can be cups, which were described in the lesson "Winter rooting of lignified cuttings" or wooden boxes 20 cm high, with cells 10 x 10 cm (Fig. 10).

Rice. 10.

The box is half filled with fertile soil, clean river sand is poured on top with a layer of 4-5 cm. All moisturize with warm water with potassium permanganate (weak solution). The planting depth of the cuttings is 2.5-3.5 cm. When planting, try not to damage the roots. After installing the cutting, cover the landing hole with sand and water again.

It is possible to root green cuttings immediately in nurseries, without prior rooting in water.
Before the development of shoots from the buds, it is necessary to create greenhouse conditions for seedlings, i.e. above the seedlings, you need to make a shelter in the form of a tent from the film, which can be removed with the development of shoots on the cuttings.

Rooted cuttings (seedlings) are left in nurseries until the end of the growing season. In autumn, seedlings are placed in heated greenhouses or on sunny windows in apartments, where they can continue to develop. At the end of the growing season, they are transferred to the basement, where they are stored at t = 0 - + 60s until spring.
In the spring, after the earth warms up to + 100C, the seedlings are planted in a permanent place.

You can start the growing season much earlier. To do this, seedlings from the basement are transferred at the end of January to heated greenhouses or to sunny windows in the apartment, thus interrupting the period of forced dormancy and starting a new growing season.
Reproduction by layering.
Layers are annual vines or green shoots laid in the soil for rooting.
Reproduction by layering ensures the rapid development and entry into fruiting of young bushes.

A groove about 15 cm deep is made in a convenient direction from the bush. A vine selected on the bush, usually from top shoots, is placed in it, and pinned to the bottom of the groove with wire arches.

After that, the groove with the vine is covered with earth and watered with a weak solution of potassium permanganate or a solution of humic fertilizers. Along the entire length, the groove is mulched with a 4-5 cm layer of humus or other mulching material (pine needles, grain husks, sawdust, etc.). At the end of the layering, a landmark is placed. How many eyes on the laid vine, so many seedlings should be obtained (Fig. 11).

Rice. 11. 1 - layer, 2 - groove covered with earth, 3 - layer of mulch

Layer care - regular watering and tying shoots to vertical supports. During the summer, shoots will develop at each node of the layering and roots will form. In the autumn, after the shoots have matured, the layers are carefully dug up with the roots and tied into a bundle, a label is hung, the roots are dipped in a clay mash. Seedlings are stored in winter in the basement at t = 0 - + 60 s in plastic bags.

Lesson 4 - Vaccinations

Grafting by budding on a winter-hardy stock

This is another way to propagate grapes. It is used for breeding in harsh Siberian conditions of non-hardy grape varieties, the roots of which cannot withstand significant freezing of the soil.

Grafting with a shield (budding) provides a direct adjoining of the cultivated scion to the wood of a winter-hardy stock, this increases the winter hardiness of the scion.

As a stock, cuttings of such varieties as Buitur, Alfa, Bashkir early, winter-hardy hybrids of R.F. Sharov - Sharov's riddle, Biysk - 2, Amur grapes. Vaccination is carried out during the period of forced rest, in late January - early February.

Two or three days before the start of vaccination, the rootstock cuttings are taken out of storage, washed in water or a weak solution of potassium permanganate and dried. They check the condition of the cuttings after storage (see lesson two "Procurement and storage of cuttings") and reject poor-quality ones. Rootstock cuttings are cut to a length equal to the planting depth (30-40 cm). The lower end is cut under a knot that has a sign of a tendril or peduncle (a knot with a full diaphragm). All eyes on the handle are removed with a sharp knife, without damaging the wood. Ready stock cuttings are immersed in a solution of heteroauxin or flower honey for 1-2 days for soaking at room temperature.

Graft cuttings are prepared on the day of vaccination, they are also taken out of cellars or refrigerators, washed in water or a weak solution of potassium permanganate, they check the condition, paying special attention to the safety of the eyes. Scion cuttings are immersed for soaking in water for 4-6 hours at room temperature (+ 12 - 150C).

Rice. 12. a - scion cutting, b - scion shield, c - scion cutting, d - grafted cutting

Budding is usually performed at the node, at the site of the removed eye, but grafting can also be performed at the internodes. When budding on the node, the knife blade is set 1-1.5 cm below the eye at an angle of 450 to the axis of the handle and an incision is made about 2 mm deep. Then the knife is rearranged 1-1.5 cm above the eye and a shield with a small layer of wood is cut out with a sliding movement to the lower incision.

The cutout on the stock is made in the same way and, having inserted the scion shield into the cutout, they tie it with a narrow plastic tape, leaving the eyelet completely open. The cuts on the rootstock and on the scion shield should coincide with cambial layers and tightly touch the cut surfaces. This will ensure their best fusion. Do not contaminate cut surfaces or touch them with your hands. The grafting operation must be carried out immediately, without delay, after the cut and the place of grafting, and the cut of the grafting shield.

Grafted cuttings are planted in nurseries (boxes or cups) and rooted in the same way as self-rooted seedlings (see lesson 2 "Winter rooting of lignified cuttings").

Usually not all vaccinations are successful. In order to reject failed grafts before planting in nurseries, it is advisable to first stratify them in plastic bags (Fig. 13), in which the bases of the grafted cuttings are covered 5-8 cm with river sand, sawdust or moss.

Rice. 13.

The bags are suspended or installed in warm, bright rooms with a temperature of + 20 - 280C. Sand or sawdust in a bag is periodically moistened with water. In the corner of the bag, you need to make a hole to drain excess moisture. Through the transparent walls of the sac, one can observe the state of the scion buds, the formation of callus at the grafting site, the development of roots, which, as they grow, will go to the walls of the sac. Normally stratified are considered cuttings with an accustomed scion shield and an eye that has begun vegetation and developed roots. It is these cuttings that are used for further cultivation.

In order not to damage very fragile and weak roots, when removing the cuttings from the bag, the substrate (sand, sawdust, etc.) is diluted with an excess amount of water. It is better to take out the cuttings with the whole bunch, and then evaluate and select for planting each separately.

It is easier to stratify the grafted cuttings in glass jars with 2-3 cm water. The water in the jars should change in a day or two.

Grafted cuttings with root rudiments and accustomed and blooming eyes are planted in cups or boxes. We know about planting in nurseries from previous lessons. With the onset of warm days, young seedlings are accustomed to natural conditions, hardened, taking them out into the open air to shady places. When the threat of spring frosts disappears, young grafted seedlings are planted in a permanent place.

At first, seedlings are covered from direct sunlight and regularly watered with warm water (+25 -300C). No operations should be done with young seedlings, with the exception of fixing the shoots on a vertical support. This will ensure the best growth of green shoots. In mid-August, you can pinch the tops in order to speed up the ripening of the shoots.
At the end of July, watering is stopped, this will accelerate the ripening of the shoots.

The strapping is removed from the vaccination after 3-4 months, when the active growth of the scion begins.
It is recommended to protect young seedlings from the first autumn frosts. To do this, a "hut" is constructed above the bush from covering material or polyethylene. In this way, it is possible to extend the growing season and allow the young shoots to mature and better prepare for winter.

Before winter shelter, pruning of the bush is carried out. Two shoots are left in the bush, which are shortened to 3-4 eyes.

Major grafting is a type of budding. "Mallorca" differs in the form of a graft element and seat for a scion on a stock cutting. (Fig.14).

Rice. fourteen.

The scion is cut not in the form of a shield, but in the form of a trapezoid. An appropriate cut is made on the cutting of the rootstock in the internodes, below the upper thickening, where the scion should fit snugly, with the maximum fit of all sections. For a more reliable connection, the grafting site is tied with a narrow polyethylene tape in the same way as when budding with a shield.

Major grafting is technologically more complicated, but due to the larger grafting area, more reliable connection of the scion with the stock, this grafting is of better quality and almost waste-free.
Replacing the variety by grafting into an underground stem.
If for some reason you are not satisfied with the grown grape variety, do not rush to uproot it and replace it with a new seedling, do not remove bushes that have been completely eaten by mice. After all, it is not recommended to plant grapes again in the place of an uprooted bush for several years, a new bush in this place will develop very poorly due to the fatigue of the earth. So this place will fall out of your grape row.

You can replace an old bush with a new one, one variety with another, by grafting into an underground trunk. At the same time, the restoration of a new bush on the old one is possible within one or two seasons.

The time of spring grafting into the bole is immediately after the release of the grapes from shelter, i.e. in the second half of April.

Autumn vaccination time is the first half of October. It is very important that the lower node on the scion handle has a full diaphragm, i.e. there should be signs of a tendril on this node. Such a cutting, if it is not dried, will always take root. Preparing bushes and cuttings for grafting in spring and autumn is no different.

Two or three days before grafting, the rootstock bush is dug to a depth of 25-30 cm. On the day of grafting, the underground stem of the bush is cleared of earth and dead bark. After that, the aerial part is cut off at the bush along with the head of the bush.

The cut is made at a depth of at least 15-20 cm, so that the upper eye of the 2-eye scion cutting is 4-6 cm below ground level after grafting.

The day before inoculation, 2-eye cuttings are soaked with complete immersion in clean water or a stimulant solution: heteroauxin - 0.5 tablets per 5 liters. water, or sodium humate - 1 incomplete teaspoon per 5 liters. water. In the absence of stimulants, an aqueous solution of bee honey is used - 0.5 tablespoon per 5 liters. water.

After soaking, the cuttings are aired. Wet cuttings cannot be grafted, as well as overdried ones. Finally, the stalk is prepared at the time of grafting. Depending on the thickness of the underground stem, one, two or more cuttings can be grafted onto it. At the time of grafting, along the diameter of the stem cut, a split is made to a depth of 3-4 cm. Having selected the stalk, try it on in depth until the split so that the upper eye is 4-6 cm below ground level. it by 1 cm and for a length of not more than 2 cm (Fig. 15a). On longer sections, the development of the callus is delayed. The preparatory cutting is immediately inserted into the split with the lower eye outward (Fig. 15 c). It is very important that the cambial layer of the cutting coincides with the cambial layer of the rootstock and that the outer side surface of the cutting in the wedge area does not protrude beyond side surface stem. If the diameter of the stem allows, then a second cutting can be inserted into the same split from the diametrically opposite side, i.e. make two vaccinations in one split (Fig. 15 c). With a thicker bole, two pairs of vaccinations can be made (Fig. 15, c).

Rice. 15. Grafting into an underground trunk

Do not forget that the lower knot of the scion should have signs of a tendril.

Remember that the lower eye of the scion should be directed outward. Under these conditions, the guarantee of successful vaccination is higher. Place of inoculation, i.e. the cut on the trunk and splits must be isolated from the influence of the external environment. The cut should be closed with a polyethylene flap, and then tightly wrapped with twine. During the year, the twine will collapse and will not interfere with the development of young shoots. The entire grafting area on top of the winding must be covered with a layer of garden pitch. After that, the graft is covered with wet moss and completely covered with loose, moist soil and mulched with sawdust, humus, pine needles or grain husks with a layer of 2-3 cm to maintain moisture.

As young shoots grow, they must be tied to supports. The land should always be moist, weed-free and mulched.

Lesson 5 - Site selection and vineyard planning

The development of grapes begins with the choice of a place for it. Grapes are an unpretentious plant that can grow on any soil, except for saline ones.

In Biysk, there is an example of growing grapes even in a swampy area with a high water level. When choosing a place for a vineyard, preference is given to the southern and southeastern slopes. Lowlands are not desirable, where cold air masses accumulate and a high probability of spring and autumn frosts. The northern slopes and areas facing the prevailing winds are less suitable for vineyards, since there is a possibility of deep freezing of the soil, blowing snow to the ground and, consequently, freezing of vines.

Amateur gardeners are limited in choosing a place for grapes by their garden plots, sometimes very inconvenient. Therefore, the most rational would be to choose the most sunny, open, high and dry area. Grapes grow well on the southern sides of deaf fences and walls of buildings.
The direction of the rows in the vineyard is preferably from north to south, so that the sun illuminates the grape bushes before noon on one side, and in the afternoon on the other.

The distance between the bushes in a row should be 2.5 -3 meters, depending on the strength of the growth of grape bushes. For very tall varieties, such as Rizamat, Amirkhai, Queen of Vineyards, Katyr-2, the distance between the bushes is at least 3 meters, and for Tukay, Zhemchug Sabo, Sharov's Riddle, Thumbelina between the bushes can be 2.5 meters. These requirements are due to the fact that when forming the bushes on the trellises should not overlap each other.

There are many, sometimes conflicting, recommendations for row spacing. A row spacing of 2.5 - 3 meters is justified by maximum illumination, good soil heating, excellent ventilation and is necessary for machine processing of a vineyard in large industrial vineyards, but such a row spacing is unforgivable due to its wastefulness in small garden plots. When the rows of grapes are located from north to south, the row spacing can be 1.5-2 meters. Do not be afraid that the bushes will replace each other, which can reduce the intensity of photosynthesis. It has been proven that photosynthesis reaches its highest intensity during the scattered light period, at 10-11 am and 4-5 pm. At noon, with direct maximum illumination, the amount of photosynthesis is minimal. On a hot sunny day with low relative humidity, light shading and scattered sunlight due to narrow row spacing provide better conditions for photosynthesis than scorching direct sunlight.

Rice. 16.

So we accept the scheme of planting grapes:
rows from north to south or along the south side of blind fences and walls;
distance between rows 1.5 meters, but should be increased to 2 meters in case of poor ventilation or when the rows are arranged from east to west;
the distance from fences and walls is at least 1 meter, for the free growth of roots and ease of maintenance.
With the help of a cord and pegs, we outline a landing pattern in the selected area. On the southern and northern sides of the perimeter, we drive in pegs every 1.5 (2.0) meters. Stretching cords between opposite pegs, we define our grape rows. Stepping back from the southern edge by 1.5 meters, we mark in each row the landing sites of the first grape bushes. The second bush in the row should be at a distance of 2.5 meters from the first bush, or 3 meters if the bushes are vigorous. We adhere to the same distances for subsequent bushes in each row. From the north, each row should end at a distance of 1.5 meters from the last bush. The total length of the row is equal to the sum of the distances between the bushes plus two half-meter segments on both sides of the row - this is the length of future trenches in which we will plant grape seedlings.
Trenching and preparation of planting pits.
Grapes - a crop of a temperate warm climate, characterized by increased sensitivity to frost and especially spring residual frosts in the initial growing season. In unaccustomed to grapes climatic conditions necessary measures to protect it from the cold.

A serious protection of grapes from winter frosts is the buried planting of grapes in trenches.

Trenches are dug along the entire length of the intended vine row with a depth of 25-30 centimeters and a width of 35-40 cm. In order for the walls of the trench not to crumble, they must be made with some slope and, preferably, lined with boards or flat slate. In this case, the cladding should be slightly (3-5 cm) deepened, and the upper edge of the cladding should be 3-5 cm above ground level. This is necessary so that the trench does not become contaminated and during the spring snowmelt, it is not flooded with melt water.

Rice. 17. Planting holes and a trench in a grape row.
1 - fertile land with fertilizers, 2 - fertile land without fertilizers, 3 - lining the walls of the trench, 4 - greenhouse

To fix the facing sheets, it is enough to drive spacer blocks between them after 2-3 meters.
In the northern viticulture zones, the time for planting grapes is considered to be the beginning or middle of May, when the earth at the planting depth warms up to + 10 0С.

For planting in advance, preferably in the fall, planting pits with a diameter of 60-80 cm and a depth of 1-1.2 meters or elongated pits 60 cm wide, 1 meter long and 1-1.2 meters deep are prepared. Preparation of planting pits, especially on heavy clay soils and poor sandy soils, a necessarily deep, well-fertilized planting pit at the base helps to increase the strength of the growth of the bush and, which is especially important for Siberia, the development of deep heel roots in the bush, less damaged by frost.

When digging a hole, the surface fertile soil is thrown out on one side of the hole and used in the future, and the lower geological infertile soil layer is on the other side and is scattered evenly between the rows or removed from the site. Bottom part the pits are covered with two or three buckets of humus or compost, then with two or three buckets of sand or gravel, if the soil in the area is clayey. 200 g of superphosphate, 150 g of potassium sulfate or 400 grams of ash are added, and all this is dug up (shoveled) with soil at the bottom of the pit. After a light compaction, two or three buckets of humus are again filled up, 2/3 of the fertile soil from the top layer, 200 grams of superphosphate, 150 g of potassium sulfate are added again, if necessary, two or three buckets of sand or gravel and everything is shoveled again. The addition of sand and gravel to heavy clay soils improves soil aeration and drainage and is thought to improve grape quality. The remaining third of the fertile land is poured into a pit without humus and fertilizers and will serve as a planting layer for a seedling. Thus, with some compaction and after abundant watering, the pit should be filled to more than 3/4 of the total volume. If the pits are prepared in the spring, they must be filled with warm water after filling with fertile soil. To do this, the water is heated to 50-600 C. Before planting, it is necessary to create conditions for the rapid heating of the soil in the planting pit. To do this, a shelter (greenhouse) made of film is arranged above the pit in order to create conditions for accumulating solar heat and heating the soil in the pit, i.e. to create a greenhouse effect in the pit.

On the side of the pit of chernozem (fertile land), sand and humus, in accordance with 10: 2: 1, an additional one or two buckets of the mixture are prepared, which will sprinkle the root system and the seedling itself when planting. It is advisable to warm this mixture in the sun under the film.

Lesson 6 - Planting grapes and caring for young seedlings.

Grapes are best planted when the ground temperature in the pit is above + 150 C. At a temperature of + 200 C, the life processes of plants occur 4 times more intensively than + 150 C, and at + 250 C 8-10 times, the higher the temperature (but not more than + 350 C), the faster the seedlings take root and start growing. consequently, a more powerful root system develops.

In the climatic conditions of Biysk, grapes are planted in the ground in the second half of May. The best time to plant vegetative (winter-grown) seedlings is in the evening or on an overcast day. For tender young shoots, the sunny time of the day is dangerous.

A hole is dug in the center of the planting hole, the depth of which should ensure that the seedling is immersed 50-60 cm below ground level, and the upper shoot of the seedling should be 5-6 cm below the trench level so that the future bush does not have an above-ground stem. The seedling is carefully installed in the hole so as not to damage the young roots and green shoots. Seedling shoots or vegetative buds must be oriented along the trench (see Fig. 17, lesson five). A vertically installed seedling is covered with a prepared earth mixture until a developing green shoot is poured over with warm water and the planting pit is again covered with a greenhouse.

Rice. 18. Planting and protecting a vegetative seedling

The planting of vegetative seedlings grown in peat or plastic cups is significantly improved. In these cases, planting can be done without destroying the earthen clod at the root system, i.e. without injury to young roots. The greenhouses are not removed from the planting pits until the threat of spring frosts disappears and until full confidence in the rooting of seedlings. In hot weather, it is necessary to ventilate the greenhouses by slightly opening them from the ends.

Annual seedlings taken from winter storages are pre-treated: they shorten the heel roots to 10-12 cm, cut off the dew roots. If the seedling has more than two vines, leave only the two strongest and cut them into two eyes, and if the seedling has one vine, then cut it above the third eye (Fig. 19).

Rice. 19.

After that, the seedlings are soaked for a day in an aqueous solution of heteroaunsin (half a tablet per 5 liters of water) or sodium humate (half a teaspoon per 5 liters of water). Water temperature + 25-300С. Before planting, the roots of the seedling are dipped in a clay mash and planted immediately. As well as for vegetative seedlings, a hole is made in the center of the planting hole, the depth and diameter of which should ensure the placement of the seedling with roots straightened without damage and that the heel of the seedling is at a depth of 50-60 cm from the ground, and the cut vines do not protrude above ground level in a trench (Figure 20).

Rice. 20. Planting a one-year-old seedling

After installing the seedling, it is oriented with vines along the trench, half covered with a prepared mixture of earth, sand and humus, slightly pulled up so that the roots are evenly distributed obliquely from the heel down. After that, the soil is compacted, watered with warm water and finally backfilled to the top, leaving a funnel deep to the bottom of the vine.

The task of the first year is to grow two strong shoots on a young seedling. A seedling may have one or two vegetative shoots, depending on what kind of cutting it was grown from. Let's consider both options.

The seedling has two vegetative shoots (Fig. 21).

Rice. 21. Landing (May)
minting (beginning of September)

The existing two shoots should become the main vines of the young bush. In the process of summer development, replacement buds may wake up on the seedling and shoots-twins and tees will begin to develop, stepchildren may appear on the main shoots. All these new shoots that arise during the growth of the main shoots must be pinched on a stump at the beginning of their development. The energy of a developing bush should be given to the two main shoots (vines) for their powerful development. At the end of August and beginning of September, the main shoots, which should grow to 1-1.5 m, can be pinched off the growing top, this will ensure the best maturation of the vines.

In the first decade of October, after full maturity, the vines are cut into three or four buds, pinned horizontally above ground level in a trench and covered with earth to the height of the trench (25:30 cm). The place of the sheltered bush must be marked with a peg or in some other way, so as not to damage it in the spring when it is released from the shelter.

If the seedling has one vegetative shoot (Fig. 22).

Rice. 22. Landing (May)
minting (beginning of September)
pruning for the winter and shelter (early October)

When the shoot reaches 50-60 cm, it is pinched on the growing top to cause the formation of stepchildren. It is necessary to leave the strongest stepson, conveniently located to give it the direction of growth in the opposite direction from the direction of the main shoot. The remaining stepchildren and shoots from replacement buds are pinched onto a stump. The abandoned stepson will very quickly catch up with the main shoot in development, and by September both shoots will reach 1-1.5 meters in height, they can be pinched, and before shelter for Wintering, cut into 3-4 eyes and cover with earth, as described in the first option.

Lesson 7 - Designs of vertical single-plane and inclined two-plane tapestries.

Vertical trellis.

Rice. 2.

Lesson 7 - Designs of vertical single-plane and inclined two-plane tapestries.
A feature of the grape plant is the lack of a certain strong skeleton-trunk with branches. Liana with several perennial sleeves, on which many long, flexible green shoots bearing clusters are formed and develop annually - this makes it necessary for cultural cultivation to grow grapes on rigid supports or special devices - trellises, the designs of which are selected depending on the formation of the bush.

The most common devices for forming and fixing vines are trellises (see Fig. 1): a - vertical single-plane, c - inclined two-plane.

The height of the tapestries is 2-2.2 m. Five or six rows of wire with a diameter of 3-4 mm are stretched along the height of the racks on the trellises, the distance between which can be from 30 to 50 cm, but the lowest string should be ~ 20 cm from the ground level, fruit arrows are fixed horizontally on it (lashes). I offer viticulturists the design of vertical and two-plane inclined trellises.

Vertical trellis.

For trellis racks, metal pipes (1) with an outer diameter of 40-50 mm and a length of 2.8-3.0 m are used (see Fig. 2). A piece of an angle 45x45 1 m long is welded to the upper end of the pipe.

According to the height of the rack, diametrically through holes with a diameter of 5 mm are marked and drilled. For each stand, a section of casing pipe (3) ~ 80 cm long is prepared with an inner diameter greater than the outer diameter of the stand. Casing pipes are driven into the ground along the trench at a distance of 10 cm from the trench wall, 2.5-3 meters apart (see Fig. 3, c). Racks are installed in casing pipes and with the help of poles or wooden bars (4) 2.5-3 meters long, with a section of 5x5 are interconnected at the corners (2). You can hook poles or bars on the corners with wire twists, clamps or long screws, bolts passed through the holes in the corners from below. The poles (bars) connecting the racks provide rigidity to the trellis structure, preventing the racks from changing their vertical position when the wire strings are stretched. A steel wire with a diameter of 3-4 mm is passed through the through holes in the posts in parallel rows, which is fixed and stretched on the extreme posts by twisting the ends of the wire into a ring (see Fig. 3) using pliers.
This trellis is very reliable in operation and can be easily dismantled if necessary.

Rice. 3.

Two-plane inclined trellis.

For multi-armed (more than 4 arms) fan formations of grapes, it is advisable to use two-plane inclined trellises. They differ from the single-plane tapestries described above in a more complex design. The rack is a welded frame in the form of an inverted trapezoid. Frame elements: side racks (1) made of pipes with a diameter of 40-50 mm. 3 meters long; jumpers - top 150cm. (6) and bottom 60cm. (5), from pipes of any diameter, less than the diameter of the racks, or from an angle: guide angles (2) 45x45 100 cm long, for poles or wooden blocks; casing pipes ~ 80 cm long with an inner diameter slightly larger than the outer diameter of the racks.

The installation of a two-plane trellis is somewhat more complicated than a single-plane one, but the nature of the operations is similar. Casing pipes are installed on both sides of the trench. The distance of the racks in a row is 2.5-3 meters.

The trellis system allows you to make the most of solar energy, well ventilated and allows you to easily carry out agrotechnical activities in the vineyard during the entire growing season.

Rice. 4.

Lesson 8 - What is polarity?

In natural conditions, starting its development in deep shade under the arch of dense trees, the grape plant, clinging to the bumps of the bark, knots and branches, rapidly directs its green shoots up to the tops of the trees, to the warmth and sun. Striving upward, the grapes lose most of their shoots, sacrifice them in order to give all their strength, all their energy to one or two of the topmost young shoots. Everything that starts life below these shoots, due to a lack of nutrients, weakens, degrades and gradually dies off. And only the leaders remain alive, from year to year, growing with new shoots on their peaks. Only they, in the end, reach the arch of tree crowns, where, finally, they can scatter numerous shoots widely and powerfully under the warm rays of the sun. Only here, under the sun, spreading over the crowns, grapes begin a full-fledged active life and abundant fruiting.

Thus, with a vertical arrangement of annual vines, selective development of green shoots is carried out - the strongest and most viable at the top, and everything below is weaker and weaker.

The historically developed ability of grapes to direct the bulk of nutrients along a vertically located vine to the uppermost buds, to the uppermost young green shoots and growth points of these shoots is called longitudinal polarity.

This property of the vine cannot satisfy us in the artificial cultivation of grapes. But what if the annual vines (fruit arrows and fruit lashes) are not arranged vertically, as in natural conditions, when they strove for warmth and the sun from dusk, but horizontally, as the vines were located when they reached the tops of the trees? Yes, this is the correct decision. Horizontal arrangement vines are a signal: "Nothing closes the sun! You can develop in full force, evenly distributing nutrition over all green shoots, without depriving anyone!" Thus, in artificial viticulture, when forming a bush, it is possible to take into account and neutralize the property of longitudinal polarity.

Grapes have another feature, which is called transverse polarity. Without going into scientific definitions, as in the previous section of the lesson, we will deal with this property of grapes in a popular form. On the vine, the buds (eyes) are located sequentially, sometimes on one side, sometimes on the other, and therefore the shoots develop from diametrically opposite sides in a strictly sequential order (Fig. 1).

Rice. one.

In the process of vegetation, nutrients are supplied along the vine, then to the right, then to the left shoot. If we make a cross section of a normally developing grape sleeve (Fig. 1, a), we will see that the core is located strictly in the center of the section. Let's imagine that during development in some area on one side of the vine, several shoots died or were broken in a row. As a result, there was no need to supply nutrients to this place, and therefore the development of this area was significantly weakened. The vine begins to develop inharmoniously. Over the years, transverse deformation of wood occurs with a displacement of the core (Fig. 1, c).

Due to the underdevelopment of one side, the nutrition of the shoots as a whole worsens. This place has become vitally weakened, fragile and fragile. With minor physical activity a fracture may occur here; at critical temperatures it is here that the freezing and drying of the shoot will occur first.
Unfortunately, we often do not attach serious importance to this feature of the vine. And the transverse polarity must be taken into account when pruning and shaping a grape bush and eliminate the possible negative consequences of this property. The essence of the correct formation of fruit links is that when pruning, it is imperative to leave polar opposite annual shoots on the sleeves - for the replacement knot - the lower outer shoot, for the fruit arrow - the upper inner shoot. (We will look at this rule in more detail in the lesson "Forming a vine bush".)

In the system of growing grapes and forming a grape bush, the exclusion of the harmful effects of transverse polarity must be given the same great importance, as well as the exclusion of the influence of longitudinal polarity.

Lesson 9 - Pruning and shaping the vine for the second, third and fourth year.

Second year.

In the spring of the second year, in the second half of April or early May, if the spring is late and cold, the bushes must be opened, carefully cleaned from the ground so as not to damage the eyes. Remember, they were left in the fall when pruning four on each shoot. After airing and drying, the bushes must be covered with a film cover (this was discussed in the sixth lesson). The sooner the bush begins active life, the more likely it is to form the basis of a bush of four strong shoots - this is the main task of the second year.

On last year's two vines, if our young seedling endured the winter well and all the eyes remained alive, eight green shoots begin to develop, i.e. four on each. At the very beginning of the development of young shoots, their number must be halved. On each last year's vine, only two young shoots are left. To exclude the negative influence of transverse polarity, shoots are left on each last year's vine, developing from diametrically opposite buds (Fig. 1).

Rice. one.

In our example (Fig. 1), 1 and 2 buds are left on the left vine, and 2 and 3 on the right; a valid option is 1 and 4 kidneys, but 1 and 3 are not allowed; 2 and 4 kidneys.

In the process of development of the main shoots, all shoots developing from replacement buds are removed, stepchildren are pinched over the second or third leaf, and all possible inflorescences are removed.

In the autumn of the second year, only the unripened part is cut off from the bush.

Third year.

In the spring of the third year, each of the shoots of a young bush is again cut into 2 healthy eyes. In total, eight shoots must be grown in the third year. When pruning, it is again necessary to exclude the negative effect of transverse polarity and the lower eye on each shoot must necessarily look outward from the bush, and the upper one into the bush (Fig. 2, spring of the 3rd year).

Rice. 2.

Care of the bush during the summer is the most thorough with pinching stepchildren, a fragment of shoots from replacement buds, from dormant buds on sleeves and an underground trunk. You can leave one inflorescence on one or two of the strongest shoots and let them ripen (Fig. 2).

In the autumn of the third year, the unripened part of the vine is cut off from all eight shoots.

Fourth year.

In the spring of the fourth year, the final fan formation of the bush is carried out as shown in (Fig. 3). The upper vines on the sleeves (fruiting vines) are cut into 5-8-12 eyes. The number of eyes left is determined by the allowable load of eyes for each grape variety and bush individually. When determining the load with eyes, the condition of the bush is taken into account - the number of strong young vines (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3.

The lower vines are cut into two healthy eyes, thus forming four replacement knots. Do not forget that the first (lower) eye on the replacement knots must necessarily look outside the bush, and the second (upper) inside. This ensures a strict order of annual pruning of the bush and excludes the influence of transverse polarity.

The final formation of the bush is best done not in the spring of the fourth year, but in the autumn of the third year. Autumn pruning is less painfully tolerated during the spring "weeping" of the grapes. But during autumn pruning on replacement knots, it is necessary to leave an additional one or two spare eyes, in case of possible damage during shelter for the winter, wintering, or when opening after wintering.

So, in the fourth year, a 4-arm fan-shaped vine bush was formed with four fruit links, consisting of a fruit vine (arrow) and a replacement knot. Now, every year in the fall, we will remove the fruiting vines to the replacement knots, and from the vines on the replacement knots we will form new arrows and new replacement knots.

If desired, you can make a grape bush multi-arm, adding in the described way, one new sleeve annually. To do this, you can use strong shoots from dormant buds (tops) or coppice shoots from an underground bole, or additional replacement knots formed from fruit-bearing vines.

Lesson 10 - Formation of reinforced bushes for two-plane trellises.

In the ninth lesson, we determined the order of formation of a 4-arm fan-shaped bush - last year's fruit arrow, along with all the fruiting vines, is cut off completely to last year's replacement knot, on the replacement knot, the lower outer shoot is cut to a new replacement knot (3-4 eyes), and the next inner shoot cut off on a new fruit arrow (5-12 eyes). The combination of a fruit arrow and a substitution knot on the sleeve is a fruit link (Fig. 1).

On a well-developed bush older than 6 years, with a high yield and good ripening, it is possible to strengthen the fruit link, leaving not one, but two fruit arrows in it. Thus, an increase in yield is ensured (increase in the load on the bush) (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Fruit links

The load on the bush should increase gradually. It is impossible to form reinforced fruit links simultaneously on all sleeves in one year. And you need to know that the formation of even one reinforced link per year will not ensure an increase in yield indefinitely.

On 9-10-year-old bushes, the load can be increased by forming additional arms, and then again strengthening the fruit links on new arms.

New branches are formed from strong coppice shoots of an underground trunk or from conveniently located top shoots developing from dormant buds on perennial wood in the head of the bush. The formation of new sleeves, as well as reinforced fruit links, is carried out gradually, one per year. Therefore, if there are several coppice shoots and tops in the bush, it is necessary to choose one of them, the strongest and most conveniently located, to form an additional sleeve. All other shoots must be removed (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Bush with coppice shoots and spinning tops

It is necessary to form a sleeve from a coppice shoot in one season. The accelerated formation of the sleeve is provided by pinching (chasing) in June of the selected green coppice shoot, which has 9-10 leaves, leaving 5-6 leaves. After eight to nine days, stepchildren will develop on the minted shoot, of which two upper ones must be left, and the lower one is desirable to be external (future replacement knot). All other unnecessary stepchildren at the beginning of their development are carefully plucked onto stumps. Thus, the coppice shoot turns into a young sleeve with two shoots, one of which is the lower one, in the spring of next year it will be cut into a replacement knot with 2 buds, and the upper one - into a fruit arrow with 5 or more buds. A sleeve with a fruit link formed by an accelerated method is able to bear fruit the next year.

Young sleeves are also formed to replace old or damaged sleeves. The development, maturation and aging of sleeves is a continuous and inevitable process. After 12-15 years, fruiting on the old sleeve gradually decreases. A sign of sleeve failure is, first of all, the absence of normal growth (short and weak green shoots on fruit shoots). Green shoots with a length of at least 75 cm and a thickness of at least 7 mm are considered full-fledged.

The need to replace old sleeves arises when the sleeves are excessively elongated as a result of the mandatory growth in the process of annual formation of fruit links at the ends of the sleeves. And although the increase in wood mass due to the development of sleeves is a positive factor, since the supply of nutrients increases in direct proportion to this, and, consequently, the yield, it still becomes necessary to cut out an excessively long sleeve and replace it with a new one. Thus, rejuvenation of grape bushes is carried out.

Lesson 11 - No shoots on replacement knots? No problem!

In the practice of viticulture, deviations from the standard formation of fruit links are quite common. On replacement knots, the necessary shoots do not always develop, which are used to replace the fruit-bearing arrow. Sometimes, due to negligence, young shoots on replacement knots can be broken off, they can freeze slightly, and other unforeseen cases of loss of shoots or their weak development on replacement knots can occur. Of course, this is annoying, but still we must remember that our main task is to get a harvest, and not adhere to any strict rules for the formation of a grape bush. Therefore, if there is nothing to replace a fructifying arrow, it is necessary to take well-developed strong vines on this arrow for fruiting.

Consider various options autumn pruning in case of loss or underdevelopment of shoots on replacement knots. For simplicity and clarity, we will consider all options on one sleeve of a grape bush.

1. On the replacement knot, the upper shoot is underdeveloped or absent altogether. In this case, the old replacement knot is cut to a new one, shortening the lower outer shoot by 3-4 buds, and on the fruiting arrow, one or two first ripened annual shoots from the sleeve are set aside for fruit arrows. The rest of the fruiting vine, along with the growth, is cut off. Thus, a normal or reinforced new fruit link is obtained. (Fig. 1).

Rice. one.

2. If there is not a single shoot on the replacement knot, then such a knot is cut off completely, and on last year’s fruiting arrow, the first outer shoot is cut into a replacement knot (3-4 buds), and the inner one following it is cut into a fruit arrow. The rest of the old vine is cut off. If the first shoot turns out to be not external, but internal, then it makes sense to leave it for fruiting with the next shoot, thus forming a reinforced fruit link without a replacement knot, and a knot can be formed in the next season (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2.

3. Maybe so, there are no shoots on the replacement knot and no shoots at the beginning of the arrow, but there are strong shoots at the end of the arrow. This option is possible if the grape bush is damaged by mice during wintering. In this case, the strongest one or two terminal shoots are left for fruiting. But such a forcedly elongated sleeve is not desirable in the next shaping. Instead, it is necessary to prepare a new young sleeve (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3.

4. If there are no shoots on the replacement knot, and on the fruiting arrow, the first (initial) shoots developed poorly, but the final shoots are strong (this option is possible with a vertical dry garter of the fruit arrow in the spring, i.e. the negative effect of the longitudinal polarity was not taken into account, then, leaving one or two final strong shoots and cutting them into fruit arrows, the remaining shoots along the entire length of the fruiting arrow are cut into 2-3 buds). Thus, for fruiting in the next season, a temporary cordon is created (the formation of grapes on long sleeves with short fruit arrows) (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4.

Replacement knots on which shoots have not formed are cut out.
In the spring, last year's arrow, which now functions as a sleeve of a temporary cordon, is tied horizontally to the trellis with a sharp bend at a right angle at the first short-cut vine, so that strong replacement shoots grow at the bend.

5. It should be noted that in this way it is possible to form vines for fruiting without replacement knots (Fig. 5).

Rice. five.

To do this, in the vine that is chosen for fruiting, with a spring dry garter, it is enough to make a strong bend in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe first eye in order to get a strong shoot in this place, which will be the new fruiting vine (arrow) next year.

Lesson 12 - Green operations (debris of green shoots of grapes, pinching the tops of fruiting shoots)

From the beginning of the growing season on the grape bush, many green shoots develop from the main, replacing and sleeping buds, an excessive amount of which can adversely affect the development of the bush, the quantity and quality of the crop. Therefore, for the normal development of grapes, the so-called green operations on the grape bush are of great importance.

Green operations include: debris - removal of entire shoots; pinching and chasing - removing the top of the shoots; pasynkovanie - partial or complete removal of lateral shoots (stepchildren); leaf thinning; normalization of inflorescences.

Green operations help to establish the optimal ratio between the above-ground part and the root system of the plant in order to maintain a balance between the growth force of the bushes and their ability to bear fruit.

Fragment of green shoots.

Removing part of the shoots in the spring, when development is just beginning, enhances the growth of the remaining shoots on the bush and does not have a depressing effect on the plant. Therefore, the fragment should be carried out in the spring, at the beginning of the growing season.

Shoots developing from various buds have different meanings and are used differently in viticulture. The main role is played by the central shoots developing from the main buds on the annual vine and bearing inflorescences. The so-called shoots - twins and tees, developing from replacement buds, are used only when the bush, for some reason, has insufficient leaf surface, i.e. part of the main fruitful shoots died (results of unfavorable overwintering, damage to shoots by spring frosts, damage to some of the eyes by mice). In such cases, they say - the bush is underloaded. Replenishment of the green mass of the bush is made by shoots - twins.

With the normal development of fruitful shoots, all twins and tees break out at an early stage of development.

Shoots that have grown from dormant buds on the aboveground and underground boles - tops and shoots, are used in very limited quantities to rejuvenate the bush, i.e. to replace old and create new additional sleeves. To do this, the strongest and most conveniently located spinning top or coppice shoot is selected, the rest are broken out or cut out from the stem under the ground. There can be a lot of such shoots (sometimes dozens) and they appear throughout the summer, they can greatly thicken the bush and sharply weaken the development of the main shoots, therefore, coppice shoots and tops must be removed several times during the summer.

On young bushes, debris is also necessary, but its purpose is somewhat different. Carrying out this operation aims to select and grow the strongest shoots for the formation of sleeves and ensure their growth by removing the weak and unsuitable for formation. On young bushes, it is imperative to remove all shoots - twins, since they cannot be used to form bushes.

Coppice debris is especially important in grafted vines, because the coppice, in addition to using the nutrients needed for the scion, carries poor-quality maternal rootstock flavors. If you remove coppice shoots on rootstocks carefully and repeatedly, then within a few years you can get rid of them altogether.

Pinching the tops of fruiting shoots.

Pinching shoots is one of the techniques that affects the quality of berries and bunches, as well as yield.
Nutrients entering young shoots, due to the manifestation of longitudinal polarity, are primarily directed to growth points. If most of the plastic substances are consumed for the continuous growth of the apex, starvation of the inflorescences sets in. Shoot pinching is done to redistribute nutrition from the growing point to the inflorescence (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Pinching a grape shoot

Pinching consists in removing the top of the growing shoot by 3-5 cm. Pinching is performed only on fruitful shoots 2-3 days before flowering. After pinching, shoot growth is delayed for 10-15 days and most of the nutrients will go to the inflorescences, ensuring their better development: pollination conditions for flowers improve, their shedding decreases and, as a result, more berries are tied, the yield increases.

Pinching is a very effective technique for varieties that are characterized by strong shedding of ovaries, peas, and uneven development of berries (Irinka, Tukay, Strashensky). Pinching is also recommended for varieties that have a functionally female type of flower. A temporary increase in the flow of nutrients to the inflorescences contributes to better fertilization of flowers.

Pinching causes the formation of stepchildren on coppice or top shoots left for the accelerated formation of new sleeves.

Lesson 13 - Green operations (chasing, pinching, thinning leaves)

Chasing is the removal of the tops of all shoots with all young underdeveloped leaves in order to ensure better nutrition of the bunches and the ripening of the shoots. Accelerating the maturation of shoots, chasing contributes to the accumulation of additional plastic substances in them, increases the resistance of vines to adverse wintering conditions. Chasing is carried out when the active growth of shoots stops. With timely minting, only an insignificant part of the green mass is removed, which does not impair photosynthesis, but, on the contrary, enhances it due to improved illumination. Chasing stops the growth of shoots, which leads to a redistribution of nutrients produced by the leaves, they enter the berries in greater quantities. As a result, the berries ripen faster, increase in size, accumulate more sugar, which leads to an increase in yield. Chasing is necessary to improve the ventilation of the bushes.

Minting should not be carried out in dry years. The time of minting is determined by the state of the vine: the beginning of the maturation of the lower internodes and the slowdown in the growth of shoots, which usually happens in early August. An external sign of growth retardation is the straightening of the tops of the shoots, during active growth they are bent.

When chasing, at least 8-12 leaves are left above the upper bunch. Simultaneously with the minting, the newly appeared stepchildren are also shortened. On young and low-growing bushes with a vine length of no more than 1.5 m, chasing is not done.

Pasynkovanie.

This is an operation to remove or pinch second-order shoots developing on green shoots from axillary buds. In large numbers, stepchildren appear on vigorous and underloaded bushes. If the bush is normally loaded with crops and shoots, stepchildren usually develop weakly on it and no operations are necessary with them. In such cases, it is enough to pinch the stepchildren to the bunches (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Pinching stepchildren

The purpose of pinching is to create conditions for better lighting and ventilation in the area where the bunch develops. Removal of stepchildren is carried out in cases where there is an increased growth of stepchildren and, as a result, a strong thickening of the bush. It is impossible to completely remove the stepchildren, as this can damage the hibernating eyes. It is believed that stepchildren have a positive effect on the development of eyes and the formation of inflorescences in them. Therefore, stepchildren pinch over the second or third sheet.

If the main shoots were damaged due to spring return frosts, then pinching should not be carried out. New shoots will form from strong stepchildren, which will ensure the development of the bush and even the harvest, however, smaller in size and with a significant delay.

The kidneys of pinched stepchildren are capable of producing second-order stepchildren, which can be removed completely.

thinning.

Leaf thinning - removal of leaves that shade the clusters is performed to accelerate ripening, improve the color of the berries, to improve ventilation and prevent fungal diseases on the berries. The leaves are cut off gradually so that the berries do not get sunburn. Remove the oldest leaves with reduced assimilation activity, located above and below the clusters. The time to remove the leaves is 15-20 days before the berries are fully ripe.

Thinning of inflorescences is carried out in some grape varieties that have very long, loose clusters. For example, Strashensky has long flowering due to very long clusters. The upper part of the bunch already has an ovary, and the lower part is still blooming. Due to the duration of flowering, such varieties can fall into different weather conditions during the flowering period, the inflorescences are not pollinated evenly and not completely, there is a significant shedding of inflorescences, peas, the clusters become sparse, the ripening of such clusters is greatly delayed. Removing the lower part of the inflorescence during flowering stimulates an improvement in the nutrition of the remaining part of the inflorescence. The clusters become more compact, have a marketable appearance, the berries in the clusters are aligned in size and ripen together.

It is desirable to remove inflorescences on stepchildren, since their crop, as a rule, does not have time to ripen, and these clusters consume a significant amount of nutrients for new development.

Often, the operation of thinning the clusters is used to normalize the yield, which is more effective than thinning the inflorescences, since it is carried out after flowering, when it is clear how the fruits (berries) set. Clusters with defects are removed - poorly developed, with mechanical damage, underheating or burns, etc.

Lesson 14 - Determine the load of the bush.

Grapes have the ability to produce many more buds and flowers than they can provide nutrition. Therefore, in order not to reduce the yield, not to worsen the quality of the berries, not to weaken the development of the bush, the load of the bush is rationed with eyes (shoots) and inflorescences.

Amateur winegrowers often overload the bushes, not paying attention to the huge number of new shoots of the annual growth of the bush, and after a year they are perplexed: "Why did the crop fall sharply, why do the shoots develop poorly and do not ripen?"

The viticulture literature and reference data for grape varieties give advice on pruning and eye loading. For example, "Victoria" - a hybrid form obtained as a result of complex backcrosses of frost-resistant European-Amur hybrids with a resistance donor SV-12-304, is prone to crop overload, therefore, it is necessary to normalize the load of bushes with inflorescences and clusters. The load of adult bushes is 25-30 eyes per bush when pruning fruit vines for 5-8 eyes. The eyes at the base of the shoots are highly fruitful, therefore, you can cut the vines for 2-3 eyes. "(Extract from the description of the variety.) Of course, when forming a bush, it is necessary to take into account the recommendations for pruning fruit vines and the number of eyes on them. But each bush is individual , one is more powerful, the other is weaker, therefore, in different cases there cannot be a single recommendation even for the same variety.

A convenient system of rationing and pruning of grape bushes was proposed by the scientists of VNIIViV "Magarach".

First of all, the strength of the bush is determined - the number of vigorous shoots on this bush. A shoot with a length of more than 1.2 m and a diameter at the base of more than 8 mm is considered vigorous. Fattening shoots with a diameter of more than 12 mm are counted as two.

Note. There are many grape varieties that have an optimal vine diameter of less than 8 mm, so strong vines for these varieties are determined by their individual criteria.

The load of the grape bush is determined by the formula "Magarach".

Where, M is the optimal number of eyes in the bush,
N - the number of vigorous shoots,
C = 2.5 - coefficient at which the yield is slightly lower than the maximum, but the quality of bunches and berries is ensured and the best ripening of the vines is ensured.

Consider the application of the formula "Magarach" on an example. There are 20 strong vines on the bush.
M = 2.5 x 20 = 50 eyes.
This means that during autumn pruning, 50 eyes must be left on the bush.

With a four-arm fan formation, our bush consists of four fruit links. For most varieties, the recommended length of pruning vines for fruiting is 6-8 buds, and on replacement knots 3-4 buds (of which only two will be selected in the spring). Thus, the fruit link should have 9-12 eyes. Distribute the estimated number of eyes - 50 as follows:
For four replacement knots, 4 eyes each - 16 eyes;
For four fruit arrows, 8 eyes each - 32 eyes, since we have the opportunity to place two more eyes on the bush, we can redistribute the eyes on four fruit arrows, leaving seven eyes on them, and form the fifth fruit arrow from the remaining 6 eyes, thus, creating a reinforced fruit link.
The figures show options for trimming bushes with a load of 50 eyes.

On fig. 1 - the bush is formed with three ordinary fruit links, 7 eyes on the fruit arrow and 4 eyes on the replacement knot and one reinforced link with fruit arrows of 6 and 7 eyes and a replacement knot with 4 eyes.

On fig. 2 - the bush is formed with four ordinary fruit links and one coppice shoot for a new sleeve (creation of a reinforced bush).

The "Magarach" formula takes into account up to 45% loss of buds during winter storage and breakage of green shoots when vines are raised and tied up on trellises. Therefore, if the actual losses on your bush in the spring are within the limits provided for, you need to carry out additional normalization. If, on the bush in the spring, all eyes were preserved and began to develop, then it is necessary to ration the number of green shoots and inflorescences. First of all, two shoots are left on the replacement knots in accordance with the requirement - the first (lower) shoot should look outside the bush, and the second - inside. Two extra shoots on each substitution knot are broken out. The upper inflorescences on fruitful shoots and all inflorescences on the shoots of replacement knots are removed; underdeveloped inflorescences and underdeveloped shoots are removed; sterile shoots are removed in order to thin out the fruit arrows (first of all, the fruitless shoots at the ends of the fruit arrows are removed).

Rationing according to the "Magarach" system in combination with the implementation of green operations helps to strengthen the bush and increase productivity. As the bush becomes stronger and with experience, you can increase the load on the bush by increasing the C factor to 3 and even up to 3.5. Thus, it is possible to achieve high yields, excellent quality of the bunches and the own development of the grape bush.

Lesson 15 - How to properly fertilize and irrigate the vineyard.

Fertilization is a very important and complex operation in providing a grape plant with nutrients.
The main organs of plant nutrition are leaves and roots. The main function of the leaf apparatus is the assimilation of carbon from the air, photosynthesis; The root system provides the plant with water and assimilates nutrients from the soil. The roots absorb from the soil the mineral elements necessary for nutrition: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, sulfur; trace elements: boron, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, copper, chlorine and some organic substances, such as salts of humic acids. In the root system, the absorbed inorganic compounds are converted into organic ones - amino acids, proteins, sugars, fats. When nourished with micro- and macroelements, the vital processes of the plant are activated: the synthesis of chlorophyll ensures the growth of the assimilation surfaces of various plant organs (leaves, shoots, roots, fruits). Conditions of mineral nutrition largely depend on the content of these nutrients in the soil.

A grape plant, growing in one place for many years, absorbs a large amount of these elements from the soil for its development, for the construction of plant tissues, for the formation of various organs: shoots, roots, leaves, buds, fruits.

During the growing season, the plant absorbs nutrients with different intensity and selectively for individual development phases: the intensity of nutrient absorption increases from the beginning of flowering to the ripening of the crop. The last stages of vegetation are characterized by an increase in potassium intake.

When fertilizing vineyards, it is necessary to take into account the right combination of nutrients, depending on the need for them in a certain growing season.

Universal recommendations and recipes for fertilizing for any vineyards with a variety of types and varieties of soils, their chemical content, water regime; with a variety of varieties and age of grape bushes, of course, it cannot be. One thing is clear: how much nutrients the plant has taken from the environment, so much must be replenished. So how much mineral, organic, micronutrient fertilizers should be applied when feeding? What is their optimal ratio?

Vinogradar A.L. Dmitriev in his book "The Ideal Vineyard" recommends with serious justification to determine the doses of mineral fertilizers in dressings to take into account the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the grape plant (N: K = 3: 1: 2), determined by the scientists of the Research Institute. V.E. Tairov. The author, having processed the results of research in the field of vineyard fertilizers, came to the conclusion that in order to obtain 1 kg of crop, an adult grape bush needs 6 g of nitrogen, 2 g of phosphorus and 4 g of potassium (according to the active substance).
Note. Active substance- this is the amount of pure substance in the fertilizer, expressed in%.

Knowing the yield of a grape bush, it is easy to determine how much nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are taken out of the soil, i.e. how much fertilizer should be applied to the soil. With an average annual yield of 10 kg, a grape bush needs 60 g of nitrogen, 20 g of phosphorus and 40 g of potassium, i.e.:

Ammonium nitrate (N-34%) - 60: 0.34 \u003d 176.5 g ~ 180 g;
- superphosphate (Р2О5-20%) - 20:0.2 = 100g;
- potassium sulfate (K2O-50%) - 40: 0.5 = 80 g.

But it is impossible to be limited only to mineral supplements. The soil requires not only the restoration of the chemical content, but also the improvement of the structure and microflora, and this requires organic fertilizers: humus, compost, peat, bird droppings, etc. Under the influence of organic matter, sandy soils become more cohesive and water-intensive, while clay soils, on the contrary, reduce density and become more structural. Organic fertilizers are complete fertilizers, they contain all the nutrients needed by plants. The manure of various farm animals is used as the main organic fertilizer. Manure is brought under the grapes only in a rotted state, in the form of humus. The content of nutrients in humus depends on the conditions of its storage. If during the storage period it was not washed out by rains and melt waters, then nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients were preserved in it. It is enough to add 6-8 kg of humus under the bush to restore the nutrient medium depleted during the season. Humus is usually introduced in the fall with deep incorporation (digging) into the soil.

In small garden plots and vineyards, compost can be the main type of organic fertilizer - the most effective, cheapest and most accessible view complete fertilizer. For its preparation, all types of waste of plant and animal origin are used: food waste, waste of fruits and vegetables, manure and droppings of domestic animals and birds, feces, mowed grass and weeds, tops of vegetable crops, sawdust and chopped branches of cut trees and shrubs, sawdust and shavings, green shoots, leaves, wood ash, any household waste of organic origin.

To lay the compost, you need to prepare a site with three walls fastened together with a height of approximately 1 m. Determine the area of ​​​​the compost bin yourself according to your capabilities and needs, but most likely your compost pit will be no less than 1 x 1 m. Of course, the ideal option is a stationary structure with concrete floor, with reliable durable walls, with two compartments (Fig. 1).

But there may also be a compost bin and a temporary structure with walls made of wooden shields or old slate and other materials. In this case, it is necessary to compact the area under the compost bin and cover it with a thick layer (20-30 cm) of sawdust or straw to make it easier to shovel the compost in the future. Any organic matter can be put and poured into the compost heap, except for bones and animal fat, and the tops of diseased plants (late blight of tomatoes, fungal diseases of grapes) should not be filled up there, they must be removed from the garden, buried or burned. The compost heap can be filled in random order with periodic refilling with earth, sawdust, straw and watering with water, slurry, faecal solutions or bird droppings. It is desirable that the heap be covered with a film, this provides a greenhouse effect and quick overheating of the compost and protects it from being washed out by rains and volatilizing some nutrients. If a pile is shoveled at least once during the season, i.e. transfer to the next compartment, then by autumn the compost will be ready. Ripened compost is a dark, homogeneous, crumbly substrate without an unpleasant odor. Like manure, it has all the necessary nutrients. It is introduced in the same way as humus in the fall, 6-8 kg for each bush with digging.

Bird droppings are a very valuable organic fertilizer. It contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in an easily digestible form. Nutrients in bird droppings are very quickly absorbed by plants. Apply bird droppings for root top dressing after dry garter and 5-7 days before flowering, instead of mineral top dressing.

For fermentation, bird droppings are diluted 4 times with water. Fermentation is carried out within one to one and a half weeks. Before making under the grape bushes, the infusion of the litter is diluted 10 times. For one feeding of a bush, 0.5 liters of diluted infusion is enough. Feeding with bird droppings should be combined with watering the vineyard.

In recent years, serious attention has been paid to microbiological methods of soil restoration. More than ten years ago, EM was created in Japan - a technology that has gained recognition in many countries of the world and is beginning to be mastered in Russia. EM (effective microorganisms) - a drug created according to special technology, in which a large number of anabiotic (beneficial) microorganisms living in the soil are grown: photosynthesis bacteria, lactic acid, yeast, etc. Interacting in the soil, they produce enzymes and physiologically active substances that have a positive effect on the growth and development of plants.

Properties of this drug:
accelerates plant growth;
accelerates the ripening of fruits;
converts organic waste into effective fertilizer in the form of compost;
restores the natural fertility of the soil;
sharply reduces the content of toxic elements;
improves taste qualities and presentation of the grown products;
increases the shelf life of the crop in its natural form.
The EM preparation is produced in Russia by EM-TECHNOLOGIA LLC, Ulan-Ude under the brand name Baikal EM-1 in the form of 30 ml bottles and is available in retail. How the drug is used is described in detail in the instructions attached to each package.

When and how should fertilizer be applied?

The timing of fertilization is of great importance and, as a rule, several elements of fertilizer must be applied at once. The joint application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers is much more effective than their separate application to the soil. Nitrogen fertilizers together with phosphate fertilizers are best applied in spring and in the first half of summer; potassium is well absorbed in the second half of summer. Organic fertilizers should be applied in the fall, while reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizers in the spring of the next year by half. To ensure the effectiveness of fertilizing, fertilizers must be applied to a depth of 40-60 cm, in the area of ​​\u200b\u200blocation of the main roots within a radius of ~ 1 m. The most convenient way to apply fertilizers in liquid form is through drainage pits (Fig. 2) for irrigation.

As drainage pipes (1), you can use asbestos-cement or plastic pipes with a diameter of 80-100 mm, a length of 50-60 cm. Drainage pits (2) ~ 50x50 cm in size are dug to a depth of 70-80 cm, covered ~ 30 cm with gravel or crushed stone . A plastic film is spread over the gravel, on which a drainage pipe is installed in the center of the pit. The upper end of the pipe should rise about 10 cm above the ground level. Thus, the prepared drainage pit is filled up with the soil selected from it to the ground level. Such drainage pits can be used for many years for top dressing and for simultaneous deep watering of grape bushes.

Foliar top dressing (spraying on leaves).

Nutrition can enter the plant not only through the roots, but also through the leaves. With foliar top dressing, nutrients are absorbed by plants very efficiently, quickly and completely. Foliar top dressing is combined with spraying against mildew and oidium. Foliar top dressing is carried out on a cloudy day or in the evening, after sunset.

Recipes for foliar dressings.
First foliar top dressing. Infuse 200 g of superphosphate for a day in 3 liters of water in a glass bowl. On the day of foliar feeding, dissolve 30 g of ammonium nitrate or 50 g of ammonium sulfate, 100 g of potassium sulfate, 10 g of boric acid and 100 g of copper sulfate in a separate bowl. Drain the superphosphate solution from the sediment, mixing with the solution of the remaining components. At the same time, prepare a solution of 100 g of lime in a separate bowl. Pour milk of lime into a mixture of solutions of all components until a neutral reaction, which can be determined using litmus paper or a new iron nail (if the acid nail solution becomes rusty). Then the prepared mixture of solutions is diluted to 10 liters.
The solution for the second foliar top dressing is prepared in the same way as the first, only boric acid and Bordeaux mixture are excluded from it. The solution is brought to a neutral reaction by adding baking soda. The second foliar top dressing can be carried out with an aqueous infusion of mullein. One part of mullein is diluted in 10 parts of water and infused for three days, after which it is filtered and used for spraying. Such a solution is not only a foliar top dressing, but also a biological means of combating oidium.
During the third foliar top dressing, the nitrogen-containing component is also excluded from the solution.
Recipe for the fourth foliar top dressing. 200 g of superphosphate is infused for a day in 3 liters of water. 450-500 g of wood ash is also infused in 3 liters of water during the day. The solutions drained from the sediment are mixed, brought to a neutral reaction with baking soda and diluted with water up to 10 liters.
Foliar top dressing with microelements.

Foliar top dressing with a weak solution of trace elements is carried out once a season, the next day after the first foliar top dressing.

To prepare the solution, any composition of trace elements is used in accordance with the instructions attached to the package.

For the convenience of carrying out all types of feeding A.L. Dmitriev compiled tables, one of which we will use with minor changes.

Top dressing Timing Fertilizer rate
Ammonium nitrate Superphosphate Potassium sulphate
Manure or compost Autumn, once every 2-3 years
1st top dressing After dry garter 90 g 100 g -
2nd top dressing 5-7 days before flowering 40 g 30 g 80 g
1st foliar application 2-3 days before flowering 30 g 200 g 100 g
Foliar top dressing with microelements The next day after foliar application The composition of the solution of microelements according to the instructions
2nd foliar application Immediately after flowering 30 g 200 g 100 g
3rd top dressing 5-6 days after flowering 40 g 30 g 30 g
4th feeding At the end of the day 30 g 30 g
3rd foliar top dressing At the beginning of maturation 200 g 100 g
5th feeding 30 g 30 g
4th foliar application 200 g 450-500 g wood ash

Fertilizer rates are given based on one grape bush with a planned yield of 10 kg. The norms of superphosphate and potassium sulphate are doubled in comparison with the calculations, because. half of these fertilizers are not absorbed by plants.
Norms for foliar dressings are given for processing ~ 10 bushes.

More details about fertilizing vineyards can be found in the book by A.L. Dmitrieva "Ideal vineyard or how to get a ton of fruit from a hundred square meters", (ed. Volgograd, 2001).

Lesson 16 - Preventive measures for the protection of vineyards.

In recent years, the leading institutes of viticulture have bred a number of complex-resistant varieties that are already zoned in Siberia and in our Altai. But these varieties are also to varying degrees resistant to certain diseases and therefore need protection, preventive measures against viral diseases.

In 2002, due to prolonged rains and high humidity, the vineyards in Biysk horticulture for the first time suffered to varying degrees from oidium. Such varieties as Aleshenkin, Amirkhan, Muskat Katunsky, Grochanka, Zhemchug Sabo turned out to be especially unstable to this disease. Our winegrowers were not ready to resist the disease and, as a result, many vineyards had a significant loss of harvest, the vine did not ripen, and the wintering buds were weakened, i.e. grape bushes were poorly prepared for wintering and did not endure a rather mild and very snowy winter. Thus, oidium affected the condition of many vineyards.

In the practice of southern viticulture, preventive measures are constantly taken to combat mildew, gray mold, oidium, anthracnose, phylloxera - the main diseases of vineyards.

To keep vines healthy, chemical treatments should not be completely abandoned, even if your grape varieties are complex-resistant. It is easier to prevent than to treat a disease.

What system of protective measures can be recommended for country vineyards?

Immediately after the dry tying of the vines, the soil surface is sprayed against pests and mildew with a 3% solution of nitrafen. After cultivation, the soil is mulched so that wintering mildew spores cannot spread to the first young shoots and leaves. Treatment with nitrafen can also be carried out in the fall, before the shelter of the grapes for the winter. To some extent, the smell of nitrafen repels mice. The next year, the first treatment can be carried out with a 3% solution of iron sulfate.

anti-mildew treatment is carried out in conjunction with the first foliar top dressing with Bordeaux mixture or 3% copper oxychloride solution (30 g of copper oxychloride is added to the general foliar top dressing solution). Currently, Bordeaux mixture substitutes are used: polychom, polycarbacin, efal.

Processing from oidium can be carried out with potassium permanganate in conjunction with foliar top dressing with microelements, for this it is enough to add a few crystals of potassium permanganate to the microelement solution.

Protection against oidium is provided by foliar top dressing with a solution of mullein, as described in the previous lesson. A preventive measure to combat oidium is the pollination of plants with ground sulfur or spraying with colloidal sulfur (80-100 g per 10 liters of water). In this case, sulfur evaporation occurs, which occur at temperatures above 18 C.

All treatments should be carried out before flowering or after flowering.

Treatments with sulfur preparations should be carried out in cases of detection of foci of infection with oidium.

Treatments against mildew and oidium suppress diseases of anthracnose and phomopsis.

Tips from old gardeners.
Grapes and fruit trees can be protected from mice if, during winter protection (shelter), a burnt piece of felt, old felt boots or wool is placed under the shelter. They do not like mice and the smell of crumb rubber.

Lesson 17 - Protecting the vineyard from frost and frost.

Shelter for the winter.

Grapes are a crop of a temperate warm climate, characterized by increased sensitivity to frost and, especially, to early autumn and residual spring frosts. The most sensitive to frost are green grassy shoots that cannot withstand even short frosts of -1-2 C.

During early autumn frosts, wintering buds, even on well-ripened, but not hardened shoots, can be damaged by frosts of -5-8 C.

In winter, buds on vines that have completely completed the vegetation process can withstand frost without damage: for Euro-Asian varieties -18-20 C; varieties with increased resistance -22-24 C; interspecific varieties -24-35C; North American varieties -30 C; Amur grapes up to -40-45 C.

Buds that have not blossomed in spring can withstand short frosts of -3-4 C.
Blooming buds are damaged by frost -1 C.

A great danger to the kidneys are temperature fluctuations from minus to plus in winter after the end of deep dormancy. Under such conditions, the shoots lose their hardening and even slight frosts become dangerous for them.

The roots of grapes are less hardy than the aerial part. In Euro-Asian varieties, the roots are damaged at a temperature of -5-6 C; the roots of North American interspecific varieties endure -9-12 C; The roots of Amur grapes are able to withstand soil freezing down to -19-21 C.

In our unusual climatic conditions for grapes, measures are needed to protect it from the cold.
To increase the effectiveness of protection, reduce the laboriousness of work on shelter, planting of grapes is done in depth, in trenches 35-40 cm deep.

The grapes usually take cover in the last decade of September - the first decade of October, before the onset of frost. But it is desirable to extend the time of ripening and hardening of grapes as much as possible. In September - early October, the cells of vines have not yet accumulated the required amount of sugars - substances that provide frost resistance. Therefore, during this period, grape buds are damaged even by slight frosts of -4-5 C, at a temperature of -7-8 C, wintering eyes and poorly ripened vines may die completely.

To acquire resistance to low temperatures in the stage of deep organic dormancy, it is necessary that the vines undergo hardening. The first stage of hardening at low positive temperatures from +10 to 0 C for 14-16 days. It is at this stage that the bulk of the starch accumulated in the cells is converted into sugars, which serve as an energy material that protects the plant from freezing.

The second stage of hardening should take place at a temperature of -1 to -15 C, also within a half-moon.
It is possible to provide conditions for hardening in Siberian conditions only in a covering form.

Before shelter, the vine bush is cut off (see "Lesson Nine"). The remaining vines and sleeves are tied into bundles and left in a horizontal position for the hardening period, tied up on the lower string of the trellis with a temporary cover made of polyethylene film or covering material. Thus, it is possible to extend the hardening time of grapes by 2-3 weeks and protect them from possible early autumn frosts.

A 4-5 cm thick layer of mulch made of sawdust, peat, grain husks, humus or coniferous needles not only retains moisture in the soil in summer, but also provides additional protection for the roots from frost. Therefore, it is necessary to check the condition of the mulch and, if necessary, make additional mulching of the trench.

The main and most reliable way to protect grapes from frost in winter is to cover them with earth and snow. The thickness of the earth layer is 30-35 cm, i.e. the trench with the grapes laid in it should be completely covered with earth with a slide. With such a shelter, even incompletely matured vines are preserved. For additional protection against underheating and mechanical damage, it is advisable to spray the sleeves and vines with lime milk (preferably Bordeaux mixture), dry and then wrap in polypropylene bags (bags of sugar or flour). After that, the sleeves are laid and pinned with metal staples or wooden hooks at the bottom of the trench and then covered with earth. A polyethylene film or roofing material is spread over the earthen embankment so that in spring the melt water rolls off the earthen embankment and does not flood into the trench. For snow retention, cut vines, branches of trees and shrubs and tops are laid out above the shelter, for the same purpose, cut vines are left on the trellis.

Many winegrowers in Siberia have tested the "dry" method of sheltering grapes. With such a shelter, the vine remains in natural conditions (not buried in the ground), which reduces the likelihood of underheating of the eyes, does not reduce the degree of hardening. The method is as follows: sleeves and fruit vines, tied into bundles with staples or on wooden blocks, are fixed horizontally in the trench, without touching the ground. You can isolate the vine from the ground by laying a strip of roofing material or plastic film under the vines along the entire length of the trench. From above, the trench is closed with dense wooden shields 25-30 mm thick, on top of which a roofing material or polyethylene film is spread to protect against melt water. Of course, in the first and in this case, the film and roofing material must be securely fastened so that they are not blown away by the wind.

For additional insulation and protection from mice, the author wraps the vines in polypropylene bags and completely fills the trenches with coniferous needles, and only after that closes them with shields and film.

For the destruction of mice, it is necessary to take the most radical measures. Mice are a disaster in the garden. The damage caused by these rodents can sometimes be irreparable for fruit trees and for grapes. There are many poisons for rodents on sale, it makes no sense to list them. The main thing is that there are enough of these means of killing mice in your garden, and as you eat them, you need to replenish them again and again. There are folk remedies for repelling these pests - burnt pieces of old felt boots, felt or wool, which are laid out under each bush before shelter for the winter.

Omsk winegrowers, using the "dry" method of shelter, which they call "air cushion", arrange shelters from a double polyethylene film, which stretches along arcs installed above the trenches every 1.5-2 m. This version of the shelter simultaneously solves the issues of protection from autumn and spring frosts, prolongation of the growing season, for full ripening and hardening of grapes and protection for the winter period.

Regardless of the method of shelter, with the first snowfalls, one should strive to cover the grapes with snow with a layer of at least 60 cm.

Rice. 1 Ways to shelter grapes.

a - shelter for the winter with wooden shields.
1 - polyethylene film
2 - wooden shield
3 - device for pressing the film to the ground
4 - coniferous needles
5 - mulch

b - cover with double film
1 - polyethylene sleeve
2 - board

c - covering along arcs with covering material
1 - covering material (agrosil No. 60)
2 - metal arc

Opening of grapes in spring and frost protection.

The opening of the grapes begins after the snow has melted. First remove the means of snow retention. As it thaws, the means of protection against melt water are removed. Cleaning the vineyard from large debris and foreign objects will accelerate the defrosting of the soil. In the second half of April, the main means of shelter are removed - earth, insulating materials (shields, mats, spruce branches, reed mats, coniferous needles, etc.). The bunched vines are lifted out of the trench, shaken off the ground, weakened and partially removed the binding of the bunches, if the vines were wrapped, then the wrapper is removed. After that, the vines are hung on the bottom wire string of the trellis to dry. Trenches are cleared of the remnants of covering material and debris. At the same time, preventive treatment of the vine and soil is carried out (see "Lesson Sixteen"). After drying, the vines are finally untied, unraveled, separated from each other, and again lowered into the trench. Grapes should be opened in cloudy weather or in the evening. On a sunny clear day, overheating and drying of the vine and buds are possible, because. they do not yet receive enough water and nutrients and are weakened after wintering.

The main task after opening is to protect the vines and rapidly swelling and developing buds and young shoots from residual spring frosts. Vines should be kept in the trench until the danger of frost has passed. Under the influence of solar heat, the vegetation process begins in the grapes, green shoots develop, which are very sensitive even to very light frosts (0-2 C). Therefore, during the entire period of spring frosts, the grapes must be covered. It is enough to miss at least one frost to kill the main fruitful shoots that develop first. Of course, in a week or two, the replacement buds will wake up and start growing, but they will be delayed in development, and besides, they are usually barren.

Frosts in Siberia are the most serious danger for grapes, even more dangerous than the severe frosts of winter.
Spring frosts until mid-May can be very strong (-10-15 C). In late May and early June, they weaken, but their probability is not excluded until the end of the first ten days of June.

How to determine the possibility of night frosts? If in the evening, with clear weather, the air temperature drops sharply, approaching 0 C, with a high degree of probability, one can expect a strong frost at night and always in the morning. Grapes need to be covered immediately. As a stationary shelter, a "hut" with a double wall of a polyethylene sleeve can be built over a grape trench (see Fig. 1, c). Instead of a polyethylene sleeve, you can use the covering non-woven material "Agrotex" No. 60. For the construction of shelters, you can use the lower wire string of the trellis, on which you can easily straighten, stretch and fix the covering material. You can make a shelter on the frame of metal arcs, stuck ends into the ground after 1.5-2 meters on both sides of the trench. Between themselves, the arcs must be connected with a light wire or cord in several longitudinal rows so that when tensioned, the covering material does not sag between the arcs (Fig. 1, c). You can press the covering material on both sides of the trench with metal pipes or rods, boards or poles, you can sprinkle the edges with earth.

If there is a threat of frost at such structures, it is enough to close the ends, for which the covering material at the ends should be left with a margin.

Under such shelters in the daytime, a greenhouse effect is created, the air and soil are heated more intensively, and, consequently, the vital activity of grapes proceeds more actively. Thus, in addition to protection from frost, it provides a reduction in the ripening of berries, ripening of the vine and wintering buds.

When the threat of frost disappears, the grapes are finally opened. Vines with green shoots must be very carefully separated from each other and tied to the trellis strings in accordance with the chosen bush formation.

Lesson 18 - Enjoy grapes all year round.

Having mastered the lessons of Siberian viticulture, you were able to grow young grape bushes, got full-bodied bunches on adult bushes that delight you with a variety of shapes, colors and, most importantly, extraordinary taste.

So how to prolong the pleasure and enjoyment of all this charm? What to do with amber, emerald, ruby, black berries?

Grapes can be enjoyed not only by consuming them fresh for a short time, they can be used to prepare a variety of sweet products for future use: jams, marinades, juices, jellies, compotes, marmalade, marmalade, wine.

Here are some of them:

Grape jam.

For jam, grapes with large fleshy berries and strong skins are used. The berry, removed from the combs and washed in running water, is dipped into syrup made from 1 kg of sugar and 1 glass of water and heated to a boil. After half an hour of exposure, they start cooking on low heat until the berries settle, the solution becomes transparent, and a drop of jam stops spreading. During the cooking process, the foam is removed and the floating seeds are removed. Before removing from heating, you can add citric acid and a few vanillin crystals.

The cooled jam is poured into jars, closed with lids and stored in a dry, cool place.

Pickled grapes.

Pickled grapes with thick skins. Clusters to be pickled are cleaned of damaged berries, washed well in running water and, after draining the water, whole or divided into parts, placed tightly in glass jars, poured with marinade and closed with lids. The marinade is prepared according to the recipe: for 1 liter of water, take 500 g of sugar, 150 g of 8% vinegar, 25 g of salt, 6-7 cloves, the same amount of allspice, a little cinnamon, bay leaf. All this is boiled for 10-15 minutes. Note: vinegar is poured into the marinade after boiling. The finished marinade is cooled, filtered and poured into jars of grapes. Banks are placed in a container with cold water and heated to a boil, sterilized for 5-6 minutes.

Grape juice.

For the preparation of grape juice, any grape variety can be used, provided that the berries are fully ripe.

Clusters are washed in running water and dried. The berries are separated from the ridges, unripe and spoiled are discarded. You can squeeze the juice in a juicer, a screw press or under oppression by hand.

Muscat grapes such as "Tukay", "Pearl Sabo", "Muscat Katunsky" give the juices a wonderful nutmeg flavor. Grape juice "The Riddle of Sharov" has a unique mysterious bouquet of aromas of exotic fruits and wild strawberries.

To obtain colored juices, black, red, dark pink grape varieties are used, such as "Violet early", "Katyr - 2", "Isabella", "Cardinal" and others. The clusters are placed in a colander or sieve and immersed for 5 minutes in a pot of water brought to a boil. Then the grapes are laid out in an enamel bowl, tightly covered with a lid and allowed to cool. After that, the berries are separated from the ridges and the juice is squeezed out of the berries. The juice is heated to 90 C and poured into glass bottles or jars washed with hot water and soda, rolled up with lids, and cooled by turning the jars over on the lid, and laying the bottles on their side.

If you want to get a clear, pulp-free juice, it is left for clarification for 3-4 days. After a precipitate forms at the bottom of the bottles or jars, it is carefully drained again, heated to 90 C again and poured into a new container.

Jam made from grapes with fruits (bekmez).

Washed and separated from the ridges, the grapes are boiled over low heat with constant stirring until the berries crack and juice appears. When boiling the juice, remove the foam and floating seeds, add sugar, diced peeled and core fruits (apples, pears) and lemon slices. For 5 kg of grapes add 1 kg of sugar, 0.5 kg of fruit, 2-3 lemons. Cooking is carried out with constant stirring until the density of honey. Then the jam is laid out in jars, left open until completely cooled, and then closed with plastic lids.

Grape compote.

For compote take large ripe grapes. The berries are washed, carefully removed from the combs, tightly placed in jars and poured with hot syrup, for the preparation of which they take 250-300 g of sugar per 1 liter of water. Steep grapes in syrup for 2-3 minutes. Then the syrup is drained, it is reheated to a boil and the berries are poured to the top again and rolled up with lids.

Compote turns out to be tastier if the syrup is prepared on juice squeezed from defective grapes (but not spoiled). It is good to add a few slices of lemon to the compote of sweet grapes.

Dried grapes.

For drying, seedless varieties with high sugar content and full maturity are usually used. Many amateur gardeners leave grapes destined for drying on the vine until they wilt, then sort and dry in the sun. Before drying, grapes are carefully examined, rotten and damaged berries are removed and laid out on trays and baking sheets. Clusters are periodically turned over during drying and this is repeated until the berries are dry. Usually dry berries themselves fall off from the branches. Dried grapes are winnowed in the wind and put away for storage.

Some grape varieties can be stored dried for 5-6 months. These include "Tukai", "Original", "Pleven stable" and others.

When drying, bunches can be covered with gauze blankets from flies and wasps.

Dried bunches are stored in a suspended state, without touching each other, in a dry, ventilated room at a temperature of +5 - -1 C.

Grape wines.

The quality of wine depends largely on the grape varieties. It is desirable that these be technical or table-technical varieties with a high sugar content of 18-22% and an acidity of 7-8 g / l.

Excellent dessert wines are obtained from Muscat varieties "Tukay", "Pearl Sabo", "White Muscat"; many are attracted to wines from isabella varieties; good red wines from "Early Magarach", "Purple Early".

Harvesting grapes for wine should be done only in settled dry weather. Rotten, moldy and unripe berries are completely unsuitable for winemaking.

The harvested grapes are separated from the ridges by hand, while each berry is crushed and loaded into a screw press, under the tray of which a glass bottle or enamelware is placed. As the press is loaded, the juice flows out, and the pulp settles, and the press is supplemented with a new portion of grapes. After the juice stops separating by gravity, they begin to squeeze it mechanically, gradually increasing the pressing pressure. The squeezed pulp is taken out of the press into an enamel bowl, mixed with the next squeezed portions and pressed again. Juice extraction can be done on an electric juicer.

In the absence of a juicer or press, the pulp is squeezed out under oppression or by hands, placed in a canvas or nylon bag, but losses of up to 20% are inevitable.

Dry white wine.
Table (dry) wine is a wine that does not contain sugar. During fermentation, all grape sugar "dry" (hence the name - "dry wine") turns into alcohol and carbon dioxide. Table wines, depending on the sugar content in the grapes, have a strength of 9 to 14 degrees.

White wine is made from white grapes.

The squeezed juice (wort) settles for a day at a temperature of +15-20 C. After settling, the must is carefully removed from the sediment using a rubber or vinyl chloride tube, pouring into bottles where fermentation will take place. Bottles are filled no more than? volume, so that the wort does not come out of the bottle at the time of rapid fermentation. Fermentation of the must takes place on its own grape yeast, which develops on the surface of the berries at the time of their ripening. That is why it is very important to harvest grapes in steady dry weather. Rains can wash off the yeast culture from the berries and active fermentation of grape must in this case may not work. It is most reliable to use a pure yeast culture for fermentation. But it's hard to get them these days. They are not available in retail trade, and they are supplied only to wine production. But "wine sourdough" can be prepared independently. A few days before the grape harvest, ripe berries are harvested for wine. early varieties grapes. Two glasses of unwashed berries are crushed, placed in a bottle, a glass of water and half a glass of sugar are added. Then everyone is shaken until sugar is completely dissolved, the bottle is closed with a cotton swab and placed in a dark place where the temperature should be + 22-24 C. After 3-4 days, the leaven begins to ferment, it is filtered through gauze and used to activate the fermentation process, adding from calculation of 2% on the total amount of wort. Sourdough should not be stored for more than 10 days.

Bottles with wort for fermentation are placed in a room with a temperature not lower than +18 C and not higher than +24 C and closed with a water seal (see Fig. 1). At temperatures above or below the optimum, malnutrition can occur.

Fermentation has two phases:
The first - rapid fermentation, lasts 5-8 days, during this period up to 90% of sugar is fermented;
The second - quiet fermentation, lasts 3-4 weeks.

To preserve the aroma and prevent possible oxidation, the bottle with fermenting wine is topped up with the same wine. To do this, the wort for fermentation must be put in two bottles. After the rapid fermentation is over, one bottle is topped up from the second, closed again with a cork with a siphon dipped into a glass of water. Quiet fermentation takes place in the filled bottle, which can be judged by the release of bubbles from the siphon (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1 Phase of quiet fermentation and clarification of the wine.

The end of fermentation is defined by the cessation of bubbling and the clarification of the wine with a clear interface between the wine and the yeast sediment. The wine is separated from the sediment. To do this, a bottle of wine is placed on the table, and an empty one on the floor. The overflow tube is immersed in the wine so that its end is slightly higher than the yeast sediment. Wine is sucked off from the other end of the tube and, when it starts to flow, this end is lowered into a bottle standing on the floor. The remaining yeast sediment is poured into a smaller container, allowed to settle again and the settled wine is drained again. The grounds are filtered through a cloth filter. Filtered wine is added to the bottle to half the neck. The bottle is tightly closed with a cork or wooden tongue and placed in a cold room with a temperature not exceeding +15 C for re-settlement. A month later, the wine is again removed from the sediment and can be bottled up to half the height of the neck. The bottles are closed with corks and stacked lying down.

Note. Cork stoppers during long-term storage of wine are poured with tar or sealing wax.

Dry red wine.

Red wines are made from grape varieties with black, purple or dark red berries.
Red wines at home are prepared with some difference from white wine technology. The pulp after crushing the berries is not separated from the wort, but all together they are placed in an enameled bowl for? volume, sourdough is added there (2% of the loaded grapes). During rapid fermentation, the pulp cap rising above the wort is stirred several times a day. You can press down the pulp cap for the entire period of rapid fermentation with a light oppression so that it does not float up. This is to ensure that the wine material does not oxidize and turn into vinegar.

After the end of rapid fermentation, the wine must be separated from the pulp. To do this, the entire wine mass is filtered through a sieve or colander, and the pulp is pressed or passed through a juicer. The wort separated from the pulp is poured onto volume in the bottle is closed with a water lock and the process continues according to the technology of white wine.

Dessert wines.

Dessert wine has a high content of free sugar (up to 15%). It should be well-coloured, transparent, fragrant, thick, with low acidity. At home, dessert wine can be prepared by adding concentrated grape juice or sugar to dry wine.

Before the start of fermentation, 50 g of sugar is added to the grape must for each liter. The rest of the process is carried out according to the technology of dry wine. After the end of fermentation, the wine should be dry, as the sugar in it has completely fermented. The wine is allowed to stand and when it clears (this happens after about two months), it is removed from the sediment. In transparent wine, to add sweetness, add 100-150 g of sugar or about 200 g of concentrated grape juice for each liter. Sugar is pre-dissolved in a small amount of the same wine with slight heating in a water bath and constant stirring, and then poured into the total volume of wine. After adding sugar, the wine in the bottle is shaken (mixed) and settled again until completely clarified. The finished wine is bottled, corked and stored as dry wines.

The best temperature for dry wine is no higher than +10 C, and for dessert wines no more than +15 C.

Do not store wine in the light.

During storage in bottles, sediment (tartar) may appear. Don't let that worry you, it doesn't mean that the wine has gone bad. Just pour the wine into new bottles or try to keep this sediment out of your glasses.