Many people when paying utilities surprised to see the phrase "water heating" in the receipt. In fact, this innovation was adopted back in 2013. According to Government Decision No. 406, if there is centralized system for water supply, payment must be made at a two-component tariff.
Thus, the tariff was divided into two components: the use of cold water and heat energy. Now the calculation is made separately for two resources: water for hot water supply and thermal energy... That is why a column appeared in the receipts, indicating the amount of thermal energy spent on heating cold water. However, many believe that heating fees are being charged illegally, and write complaints about housing and communal services. To make sure that this type of charge is legitimate, you should learn more about this service.
The reason for this innovation was the additional use of energy. Risers and heated towel rails connected to the hot water supply system consume thermal energy, but this consumption was not previously taken into account in the calculation of utility bills. Since the heating fee can only be charged during the heating season, heating the air through the use of a heated towel rail was not paid as a public service. The government found a way out of this situation by dividing the tariff into two components.
Equipment
If the water heater fails, the bill for hot water will not increase. In this case, authorized employees management organization are obliged to repair the equipment urgently. But since the repair requires payment, the tenants still have to pay this amount. Despite the fact that the heating bill will remain the same, the payment for the repair and maintenance of the property will be increased. This is because water heaters are part of the property of homeowners.
As for non-standard situations, when, for example, some apartments in multi-storey building has access to hot water, and the second only to cold water, issues regarding payment for heating are resolved on an individual basis. As practice shows, often tenants are required to pay for common property that they do not use.
Thermal energy component
If with the calculation of payment for cold water everything is quite simple (carried out on the basis of the established tariff), then not everyone understands what is included in the cost of such a service as heating.
The amount to pay for a service such as water heating is calculated taking into account the following components:
- the established tariff for heat energy;
- costs required to maintain a centralized hot water supply system (from central heating points, where water is heated);
- the cost of heat loss in pipelines;
- costs required for the transportation of hot water.
The calculation of utility bills for hot water supply is made taking into account the volume of used water, which is measured in m 3.
As a rule, the amount of required heat energy is determined on the basis of the general house values, which are shown by the hot water meters and the consumed heat energy. The amount of energy used in each room is calculated by multiplying the amount of water used (determined by the meter) by the specific consumption of heat energy. The amount of energy is multiplied by the tariff. The resulting value is the amount required to pay for what is written in the receipt as "water heating".
How to calculate yourself in 2018-2019
Heating water is one of the most expensive utilities. This is due to the fact that when heating, it is necessary to use special equipment operating from the mains. To make sure that the correct amount for payment is indicated on the receipt, you can make the calculations yourself and compare the received value with the amount indicated on the receipt. To do this, you need to find out the amount of payment for heat energy established by the regional tariff commission. Further calculations depend on the presence or absence of metering devices:
- If you have a meter installed in your apartment, then you can calculate the consumption of thermal energy, focusing on its indicator.
- If there is no meter, calculations should be made based on the established standard indicators (established by the energy saving organization).
If there is a general meter for the consumption of heat energy in a residential building and individual meters installed in apartments, the amount for heating is calculated based on the readings common appliance accounting and further proportional distribution for each apartment. If there is no such device, the amount required to pay for heating is calculated based on the standard of energy consumption for heating 1 m 3 of water in the reporting month and readings individual counter water.
Where to file a complaint
If the legitimacy of the additional line "water heating" in the receipts is questionable, so as not to overpay for heating, it is recommended to first contact the Criminal Code with a request to explain what this item means. The appearance of a new line in the receipt is legal only on the basis of the decision of the owner of the MKD premises. In the absence of such a decision, you should write a complaint to the GZI. After filing a claim with the Criminal Code, you must be provided with an answer with explanations within thirty days. In case of refusal to substantiate why such a service is prescribed in the receipt, a complaint should be filed with the prosecutor's office with a claim to the court. In this case, if you have already paid the amount specified in the receipt, Article 395 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation will serve as the basis for the claim. If a refund is not required, but you still have to pay for services that you are not provided with, file a claim to exclude the water heating line. In this case, it is worth referring to Article 16 of the Law "On Protection of Consumer Rights".
- Let the management company "Our House" explain what we pay for and how the concepts listed above differ from each other. It is difficult for us ordinary people to maneuver in technical terms.
Sergey Kirilyuk, head of the energy department of the Nash Dom UZhK answers:
In the invoices for heat and hot water, which are presented by heat supply companies, the following tariffs may be indicated:
- per Gcal, (RUB / Gcal);
- for mains water (rub / t) or for heat carrier (rub / cubic meter);
- for hot water or hot water supply (rub / cubic meter)
Not all consumers understand why they have large sum for heat energy (rubles / Gcal), for hot water (rubles / cubic meter), and there and then - a relatively small amount for network water (rubles / t). What is this additional fee? I will not give a dictionary definition of thermal energy, I will try to explain it “on the fingers”.
Think about the difference between hot water and cold water, what affects the water temperature? She is different different amounts the heat contained in it. This warmth (or, in other words, thermal energy) cannot be seen or touched, you can only feel it. Any water with a temperature above 0 ° C contains some amount of heat. The higher the temperature of the water (steam or condensate), the more heat it contains.
Heat is measured in calories, in joules, in MW / h (megawatt per hour), not in degrees ° C. Since the tariffs are approved in rubles per gigacalorie, we will take Gcal as the unit of measurement. Thus, hot water consists of water itself and the heat energy or heat (Gcal) contained in it. The water is, as it were, saturated with gigacalories. The more Gcal in water, the hotter it is.
In heating systems, the coolant (hot water) comes in at one temperature and exits at another. Water gives off some of the heat to the environment through heating radiators. For this part, which did not return to the system, and which is measured in Gcal, someone has to pay.
With hot water supply, we consume all the water and, accordingly, all 100% of Gcal in it, we do not return anything back to the system.
What is a coolant? All hot water that runs through pipes to the heating system or to the hot water supply system, as well as steam and condensate (the same hot water). The word coolant consists of two words - warm and carries. When calculating, heat supply companies break the coolant into Gcal and network water, which misleads some consumers.
If earlier UZHK "Our House" charged for hot water at tariffs for hot water supply in rubles / cubic meter, now we break the coolant for DHW needs... In our invoices for payment for hot water, we do not have a tariff of rubles / cubic meter. We expose for hot water supply as well as for heat, separately for network water and separately for Gcal.
The tariff for network water takes into account only the water itself, and does not take into account Gcal in it. The hot water tariff takes into account both water and Gcal in it.
The coolant, depending on the purpose (for heating or for hot water supply), has different requirements for temperature and sanitary standards... For hot water supply there is a minimum admissible temperature, which must be provided by the heat supply organization, as well as increased quality requirements.
In Kachkanar, there is a 2-pipe open heat supply system, from which the hot water supply system is powered in each separately standing house- this was determined by the project during the construction of the city. V summer period there is no circulation of the heating system, hot water is supplied through one of the pipes of the heating system (from the CHP plant to each consumer).
The temperature of the heating medium for heating depends on the outside temperature (weather). The colder it is outside, the more we warm.
Conclusions:
- when paying for heat, you will need to pay for Gcal. When paying for hot water - both for Gcal and for network water (heat carrier);
- heat carrier - carries heat, hot water, it is also network water + Gcal in it;
- network water - water without Gcal;
- in life, the coolant and network water can mean the same thing.
V modern world people used to live in comfortable conditions... And the higher the standard of living, the more benefits surround people. One of such essential conditions for the comfortable life of the population today is the availability of hot water supply in apartments and private houses. Today the consumption of hot water is equal to the use of cold water and sometimes even exceeds it.
What it is?
Hot water supply is the provision of the population, including its domestic needs, as well as production needs, with water high temperature(up to +75 degrees Celsius). It is important indicator the level and quality of life, as well as the condition for compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards. The hot water supply system consists of special equipment, functioning in combination, which serves to heat water up to the right temperature, as well as for supplying it to water intake points.
Often this system consists of the following elements:
- water heater;
- pump;
- pipes;
- fittings for water supply.
V regulatory documents an abbreviation for the phrase hot water supply - hot water supply is often used.
Types of devices
The hot water supply system can be of two types.
- An open system has a heating medium. Water is supplied from the central heating system... It is so named because the supply comes from the heating system. This system is usually used in apartment buildings. For private homes, an open system would be too costly.
- A closed system functions differently and has its own differences. Cold at first drinking water taken from central water supply or external network, then it is heated in a heat exchanger and only then is it supplied to the water intake points. This water can be used for cooking, as it does not contain elements harmful to health.
There is also an independent hot water supply system. The water is heated in the boiler room or heat point, then served in the house. It is called independent because it functions separately and is not connected with the heating system. It is used in private homes or cottages.
As for water heaters, they are divided into two types.
Their choice depends only on the desire of the owner, as well as on living conditions premises.
- Flowing. They do not accumulate water, but heat it up as needed. Such a heater is activated instantly as soon as the water is turned on. They can be electric or gas.
- Accumulative. Such hot water boilers collect water in a special tank and heat it. Hot water can be used at any time. Electric boilers are large in size.
Principle of operation
The hot water supply system can be dead-end or circulating. A dead-end scheme is used with constant use of hot water. With an inconsistent water intake, the water in the pipes cools down and is no longer too hot. In order to obtain the necessary water hot temperature, it will take a long time to drain it, which is not very convenient. With a circulation scheme, water is always supplied hot, but such a system is more expensive. This scheme is well suited in cases of periodic water withdrawal. The water temperature is constantly maintained and users receive hot water.
The circulation system in such systems can be of two types.
- Forced. This type uses pumps as in a building heating system. Forced systems are used in multi-storey buildings with a height of two floors or more.
- Natural. In one and two-storey houses the arrangement of natural circulation is used, since the length of the pipelines is small. It operates on a system of circulation pipes, based on the difference in water mass at different temperatures. This method is the same as the water heating method using natural circulation.
Hot water supply consists of the following elements:
- water heater or generator;
- pipeline;
- water intake points.
Water heaters of several types can be generators.
- High-speed water-to-water heaters work on the basis that hot water, which comes either from the boiler room or from the central heating supply, passes through brass pipes. They are inside steel pipes, and the space between them is filled with heated water. Thus, heating occurs.
- The steam-water water heater is operated by steam supplied to the heater. The water is heated by passing through the brass pipes located inside. Such systems are used in dwellings with constant consumption water and its large consumption.
- In houses with intermittent and low water consumption, they are used storage water heaters... They not only heat but also store hot water.
Both hot and cold water pipelines are unified system, they fit in parallel. Mixers are installed at the water intake points, which allow you to obtain different temperatures (from +20 to +70 degrees Celsius) due to the mixing of hot and cold water. In the hot water supply system, it is better to use galvanized or plastic pipes so that corrosion does not occur. It is better to insulate pipelines and risers to avoid unnecessary heat loss. V modern houses meters are installed for hot and cold water to measure water consumption, which allows you not to overpay for consumption, but pay only for consumed water.
Advantages and disadvantages
If we talk about the advantages and disadvantages of hot water supply, it is better to consider separately the open and closed systems.
- it is easy to fill it up and release air, which happens automatically through the expansion tank;
- it is quite easy to recharge. Since the pressure in the system does not require special attention, then you can draw water without fear;
- the system functions well even in the presence of leaks, due to the high working pressure in it.
The disadvantages include the following:
- constant monitoring of the water level in the tank;
- the need to replenish it.
To the benefits closed system hot water supply can be attributed such as:
- savings associated with constant temperature;
- there is a possibility of installing a heated towel rail.
The disadvantage is the mandatory presence of water heaters. They can be flowing or accumulative, allowing you to always have a backup water supply.
Highly important point in the hot water supply system is the presence of a hydraulic accumulator. It helps prevent some of the problems associated with differential pressure in the system. The accumulator is a sealed tank in which there is a membrane partially filled with water. It divides the tank into water and air parts. If the volume of water in the hydraulic tank increases, then, accordingly, the volume of air decreases.
In the event of increased pressure parameters in the system, a signal is given and the pump is turned off. There is a pneumatic valve for pressure regulation. Air is pumped through the nipple. Its amount can be either added or decreased.
The accumulator has such advantages as:
- prevention of rapid pump wear. Since there is a supply of water in the tank, the pump will turn on less often, which contributes to its longer service life;
- stable air pressure in the system. The device helps to avoid sharp drops pressure and temperature in the hot water supply system;
- resistance to water hammer. They practically do not occur and cannot harm the pump and the entire system;
- increased reserves of hot water. There is always a supply of it in the accumulator tank, moreover, it is constantly updated.
Thus, the presence of this device only positively affects the functioning of the entire system as a whole.
Norms
According to the "Rules for the provision of utilities", the hot water temperature should correspond to a value from +60 to +75 degrees Celsius. This value is fully consistent with the sanitary norms and rules of the legislation of the Russian Federation.
It is worth considering that there are some permissible deviations, namely:
- at night (from 00: 00 to 05: 00 hours) a deviation of up to 5 degrees Celsius is allowed;
- in the daytime (from 05:00 to 00:00) the deviation should not be more than 3 degrees Celsius.
According to the rules, if the supplied hot water is colder than the standard value, the user can recalculate and pay for it at the cost of cold water supply. But for this you have to take temperature measurements. You cannot do this on your own. The first step is to call the housing and communal services or management company and leave a request for measurement. If this drop in temperature is due to malfunctions, repairs or other reason, the dispatcher must inform about this.
If everything is in order, you need to fix the application. After the visit of the master, you need to draw up an act of measuring the temperature in two copies. It is on the basis of this act that the cost will be recalculated.
During the measurement, you need to pay attention to the following factors:
- be sure to drain the water within a few minutes;
- note where the measurement is from - from a heated towel rail or from an independent pipe.
According to the SanPiN article, this violation involves the payment of a fine.
Established standards temperature regime associated with the following factors:
- this temperature does not allow bacteria to multiply;
- at this temperature, the possibility of getting burned is excluded.
The temperature of the water in the storage facilities must be very high, but its use at home must be combined with cold water.
Schemes and calculations
In order to calculate the consumption of hot water, it is necessary to take into account the number of people living in the house or apartment, as well as the lifestyle. The main requirement is the minimum duration of the flow of hot water from the tap. In addition, according to the current regulations (10 minutes), it is supposed to be used at several points in any quantity.
- number of users;
- frequency of use in the bathroom;
- number of bathrooms and toilets;
- the volume of plumbing devices;
- the required water temperature.
The best design today is considered to be with the help of special measuring instruments... Although this option is not possible for everyone. Only when taking into account the needs of the whole family is it possible to choose the best option hot water supply for a house, apartment or summer cottage.
As for the operation of the hot water supply system, its good result is achieved only with a well-coordinated smooth operation all its components. The main factor is to obtain a quality resource that meets all the requirements. In this regard, prevention should be periodically carried out. The pipelines must be flushed. This is done after installation, then after repairs and disinfection.
Flushing can take from several minutes to several hours. The time depends on the length of the pipeline. To prevent corrosion in the process, you need complete absence air. For its output, special exhaust valves are used. Before the first commissioning of the hot water supply system, it is necessary to carry out a tightness and strength test. The pressure should be half a bar higher than the presumably used, but at the same time it should not exceed ten bar. Temperature environment when carrying out such events, it must be at least five degrees Celsius above zero.
To extend the service life of the hot water supply, better time from time to time to control fittings, filters, heaters. There are ways to combine hot water supply. In the presence of both autonomous heating and centralized water supply, the water heater must be connected to separate outlets with shut-off valves. During the circulation of water, there should be no air in the coolant, as this can lead to the formation airlock, which will not allow hot water to flow, and a pipeline rupture may also occur. If any malfunctions occur in the system, it is better to contact the specialists for timely identification and solution of the problem. Provided that the hot water supply system is used carefully and carefully, the likelihood of emergencies, breakdowns and failures is minimized.
V recent times a line called DHW appeared in utility bills. Many residents do not understand what it is and do not enter data into it. Or, when paying, the indicators of this line are not taken into account. As a result, they arrears arise, penalty interest is accumulated. All this, with the accumulation of a large amount of debt, can turn into fines and litigation with the subsequent shutdown of heating in winter and hot water supply.
Water supply and heating can be carried out in two different options... The central supply system is typical for apartment buildings. In this case, the water is heated at the thermal station and from there it is supplied to the houses.
An autonomous system is used in private houses where it is not possible or profitable central system from the thermal station. In this case, the water is heated by a boiler or boiler, and hot water is supplied only to specific rooms. one house.
The DHW line in utility bills denotes the energy that was used to heat the water. And only residents of apartment buildings pay for it. Users autonomous system spend electricity or gas on heating water, therefore, they will accordingly pay for the costs of these heat carriers.
Utility payments have the same forms for everyone, so if such documents come to residents multi-storey buildings, and living in the private sector, then the owners of individual houses need to be very careful not to pay for extra services.
Hot water supply of houses, heating in winter hot water is an one of the most expensive services among utility bills. Therefore, to date, experts have divided it into two parts in order to take into account all the components of the process. Now tariffs for water heating are called two-component. One part is supplying cold water to users. The second part is water heating.
Experts found that heated towel rails and bathroom risers heated the premises in the residents' apartments for a whole year. As a result, thermal energy is wasted, which must also be paid for. Decades of wasting this energy were not taken into account, and the population used it for free.
Another column appears in the DHW line, which is also not understandable to the population - ODN. This reduction hides general building needs, that is, heating places common use- corridors, staircases, flights of stairs, renovation work, during which hot water is spent. They are divided into all residents, since all residents of the house use stairs, corridors, halls in which batteries are located and the air is heated. That's why you also need to pay for ONE.
Also, the house may have common water heaters for heating household water... If there is such a device in the house, it may break down periodically.
Its renovation will also cost a certain amount, which will be scattered among all tenants, and it will appear in utility bills. However, in a multi-storey building there may be apartments that have refused hot water. They are supplied only with cold water.
Very often, housing office employees can don't pay attention to this issue and write utility bills for water heating and to those users who do not receive hot water. In this case, you need to keep track of utility bills, and if there is a payment for services that the apartment does not receive, you must contact the housing office with a request for recalculation.
If a person is not sure that the payments for heating and hot water were calculated correctly, he can recalculate himself. To calculate, you need to know the tariff for heating water. Also, if there are meters in the apartment, their readings must be taken into account. If a common hot water meter is installed in the house, then the water consumption for apartments is calculated.
In the absence of counters, average rate installed by the company providing the heating medium burnout. In general, the meter readings for energy consumption are multiplied by the amount of water used. The resulting figure is multiplied by the tariff.
If a person has determined that he has to pay a lot for heating, you can contact a company that provides water heating services. The company must respond within 13 days. If there is a need to complain about a company providing water heating services, you can contact Rospotrebnadzor.
If you have any questions about tariffs, you can contact them v Federal Service according to tariffs. Also, a resident of an apartment can go to court and the prosecutor's office if he believes that he is forced to pay for services that he does not receive, or if the company is engaged in postscripting in utility payments for amounts for which it did not provide services.
Muscovites began to receive new receipts for housing and communal services. After the increase in tariffs and the appearance of contributions for overhaul, payments increased by at least 1 thousand rubles. Gazeta.Ru tells what you need to know in order to try to save money.
“Quite often, active citizens who check their accounts manage to cut the amounts billed even by half. The overstatement of bills occurs due to the fact that they include services that are not provided, and the volume of services rendered is exceeded, ”says Mikhail Anshakov, chairman of the Society for the Protection of Consumer Rights.
How to detect deception
“The more detailed the invoice is, the easier it is to understand how justified the payments are.If there are few lines, the purpose of payments is not disclosed in detail - this is already the first reason for suspicion. Usually the management company deliberately does not disclose the purpose of the payments.
For example, if one line says “for general house needs” without explaining what exactly is included in this, the amount may be overstated, include services not provided, ”warns Valery Novikov, head of the legal support department of NP Housing and Utilities Control.
It is worth paying attention to the total amount: if it differs from the one that was a month earlier, it is better to carefully check the entire invoice.
“There are planned increases, they need to be monitored. If there are no such increases, and the payment has become more expensive, it should be carefully recalculated, ”the expert says.
At the same time, after the increase in tariffs (recall, they were raised from July 1), the account should be checked especially carefully. Management companies and utility suppliers may overstate the bill, hiding behind a planned increase.
“It happens, for example, that the standards are overestimated, the same amount is prescribed twice - as a result, the payment is doubled,” says Sergei Vasiliev, chairman of the Moskontrol movement.
What do we pay for
The payment usually consists of a series of cryptic abbreviations, and each region may have their own abbreviations. There are several generally accepted ones:KhVS DPU- cold water supply ( cold water) on house metering devices. If the CPU is indicated, it means that you pay for water using the apartment metering device.
DHW DPU- hot water supply (hot water) according to house metering devices.
Cold water supply for hot water supply- cold water supply for hot water supply. That is, cold water, which is used for heating, in another line gives the price for the heating itself. Adding them together, you get the final price of hot water.
Vodootv.- water disposal (sewerage), used cold and hot water.
Heating. main pl.- heating of the main area.
Sod. and rem. zhp(or sod. and rem. dwelling.) - maintenance and repair of living space. These are the services of a company managing an apartment building for the maintenance and repair of common property in apartment building... That is, if you have this line, it is assumed that order is maintained in your entrance and everything works. This line may include different services (service of an intra-house engineering equipment, cleaning, Maintenance, garbage disposal, concierge services, etc.), if they are not listed in the payment order, you can contact the Criminal Code for clarification.
In this case, the amount and services that are included in the receipt must be approved by the decision of the residents themselves at the meeting.
There are also services that in reality citizens do not use: for example, paying for an antenna and a radio point. They can be abandoned on an individual basis by contacting the Criminal Code with a requirement to exclude these items from the general account.
Counter or standard
The amounts for individual consumption (utilities that are used in the apartment) and for general household needs (ODN; for example, the cost of heating and lighting the entrance) in the payment should be divided into different columns.There are cases when the amount of payment for the use of utilities for ONE per person exceeded individual consumption in apartments.
This can happen when payments to ODN are calculated not according to the counters, but according to the standards (with an increasing coefficient due to the lack of a counter). To cut costs, owners must vote at the meeting to install meters. Install them resource supplying organizations.
Earlier, Gazeta.Ru wrote that resource-supplying organizations often sabotage the installation of meters, since the standards bring them much more income.
If such a problem is found, you need to contact the Housing Inspectorate.
Pay attention to the square meters and the number of residents
You should check if the area of the apartment is indicated correctly in the payment order. Based on square meter heating and overhaul payments are charged. The regional authorities allocate subsidies that compensate for part of the payments, but they operate only within the social norm (in Moscow it is 33 square meters for one person, 42 square meters for two), explains Valery Novikov. You will have to pay for the housing surplus.Also, do not rush to register new tenants. How more people, the more expensive it will be, for example, water (if meters are not installed). If someone registered in the apartment long time does not live in it, then recalculation can be achieved. You just need to prove the absence - for example, bring a certificate from the management company with real place residence. The same applies to summer residence in the country and long business trips: if the relevant documents are available, the Criminal Code is obliged to recalculate.
New line - overhaul
Calculating how much you should pay for a new service is simple. In Moscow, the monthly fee is 15 rubles. per sq. m. The new line appeared in the capital in July and has already caused a wave of discontent.Earlier, Gazeta.Ru wrote that Muscovites want to conclude an agreement with the Overhaul Fund on their own terms and require a number of essential points to be taken into account in the agreement. However, so far the practice is not in favor of the residents.
It should also be remembered that if more than 10% of a family's income goes to pay for housing and communal services in Moscow, you can get government support in the form of subsidies.
In this case, you must contact the district department of housing subsidies, presenting a certificate of income and a certificate of ownership. At the same time, there should be no surplus of living space: the established norms are 33 sq. m per person, 42 sq. m - for two.
What to do if the bill is too high
If it turns out that the bill is too high, you need to file a complaint with the management company. If she does not answer, you can file a complaint with the Housing Inspectorate (you can also write there immediately, without waiting for a response from the Criminal Code). You can also contact the regional commission on tariffs.
“The housing inspectorate can be asked to conduct an inspection, on the basis of which a recalculation will be made. If it turns out that the payments were overstated, then the citizens will receive the difference, which will be charged against future payments, ”Novikov explained.
In general, so far the practice of resolving such disputes is developing in favor of consumers, experts say.
The main thing is to get what you want, for the majority it is easier to give up if it turns out that you have to pay a hundred rubles more, and such impunity only encourages abuse, ”warns Anshakov.