On regional identity. Regional identity and international cooperation of the regions

Regional identity in terms of geopolitics

In Russia, as in the world as a whole, the region becomes an important level of political action and dialogue, where national, supranational and global forces meet local requirements. Regions play an increasingly significant role in geopolitical processes. Russian regions entered into globalization processes, and these processes have an extremely uneven and competitive character, which means the emergence of new opportunities and problems for Russia.

Regionalism problems are today in the center of the political life of many countries. Back in 1998, the European Parliament, taking into account the severity of these problems, adopted the "Charter of Regionalism", according to which the region is understood as a homogeneous space having physico-geographical, ethnic, cultural, language community, as well as the community of economic structures and general historical destiny. It is important to note that not all of these components must be present at mandatory, there is always one or more dominant signs. In each case, their combination gives a unique regional situation.

Universal definition of the concept of "region" does not exist; Participation of space on the regions depends on the field of research and the formulated task. Determination of the boundaries of the region and its signs in most cases depend on the objectives and methodological base of the study.

Regionalization processes occurring in different countries of the world are an object of study in political, sociological, historical, philosophical literature. First of all, geopolitics, sociologists and economists also addressed the problems of regionalization, since this phenomenon is closely related to globalization and due to these changes in the socio-political and economic spheres. There are various approaches to the definition of the region, each of them emphasizes any of the aspects of regionalism. Its content depends on which particular slice of life in the region is updated by any science.

At the same time, the most complete definition of the concept of "region" and its main features seems to be a doctrine of European integral federalism based on the principles of an integrated interdisciplinary approach. Its essence lies in the fact that the integrating political organism (for example, the European Union) interacts with politically organized territories, that is, with local, regional associations, self-governing and autonomous. Such an approach does not require cultural, economic, language homogeneity, in contrast to american model. European federalism is based on the combination of various identity levels that are not contradictory, but complementary by each other, that is, at the unification of the regions.

In political science, the region is considered as one of the units of the territorial structure of the National State, that is, the subnational level, the cell of the grid of administrative and territorial division, where regional power institutions are operating with certain competencies and relevant financial resources for their implementation, the regional political life. In a broad sense, the region is defined as a institute or system of institutions and organizations operating in a certain territory, which is a fragment of the territory of the state.

In the regions, the concept of "region" is used in a narrow sense to designate the territorial community in the administrative boundaries of the subject of the Russian Federation, which is characterized by such features as integrity and handling.

The geopolitical theory, based on the spatial factor, has an object of study not only the whole land as a whole, but also separate parts. Under the region in geopolitics is understood, firstly, part of the country with the community of natural, socio-economic, national-cultural and other conditions; Secondly, a group of nearby countries, which is a separate economic and geographical area, which has common signs that distinguish this area from others. In this paper, we will adhere to this definition of the region.

Consider briefly the influence of geopolitical factors for the transformation of the Regional Device of the Russian Federation. The process of transformation of regional relations is an integral part of the transformation of Russian society and is a combination of various trends generated by a complex of geographical, socio-economic, political, ethnocultural conditions. Currently, it is clear that geopolitical factors have an increasing impact on the processes occurring within a particular country, including the Russian Federation. Accordingly, these factors affect the change in regional relations, and with the development of globalization processes, this impact becomes increasingly significant.

The collapse of the USSR radically changed political and legal status of areas, edges and autonomous formations. In the post-Soviet period, there is a controversial process of folding the country's regional device. It includes, on the one hand, the tendency of decentralization is the redistribution of powers from the federal authority to the regional and, on the other hand, the opposite processes of strengthening the territorial integrity of the country and strengthen the administrative and management vertical vertical. It cannot be argued that at present, the search for the optimal model of the country's regional device is close to its completion. And this search is due not only to the specifics of the state and the components of its regions, but also geopolitical factors.

As is known, the regional development process is characterized by changing the trends of centralization, that is, the consolidation and mergers of regions and decentralization, respectively, decay them into parts, detaching territories. Both of these tendencies are natural, have objective grounds for themselves.

In states that preserved their territorial integrity, the processes of the autonomization of the territories, the increase in the role of the regions in the development of society are observed. In this regard, the collapse of the USSR and centrifugal trends in the Russian Federation partly can be considered as a historical regularity manifestation of the global development process.

It should be noted that the processes of decentralization and regionalization are developing simultaneously and in parallel with the integration processes occurring not in the integral level. Integration is expressed in the creation of supramitic political, financial and other organizations, unions, blocks, as well as in the formation of a global economic system, subordinating their rules and institutions. National economies. In this quality, integration also contributes to the weakening of the territorial unity of states.

For gaining globalization processes, the destruction of the political and economic integrity of the territorial entities, not integrated into the system of economic relations, determined by transnational corporations, supramitic and financial institutions and political blocks.

The integrative processes include the formation of a single world information space, as well as the spread of mass culture, creating a system of universal meanings, ideals, practitioners. The influence of this factor on the regionalization processes is contradictory. As a result of the assimilation of universal meanings, ideals, the practitioner is destroyed by the identification by the person of himself as a representative of a state or another. Also put at risk and regional identity, but, at the same time, the processes of globalization and the spread of mass culture contribute to the growth of interest in local, ethnic features.

Thus, the developing geopolitical situation forms a whole range of problems associated with the regional structure of the Russian Federation, the solution of which is possible in the understanding of objective patterns of the development of global processes and, when registered with regional policies. This policy should not impede the formation of regional identity, the growth of independence of the regions, their ability to independently solve their internal problems.

Considering regional identity from the point of view of geopolitics, it is necessary to take into account the global political situation, which has strengthened the degree of impact on the development of regional phenomena. IN last years On the European continent there were geopolitical changes that had a significant impact on global political processes and touched the regions of the Central and of Eastern EuropeTerritories former USSR. Started new stage The integration process, and international relations began to go beyond the framework of interstate ties and acquire a diverse and multi-level character. This leads to the formation of other categories of regional identity. In this regard, the analysis of the perception of themselves and each other with nations, countries and various groups of the population of one or another region becomes of particular importance.

Accordingly, the concept of "identity" and "identification" became one of the main topics of political science and practice. If previously these categories were used mainly by psychologists, philosophers, sociologists and ethnologists, then political and sociocultural transformations at the beginning of the XXI century, requiring systemic awareness, actualize identity as a political science and a condition for choosing a strategy for survival and response to new challenges. Political and economic globalization is inevitable inevitably puts the problem of finding a new regional identity in a changing world.

In any country in the world, the regional self-consciousness of the population is one of the important factors for the allocation of regions as unified territorial systems. Of particular importance is the degree of development of regional self-consciousness for polyethnic countries with the federal type of the state unit. Even in many unitary states of Europe, there is a phenomenon of a high level of self-identification of the population to one or another internal region, which is a consequence of the historical development process of each state.

Regionalization processes in the consciousness of society are also in the Russian Federation. In fact, the phenomenon of regional identity for Russia is a fairly new phenomenon. Collapse of the USSR, the formation and development of the federated device and whole line The phenomena associated with transformational processes largely contributed to the separation of Russian regions from each other in socio-economic, political and mental plans.

Obviously, the formation of regional self-consciousness has become a characteristic feature of the post-Soviet transformation of society. The society determined two opposite trends. On the one hand, the Russian civilian identity with its set of consensus values \u200b\u200bis gradually developing. On the other hand, the regionalization of public consciousness occurs, which has become a reaction to the crisis of nationwide identity, resulting from the collapse of the USSR. This process is interpreted in different ways with modern researchers. Some believe that regional values, along with ethnonational, are replaced by a complex of values \u200b\u200bin the public consciousness. soviet period. As a rule, regionalization is perceived by them as a temporary phenomenon characteristic of the transition period of modernization of the Soviet society. Others see the global process behind it, since the revival of regional self-consciousness is actively in European countries, where the combined, but diverse and polycentric "Europe regions" is formed at the site of national states.

In fact, political changes in Russia with their consequences led to an identification crisis. Before society, and, above all, in a sociocultural environment, with all the sharpness, the main issues characteristic of transformational change periods were arrested: "Who are we?" And "where are we going?". The lack of clear unambiguous answers to these questions led to differentiation within a Russian society, which caused the decay of the previous model of the identification system. This disintegration, actualized the entire set of existing types of identities that fastened the framework of the previous identification system, which led to the emergence of increased scientific interest in the problems of regionalization of the country and the mechanisms for identifying regional communities.

In this regard, the actualization of regional identity is understood as the process of forming the identification of the region, in the situation of transformations occurring in it in order to stabilize the functioning of the socio-political system at the regions level.

The relevance of the problem is also determined by the fact that it is investigated at the junction of political disciplines - political regionalistics, political sociology, geopolitics and ethnopolitical conflictology, within which a comprehensive analysis of regional identity is carried out as an element of the political transformation of Russian society. This allows you to identify the mechanism of action of this process in the development of the country and determine its role in consolidating the system of state power in Russia. Based on this, the stated problem can be attributed to the number of theoretically and practically significant scientific topics within the framework of modern political discurses.

The process of regional identification is not expressed in the change of some formal institutions of society by others, usually going during the political transformation in most countries of the transition type, carrying out democratic transit, and in their entirety, the introduction of informal rules and traditions, myths, mains and customs existing in socio-cultural Experience of regional space.

This problem can best be analyzed by the example of the North Caucasus region, in which there is an imposition of a number of problems that have a strong influence on the regional political process. First, these are problems and contradictions that arise in the relationship between the main political actors, which, in general, is typical of the regionalization process occurring within the framework of the Russian Federation. Secondly, this is a region in which the past Soviet experience is difficult to overcome, since many social issues that have a significant impact on its modern political development have been acute in the North Caucasus. Thirdly, about 150 ethnic groups live here, representing almost the entire Russian ethnoare, and in this sense the region is polyethnic and polycondussonal. Fourthly, the region is subject to the influence of both the western and eastern cultural wave, which makes the Caucasus with a polycultural, fragments its single sociocultural reservoir.

In the North Caucasus there were certain geopolitical realities, which should be understood in the context of global transformations occurring in peace and Russia. After all, it is part of the global and Russian geopolitical space, which significantly affects the nature of the phenomena taking place here. The region covers a territory of 335 thousand square meters. km. and includes 10 constituent entities of the Russian Federation: Krasnodar and Stavropol Territory, Rostov region, Adygea, Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia, Ingushetia and Chechnya.

In his geopolitical position with North Caucasus It is difficult to compare any other corner of the world. It is not by chance that the Caucasus is called the "solar plexus of Eurasia" (Yu.A. Zhdanov) and the "crossroads of geopolitical goals" (A.G. Sredty), it has a number of unique features that allocate it among many other regions of the world. Today, it is necessary to state that on the geopolitical level its strategic importance is difficult to overestimate. And therefore, it represents an attractive geopolitical object - the place of rivalry between many states.

The Caucasus is a zone of active inter-ethnic and interfaith contacts. Due to these relationships, groups with complex identity were formed, the study of which is important both to identify the mechanisms of their existence and to identify the patterns of the flow of some ethnic, political and confessional processes in the region.

The problem of Caucasian identity is quite detailed in the works of A.Yu. Shazh, according to which it represents the form of the peoples of the Caucasian society, which is formed on the basis of a certain lifestyle, in which there is a geographical constant. Under Caucasian identity, the author understands the "The ability of Caucasian peoples to be aware of their sociocultural unity, their belonging to the general and whole Caucasian world."

To explore the phenomenon of regional identity, it is necessary to present an analysis of explanatory models and conceptual approaches aimed at understanding and disclosing its essence. In world science, there are many conceptual results of understanding this phenomenon, which is quite a traditional phenomenon for Western science. However, for a long time he was practically outside the field of vision of domestic thought and still remains poorly studied. Apparently, this is due to the "novelty of the plot".

Without going into an analysis of foreign experience, briefly focus on the Russian discourse. The specificity of the formation of the regional community in Russia, presented in the works of domestic authors, allows you to trace the peculiarities of regional identity. So, for some, regional identity is a combination of cultural relations related to the concept of "small homeland" or "the attitude of a person to his small homeland, to the Earth on which he was born or lives and works"; For others, a socio-psychological feeling of belonging to the regional community, and at the same time the boundaries of the region as the concept of mental coincide with the borders of the community.

The study of "territorial identity" is engaged in N.A. Shmatko and Yu.L. Kachanov, according to which identity is the result of identifying "I am a member of the territorial community." It is assumed that for each individual with a fixed set of territories of territories, the identification mechanism is constant. The authors indicate that each individual has a way, which, together with the method of correlation (comparison, evaluation, distinguishing and identification), the image "I" and images territorial community Forms the mechanism of territorial identification. An important point Here is the "scale" or border of the territorial community, to which the individual feels involvement: it may be a limited territory - a specific place (city, village, region) or significantly broader spaces - Russia, the CIS.

In the context of the problem under study, interest also represent three compilations scientific Labors. The first - "Central Europe in search of new regional identity" is devoted to the problem of the formation of a new regional identity of the countries of Central Europe. Based on a specific material, the authors revealed a tendency to new intraregional identification, and, in addition to considering the general aspects of the formation of new regional identity in political, economic and cultural and ideological aspects, work contains both an analysis of the situation in separate countries in the region.

In the second - "Center and regional identity in Russia" considers the role of regional identity in Russian politics and in public life, the formation of post-Soviet regional identity, its relationship with other manifestations of identity and mechanisms for the development of regional identity.

In the framework of the interdisciplinary research approach, on the border of political science, regional studies, political geography and geopolitics, the third - "regional self-consciousness as a factor in the formation of political culture in Russia" was performed.

An analytical overview of existing research in domestic science allows us to conclude that the analysis of this phenomenon is carried out mainly within two main approaches: sociocultural - the study of differences in the identity of national education and political - the study of differences political Development territories and electoral preferences of their population.

The essence of the sociocultural approach comes down to the fact that the formation of this type of identity occurs "bottom" and is a consequence of the crisis of "political identification systems at the national level". This point vision implies that regional identities are temporary and transient, since, as the authors believe, after the revival of the general identity in mass consciousness Regional communities will no longer play a significant role.

Some authors propose to consider the emergence and development of political (including regional) identity as a result of political actor strategies, by virtue of which existing identity in the society "are broadcast" into the political agenda.

As part of the second approach, focus on targeted designing regional identity "from above" and in the consideration center is the "regional identity policy", as well as "Agents of formation of regional identity".

Based on the existing understanding of identity, regional identity can be considered as a key element for the design of the region as a socio-political space; It can serve as a basis for a special perception of nationwide political problems. It can be assumed that regional identity arises as a result of the crisis of other identities and is largely the reflection of historically emerged centroperiferial relations within the framework of states and macroregions. Regional identity is a kind of key to constructing the region as a socio-political and institutional space.

So, regional identity is part of social identity, in the structure of which usually allocate two main components: cognitive - knowledge, ideas about the peculiarities of their own group and awareness of its member; and affective - evaluation of the qualities of its own group, the significance of membership in it. In the structure of regional identification, in our opinion, there are the same two main components - knowledge, ideas about the peculiarities of their own "territorial" group and awareness of themselves by a member and assessment of the qualities of its own territory, the significance of it in the world and local coordinate system.

What does this mean for the aggregate of the population united by a common place of residence? The answer is obvious - there is a regional community. It is necessary to realize another important side of the essence of the region, which determines the specificity of identification. Usually, the "naturalness" of one or another region is proved by similar geographical or cultural parameters, which "naturally" separate this region from neighboring territories.

It should be noted that the announcement of the totality of the territory "region" is possible only in the presence of certain signs: the generality of historical fates, characteristic of only this group of the characteristics of the culture (material and spiritual), geographical unity of the territory, some common type of economy. In other words, for regional identification, a fundamentally important concept is an idea of \u200b\u200bthe territorial relations arising from a joint or neighborhood residence of members of social groups of various scale and cultural identification.

Analyzing the components of this type of identity, in addition to the designated factors, scientists allocate dichotomy "we are". Based on this opposition in the identity structure, two main components are distinguished: auto rover - a set of attribute features of valid or imaginary specific features of their own group; and heterosterotypes are a set of attribute signs of other groups.

An analysis of the literature suggests that the allocation of types of regional identity remains controversial. It seems quite complete and large-scale classification proposed by R.F. Tours. The author allocates six types: Republican identity, which is characteristic of the title ethnic groups of the republics and clearly dominates the All-Russian; Supported Republican identity, uniting the title people, Russian population and other nations living in the republics; Russian regional identity, which is attached to the subjects of the federation and is double, i.e. combined with all-Russian identity; Russian regional identity, which binds to subecadet communities; Russian regional identity tied to major geographical communities (for example, Siberia); Regional ideological identity, which is determined by the political and ideological, electoral orientation of the regions.

The next important aspect of the problem is the awareness that the formation and development of regional identity implies the presence of three types of prerequisites. First - cultural nature: Identity can be rooted in a special regional history, traditions, myths, language, religion, etc. The second - socio-economic nature: identity can be rooted in interregional disproportions in the levels of economic and social Development. The third is a geographical factor: the degree of peripherals or sharp differences between the Macroregions of the country (North-South, East-West).

Describing national identity, as a rule, it distinguishes its external and internal functions. The first consisted in its ability to outline the territorial space and justify the economic and political institutions. The second manifests itself in the fact that it serves as the basis of socialization, the link between individuals and classes, the method and means of localizing itself in the world. It seems that these arguments can well be applied to regional identity. Moreover, in our opinion, regional and national identity can be complementary due to the complexity and multiplicity of political identities. At the same time, they are capable and opposed to each other, by virtue of the regional identity under certain conditions can grow into national.

As noted above, within the framework of the modern scientific paradigm, the study of the phenomenon under consideration can only be comprehensive using different approaches. The concept of regional identity has interdisciplinary content and is based on the scientific heritage of the row of sciences. When analyzing the development processes of regional identity in modern Russia, it is necessary to use four approaches: cultural (processes of modern culture genesis in Russian regions and their political consequences); politicalological, including ethnopolithological (regional political process, its specificity and significance for the nationwide political process, the ratio of regional and national in Russian politics); electoral-geographical (identification of political and ideological, value differences between regions using election geography analysis); Sociological (analysis of the ratio of regional and national in the representations of Russians in various regions). In general, I agree with such a formulation of the issue, in our opinion, you should also add a geopolitical approach in the analysis of regional identity.

Summing up, it is important to emphasize that the regionalization processes and changes in the world's political map led to the problem of determining the essence of the identity phenomenon. Discussions that have developed around the integration of the world community, the emergence of transnational associations, the formation of global economic corporations, the development of telecommunication technologies require rethinking the identity phenomenon.

The political transformation processes occurred first in the USSR, and then in the Russian Federation had the main goal - the implementation of the transition to a democratic society. Meanwhile, changes led to the stratification of society and caused a crisis that led to the actualization of many elements, including regional identity.

The study of regions today is conducted in different directions: in the geopolitical (in the context of the problems of globalization and regionalization), in sociological (the activities of certain social groups are analyzed), in historical (described specific features of life in this territory), demographic (the problems of population settlement, employment resources, character and dynamics of migration). In this list of areas of regional research, another important component has recently outlined - an analysis of regional identity.

Thus, regional identity in the system of strategic analysis of the territory is a factor of socio- economic Development and element of political governance. However, it is an important factor Russian political process. Among the types of identity, it occupies a special place and is associated with certain territories, which determine the special forms of life practices, paintings of the world, symbolic images.

Today it is legitimate to say that the regionalization of public consciousness increases in the country, which is stimulated by the processes occurring both in the center and in the regions. In transforming states, identity is dynamic and depends on new social relations and unions, including at the regions level.

region Geopolitical Identity

Notes:

• 1. See: Fadeeva A. Federalist Model of the European Union / A. Fadeev // World Economy and International Relations. - 2000. - № 6. - P. 26-28.
• 2. See: Bushigina I.M. Political regionalism / I.M. Busgin. - M.: Rossman, 2006. - P. 7.
• 3. See: Regional Studies: Tutorial / Answer ed. SOUTH. Wolves. - Rostov-N / D: Phoenix, 2004. - P. 27.
• 4. See: Geopolitics. Popular encyclopedia / under total. ed. V. Manilova. - M.: Terra - Book Club, 2002. - P. 485.
• 5. See: Torvsky R.F. Regional identity in modern Russia // Russian Society: the formation of democratic values? / R.F. Tours. - M.: Gandalf, 1999. - P. 87-88.
• 6. See: Shahland A.Yu. Caucasian Identity Phenomenon // Scientific Thought of the Caucasus. SKNC VS. - 2002. - №1. - p. 36-45; Shazhja A.Yu. Ethnic values \u200b\u200bas a philosophical problem. / A.Yu. Shage. - M.: RFO. - Maykop: Quality LLC, 2005.
• 7. Shazja A.Yu. Ethnic values \u200b\u200bas a philosophical problem / A.Yu. Shage. - M.: RFO. - Maykop: Quality LLC, 2005. - P. 80.
• 8. See: Petrov N. Formation of regional identity in modern Russia // Center and regional identities in Russia / Ed. Gelman V., Hopf T. / N. Petrov. - St. Petersburg: Summer Garden, 2003. - P. 125.
• 9. See: Krylov M.P. Regional identity in the historical core of European Russia / M.P. Wings // Sociological studies. - 2005. - №3. - P. 13.
• 10. Gruzhoglo M.N. Identification of identity: Ethnosociological essays / M.N. Grupe. - M.: Science, 2003. - P. 399.
• 11. See: Scabble N.M. In search of a new regional community: a possible perspective of consideration of federal districts // Political science: identity as a policy factor and the subject of political science / N.M. Shelyko, N.B. Yargomskaya. - M.: Inion RAS, 2005. - P. 123.
• 12. See: Schmatko N.A. Territorial identity as a subject of sociological research / N.A. Shmatko, Yu.L. Kachanov. // Sociological studies. - 1998. - №4. - P. 94-101.
• 13. See: Central Europe in search of new regional identity / Sat. Articles. Ot. ed. Yu.S. Novoparnas. - M.: Institute of Slavov Studies RAS, 2000.
• 14 See: Center and Regional Identity in Russia / Ed. Gelman V., Hopf T. - SPb.: Summer Garden, 2003.
• 15. See: Regional self-consciousness as a factor in the formation of political culture of Russia. - M.: Montf, 1999.
• 16. See: Meleshkina E.Yu. Regional identity as a component of the issues of Russian political space // Regional self-consciousness as a factor in the formation of political culture of Russia / E.Yu. Melesquin. - M.: MONF, 1999. - P. 131.
• 17. See: Gelman V. Regional identity: Myth or reality // Regional self-consciousness as a factor in the formation of the political culture of Russia / V. Gelman, E. Popova. - M.: Montf, 1999. - P. 188.
• 18. See: Gelman V.Ya. Strategies of regional identity and the role of political elites (on the example of the Novgorod region) // Regional processes in modern Russia / V.Ya. Gelman. - M.: Inion RAS, 2003. - P. 32.
• 19. See: Oracheva O. I. Regional identity: Myth or reality? // Regional self-consciousness as a factor in the formation of political culture of Russia / O.I. Orachev. - M.: MONF, 1999. - P. 36-43.
• 20. See: Drobizheva L. Russian, Ethnic and Republican Identity: Competition or compatibility // Center and regional identities in Russia / Ed. Gelman V., Hopf T. / L. Drobizheva. - St. Petersburg: Summer Garden, 2003. - P. 47-76.
• 21. See: Tour R.F. Regional identity in modern Russia // Russian Society: the formation of democratic values? / R.F. Tours. - M.: Gandalf, 1999. - P. 102.
• 22. See: Bushigina I.M. Political regionalism / I.M. Busgin. - M.: ROSPEN, 2006. - P. 162-165.
• 23. See: Turovsky R.F. Regional identity in modern Russia // Russian Society: the formation of democratic values? / R.F. Tours. - M.: Gendalf, 1999. - P. 130.

Course work

for the subject "Political RegionLide"

on the topic: "Regional identity in modern Russia"

Introduction

2 Structural levels of regional identity in modern Russia

Conclusion

Introduction

The need for theoretical understanding of the phenomenon of regional identity in political science is particularly actualized when contacting Russian realities, where one of the consequences of the transformation of the political system at the turn of the 1980-90s. The regionalization of political space was accompanied by a sharp increase in regional self-consciousness. At the level scientific This found an expression in the emergence of such research plots as "regional self-consciousness", "Regional Mythology", "Regional Ideology" and the "Regional Identity" itself. From different sides and from various methodological positions, the researchers tried to explain the strengthening of regional identification and its mobilization potential, which, in the context of the federal authorities, took into service the regional elite and began to strengthen its position by promoting various mythological texts, symbols and ideas to regional communities .

The beginning of the 2000s It was marked by a new stage in the relationship between the Center and the Regions. The new political conditions associated with reforming federal relations changed the context in which the regional identification has been strengthened in the 1990s. At the same time, competition between the regions was only increased, which led to the distribution of a political course in the subjects aimed at finding some exceptional and unique circumstances, which would have allocated this region from among others, it would be advantageously presented to the territory in the external space. Issues of positioning, regional image, assessment and enhance the tourist and investment potential of the region, improving the positive self-assumption of the regional community from residence in the region, the need to change the migration balance in a positive side are the status of legislative priorities.

Thus, currently in Russia add up a variety of options manifestations of regional uniqueness. Their theoretical understanding and methods of study are not small to understand the dynamics of regionalization in Russia and the functioning of the region as a complex socio-political system.

The object of the study is regional identity in modern Russia.

The subject of the study is a model of regional identity in modern Russia.

The purpose of the study is to identify the types of regional identity and determine their ratio with the main characteristics of the regions of the Russian Federation.

The main tasks of research are:

analyze existing methodological approaches to the study of regional identity and determine the specifics of their possible application to the study of the phenomenon of regional identity in Russia;

determine the criterion for typology of regional identity in the Russian regions;

characterize the various types of regional identity of Russian regions;

determine the ratio of these types between themselves and conduct their correlation with the key characteristics of the regions of the Russian Federation;

analyze the possible deviations from the typological scheme by clarifying the depth analysis of the model of regional identity in a separate region.

Chapter I. Political Analysis of Regional Identity: Theoretical and Methodological Base

1Regional identity as the theoretical problem of political science

IN social theory Analysis of the place, the territory was the way from physical or geographical determinism When the environment is viewed as a key factor in the functioning of society, to approaches in which relations between man and territory are dynamic and interactive, and the place acquires social, psychological and cultural significance. The place plays a significant role in the formation of identity, since this process has both an internal measurement, since it occurs in the consciousness of the individual and external, since it is manifested in the system of interactions of a person with the surrounding world.

Between the individual and the location of its localization - accommodation, work, recreation, communication, etc. - There is an extremely important and poorly studied connection. It is not doubtful that not only a person has a direct impact on its physical environment by its active transformation, but also the physical environment imposes an imprint to the worldview and human behavior. In most theoretical and empirical studies, both domestic and foreign, there is no analysis of the impact of the physical environment on the processes of formation of identity. However, in some, very rare cases, the authors trying to integrate such concepts as space , a place , territory , in the concept of identity, demonstrate the possibilities of expanding the classical theory of social identity due to the inclusion of a variety of aspects of the concept .

Place, territory, space belongs to the everyday measurements of human existence, which are often filled with self-evident meaning, are not problematic and not questioned.

At the same time, they are of great importance to human existence, ensuring the stability and predictability of his life. Among the many theoretical directions of modern sociology special attention Representatives of the phenomenological school, starting with E. Gusserly, M. Hydegger, M. Merlo-Ponti - Great Philosophers, the founders of this area - ending with A. Syutz, who actually created a sociological phenomenology, is shown to the world of everyday life.

It was the phenomenology that gave a special sound of the problematic space, space, territory, as well as houses, place of residence and human stay. So, the achievements of the phenomenological paradigm may be relevant in the analysis of territorial - local and regional - identities. Despite the belonging to a single theoretical school, different phenomenologies have developed various conceptualization of the place and space. The place and house attracted the attention of phenomenologists due to the central role they play in the subjective experience of a person, his everyday world. In applied theorization, the shyuz reflects on the role of the house in the creation of human natural attitudes, in ordering its life world. This line of reasoning was reflected even in the architectural theory, where special emphasis was done on the existence of a special spirit places, or Genius Loci.

The place can be defined as a social category, and not just a physical space. The place is always associated with certain social groups, life style, social status, behavior and communication models. In numerous works of the outstanding Chinese geographer and Fu Tuana, the fact that people think about the place and space and how they feel them, as they have a sense of attachment to the house, the area, the city and the country as a whole. Thuan pays great attention to finding out how feelings and emotions relating to space and space are changing under the influence of the feeling of time. The thinker proposes to distinguish the concepts of the place and space: the place is safety, and the space is freedom. We are tied to the first and strive to the second, these are the basic components of our vital world, which are perceived as something of granted. However, attempts to strive about them, think about their inner essence lead to unexpected discoveries.

The space is a more abstract concept than a place. What is first perceived as a space is gradually acquiring features, as a person begins to master it, get acquainted closer, endow it with a certain value. Places are actually places, and not just a geographical space, precisely because they have identity.

Territorial identities are created by a complex of feelings, values, experience, memories and actions, which, being individual, are substantially transformed by social structures and are manifested in the process of socialization. The space and place are associated with a different sense of time: if the first is associated with the movement, then the second is with a pause, stop. The key analytical concept that Tuan uses is the experience. This is a comprehensive term covering all models of knowledge and constructing reality.

Positive emotional connections with the place of Thuan calls topophylia. An important methodological value is the diffe reaction between the sensation of the place (Sense of Place) and rootedness (rootedness). The first means awareness of positive feelings to a certain place, and the second is a feeling to be at home . These concepts echoes others who have become more familiar and regulatory among the researchers of territorial phenomena in recent years, namely: attachment to the place (Attachment to Place). It means an affective connection (emotions, feelings, on buildings, etc.), which the individual feels differently, with different strengths, in different forms and with varying degrees of awareness in relation to the places where he was born, lives and acts. Those or other communities are also associated with those who are determined by places and which, in turn, are determined through their belonging to these places. These territories and related human associations are characterized by various scales and levels of institutionalization - housing, home (family, relatives, friends), workplace (colleagues), environment (neighbors), city, region, country, etc. All of them play a very significant positive role in determining who we are, in our self-identification, in attaching the meaning of our life, filling its values, meaning, goals. However, attachment to certain places can lead to disastrous consequences, generating hostility, hatred, aggression, as it happens in the case of ethnic conflicts.

Another scientist in the field of cultural geography, Briton Dorin Messi considers the concept of place and space from the standpoint of feminist criticism. Speaking against attempts to romanticize the place, it does not tend to see in it something single, immovable, rooted in static space. A significant difference between the place and space is that the space can be considered as a static, timeless dimension, while the place is inextricably linked over time. According to the prospectus proposed Messi, the place is designed not by establishing a framework, borders, but by identifying interrelations with from outside. So, the place has an open, relative and multiple nature, which is constantly subjected to contestation. The place is a rooted social practice as a system of social relations. Therefore, the place is a living substance created from the countless aggregate of social interactions. Such intertections occur under certain circumstances within the framework of geographically determined samples. It can be argued that they are created by the place and themselves, in turn, determine the specifics of the place. Thus, residents of a certain place are in a long and cultural and structurally deterministic contact, which is able to generate extremely important and sustainable consequences. Using the concept of the place represented by Messi, we are released on the mechanisms for the formation of a local inherent identity identity.

Implementing a predominantly political and economic analysis of the development processes occurring at the regional level, Messi indicates restrictions local policies And the need to understand wider, global connections and social relations related to local uniqueness and local identity. However, it rejects the idea that new information technologies and the transformation of financial and economic relations in the direction of globalization radically changed the essence of such concepts as place I. house .

This argument line is significantly different from the assertions of the theoreticals of the information society, which focus on public changes caused by the radical transformation of the information and communication sphere.

In modern socio-psychological and sociological literature, there are several theories explaining the phenomenon of identity.

The two, most well-known and reasonable - both in the conceptual and empirical plan - can be applied to explain the processes of interaction and mutual influence between the person and the place. One of them is the theory of social identity - originated and received distribution mainly among social psychologists, while the other - the theory of identity - finds supporters in the circles of sociologists. Briefly focus on the main provisions of each of them, emphasizing those conceptually important postulates that can serve as starting points to study the phenomenon of territorial identity.

Let's start with the theory of identity - one of the most influential in with temporary sociology, the rationale for which is associated with the classical conceptualization of symbolic interactionism. The origins of theory can be found in the works of American Classic Charles Kuli, George Mid and Herbert Bloomer. Modern theorists, followers of interactionism Peter Bourke, Ralph Turner, George McCall, Jerry Siemens, Sheldon Stryker, etc. Consider individual identity as a product of those roles that a person performs in society. I They are interpreted as an inhomogeneous and dynamic essence, differentiating as a result of versatile social influences. This theory analyzes the mechanisms for forming identity on the micro-social level, tying it with the processes of interaction, adoption, individual understanding and the fulfillment of social roles, with attitude towards one or another role-playing repertoires.

First, the theory of identity was formulated by a stryker. Recently, she gained further development and a broader analytical perspective in the works of his supporters. In its framework, different branches can be distinguished by the meaning of branches, some of which are closer, others are weaker are associated with initial symbolic interactionism.

In the theory of identity, an inviolable idea of \u200b\u200bformation remains I or self in the process social interactionThanks to which people will know themselves, watching the reactions of others. The key socio-psychological mechanism of the formation of a self is the adoption of the role of another. According to the well-known expression of the forerunner of the Interactionism of William James, a person has so many separate i how much social groups exist, the opinion of which he values.

In the terracer theory, identity variations are associated with a variety of social roles performed by the individual. In fact, we are talking about that I It is a combination of individual role identities, each of which, in turn, corresponds to the role position in society.

In our context, you should remember the classical distinction that puts forward a Foreign Ministry in Spirit, self and society , reflecting on the two integral sides of the self - individual, spontaneous I (in the English Original and Social, Generalized i (m). According to the classics of interactionism, I there is a response of the body to the installation of others; i There are organized many settings of others that the individual itself accepts.

That is, it is obvious that within the framework of identity theory, we are talking about those socially determined and reflexed by an individual of various i which appear in the form of role identities. The latter are those self-determination that people attribute themselves as a result of awareness of their positions in the public space, which are also associated with the fulfillment of certain roles. Roles are reflexive because they acquire a value for an individual in the process of interaction and through interaction. The reactions of others on the individual arise primarily due to the execution of a particular role. It is these reactions, according to supporters of theory, form a basis for self-determination.

Thus, the roles serve as the foundation on which the identity building is being erected. At the same time, the role is the bridge that connects individuals with social Structure.

The theory of geographic identity is a special place among the conceptual developments of Western scientists dedicated to identity relations with the territory occupies the theory of local identity (Place Identity). Given the incomplete adequacy of the direct Russian translation of the English-speaking term, I propose to use as a interchangeable concept of geographic identity. Term place-Identity. It was introduced into the scientific circulation in the late 70s of the twentieth century by the American social psychologist Harold, the Prosana spatial identity, he determines as an incorporation of the Individual of the place, territory in a wider concept I As a Popourry of memories, concepts, interpretations, ideas and corresponding feelings in relation to certain physical places and types of places.

The places with which the formation and development of TI is associated with home, school, microdistrict. That is, the research focus is aimed at studying the immediate environment of an individual, in which the lion's share of interpersonal interactions occurs. Such a micro-social focus is not accidental, since the author says primarily about the ursion of how it is acquired in the process of socialization. Researchers consider the formation of Ti since childhood in parallel and in the formation of individual identity as a whole. From the very beginning, the children's consumers and the environment and the environment.

The Pastan viewed the place as part of individual identity as a certain subfeency, by analogy with a class or gender. He saw different self-identifications associated with those or other social roles as part of the integral territorial identity of each individual. The theory of Identity Processes Breicwell considers the place as part of a variety of variety of identity categories, since places carry the symbols of class, gender, origin and other status characteristics. The Breicwell model postulates the presence of four identity principles: 1) self-esteem (positive assessment of itself or its group), 2) self-efficacy (human ability to effectively function in a certain social situation, control the external environment), 3) of the peculiarity (distinctiveness) (feeling of its own uniqueness compared to with representatives of other groups or communal), 4) continuity, integrity, continuity (continuity) (the need for stability in time and space). Thus, this theory suggests that the development of a special theory that would explain the influence of the territory for identity - the occupation is superfluous and unnecessary. The followers of the Breicwell theory in recent years have conducted studies in order to study the territorial aspects of identity. So, Speller with colleagues studied changes in the spatial organization and how they influenced the identity of residents of the local community in the process of social change.

The problem of spatial identity received a very wide resonance and distribution in various public disciplines - from psychology before architecture. The interest of specialists of various reinforcements led to the emergence of research with unusual, non-trivial focus of analysis, for example, ways to decorate houses and jobs as a means of communication and self-sustaining; Houses, housing, place of residence as a source of self-integrated, attachment to the place. Norwegian researcher Ashild Hayege considers the impact of the identity site within the framework of a Halft and reciprocal model of interaction between people and their physical environment: people affect places and places affect how people see themselves.

Territorial identity includes attachment to a certain territory, but it is not limited to. Attachment is only one of the substructures that cannot be considered as one of the types of social identity along with the most influential, classic Its forms - floor, nationality (racial) and class.

Ty stands aside against the background of the latter, penetrating almost all situations of social interaction, mediating models of all communications affecting all samples of self-sustaining. In this sense, they are comprehensive because it is always invisibly present with us in the process of our involvement in public space.

Territorial identity is rather one of the possible forms of social identity manifestation, some of other identification categories. The place cannot be considered only as one of many social categories. At the same time, the place is not only the context or the background, on which the formation and actualization of various identities occurs, it is rather an integral part of the integral part of social identity. For example, various architectural forms can contribute to one or another interaction models, bring different, sometimes directly opposite social feelings, help interact or brake it, to make a more expressive or level social distance, emphasize social inequality or, on the contrary, equality.

That is, a place can play absolutely different roles depending on the stimulation of one or another individual and social identity.

The territorial community as an imaginary community territorial identity can also be viewed within the framework of a conceptual approach that goes out by its roots into the classic work of the outstanding American scientist Benedict Anderson Imagined generality [Anderson, 2001]. Although the book is devoted mainly to the analysis of macrosocial prerequisites for the formation of nationalism during early modernity, concept imagined community It was widely scientific recognition, and it is often used to study various forms of public existence similar in their essence.

All his attention researcher Anderson focuses on the nation, determining it as imagined political community - and imagined as genetically limited and sovereign. She imagined because representatives of even the smallest nation will never know most of their compatriots, will not meet and will not even hear anything about them, and yet in the imagination of everyone will live the image of their involvement . Turning to more high level generalizations, researcher emphasizes that any commonality, large than a primitive settlement with direct contacts between residents (although it is possible, and it is imagined. Community need to distinguish between their reality or unreality, but the imagination manner.

The concept of imagined generality was distributed in modern science and is often used in conceptualizations that analyze the processes of the structure of society. Designing and disintegration of imaginary communities treat as a key process of appearance and reproduction of modern and postmodern societies. Imagined generality are presented on the community of religion, place of residence (territory), gender, politicians, civilization, science. However, the study of many manifestations of imagined generality remains at the initial level.

Territorial identities pay considerable attention in the context of building and implementing local development strategies. Speaking an integral part of the sociocultural space, local identity can be both stimulating and deterrent factor in economic and social development. Thus, the problem becomes part of a wider analytical context associated with identifying the relationship between culture and economy. In this context, we are talking about regional culture, understood as adopted in a certain regional community of value, beliefs and public traditions of the region. Culture is seen as an active strength of social reproduction as the process of interaction between various social actors and as a product of discourses in which people manifest their social experience ourselves and representatives of other communities. Certain regional cultures can stimulate the processes of social learning and innovation, while others - on the contrary to restrain.

Consideration of several, most well-known concepts provides grounds for certain conclusions regarding the relevance of the presented approaches to study those actualization processes of territorial, including the regional identities with which we are in contact at the present stage of our country's development.

The conceptual apparatus itself is at the formation stage and requires further improvement, especially for domestic sociology. The presence of various theoretical approaches makes it possible to consider the processes of formation and actualization of territorial identities from different sides, creating a multi-scale and interdisciplinary image of the phenomenon.

2Regional identity: Theoretical content and study methodology

The concept of regional identity has interdisciplinary content and is based on the scientific heritage of the row of sciences. The regional economy "provides" the concept of regional identity with relevant statistics and provides its specific research methods. (For example, interesting results give an application of the theory of central places V. Crystaller to the evaluation of the radius of influence and attraction of settlements.) Sociology and social geography in the USSR-Russia in the 70s - 90s. Formed the concept of socio-territorial community (service station), relevant today.

Among domestic studies, one of the few studies of the "territorial identity" belongs to N.A. Shmatko and Yu.L. Kachanov. Territorial identity is the result of identifying "I am a member of the territorial community." It is assumed that for each individual with a fixed set of territories of territories, the identification mechanism is constant. The authors indicate that each individual has a way "I am a member of the territorial community", which, together with the method of correlation (comparison, evaluation, distinguishing and identifying), the image "I" and the images of territorial community forms the mechanism of territorial identification. An important point here is the "scale" or the border of the territorial community to which the individual feels involvement: it may be a limited area - a specific place (city, country side, region) or significantly broader spaces - Russia, the CIS, and for some respondents (" Imperials, "Holders") - still the USSR. Much depends on the conditions of socialization and position (not only a social, but also geographical) specific individual. " It should be noted that geographers approached the study of identity problems and pushing out from studying the geographic environment. Geographers, of course, were not seen in the characteristics of the territory, the only reason for the specific formation of any culture, rather, those or other features of the geographical medium were considered as a factor in the territorial differentiation of culture. The theories of the geographical environment and its numerous branches played, of course, a positive role in the formation of theoretical ideas about regional identity.

Traditional general studies were based on ideas about severely limited territorial areas in the territorial social and cultural terms of territories. Experts and scientists believed that the "identity conflict" occurs where two or more groups begin to claim one and the same historical, cultural, social, political territory. Naturally, the "Identity Laying" is most clearly manifested in cases of political claims on controversial geographic areas. The power of territorial instinct multiplies repeatedly if the territorial community is in the border position. In the public sciences, the point of view is gradually the point of view, according to which the changing and dynamic phenomena is understood under the territorial identity, rather than fixed constant spaces with clear boundaries.

Domestic science also did not bypass these plots, bound primarily with the work of DS Likhacheva and Yu.M. Lotman. Analyzing the nature of the geographical descriptions of the country in the ancient Russian literature Rea, D.S. Likhachev notes: "Geography is given by the transfer of countries, rivers, cities, border lands."

So, regional identity is part of the social identity of the person. The structure of social identification usually distinguishes two main components - cognitive (knowledge, ideas about the peculiarities of their own group and awareness of its member) and affective (assessment of the qualities of its own group, the significance of membership in it). The structure of regional social identification contains the same two main components - knowledge, ideas about the peculiarities of their own "territorial" group and awareness of themselves by a member and assessment of the qualities of its own territory, the significance of it in the global and local coordinate system. What does this mean for the population of the population, united at least a common place of residence? The answer is obvious - there is a regional community. It is necessary to realize another important side of the essence of the region, which determines the specificity of identification. Usually, the "naturalness" of one or another region is proved by similar geographical or cultural parameters, which "naturally" separate this region from neighboring territories. It should be noted that the proclamation of a certain combination of territories "region" is possible only if there are all or part of the indicated signs:

· Community of historical fates, characteristic of only this group of cultural characteristics (material and spiritual),

· Geographical unity of the territory,

· Some common type of economy,

· Collaboration in regional international organizations.

In other words, for regional identification, a fundamentally important concept is an idea of \u200b\u200bterritorial relations (TC). TC - bonds arising from a joint or neighboring residence of members of social groups of various scale and various cultural identification.

Considering the issue of regional identity, it should be considered that identity as a social identification process, firstly, can be generated by the generality itself (internal identity). Secondly, it is possible to raise the question of auxiliary identity based on the presence of two "reference crops" or one reference and one auxiliary. Thirdly, territorial identity can be attributed to community from the outside. All identification options are in relationships and are subject to dynamic mutual influence.

Speaking of identity measurement indicators, first of all, it should be noted that we should distinguish the indicators to measure identification itself, and indicators that allow measuring economic and social processes leading to the design of the virtual region. The second group of indicators naturally found itself in the field of view of the researchers a long time ago and is investigated both by economists, geographers and sociologists. This section examines only identification indicators. They have serious specifics, it is difficult to define and are even more difficult to measure. For example, what and how to measure the process of forming a socio-territorial community? It is clear that all classical economic indicators do not give the main thing - do not show the nature of the territorial relations.

The presence of sustainable territorial relations of the population does not mean the mandatory existence of socio-territorial community, these ties can be wider. The pendulum migration, the radius of the distribution of country farms of the Central City - all this contributes to regional identification. At the same time, the central city is the "Point of Support" for the community. Completely on the Concept - "Time-Space Comparison", spatial-temporal compression proposed by the sociologist Anthony Hyddens.

Attention should also be paid to some economic characteristics, for example, related to the ranking of socio-status dispositions along the center-peripheral axis. In this case, of course, the opposition center-peripheral is understood not in space-geographically, but due to the proximity or distance from the focus of different kind resources and interactions. Since the socio-status-status approach to centers facilitates access to resources and opportunities, it contributes to economic development. Socio-status displacement on the periphery limits access to resources and capabilities and supports the protective (or defensive), conservative, in fact, a life plant associated with the holding of economic and status items.

Thus, the first task is the diagnosis of the objective economic and socio-economic situation of the territory, within which the existence of regional identification is assumed. At the same time, within the framework of the first task, not only such basic indicators as GRP and the population of the population are important, but also special measure whether, for example, the presence / lack of pendulum migration.

The most important thing is that regional identification is the process managed. The interests of strategic management of territorial development in Russia will inevitably require accounting for all, even insignificant, factors. At the present stage of development, the most significant and "large-scale" macroeconomic methods are used. However, in the future, in the context of the globalizing world, regional identification becomes a factor seriously corrective world development processes. Regional identity as a phenomenon of public life and the subject of research has a rather complicated nature. Probably unfolding unification of the economic space (globalization) is accompanied by differentiation of political space (regionalization). The new regional self-identification of Russia is rather not a phenomenon, but a process that stretches for a long time. However, there are sites of the Russian territory, where the reidentification is forced by a rapid pace. Unique example Regional identification - Kaliningrad region. The formation of a sense of regional community in the Kaliningrad region began after the transformation of the region in an exclave. In turn, today the state of the economic climate in the field depends on the political state of the region, the quality of regional community. Regional identification, in fact, can be both positive and negative from the point of view of the effectiveness of the economic development of the region. The awareness of the population of its own economic and political status is inevitably reflected in the nature of economic development. The status of "Metropolitanity" becomes a factor in the socio-psychological climate that affects in turn, let's say on investment attractiveness. This circumstance emphasizes M. Porter: "Paradoxical is that sustainable competitive advantages In the context of the global economy, they often turn out to be more local .... The proximity in the geographical, cultural and organizational plan provides the possibility of special access, special relationships, better awareness, the emergence of powerful incentives (Ident N.M.), as well as other advantages in productivity and in productivity growth that is difficult to obtain at a distance. " In other words, cultural and organizational proximity is an economic resource, a factor in competitive advantages.

Chapter II. Structure and types of regional identity in modern Russia

1 types of regional identity in modern Russia

Novelty and importance of regional dimension russian politics It is impossible to exaggerate. To a certain extent, Russia has become a genuine federation, where the classical separation of the authorities to the legislative, executive and judicial is supplemented with a spatial aspect, providing providing territorial units of a certain political status (as opposed to a unitary state). Geography has always played a prominent role in Russian politics, but now the geographical fragmentation has adopted complex forms of regionalism, where the processes of radical decentralization are accompanied by the struggle of the central government, which has lost its imperial status, for a new incident in political system.

Historical development Our fatherland was inextricably linked to the formation on its huge space not only ethnic, but also territorial communities noticeably allocated by their individuality having their sociocultural specificity, which can be determined by the concept of "regional identity". As E.Smith notes, territorial or regional identity can be attributed along with the tender to the number of fundamental people in the structure of the person's identification matrix! Moreover, such regional identification was determined for ethnic Russians, rather, not a national, but territorial affiliation, giving in their own eyes and eyes of those surrounding specific socially, psychologically and culturally significant signs.

The preservation and sustainability of regional identity in Russia can be explained by the concept of "internal colonialism" M. Heter. The latter understands it as "existence inherent in one or another culture, a labor division hierarchy, which contributes to the formation of jet groups" 2Therefore, "internal colonialism" is a form of operation of the center of its periphery. Spatially uneven waves of industrialization in the era of Modern enhanced marginality of many peripheral (provincial) territories and ultimately contributed to regional stratification and spatially-territorial hierarchy of society. This factorAccording to M. Hechter, contributes to the preservation of ethnic and regional identity in certain territories (sometimes in latent form), despite all the attempts of the Center to unify cultural values. In addition, as some researchers note, the predominance of local political loyalty over the national is characteristic of societies with a fragmentary political culture and transit political periods3 .

As a result, Russian federalism is experiencing a strong impact of political and economic situation, and the relations of the central and regional authorities acquire a cyclic form (centralization - decentralization).

The first stage of this kind of relationship is the cycle of institutionalization of power elites - subjects of the Federation (1993-1999) - unfolded in the plane of their distance from the federal government. Employee of the Center for Institutional Reforms at the University of Maryland (USA) L. Polishchuk believes that "changes in the Russian economy led to a spatial narrowing of the political horizon and displaced by the regional authorities of the population in the system of political preferences. Partly this happened because after the reference of the center from the line Support for enterprises, control over prices and social subsidies a significant part of these functions was picked up at the regional level. " The central government has ceased to be an expressive and embodiment of a common interest. "The federal center of the" caring state "function willingly take over regional administrations, significantly closer to the people and their needs. The traditional model of a sense-making statehood did not collapse with the Soviet system, it only" went down "and is rooted there. This process is accompanied by significant An increase in local patriotism and the revival of local traditions both cultural and ... political, "Researchers RNISINP5 .

The process of oppositioning the power of the regional and political and administrative structures of the Nationwide level performs several functions. First, it allows you to demonstrate the strength and resource power of territorial elites, to show that regional power can independently cope with almost all the problems. Secondly, this opposition helps to increase the consolidation of the regional elite, thereby disappearing (or acquire a latent form) conflicts in the regional administration, the Parliament of the Federation's subject becomes "pocket". Thirdly, the adequacy of the position of regional elites local political culture makes it possible to present themselves as articulants and advocates of regional interests, which gives them a sense of popular support.

Finally, fourthly, the existence of such "non-featured" formations; As "Russian" subjects of the Federation, the lack of constitutional ability to eliminate the asymmetry of the federal device is fraught with serious conflicts and pushing representatives of regional elites mainly on demonstrative actions leading to the exit from the constitutional field.

In Russia, the Soviet heritage led to the presence of distinctive features of democratic federalism, of which two are particularly important. The first is the ethnic nature of federalism, which manifests itself in the fact that the Russian Federation includes the subjects of two types: the republics formed in the territories of compact residence of the title nation (or group of nations), and regions formed only by the territorial principle. The second trait is the weakness of the tradition of autonomous regional administration and civil associations in the regions. An attempt to establish a federal system in the conditions of the weakness of civil society and ethnic mobilization (conducted by elites, unless public movements) leads to polygicism of ethnic differentiation.

By analogy with the formation of civil society, it is assumed that economic autonomy of regional actors is necessary for the development of regionalism. The regional elite is mainly formed by the heads of the former state-owned enterprises, new entrepreneurs who, in most cases, instead of the previous dictatorship of state planners received despotic operation from the financial and industrial oligarchs, representatives of the agricultural sector, as well as small and medium-sized businesses.

The diversity of the forms of the Board is due to local traditions, degree of cohesion of local elites and ethnic composition population of a particular region. Does this diversity affect the effectiveness of the federal policy?

As the Preston King notes, a characteristic feature of federalism is that the central government in the forms provided by the Constitution involves the subjects of the Federation in the decision-making process 7. Although Smith is right when emphasizes that distinctive feature The decision-making process at the federal level is "compromise policy" 8, the general problem, especially relevant in Russia, is that the bargaining participants have far from equal to the amount of resources, and it is this power asymmetry that predetermined the originality of Russian federalism.

Existing system Provides to the federal government wide discretionary authority in the field of budget distribution, and the policy of fiscal federalism is the main component of its domineering prerogatives. The subjects of the Federation are forced to continue their own resources for themselves, and the redistribution of these resources is one of the key factors determining the nature of federal relations. National republics in the process of "bargaining" as an argument can use the threat of compassion 9, although it is obvious that possession natural resources Equally important for all subjects of the federation.

It is the total inefficiency of the split state power in Russia that created unprecedented opportunities for the deployment of regionalism. Using the absorption of federal structures with intercible fights, their desire to rely on these fights to the regions, the local elites significantly increased their weight and influence. A considerable field has opened for folding "from the bottom" of new types of economic and political interaction, behavioral norms, non-standard ideological slogans.

Regional differentiation is pushed by existing economic differences: first, by type "subsidizing regions - subsidized regions" and, secondly, by the type of characteristics of the process of economic reproduction:

regions with significant export potential of energy resources (Tyumen region, Tatarstan, Komi, Bashkortostan, Krasnoyarsk Territory, etc.); regions with sufficiently diverse resources of other mineral resources (Republic of Sakha, Sverdlovsk, Kemerovo region, etc.); regions with the potential for the export for their limits of essential agricultural products (Krasnodar and Stavropol Territory, Belgorod, Kurskaya, Saratov, Astrakhan region, etc.); regions possessing high-tech potential (city Moscow, St. Petersburg, Samara, Novosibirsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Perm, Chelyabinsk, etc.). With the start of market reforms, the picture of Russia's division on the principle of North-South (industrialized and rich in the raw materials of the North and East and poor agrarian regions of the South) is clearly detected. This was the consequence of the historically inherited structure of the development of the economy, as well as the trend of the commodity sector in the breeding ridge of the Russian economy since the beginning of the 1990s. The result of the raw orientation was the geographical shift of the axis of industrial development to the Far East, to Western and Eastern Siberia, to the north of the European part of Russia. So, the 11 most prosperous Russian territories from 15 are in these regions. Whereas 14 of the 16 most depressed territories - in the North Caucasus (5), in the Central region (6), in North-West (1), Volga (1) and in the Urals (1). On Western Siberia - the main center of oil and gas production - is now almost 50% of commissioning of basic industrial foundations, whereas in the Central District Investments mainly go to the non-production sphere10 .

Under the conditions of the systemic crisis, regional differentiation processes led to the fact that interregional contradictions estended significantly. In particular, it can be noted the desire to become economically self-sufficient technical provinces that export energy resources, raw materials and food.

The sociocultural gap between the regions is enhanced, especially between the most connected to the "Western Modernization" (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, the seaside "regions-bridges" to the external world), and regions where Russian traditionalism dominates.

Thus, an uncontrollable systemic crisis in Russia can be described through the processes of developing regionalization of the state and chaotic decentralization of power. Under these conditions, it is unlikely to exaggerate the role and importance of interregional associations (such as "Siberian Agreement", "Big Volga", etc.), especially their cohesion and durability. At an early stage of market reforms, some of them have become mechanisms for transferring regional requirements to the Center, replacing the lack of administrative and financial resources by attracting political resources: lobbying, etc..

Regions are looking for alternative forms of interaction, which often only emphasize their desire to leave from under the current macro-regional division. Perhaps, with the exception of the "Siberian Agreement", other interregional associations do not differ neither stability or organization. Therefore, you should not talk about them as strong structures playing an important role in the institutionalization of the Center-regional conflict "" 2 .

The above examples allow us to talk about the overall process of chaotic decentralization of power and uncontrollable regionalization, as a result of which spontaneous fragmentation of the power space occurred, the erosion of power as a holistic phenomenon, the emergence of new power entities, as well as the formation of a new geopolitical reality.

Against the background of these objective trends, any attempts to build centralism in the management of national states can lead to dysfunctionality of state institutions, frameworks for political, economic and social organizations, as well as to ignore their significant public relations and synergistic networks that are cross-national and regional in their own Orientation, the formation of market relations leads to an increase in the number of independent business entities, including regions. Regional-urban meso-level management in a national system in which each region and the Regional Association are a prototype for Russia, becomes a key agent of a political organization and a form of constellation of economic relations with transnational companies in achieving competitive benefits.

The attitude of the subjects of the Federation to the struggle of the federal authorities was largely predetermined by their interests in the federal institutional structure 14. The constitutional part of the 1993 Constitution was not recognized, but the basic principles of decentralization were preserved and the preserved principles of joint and exceptional competence with all the contradictions inherent in them. Although the 1993 Constitution does not recognize the republic with "sovereign states", it is still suitable for various subjects of the federation, despite the formal proclamation of their equality (part 1 of Art. 5).

The system of bilateral treaties on the delimitation of objects of conducting and powers between the federal authority and individual subjects of the Federation, which by June 1998, when mainly the process of their conclusion was completed, and there were 46, formalized the established asymmetric federation, where the rights of individual regions are established as a result of negotiations, often from conjunctural considerations. The provisions of many of these treaties, and especially various applications for them, were not published, and as a result of their conclusion, relations within the federation were even more unstable than before.

Contracts only undermined the basic principles of constitutional equality and political transparency. The situation was aggravated by various agreements delegating additional powers to a specific subject of the Federation, for example, control over natural resources. As applications for bilateral treaties, numerous additional agreements related to specific issues were signed. For example, with Tatarstan, five agreements related to banking activities, currency policies, oil refining, property and related issues related to them, 15 such agreements were signed with the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

Oktyabrsky events of 1993 and the new Constitution significantly changed the legal and political framework, which operated regional authorities. The multi-level vertical of the councils disappeared, formally possessed with all the completeness of state power. The edges and regions received the status of the subjects of the Federation, who equalized their de Jura with the republics. It was assumed to move to direct election of the heads of executive in the edges and regions and consistently implement the principle of functional separation of the authorities. As for the specific features of the system of separation and interaction of the authorities at the regional level, the Constitution opened a wide fan of opportunities before the regions. To clarify these features were to be the basic laws of the subjects of the Federation. In 1993-1994, in the absolute majority of them were elections to the representative bodies that had to be engaged in the development and adoption of regional charters and constitutions. In any case, precisely for the period from the end of 1993 to 1997, in most Russian regions, there was an intensive change in institutions setting the formal "rules of the game" in regional policies, formally, they were developed by representative bodies, in fact they were developed as an equal complex and controversial interaction Many participants in regional policies, primarily administrations and parliaments. In addition, the adoption of institutional decisions sometimes participated in social and political organizations, scientific and expert and consulting structures, regional media, various groups of interest, and in some cases the population of the region. So there were the separation systems of the authorities that significantly different from each other. However, conventionally can be divided into two large groups. For one of them, a relatively large amount of Parliament's powers were characterized (in particular, when monitoring the executive power), for another, the obvious prevalence of the executive authority over the legislative.

The relative institutional weakness of the central government contributed to the regionalization of Russian policies, but mainly it was the protective reaction of the regions, and not the desire for political independence. More than half of Russian constituent entities of the Federation have external borders and need support for federal authorities in relations with foreign countries. The centralized budget allows Moscow to use the distribution of budget funds in the process of "bargaining" with the subjects of the Federation. Regional elites rarely serve as a single front, and the center actively uses their disunity in their own interests. In addition, there are serious cultural and psychological factors legitimizing the unifying role of the center. First of all, it is believed that only the state can guarantee human rights, and this is ensured only in conditions of a single legal space. The state, thus, receives a moral justification in counterweight theories, emphasizing the despotism of state power. Meanwhile, in local communities, in this case, in the subjects of the Federation, there are their own ideas about legality that are very difficult to agree with the average interpretation of morality. Russia still has to resolve these ethical and political dilemmas, but as long as it is very far from genuine territorial integration.

2.2 Structural levels of regional identity in modern Russia

In modern Russia, various options for the manifestations of regional identity are formed. Their theoretical understanding and methods of study are difficult to overestimate to understand the dynamics of the Russian regionalization and functioning of the region as a complex socio-economic and socio-political system.

Researchers in different ways define the structural components of regional identity. Thus, depending on the degree of awareness and politicization of the regional features, M. Kingting believes that there are three layers in regional identity. The first reservoir is cognitive, it is associated with the process of awareness of the existence of the region, its geographical limits, comparing its region with others, as well as with the key characteristics of the regional peculiarity (for example, through language, kitchen, history, etc.). The second is emotional, it includes a way to perceive by people of its region and the degree of its update compared to other grounds for identification, for example, class and national. The third is instrumental, at the level of which the region is considered as a basis for mobilization and collective action in the persecution of general purposes2 .

H. Hatam and A. Lagendic also allocate three levels in regional identity: strategic, cultural and functional. "The region acquires its identity, if it differs from other regions politically decorated strategic plans, has or produces cultural dignity and functional structure." The concepts of kineaga and hutama-lagents are built on the inclusion in the structure of the regional identity of the two dimensions: objectified expressions of regional uniqueness, for example, a historical and cultural background, on the basis of which "grows" the self-consciousness of residents, and mechanisms to actualize these features through their design policies.

Thus, in the most general form, regional identity can be considered at two levels: cultural and strategic.

The grinding level (the characteristics of regional uniqueness, which can be described by the formula "What the inhabitants of the region think as something common to all"). It combines the features of the regional community, forming in the process of interaction within the region, ranging from cultural and historical heritage and ending with the formation of a special regional community expressed in typical characteristics (mentality). In other words, when we consider regional identity at this level, we must talk about the cultural dimension of this problem, to study the narrative, mythologies, values \u200b\u200band symbols in the region.

The strategic level is a conscious "invention" and the use of regional uniqueness (symbolic policies, "invention of traditions", the identity policy of regional elites), as well as the promotion of the designed uniqueness, expressed in the formation of a regional image (the policy on the formation of the image, positioning the territory to the external space and T . d.). Moreover, targeted promotion of a positive image can go in two directions: inside the region (to improve the positive perception of the region by its inhabitants) and outward (to other regions, federal center, international actors).

The basis of the construction of regional identity is not only an imagination on the uniqueness of the territory, but also the material lying outside it is awareness of the relationship to the region and the perception of the region from the outside. Therefore, the cultural and strategic should add an external level, or the images about the region formed by the "external observers", and the results of the regional community reflection in relation to these images.

Thus, if we are dealing with image in the strategic level of the region, as a purpose and a tool for managing public sentiments, then on the external section of the image appears as images about the territory.

The formation of the unity of the territory in the cultural level is impossible without the design of the boundaries of the region. Moreover, it is not how much about the administrative marketing of space, how much about their symbolic design. Analyzing the case of the United States, B. Anderson notes that the originally borders between the states were created artificially, but only later acquired a symbolic value. 4. The story of almost the XIX century. The United States shows how the registration of regional imaginary communities occurred. In the States were created historical societieswhose task was to study the history of specific states, formulate regional interest, promote territorial achievements.

Thus, the boundaries are constructed through the formation of socially significant representations (myths, symbols, etc.). Moreover, it is not necessary for the administrative boundaries and the boundaries of the regional community will coincide. There may be situations in which the symbolic legitimation of spatial localization will be based on historical or natural geographic borders (mountains, sea, rivers and lakes), playing the role of regional space markers.

If the borders of the region's territory coincide or in contact with the state borders of foreign states, the role of the border becomes more significant. The geopolitical status of border areas is complemented by another important specificity - the relations of local residents with the population of neighboring states.

The cultural level of regional identity is filled with myths and symbols. Myths are usually classified based on their subjects. In the regions there are different myths: about the "special" regional (national) state; a special historical missions of the province and the special people inhabiting the province; On the initial settlement of the territory and the first-stems, overcoming the resistance of the forces of nature and the cunning residents; "Golden Age" of the province; "His" and "Aliens"; "Evil Genius"; "Cultural heroes"; Anti-moth myths.

The most common regional myths in Russia are the myths of cultural hero and metropolitan and provincial myths. The basis of the myth of the cultural hero is the figure of the so-called "regional exit" - a famous countryman, a historical person, born in a particular region and subsequently received All-Russian or world recognition. The cultural hero may not be not only a historical personality, but also modern "stars" of the regions (singers, actors, etc.) and regional leaders (governors, presidents of the republics), which took care of the role of force, "leading order." The formation of a regional myth is based on a complex of provincial inferiority, tested by the regional community in relation to the capital.

Facultivated expression Regional mythology finds in regional symbolism. Depending on the region, their role can play natural symbols (river, lake, animal, plant) and various architectural monuments. Depending on the production specifics of the territory, the symbol of the industrial region can be historical events, individuals, national and cultural heroes; various inanimate objects, elements of folk creativity and specificity of regional cuisine; The largest production (plant, power station, etc.), etc.

In addition, at the semantic level, the region acquires internal "self-", which also becomes a local symbol (for example, instead of the Krasnodar Territory often say "Kuban", and instead of the Kirov region - "Vyatka"). Symbols can be memorable for regional communities. Dates, especially the birthdays of regions and other symbolically significant historical events.

Thus, at the level of cultural awareness, regional identity finds an expression in emotional and value involvement in the regional community and manifests itself in response to the question "Who are we?" Through one or more discourses of regional uniqueness, describing the exclusive features of the community through mythologies, symbols. As a result, the cultural level of identification appears in certain characteristics of the regional community.

As soon as the present features begin to be used for political purposes or consciously inventing, regional identity acquires a strategic level. The fundamental aspect here is to work on the representations of the region inside and beyond.

The desire to stand out from a number of other entities, clearly designate itself with a separate element in the country's space included in the more general interaction systems, leads to the emergence of a political course on the design of positive renovation of the territory. The identity policy of regional elites usually has two directions: the creation and popularization of local heroes and symbols, the formation of a positive regional image. The purpose of such a political course is to change the social ideas about the region, the development of positive self-adequation and the sense of pride of the population from residence in this regional space. Mechanisms that the regional elite uses during it is mainly reduced to the myth-making, ritualization of regional life, the creation and maintenance of new traditions, marketing of the territory, developing strategies and regional development concepts.

In most regions, there is a formation of a sustainable political course aimed at the practical and rational use of regional identity. Regional authorities pay the most attention to symbolic positioning, branding of the territories, which is considered by them as a prerequisite for the decision of the pragmatic tasks facing regional communities, ranging from the formation of the investment and tourist attractiveness of the regions and ending with the improvement of the social climate of the territory that reduces the leakage of human capital.

The focus and importance of elite practices for the positioning of the territory can be described by the term "regional ambitions", which deserves introduction to the scientific turnover as a separate concept of political practice. In semantic uniform, it appears in the form of a slogan on the marking of the status of the region, which constitutes its greatest pride.

In the Russian regions, various ambitious markers are distinctly identified: the capital, center, stronghold, outpost, etc. Category "Center" appears in the form of a certain strategic point, focusing a significant position: Geographic ("Center Asia" - Republic of Tyva, "Center of Eurasia" - Altai Republic, Chita region); social ("Center of Slavic Unity" - Belgorod region); Political ("Center of Russia" - Krasnoyarsk Territory).

Claims for the capital status are the most common manifestations of regional ambitions. Moreover, they begin to nominate not only the cities that have taken this status in the history of Russia, but also territories legitimate their need for the metropolitan status through appeal to the concepts of "True", "Third", "Economic", "Cultural" and other capital of Russia.

The most attractive and competitive was the title of the "Third Capital of Russia", which was claimed by several Russian cities: Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk and Kazan. The situation was resulted in the fact that in early April 2009, the Federal Service for Intellectual Property, Patents and Trademarks (Rospatent) reviewed the applications of Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan for the right to be called the "Third Capital of Russia" and decided in favor of the capital of Tatarstan. Thus, regional ambition is capable of converted to a regional brand, enshrined legally.

The identity policy, directed into the region and forming images about the region, is associated with rituals. In the regions there are commemorative dates and forms of their conditional reproduction to consolidate in the consciousness of the population.

In addition to ritualization, active work is underway to strengthen in the regional consciousness of the symbols of the regional community. Regions were included in the project "7 wonders of Russia" and carry out similar shares on the scale of the subject of the federation. The variation of such events is the definition of the "symbol of the region", or the "region name". It is usually timed to the symbolically important date, for example, to the birthday of the city or region. Thus, the Kemerovo region determined immediately "10 characters of coal kuzbass", dedicated to the professional holiday - Day of Shakhtar; The Perm region defined the "name of Perm Great" to the birthday of the city.

The highest manifestation of the strategic level is the expression of the priorities of the region's development. The region as part of the country plays in its development a certain role, which is related to the Program of Development of the Region. It is a decorated strategic priorities for the development of the territory and a description of the mechanisms that ensure their achievement: Identification on the principle of "Who We" is complemented by questions "Where are we going?", "What way?".

Each Russian region is a unique "set" of the manifestations of regional identity in informative expression and discursive practices constituting the regional self. Meanwhile, the appeal to the experience of Russian regions also shows that in some regions, a policy of designing regional identity is actively implemented, and somewhere the regional "self" is developing spontaneously. This opens up prospects for the typology of regional identity, which determines the criterion for the formation of which is the ratio of its structural levels: cultural and strategic.

Conclusion

Setting the problem of studying the specifics, structures, factors of regional identity is determined by its theoretical relevance in modern science and the importance for the practice of managing multicultural macroregions. In our country, active studies of various forms of social identity began with the 90s. XX century, which was caused by the collapse of the USSR, the emergence of new social groups, regional separatism. The formation of macroregions - federal districts was directed to overcoming disintegration processes. At the same time, the administrative creation of federal districts does not yet solve the problems of their sustainability. This requires constructing in the consciousness of the population value of its involvement in specific territorial education, that is, regional identity.

This problem has not only practical, but also theoretical aspect. In the domestic science, there is currently no unambiguous point of view on the content components of regional identity, its differences from civil and ethnocultural species. There is no answer to the question about the sociocultural sense of this type of identity, and, finally, a methodology for studying regional identity has not been developed.

A fairly large reservoir of scientific research, which was carried out on general theoretical, and empirical levels, focuses on the problems of ethnic identity, forming tolerance and values \u200b\u200bof multiculturalism. Thus, the problem of the ratio of ethnic and civil identities is delivered and is considered at the level of Russian society as a whole. Among scientists exploring the ethnic and civilian types of identity, there are no significant contradictions: everyone agrees on the need to maintain the ethnic component (national self-consciousness) in the public consciousness, creating conditions for the development and legal protection of ethnic crops; But there is also no doubt that all-Russian civil identity should be the dominant species.

At the same time, the regions of the country have significant differences, and they are meaningful for the design and perception of its cultural and historical integrity. South of Russia from this point of view is characterized by a particular complexity of multi-cultural and confessional relations in the ethnocultural and confessional relations. Modern numerous ethnosocial and ethno-political studies of the Caucasus in general, its northern and southern parts emphasize the tensions of the situation in this region of the world. Famous domestic scientist and organizer of science in the south of Russia Yu.A. Zhdanov expressed this situation with a metaphor with a metaphor - "The Caucasus is the solar plexus of Eurasia." The Terrible events of recent history (90s. XX century) in this region - an armed conflict in Vladikavkaz, military actions in Chechnya, Dagestan, terrorist acts, in Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, as well as inter-ethnic tension in Stavropol, Karachay-Cherkessia The need to adapt the mechanism of constructing the general identity to the sociological and historical and cultural characteristics of the South of Russia is necessary.

regional identity Modern Russia

List of used literature

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AVXENTEV, V.A. Confessional identity in the conflict region: Stavropol / V.A. AVXENTEV, I.O. Babkin, A.Yu. Hots // Sociol. Research 2013. - № 10.

AVXENTEV, V.A. Regional conflictology. Concepts and Russian practice / V.A. AVXENTEV, GD. Gritsenko, A.V. Dmitriev. M., 2008.

Abrahamova, E.M. The formation of a new Russian identity / E.M. Abrahamov // Social Sciences<и современность. 2010. - № 4.

Baranova, TP Theoretical Models of Social Identification - G-Gloss / TS Baranova // Social identification of the personality. MP- \u003d 1994.

Bear, A.V. Political situation and ethnopolitical myth< творчество в Калмыкии / А.В. Бедрик // Южнороссийское обозрение. Вып. 24. Ростов н/Д, 2011.

Geopolitics: Popular encyclopedia / under total. ed. V. Manilova. M., 2002.

Danilova, E.N. Civil and Ethnic Identification in Russia and Poland / E.N. Danilova // Civil, ethnic and religious identities in modern Russia. - M., 2012.

Danilova, E.N. Changes in social identification of Russians / E.N. Danilova // Sociol. magazine. 2000. - № 3 / 4.133

Duddorf, R. Trails from Utopia / R. Dawarendorf. M.: Praxis, 2002.

Av.Dugin, A. Basics of geopolitics. Geopolitical Future of Russia / A. Dugin. -M.: Arctoga, 1997.

Evgenoyeva, T. V. Archaic mythology in modern political culture / T.V. Evgeniev // Politia. 2012. - № 1.

Tishkov, V.A. On the phenomenon of ethnicity / V.A. Tishkov // Ethnographic Review. 2012. - № 3.

Tishkov, V.A. Requiem for Ethnosu: Studies on socio-cultural anthropology / V.A. Tishkov. M., 2010.

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Regional identity: Essence, character, learning experience

The role of regional Identity In a situation Modern Russia (to the formulation of the problem) 1

"Regionality" of Russia is a permanent factor of its development. He expresses itself primarily in the manifold components of its territories. This spawned a peculiar phenomenon of "double identity" in part of the regions, especially in the east of the country (Ural, Siberia, Far East). A person who feels a citizen of the country (Russian) is aware of his relationship with local integrity, which for him represents a large whole. Perhaps the opposite, he feels his belonging to a local as an integral element of the whole. In both cases, this connection seems like an inseparable and interdependent, giving an idea of \u200b\u200b" double identity».

You can talk about two levels: the identity of the first order is regional and the identity of the second order (most of the greater generality) - the All-Russian. In a number of regions with an ethnically relatively homogeneous population, the regional identity may coincide with the ethnic (two-stage system); In those regions where the population ethnically heterogeneous, regional identity occupies a more "high floor" than the ethnic (three-stage system). In any case, the identity that connects the regional and all-Russian levels in the consciousness of a modern person is present.

In the late 90s. Xx in. In the situation of the crisis of nationwide identity in post-Personal Russia, a powerful rise in regional self-consciousness was noted. However, the "regional" of the modern Russian consciousness (in contrast to what happened in the XIX-XX century) in the context of a significant unification of social and cultural standards, the special role of mass communication is based on such moments as a sense of community of historical fate, traditions , experiences of the specifics of the position of their region within the country. Regions today embody themselves not only as geographical or socio-economic education, but also largely as historically established cultural integrity, implemented in sustainable sociocultural, spiritual and political ties, firmly rooted in consciousness.

But in this transformation of regional identity to a part of a local cultural tradition, a certain problem lies: the influence of the manifestation of this identity can be influenced by bringing factors, including those associated with political conditions. Thus, the preceding decade of the support of the regional identity was largely the quasi-historical ideas about the pre-revolutionary past Russia and its regions as the "golden age".

This gave rise to a massive regional myth-making. The problem was that the desire of each separately taken region to make approval of its importance in the cultural space of modern Russia (including the revision of his relations with the capital, provisions among other regions) has issued the entire system of domestic relations. The place and role in it of each of the regions turned into a question of the struggle for influence. The expression of this was the so-called. "Parade of sovereignty", a dangerous strengthening of centrifugal trends, threatening the state integrity of Russia. It turned out that regional self-consciousness plays only a negative role, although in the history of Russia it has not become the most important resource, supporting state construction, served as a source of cultural building.

The problem was that politicians and researchers considered the issue of regional identity solely through the prism of the opposition of the capital and the province, seeing a certain constant in it, the data not changed over time. The proper attention was paid to the most anatomy of the phenomenon of regional identity, the fact that it itself is transformed in time under the influence of certain factors whose mechanism has not become the subject of analysis.

In this regard, particular interest is the Ural as one of the Russian regions. The position of the Urals within the Russian space in the twentieth century. It is best expressed by the formula "Ural - the supporting edge of the powers". This spawned a special ecthism of the consciousness of the Urals, was one of the distinctive features of identity. Here, regional identity brought up and cultivated the spirit of patriotism, special involvement in national affairs (the extreme expression of which can be considered the special politicization of the Urals Consciousness).

It is important to note that this provision did not happen in itself (enough to remember, the Urals at the beginning of the twentieth century. Only begins to be understood as part of the cultural space of Russia). The modern image of the edge was created as a result of targeted, state-organized efforts in the 30s. During the period of industrialization, when the Ural was turned into a "second defense base of the country" (not only the conversion of the regional economy was of great importance, but also large-scale cultural construction, subordinate to the task of creating the image of the modern Urals). He was defined place inside a single Soviet space. And for regional identity, which is in a broad sense is understood as a relationship, felt by residents of a certain territory with the place of their lives, is of fundamental importance to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe place and role of the region within the country as a whole.

This was not paid attention to the construction of post-Soviet Russia, in the regional policies of the government of this period. The same led to the frustration and the Urals consciousness, which lost the former landmarks, the feeling of the inner point of the support. For the region as a whole, it turned into uncertainty in the prospects for long-term development, the need to search for itself in the conditions of modern Russia, in relation to the capital with the capital and other subjects of the Federation.

Currently, regional self-consciousness on inertia continues to be considered as a potential threat to the country's unity, while it can serve its reliable support. In modern Russia, this dictates the need to form a new attitude towards regional identity. It was at the level of regional consciousness that regional and national interests should be combined in the most natural way. In the historical consciousness of the regions, centripetal principles that contributed to the country's consolidation should be accented. Essentially, this is the question of the need for an active impact on the nature of regional identity and the means of this influence as specific forms of regional policies.

Today's exaggerated concern for the image of the capital, its self-presentation in the cultural consciousness to the detriment of the support of the images of Russian regions cannot be the strengthening of statehood in the long term. The task of a focused organization of modern Russian cultural space is relevant, creating conditions for establishing mutual dispositions for updating Russian regions and capitals. However, this task is not only not solved, but also remains not conscious.

In this regard, a comprehensive, systemic analysis of regional identity, forms of its expression, formation mechanisms that affect it factors are acquired for the sociology of the spiritual life of Russian society, the forms of its expression, the formation mechanisms that affect it, primarily cultural. This will contribute to the fact that modern sociological studies of identity problems will be put on the solid historical soil, will acquire the necessary contextuality, will allow you to create sociological theories, adequate to the modern state of the Russian society.

For Culture Sociology Analysis of the regional identity of the Urals:

- The theoretical aspect makes it possible to inform the concept of regional identity;

- gives the necessary actual material to understand the mechanisms for the formation of this phenomenon and its specific historical features;

- allows you to clarify the role of the spiritual component in the Being of Regional Culture;

- Creates a methodological basis for specific sociological studies.

According to the author's concept, the fact that regional culture is understood as a variant of the national culture and at the same time as a specific way of living of people on a certain territory, producing a specific system of values, creating conditions for self-identification of people, the study of the regional identity of the Urals gives the opportunity to clarify one Of the most important philosophical and cultural categories, disclose its heuristic potential, to discover the connection of the general and special (the identity of the Russian is the regional identity of the Urals - ethnic identity), analyze the state of the identity of modern Russian, the inhabitant of the region.

1

The article presents a comparative analysis of the traditions of the domestic scientific school in the study of the content of the concept of "identity", "regional (including cultural) identity", the main methodological approaches, the experience of researchers of Russian regions in the post-Soviet period, are described.

regional (territorial

cultural and other species) identity

identity

actors (regions)

collective meaning

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In pre-revolutionary Russia, there were two scientific traditions, which in various ways were interpreted with the content of the concept of "regional identity". So, in the tradition of M.P.Pogodina, S.M. Solovyov, A.D. Gradovsky assumed that the neurosis is a specific Russian feature, the source of which was homogeneous and monotony of the natural conditions of the Russian plain and the lack of stone in the construction of massive Orthodox churches and Russian houses (in reality it is not quite so - Novgorod, Pskov, and other cities). HELL. Gradovsky complements the socio-political factors associated with the Mongolian IGA, the constant migration of serve people, the fight against separatism and the centralization of the Russian state.

The tradition of N.I. was completely opposite. Kostomarova- L.P. Shapov, within the framework of which, in the territory of Russia, territorial contrasts in culture are very significant, and the Russian national nature is inherently inherent in the spirit of freedom, wonder and the confederation. Therefore, the population of ancient land attached to Moscow for a very long time did not forget the ancient Wolnitsa, which manifested themselves in troubled times, when the situation was saved by the preserved "originality" of Veligorous region, cities: Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Vologda. However, there is an intermediate third point of view, smoothing the extremes of the above two traditions. This look allows for the existence of rooted in moderate regional cultural contrasts and without any separatism (in relation to Siberia and Ukraine).

In Soviet times, very often identity was identified with the concepts of "originality", "specificity", "self-consciousness", both at the national (ethnic) and regional levels. Identity, including regional identity, has become a kind of "common denominator", allowing in a certain sense to merge globalization and tradition, modernization and tradition.

The concept of "identity" is currently considered the most common and universal concept, which describes the combination of qualitative and quantitative characteristics associated with the specificity of any given cultural or geographical individual (personality, group, territorial community, territory). Thus, the researcher Z.A. Jade considers regional identity as the social function of socio-economic development and the element of political governance, which is largely dependent on the impact of culture, interregional imbalances and the level of economic, social development, the degree of peripheralness of the region.

Currently, quite a lot of work devoted to the study of identity issues is written. So, in the works of N.V.Petrov, Yu. Pontifier and other regional identity is considered as a regional political symbolism, in the works of Yu.G Chernyshov, K.V. Kiseleva, as an image or positioning of the region, respectively. Quite a lot of work are devoted to the design of regional identity and analysis of the discursive practices of the design agents (media, political, intellectual elites, etc.). Such works are particularly popular in the West, often performed on the example of one of the Russian regions. Among the work should be noted the works of such authors as V.G. Bogomyakov (Tyumen region), L.V. Sagita (Tatarstan), L.M. Crushing (National Republic), A.D. Trachtenberg (Ugra), A.M. Karpenko (Kaliningrad region), M.V. Nazukina (Perm region).

In socio-economic, managerial literature, the ideas of regional identity (RI) are most often found as a process as a regional self-identification of the population. The regional identity of local communities and the categories of these common groups of individuals reflects the local geographical specificity in the minds. In general, as Professor Fadeeva notes, appeal to the concept of "identity", as the term in social sciences, appeared in 1960-1970. To describe minority groups and their identity assistance. Protest groups tried to justify their rights to be and be able to self-organize. The identity policy was intended for public legitimizing the group with a certain status and their values \u200b\u200b(racial, ethnic, gender, etc.). There was a slogan of them - "identity and variety." The identity policy in such interpretation today shares the fate of multiculturalism and political correctness.

Modern points of view on the identity policy includes a combination of values, methods and tools for targeted formation / construction of identity (national, political, civil and regional). Identity policy depends on the level of power and types of communities. The authorities use symbolic policies, language, traditions, public memory space for the construction of identity. It can now be a resource for innovation, modernization, development or status quo. Regional identity records communities belonging to geographic spaces and draws the boundaries of this space.

Regional identity is now a subject of research in philosophy, history, geography, cultural studies, regional political research and other humanitarian sciences. Each discipline has its own conceptual apparatus and methodology, a set of common terms. The most important of these is the intensification of the regional identity policy. Regional identity includes several directions, such as political, economic, and cultural. That is why a number of scientists from the position of a structural and functional approach in regional identity distinguish 3 elements (or spaces): cognitive, emotional and instrumental (Table 1). The main difference between identity policies in the regions of Europe and Russia lies in the role of regional authorities, the process and model of their interaction with society. In Western Europe, identity policy tends to be a targeted policy of consolidating groups and participants in the political process. In Russia, the role of power clearly dominates, but is not exclusively monopoly.

Table 1

Continuation of table. one

Barygin I.N.	1. Basement of many forms of regionalism on the phenomenon of the community ("Communitarianism", the verb Communify). Closely adjacent to the conceptual group and the category "identity" describes the state of the "Spirit of the Community". 2. Under the influence of these three different types of discourse, various regional practices based on "oral history" (Remembrances), "symbolic capital" (or "symbolic outlines" - "Symbolic Shape") and "Spatial Consciousness" ("Spatial Consciousness" ), which reflect the content of the concept from different sides. 3. Locality and regionality as phenomena is the result of a conscious action - material, social and intellectual. 4. Actors engaged in this action may be called "Regionalizers" (Regionalizers). 5. "Social regional dialects" are generated by the social and territorial differentiation of society, the intensity of the manifestation of certain forms of social activities	International Regional Science: Textbook for universities. - SPb.: Peter, 2009. - 384 p.
Kolba A.I.	Development and broadcast of Kuban identity at the present stage are associated with the cultural policy conducted in the region, the main and dominant actor of which is the regional administration	Cultural policy in the regions and struggle for identity: Bulletin of the Perm University. - Perm, Perm State. nat. Research University, 2011. - P. 52.
Wings M.P.	A combination of spatially pronounced sociocultural relations associated with the concept of "Malaya Motherland"	Wings M.P. To the theory of regional identity (based on materials of European Russia) // Identity as a subject of political analysis: Sat. Articles following the All-Russian Scientific and Theoretical Conference (IMEMO RAS, October 21-22, 2010). - M.: Imheremo RAS. - P. 213.
Busina I.M.	Regional identity includes three elements: cognitive, affirmative and instrumental83. First, the inhabitants of the region must have any knowledge of their region, its geographic borders, as well as about neighboring regions. Secondly, any knowledge of your region. Thirdly, includes certain emotions. The instrumental identity element is associated with two previous and used to mobilize the population. Cultural policy affects all elements of regional identity, and constructs the identity of the community of the region	Source: [Busyigina I.M. Political regionalism. - M., Rossman. 2006. - P. 162]
Dokuchaev D.S.	The regional identity of the person is clearly manifested in two levels: personal (correlation of the "self" person with "Genius Loci" of the region: intellectual, spiritual, emotional and other phenomena and their material environment) and social (awareness of the person of its belonging to the regional community, ideas about identity and the integrity of which is formed within the framework of social interaction)	Source: [Dokuchaev D.S. Regional identity of the Russian man in modern conditions: author. ... dis. Cand. Form science - Ivanovo: IGU, 2011.S. nine]

Ending table. one

Regional (Territorial) identity	Survived and / or conscious meanings of a system of territorial "community" (subjective socio-geographical reality), forming a "practical feeling" and / or consciousness of the territorial affiliation of the individual. Regional identity is the thoughts and senses of the subject regarding the region, which form the territorial affiliation of the individual. Regional identity is part of the social identity of the person. Components: Cognitive ((knowledge, ideas about the characteristics of the group, the significance of membership in it) and affective (evaluation of the qualities of its own group, the significance of membership in it))
Wings M.P.	The systemic combination of sociocultural relations associated with the concept of "Malaya Motherland." Regional identity can be understood in connection with this as an internal (from the point of view of the locals themselves) and usually "non-promoted" image of the territory, including an internal set of images, symbols, myths - unlike an external image (from the point of view of the migrant, political -Thnologist, tourism organizer, traveler, etc.).
Nazukina M.V.	The development and maintenance of collective meanings, system-forming and regulating group interaction supporting the symbolic unity of the regional community, form its borders, separate from other communities, acquiring a political essence, when they become significant in the life of the regional community, are used as a symbolic means of a legitimizing procedure within the region	Source: [Nazukina M.V. Regional identity in modern Russia: typological analysis: author. ... dis. Cand. Political Sciences Perm, 2009. p.5]

The "regional identity" phenomenon is the object of study of various scientific disciplines in the context of their methodological aspects of philosophical, geographical, political, social, communicative, economic, etc. It should be noted that within each of the scientific disciplines, a certain methodological experience and a scientific and instrumental apparatus of research "regional identity" have been accumulated. This testifies to the interdisciplinary nature of this phenomenon, requiring its refinement from the position of application to the modernization vector of sustainable development of regions, superimposing its framework of "compression" or "expansion" of the spatial structures of the functioning of regional business systems. According to A. Arkhangelsky, identity should be considered as a non-renewable resource, which cannot be reproduced, it cannot be an image of image. Regional identity (self-identification, self-consciousness, memory of himself in history, cultural inertia) "By itself does not work." Currently, the Russian experience in studying regional identity (cultural, social, etc.) is insufficient and requires it to be allocated to one of the priority humanitarian research areas at the state and regional levels, which is especially important for the purpose of sustainable development of the regions (Figure).

From Russian researchers, in our opinion, the most systemic is the point of view of the doctor of Economic Sciences S.S. Galazova, which allocated structural elements of the regional identity of the economic space, submitting two groups: material (natural, geographical, economic, transport, logistics, infrastructure, cultural, etc.) and intangible (political, social, mental, cultural, gender, economic, economic , Communicative, etc.) and formulated the content of the main methodological approaches (aspects) to the content of the concept (Table 2).

Hexagon of competitive identity (branding of the territories of Ancholuth)

table 2

The main methodological approaches to the concept of "regional identity" *

	Methodological approach (aspect)
	Geographical geographical	The combination of special heterritorial, natural, historical, mental, ethnic and other signs, allowing it to distinguish it in a variety of other territories. Therefore, the regional identity of the development of economic space within the framework of the territorial-geographical approach acts as a significant factor in the socio-economic development of the regions and has a hetero-
	Administrative-territorial	A combination of administrative signs, status, borders of the territory or other subject of the federation
	Economic	The combination of the properties of the localized territory for which the production, personnel, technological, infrastructure, specialization of the territory as the subsystem of the National Economy
	Sociological	Socio-territorial community of collective identity individuals
	Synthetic	Synthetic phenomenon that can be distinguished by group of heterogeneous criteria and signs (systemic, spatial, competitive, marketing, mental phenomenon, etc.)

* Compiled by software.

The variety of interpretations and the conceptual boundaries of the regional identity of the economic space of the region testifies not only about the complexity and manyness of this phenomenon, but also on the adequacy of the use of various scientific apparatus within each approach. The concept of "regional identity" is actively used in Western literature. The term "identity" (from the English. Identity identity, adequacy) was introduced into Humanitarian studies Z. Freud, who considered the "identity crisis" of the individual. In the future, the study of the "social identity" of the individual contributed to the study of the collective forms of implementation at various levels, in the varieties of social interactions of individuals. As noted by L.V. Smyrnyagin, from the position of a sociological approach, in the United States uses four methods of studying regional (territorial) identity through: a) common sense in determining the boundaries of the territory, district; b) analysis of advertising sources for propaganda to tourists; c) movement of people, goods, information; d) analysis of guidebooks, scientific works, etc. As a result, the content of the concept of "regional identity" is formed in American research practice.

According to M.P. Krylov, after 1991 in Russian science (regionalistics, sociology, economics and other sciences) there was a surge in the study and development of regional identity, which was more often associated with frequently used indicators (vodka brands, headers of articles in local newspapers, etc. ). These indicators began to reflect a new context, background, medium, but not a phenomenon itself, which is associated with the person's globility, to which the data indicators do not belong. After 1991, everything changed - the external social environment, there were new opportunities for self-expression (primarily in material aspects, although it was after 1953, 1955, 1965), the economic and political system remained - people.

Construction of regional identity is most often based on special regional history, myths and traditions, such components of culture as literature, music, visual arts, famous artists who lived and living in the territory of this region. Each region creates its own identity, trying through various symbols to cut out such a "face", which at first glance would differ it from others. Most regions are based on traditional brands, tested by time and due to historical, economic, geographical and other features of the territory (Table 3). For example, the basis for the formation of the identity of the Tyumen region on the last fifty years and was associated with the extraction of oil and gas, the value of which is now more often declining.

Table 3.

Modern regional brands of Russia (fragment)

		Stages of formation of regional identity	Examples of regional brands
	Tyumen region	a) 1960 - 1970s.; b) 1970-1990s.; c) 1990 - 2000s; d) from the 2000s. Until now	a) "Tyumen is the capital of the oil region"; b) "Tyumen is the first Russian city of Siberia"; c) "Tyumen - the capital of the villages"; d) "Tyumen - Pilot region"	The government of the Tyumen region headed by the governor;
	Tomsk Oblast	a) 1960 - 1990s; b) 1990 - 2008,; c) 2009 - 2011 and to present two types of brands (personality brands aimed at the development of tourism, representing the area, city, as a place where any famous writer, an athlete, actor who are proud of residents; brands, Based on the rich history of the district, peoples living in these places)	Vasyugan Swotto, Siberian Taiga, Monuments of the Wooden Architecture of Tomsk, Ob-Yenisei Channel, Tomsk Mother of God-Aleksievsky Monastery, Monument to the football fan, a monument to homemade slippers; "Perfume and souls of Tym Selkups."	Specialists in the field of geography, Internet, advertising and project management, experts and analysts; Government of the Tomsk region led by the governor
	Sverdlovsk region	a) 1960 - 1990s; b) 1990 - 2010; c) from 2011 and to present the type of brands (personality brands aimed at developing tourism, brands based on the history of the territories, peoples living in these places and museum institutions; brands events)	Regional identity as the activities of public, private and public institutions aimed at identifying the objectives and priorities of cultural development, the formation of the institutional, legal and economic base of culture, creating conditions for the participation of the population in cultural life	The Government of the Sverdlovsk region headed by the Governor of Ano "Agency of Creative Industries" E. Zelentsova; mayor of the city, profile ministries, departments, management; Art Business, Specialists of Creative Industries, Analyst Experts, Business Community, Non-Profit Organizations
	Krasnodar region	a) Soviet; b) post-Soviet period	The variety of characters and representations: "Kuban", "Kuban", are associated with the Krasnodar Territory, "are familiar to the ear" and affect the self-awareness of people	Governor administration, public organizations, the increase in the role of the Cossacks and Youth

The evolution of regional cultural and historical brands is characteristic of many regions, including the Tyumen region (in Soviet times - from the use of oil and gas deposits to underscores the provincial essence of the "dirty" city until the end of the twentieth century). At the beginning of the XX1 century. In connection with the increase in the level of welfare of the population, the economy of the Tyumen region, the loyalty of the local population to regional authorities, as well as social, political stability and participation in several major federal pilot projects (built the village for young families "Youth", projects "Kindergartens - Children "Energy Efficient Quarter") Regional Image has undergone changes.

The process of creating regional identity is impossible without determining the symbols of the region. The Tomsk Region took part in the project "7 wonders of Russia", and after the III Museum Forum held in 2011, the Museums of the Tomsk Brands began to position museums as one of the key elements of the formation and promotion of an attractive image of the region. In the Sverdlovsk region in the formation of regional identity, including cultural, the emphasis began to be shifted from the activities of official actors (governor, mayor, profile ministries, departments, management) on numerous actors who form various cultural practices in space, as well as art business, representatives creative industries.

According to a number of researchers, in Krasnodar, Kirov, Vologda in the post-Soviet time, regional cultural identity was considered through the prism of economic, social well-being, and now through the education system, sports achievements (Sochi - 2014), as well as taking into account age and other Differentiation scales. Researcher R.F.Turovsky, describing the regional identity of modern Russia, spoke of its first level, that is, on macroregions, as well-recognized and widely known, reflected in the Soviet economic regions that had the corresponding cultural and historical meaning. As Macroregions of Russia, he allocated the center, north, south, the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia and the Far East (and possibly chernozem).

In an effort to systematize the essence of the concept of "regional identical", including cultural, numerous authors developed its research circuits (models). Most often, this model included the following main elements (aspects):

1. Actors: Who initiates public discussion: officials (governor, mayor, ministers), politicians (providal, opposition leaders of parties), public activists (government supporters or opposition), journalists, professionals (writers, artists, experts, etc.) . Who participates in the struggle for identity? His own or other people's subjects.

2. The meanings: What are the meanings and feelings in understanding regional identity hidden for the opinions of actors? How are these meanings related to each other and what differ? How do these meanings relate to the "old" image of the region? (from traditional to innovative; from government to opposition)?

3. Motifs and motivation: from the value to instrumental, taking into account the current hierarchy of the motives.

4. Arena or communications system: where the views of actors and actors are presented (in the media, on public, public discussions; through old or new channels (institutes) of communication, etc. effectively or not?

5. Models of interactions: Actors and actors interact with each other, coordinate their actions, affect each other's views, are it possible to compromise or are in confrontation?

6. Self-identification tools ("Transformation"): whether historical narratives are used, public memory, symbols, art (including street art, modern art), monuments, urban landscape, etc. Modern images of the regions are reproduced through the media, ousting traditional ways to communicate and formation (according to E.V. Gonic rural gathering, gatherings, etc.); Functional role methods of communication (in the urban environment through social roles that participants play),

Consideration of the region in terms of social constructivism raises the following question: how much in the modern global world regions can be real, authentic? What exactly is the geographic, spatial images? How can regions declare themselves, given that in modern culture, they can appear and disappear by the will of image makers, writers, rulers and scientists and other actors?

In conclusion, you should agree with the conclusions of the Doctor of Economic Sciences S.S. Galazova is that in the content of the concept of "region" it is necessary to take into account the plurality and variability of the conceptual criteria and images of regional identity (from the typology of economic space; before fixing the diversity of material and intangible aspects of the spatial placement and development of regional resources). This variety involves the use of interdisciplinary scientific tools. Currently, the most important factors for the formation of this concept must be taken into account various aspects of regional identity affecting the competitiveness of regional subjects. This requires further methodological, historical and cultural, economic, developments in this area of \u200b\u200bresearch.

Bibliographic reference

Levochka N.A. Regional identity: concept and essence // International Journal of Applied and Fundamental Studies. - 2016. - № 1-3. - p. 446-453;
URL: https://applied-research.ru/ru/article/view?id\u003d8533 (date of handling: 03/30/2019). We bring to your attention the magazines publishing in the publishing house "Academy of Natural Science" Nasyrov Ildar Rustambekovich 2008

UDC 323.174

I. R. Nasyrov

Regional identity and international cooperation of the regions

The problems of formation in the context of globalization of the identity of the regions of federal and unitary states that have national-territorial autonomy in their composition. The relationship between regional ethnocultural factors and the complex of international relations of regions is analyzed, taking into account the dominant role of the state.

Introduction

In modern conditions, globalization, increasing interstate integration, an increasing number of stable development factors acquires international character. Among them - trade, industrial production and cooperation, environmental protection, socio-domestic living conditions of the population, labor relations, health care, education, culture and many other issues related to the competence of regions of federal and unitary states that have territorial units with Autonomous status or national-territorial units.

At the same time, fragmentation of international relations occurs. Traditionally understood as a relationship between sovereign states, they acquire an increasingly complex and multi-level character.

Regions are included in international economic cooperation, unite into interregional associations, based on the principle of subsidiarity, support the diversity of their own interests, among which are not only economic, but also often ethnocultural, emerging beyond the framework of one state.

The formation and promotion of regional identity has become an integral part of the complex of international and foreign economic regional relations. Against the background of the interpenetration of various areas of international relations, culture is an important component of socio-political relations.

1. Globalization and ethnic nationalism

The processes of globalization and international integration in recent decades have contributed to the revival of the national identity of many nations. This affected ethnic regions that are part of multinational states, which led to the strengthening of decentralization and separatism trends in regional policies.

Strengthening the positions of nationalism, ethnism, the desire for political autonomy, considered as a reverse reaction to globalization, are largely determined by its consequences, among which political, economic and socio-cultural, can be distinguished.

The stability and integrity of the multi-storey state relies on the community of domestic interests in the field of safety, economic development and welfare, worldview and culture, but it is globalization that bears new challenges of this domestic community.

Redistribution of individual powers of states with strengthening the role of supranational structures, the formation of a more dispersed political international space, an increase in the role of transnational security systems represent the political component of the basis of the aspirations of ethnic community to self-identification and independence. The comprehensive nature of globalization leads to political fragmentation also due to the fact that international processes affect the most important interests at the regional and local levels. Here it should also be noted the lack of large interstate military-political conflicts that have previously brought to the centralization of the institutions of power and national consolidation. In addition, as experience shows, international conflict resolution peacekeeping operations can lead to a violation of stability in the country, the exacerbation of the domestic political confrontation by the activation of opposition forces in the conditions of weakening the authority of power. The consistent implementation of ethnic separatism with external support in the end can even lead to the dismemberment of the state. Most of all similar examples gives the latest history of Eastern Europe.

The contradiction of the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples (especially in the case of its absolutization) with the principle of conservation of territorial integrity as one of the most important and generally recognized priorities of state policy is the driving force of the conflict taking place.

The economic basics of domestic decentralization include: involvement in the international distribution of labor, integration into world commodity markets, technological progress and unification of production standards, improving labor productivity and living standards.

Mass migration in the context of the opening of borders and globalization, the change in the structure of the labor force due to the reduction of people employed directly in production or agriculture, the transition to the information society and at the same time the incredit importance of ethnic cultural and ideological values \u200b\u200bcontribute to the formation of the socio-cultural component of globalization, which, Among other things, it provides new opportunities for self-realization of small peoples and other actors of international relations with initially limited resources.

Due to the widespread in the second third of the XX century. Policies of cultural tolerance in economically developed democratic countries for the wave of migration processes were formed by "parallel societies" - ethnic and cultural and religious communities of immigrants, living in their laws speaking in their own language, extinguished from the history, culture and values \u200b\u200bof those countries that were their second Motherland.

With the transition from the industrial era to the information, knowledge economy and the permanent scientific and technical revolution, due to automation of industrial production, there was a reduction in the share of the mass workforce as a significant factor of the "smelting boiler" of peoples. The policy of the "Rainbow Coalition" came the policy of "bright mosaic", characterized by the formation of national communities, rapidly

but transformed into the community parallel. Similar processes occurred in the United States, and in developed countries of Western Europe, which as a result of large-scale migration by polyeth ethnic societies. The problems of ethnic, cultural, linguistic minorities acquire relevance for countries that were formed as the states of one nation, such as Germany or France. Immigrantophobia in Western Europe, manifested as a protective reaction against its own civilizational and cultural values, creates a new base for social conflicts.

This allows us to talk about the processes of "reverse globalization", manifested in growing ethnoce heterogeneity and multiculturality against the background of the post-industrial nature of the Company, in economically developed countries.

Evaluating the sociocultural picture of the world, it is possible, on the one hand, to recognize that inter-civilizational boundaries are blurred: in the West there are many East, and in the East - West. The socio-economic realities, such as education and technology, are also contributed to the same, production is organized in the east, sales of products - all over the world. At the same time, the threat of loss of national identity due to comprehensive integration causes anti-globalistic movements, now "Return to Asia" is being discussed, "reinduction" of India, "Reisela-Zodia" and "Delnection" of the Middle East.

The crisis of the theory and practice of multicultural society led to the correction of the concept of cultural integration, which now recognizes tolerance only in a rigid legal framework.

The democratic state, focused on the principles of equality, pluralism in the ethnocultural, ideological, religious spheres, cannot form a state ideology or maintain one religion. The legal state, in its definition, should guarantee equal rights to all citizens, regardless of their social status, nationality or religion. The modern formula of "unity in manifold" relies on a sociocultural consensus, which provides a combination of ethnocultural diversity with tolerance and mutual respect for representatives of various ethnic groups and religions. It is obvious that such an approach belongs to the regional authorities, designed to provide support for various interests of social groups presented in the region. Balanced by state regional and ethnic policies belongs to the most important conditions for stable socio-economic development.

2. Ethnocultural component of international cooperation of the regions

Modern realities are characterized by a significant updating of regional identity problems against the background of global integration processes that permeate all spheres of life. The spiritual proximity and presence of ethnic diasporas, which settled outside their historical homeland, have a significant impact on international relations, including their economic component. Common interests in cultural, linguistic or religious areas are the basis for international integration of regions in humanitarian and social areas.

The issues of international humanitarian and cultural cooperation are of particular importance for the regions of the compact residence of nationalities and ethnic groups, such as the republics of the Russian Federation, the Canadian province of Quebec or the Vallonia regions and Flanders in Belgium with their own language and cultural medium. Additional incentives for the development of international relations and the search for international support in the development of their identity have ethnic communities that do not possess the demographic majority in the country or not related to the title nations of the state and, as a result, which do not have an adequate representation in the state authorities.

The international activities of the regions in such cases are also aimed at defense and recognition of their rights, as a separate community, authority for self-government, especially in issues of education, language and culture, accounting for the specific ethnocultural interests of the region in nationwide and international affairs. Strengthening links with ethnically close communities in other countries is becoming the integral component of the Renaissance, legitimizing the right to "cultural self-determination" within its country, with a support for supporting the international community.

Regional and national authorities require verified approaches to coordinate cooperation in such a complex and delicate sphere. In his report at the meeting of the Committee on Culture and Education of the Congress of the Local and Regional Authorities of Europe, on March 29, 2007, F. Mukhametshin noted: "Regional cultural identity is a sense of belonging to the community on the basis of a common place of residence, language, traditions, cultural habits, origin , religious or ethnic affinity. Encompassing the main elements of identity self-identification, regional cultural identity is a powerful resource for motivating social and political actions. Referring to it, you can mobilize the community as creativity and work, and at the same time for extremist actions. That is why this resource is always monitored and sent to the right track. "

The concentration of the ethnic community within one region as part of the state is an additional territorial basis and significant motivation for the institutionalization of its rights to self-government and the expression of its interests both in its own country and in the international arena.

Regions formed by territorial-ethnic signs show special care for the conservation and development of the title nation language. Flanders, in particular, attaches great importance to relations with countries such as the Netherlands, Suriname, South Africa, i.e. With the countries with which Flanders has cultural resemblance. Flanders installed especially close connections with Holland. Long-term cooperation with the Netherlands is based on language community, the expansion of traditional relations in culture, education, economics, science, technology, the implementation of joint environmental protection programs and strengthening infrastructure ties.

For the Canadian province of Quebec, it is important to establish closer links with France and other countries of the French-speaking community, which unites the history with Quebec, cultural proximity and general economic information

teresa. In turn, the regions using German have general transboundary interests in Europe. Where language or cultural community does not coincide with the borders of the states - in the country of Basques, Catalonia or Tyrol, there are incentives for finding a new form of generality.

As part of Quebec's cooperation with France, new forms of "diagonal" state cooperation with the region are developing. Formulating the concept of identity of Canadian Quebec, the regional authorities allocate such principles as the rule of law, the status of French as official, equality of women, denial of violence, separation of the Church from the state, respect for diversity, balanced labor relations, economic development without harming the environment. They are also embodied in a pursuit of social consensus, on the basis of which a centralized health system is supported, access to higher education is provided and solidarity is manifested to the most in need. Of course, the use of French should be attributed to the unique characteristics of Quebec, which has a significant impact on the social organization and the formation of institutions characteristic of Quebec. This is especially true of the field of education, culture, execution of justice (in Quebec, civil law is based on the system of French law, unlike the rest of Canada, using English case law), communications and management tools. It is the entire characteristic characteristics that determines the identity of Quebec, which he defends in the international arena, seeking the decisions taken at the interstate level, not limited the possibilities of the People's People to live and flourish, without breaking the lifestyle chosen by him.

As another example of the presence of cultural relations and common interests with an ethnic diaspora, the will of historical courts scattered according to various continents, as an important factor to determine the priority directions for the development of external relations, can be given in Galia. This Spanish autonomy as a result of mass migration of Galicians to Latin America, the United States and European countries has become the center of ethnocultural identity and cultural attraction for hundreds of thousands of compatriots living abroad.

Another autonomy of Spain is the Basque Country - has almost 200 ethnic communities in 22 countries of the world. In May 1994, the Basque Country Parliament adopted a law regulating relations with Basque communities located outside the Basque Country. The law, in particular, provides for the registration of bask communities, which is necessary for planning financial support, the allocation of grants for educational and other projects of the Basque communities. In accordance with the law, about 170 registered communities of compatriots have the following rights:

1. Access to non-negious information of state authorities on social, cultural and economic issues.

2. Participation in social, cultural and economic projects organized by the Basque country for compatriots abroad.

3. Equal rights with public organizations in the Basque Country.

4. Appeal to the country of Basques with a request to participate in the activities of support for the culture of Basque conducted directly by the community of compatriots.

5. Participation in programs, activities of representative offices and the work of the delegations of the Basque Country in the community stay.

6. Obtaining clarifications on the issues of social, economic, labor policy of the country of Basque.

7. Obtaining materials designed to disseminate knowledge about the history, culture, language and social life of Basque.

8. Interaction and support from radio, television and print media of the autonomous community.

9. Appeal to the Council on Diasporas of the Government of the Basque Country, as well as participation in the annual Congress of Basque Communities.

10. Learning in language courses.

Thus, the spectrum of relations with representatives of the diaspora covers a wide range of issues. Suffice it to say that the trade missions of the Basque Country in Mexico, Venezuela, Argentina and the United States have opened up with the support of the diasporas of the Basque of the respective countries. Representatives of the foreign diaspora also participate in regional elections, although they constitute less than one percent of the total number of voters.

Scotland operates in matters of interaction with compatriots more focused and first of all seeks to draw attention to 5.4 million Scottish origins. In this case, additional factors are superimposed, associated with the accommodation of their compatriots not just in another state, but also in the richest country in the world.

Among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tatarstan, which conducts active activities to combine the Tatar diaspora, preserving the cultural traditions of Tatar communities both in the CIS countries and in the US, Finland, Australia, other countries of far abroad.

To understand the regional identity of Tatarstan, it is necessary to take into account the totality of objective historical factors, since the thousand-year history of the residence of the ancestors of the Tatars in the center of the Russian state naturally formed the traditions of a tolerant attitude towards various cultures and religions. Here the problem of territorial separatism does not arise, the principles of federalism are actively supported. In the identity of the inhabitants of Tatarstan, an alloy of Eurasian culture is manifested, it was in this environment that the concepts of jadidism and "Eurobrama" arose.

In international actions to preserve the cultural traditions of the peoples of the Russian Federation, other subjects of the Federation are also involved, for example, regions of residence of Finno-Ugric peoples or subjects of the Russian Federation, which are part of the Great Altai.

The mutual interest of Germany and the Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk regions, the Altai Territory is associated with the fact that the territories of these regions of the Russian Federation lives a significant proportion of the population of German nationality. In addition, at the end of the XX century. These subjects of the Russian Federation increased the migratory influx of the Germans from the CIS countries. Tomsk's choice for meeting the President of Russia Vladimir Putin and Chancellor of Germany Angels Merkel in April 2006, along with the historically established business and scientific and educational contacts of Tomsk with Germany, contributed to the presence of German roots in many prominent languages, including the Governor of the Victor Cress region.

It should simultaneously emphasize that for many regions of the Russian Federation, cooperation with Russian-speaking compatriots in foreign countries also relates to the priorities of external relations. As an example, the efforts of Moscow, St. Petersburg and the Pskov region to support compatriots in the Baltic countries can be obtained here. Winning powerful economic potential, Moscow, as a subject of the federation, assists Russian-speaking compatriots and in other CIS countries, in particular in Ukraine.

Religious factors also affect the formation of a complex of external relations of individual regions, because Spiritual relationship, common faith and values, cultural foundations facilitate mutual understanding and subsequent economic and cultural integration.

In constructive interaction with the federal center, ethnic or religious differences between individual regions can be effectively used to implement the foreign policy interests of the state. For example, under the positioning of Russia as an Eurasian state, the development of relations with the Arab East and Islamic world, the presence of national republics with the Muslim population is used by the management of the state to motivate and substantiate the modern areas of foreign policy. In his speech at the Summit of the Member States of the Organization of the Islamic Conference in October 2003, Russian President Vladimir Putin said: "In our country, millions of Muslims historically live, and they consider Russia to their homeland ... Muslims -Pasnaya, full-blooded and integral part of the people of Russia . We see in such interreligious harmony the power of the country, we see her heritage, wealth and advantage. "

Based on the fundamental analysis of regional identity as the components of the geopolitical identity of Russia Zureet Jade concludes that ethnic and regional identity are dominant processes of designing geopolitical identity in modern Russia.

Recognizing that it is support for the development of the language that concludes ethnocultural identity, we note that in recent decades this trend is increasingly distributed in the world. According to the Ministry of International Relations of Quebec, 287 regions and territorial authorities out of 180 countries proclaimed a policy of supporting one or several ethnic languages, putting another task to achieve a balance between the ethnocultural identity and the openness of modern society.

The inclusion of regions into international integration processes cause increased attention from the point of view of building domestic relations, since in this area there are national interests, and it is traditionally considered in the context of security issues, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the state.

Conclusion

World experience shows that ethnocon confessional differences in society do not disappear. Violent unification of social values

even against the background of increasing economic integration and expanding global interdependence leads to a violation of stability, weakening political power, loss of supports on historically established institutions. The aggravation of the problem of interfaith and intercivorization relationships draws attention to the contributions of the regions to their development, the formation and implementation of ethnocultural policies in a multinational federal state or a unitary state, which has national-territorial autonomy.

Describing the importance of regional identity in domestic and foreign policy, it should be attributed to factors that restrain global integration, along with "continental" interstate integration.

The implementation of ethnocultural regional identity does not necessarily have to serve as a precursor of the secession, the threat of state sovereignty. The legal democratic state of the autonomy of regions in cultural, educational and social issues agreed with national interests and international principles is quite enough to preserve and develop cultural diversity. At the same time, the role of the state is maintained as the main full-fledged actor of international relations, which determines the limits and conditions of international cooperation of the regions.

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