Introduction
Plan and power of the aggressor. Causes of failures and heroism of the Red Army
Mobilization of the Soviet people forces to spite the enemy. Operational actions of military leadership and difficulties in organizing the defense of the country
A radical fracture during the Second World and World War II. Exile of Hitler's invaders from the territory of the USSR
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
On the eve of the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet Union had a developed diversified economy capable of ensuring all its needs, including in the field of defense. In connection with the exacerbation of the international situation and the increasing danger of aggression, especially after the seizure of power in Germany, the USSR, the USSR took a number of significant measures for the forced development of the military industry. Thus, in the first years of the third five-year plan, designed for 1938-1942, the annual increase in military products reached 39%, while the growth of products of the entire Soviet industry amounted to 13%. Allocations rapidly grew by military needs. In 1939, they amounted to 25.6%, in 1940 - 32.6%, in the first half of 1941 - 43.3% of the state budget of the country.
However, the Great Patriotic War began in extremely unfavorable conditions for the Soviet economy. Hitler Germany long before the attack on the USSR translated its economy into military rails. Having enslaved the countries of Europe, Germany significantly strengthened its already militarized economy by their human reserves, raw materials, industrial products, including military. In general, the base of the heavy industry of fascist Germany and the countries occupied by it exceeded the heavy industry of the USSR in about 2-2.5 times.
The purpose of the work is to study the history of the Soviet Union in the period of the Great Patriotic War.
· Consider the plans of the aggressor; · Analyze the period of mobilization of Soviet troops; · Disassemble the root fracture in the war in the historical aspect. 1. Plan and power of the aggressor. Causes of failures and heroism of the Red Army
december 1940 Hitler signed Directive No. 21, the name "Plan Barbarossa", the plan for applying the Soviet Union of Sudden Powerful Tank-Aviation Stroke, the Environment and Destruction of the Major Forces Soviet Forces in border areas, then quickly promotion and capture the most important administrative and political and Industrial and raw materials: Donbass, Minsk, Kiev, Leningrad, Moscow. Within 6-8 weeks of entering the line Arkhangelsk - r. Volga-Astrakhan, actually the victorious completion of the war. After the defeat of the USSR, the seizure of independent countries in the Mediterranean basin, English colonies in Africa, in the Middle and Middle East, the invasion of the British Islands, deploying hostilities against America. The first May generals were calculated in the fall of 1941. To start the conquest of Iran, Iraq, Egypt, the Suez Canal, and then India, where the Nazis should have been connected to the Japanese troops. Thus, Hitler's plans were worldwide, but for their successful implementation, it was necessary to defeat the USSR, in whose territory four Reikhskyissariat had to be formed - German provinces. According to the plans of the fascist command, the USSR population was subject to a germanization; 30-40% was supposed to be evicted for the Urals, 10-15% to numb, the rest - to destroy. "We are talking about fighting for destruction ... In the East, cruelty itself is good for the future," said Hitler at the meeting of General Coven on March 30, 1941. At dawn on June 22, 1941, fascist Germany treacherously attacked the USSR. The war began under extremely favorable conditions for Nazis, who were thoroughly prepared for war with the Soviet Union, using not only the patronage and assistance of overseas partners, but also the military-industrial potential of the challenging Europe. 28 million people worked for a military machine of fascist Germany. On the eve of the war, the German industry, together with satellites and the occupied countries, mined and produced (in million tons): coal - 391.2 (in the USSR - 251.9) cast iron - 25.3 (in the USSR - 14.0) steel - 30.9 (in the USSR - 19,1) The number of metal-cutting machines in Germany was 1.7 million units, in the USSR - 710 thousand. In addition, the German industry has worked only for war only. The mobilized Hitler's army had two-year experience in conducting war in Europe. Causes of failures and heroism of the Red Army The "suddenness" of the attack of fascist Germany, massive bombings of aviation and artillery led to the loss of sustainable control of troops. On the first day of the war, 1200 Soviet aircraft were destroyed, over 800 burned at the airfields. A large number of techniques were destroyed and not entered into battle. On the outcome of June 22, Hitler's troops wedged up to 50 km to the limits of the Soviet state. The troops of Western border districts in the composition of 170 divisions that are not in combat readiness and not completed strategic deployment turned out to be dispersed on a wide front and for greater depth. The ratio of forces was not in favor of the Red Army. The opponent was superior to our troops: in humans - 1.8 times, in tanks - in 1.5, airplanes - 3.2, on tools and mortars - 1.25 times. In the direction of the main blows, the enemy had 4-6 times superiority. Repressions "cut down" from five marshals - three, out of five commander of the 1st rank - three, out of ten commanders of the 2nd rank - all, out of 57 comkers - 50, from 186 comdives - 154, from 16 Army Commissioners of the 1st and 2nd ranks - all, from 28 Corps Commissioners - 25, out of 64 divisional commissioners - 58, out of 456 Colonels - 401. Of the total number (733) of higher commanders and political workers - from the Combridge to Marshal - 579 was repressed from Combridge. Since May 1937 In September 1938, about half of the regiments of the regiments were subjected to repression, almost all divisions and brigades, all corps commanders and commander commander, most political workers. july 1941 Galder makes a premature conclusion in the diary: "It will not be an exaggeration, if I say that the campaign against Russia has been won within 14 days. Of course, it is not finished yet. The huge length of the territory and the stubborn resistance of the enemy using all means will shoot our forces for even many weeks. However, this prevented the stubborn resistance of the Red Army. Fierce battles broke out throughout the Soviet-German front. On the second day of the war, the Soviet troops counterattacked the enemy under Mamolemb and the city was defended for five days. Zadava A.V. Lopatina 11 days courageously fought surrounded, the Brest Fortress remained impregnable more than a month. Soviet pilots were fearlessly walked. At the cost of our own lives fighters and commanders. The Red Army defended each of the native debris. Despite the failures, temporary confusion, forced retreat, the Red Army did not lose frequency. The Soviet-German front became the main front of the Second World War. 2. Mobilization of the forces of the Soviet people to spite the enemy. Operational actions of military leadership and difficulties in organizing the defense of the country army Military War Domestic At 12 o'clock. On June 22, a government message was transferred on the radio on the radio. The governments about the treacherous attack of fascist Germany in the USSR was transferred. On behalf of the Party and Government on the first day of the war, the people called for the Holy War for their Father's Foreign Affairs of V.M. Molotov. With optimism, his words sounded: "Our business is right! The enemy will be broken! The victory will be behind us, "who have become a combat slogan of the front and rear of the Patriotic War. On the same day, Metropolitan Sergius turned to all believers. For the leadership of the armed struggle on June 23, a headset rate was created. The mobilization of military-rich 1905-1918 was announced. birth. In the appeal points lined up volunteers. In Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev began writing to popular militia, fighter battalions for local defense purposes and fighting saboteurs and parachute landings. On June 26, a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the USSR on the payment of cash benefits of families mobilized were issued. june 1941, the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) and SCA of the USSR appealed to the party and Soviet bodies of the front-line regions with the directive in which the program was set out for the organization of the fight against the fascist aggressor. It was necessary in the shortest possible time to translate the national economy for a military manner, to increase the production of weapons and ammunition, to ensure the fastest promotion of military echelons, to ensure the protection of enterprises, power plants, communications, etc. With a forced waste of the units of the Red Army, it was necessary to evacuate or destroy all the valuable - plants, machines, equipment, etc., - so that nothing went to the enemy. In the temporary occupied by the enemy areas, partisan detachments, underground party and Komsomol organizations were supposed to be created. All Soviet citizens were called upon a selfless struggle for their homeland, the maintenance of merciless struggle with the disorganizers of the rear, deserters, panickers, cowals and distributors of false rumors. The war required a root restructuring of political, state and military leadership. On June 30, 1941, by decision of the Central Committee of the CSP (b), the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and SCA of the USSR was created by the State Defense Committee (GKO) under the chairmanship of I.V. Stalin. It was a state of emergency military time leading the country through the Soviet and party bodies on the ground and through their authorized in the Union and Autonomous Republics and regional centers. In the summer of 1941, the city committees of defense were created in theft-line areas. For a clearer and flexible control of the units of the Red Army on July 10, the post of chief command was transformed into the supreme command bid headed by Stalin. To improve the strategic leadership, the main command of the three main directions were created: North-Western (Marshal of the Soviet Union, K. Voroshilov), Western (Marshal of the Soviet Union S.Timoshenko), South-Western (Marshal of the Soviet Union S. Budennaya). On July 16, Stalin was appointed by the People's Commissar of Defense, and from August 8 and the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. The rate began to be called the Supreme Command Rate. Thus, all political, economic and military leadership of the country focused in the hands of one person, in principle, which has long been typical of the full full of power, - Stalin. In the conditions of the war, the Evacuation Council was created, the Committee on Accounting and Distribution of the Working force, the Soviet Information Office. In the summer and in the fall of 1941, 10 million people and 1523 industrial enterprises were exported into the rear districts. To ensure uninterrupted supply of the population with food and industrial goods, the normalized supply on the card system has been introduced since July. The patriotism of the Soviet people manifested itself in shock labor under the motto "Everything for the front! Everything for victory! ", Creation of the country's defense fund, free collecting warm things for front-line and the like. Thus, from the first day of the USSR war, the USSR promptly mobilizes all the forces on the defeat of the enemy, the country turns into a single military camp. Operational actions of military leadership and difficulties in organizing the defense of the country. In the summer and in the fall of 1941, heavy defensive battles were walking on three main areas: Northwestern, Western and Southwest (Leningrad-Moscow-Kiev). In the north-western direction, the primary importance of the Nazis gave the seizure of Leningrad and Kronstadt. This would ensure the efficiency of supplying groups of the Army "North" and "Center" by sea. After mastering the North-Western regions of the USSR, the North Army Group strengthened the offensive of the Nazis to Moscow together with the Center for Army Group. The fall of Leningrad represented not just the loss of the most important economic and strategic center, but also carried a big political sense - the beginning of the destruction of communism with his cradle. In August-September 1941, critical days had come for the defense of Leningrad. On September 8, the troops of the North group blocked the southern outskirts of the city. From the north, he was blocked by Finnish troops. The city was systematically subjected to artillery shelling and air bombardments. In November-December 1941, the breaddings were 250 g for workers and 125 g for employees, dependents, children, "black, sticky, like a master of watery, with admixtures of cellulose and sawdust, and nothing but this." Leningrad courageously will withstand 900 days of terrible blockade. In the Western direction, capturing Minsk in early July, the fascists took the offensive on Smolensk - the outpost of the Soviet capital. Smolensk battle unfolded at the front with a length of 900 km and lasted for almost 2 months. On July 14, in the area of \u200b\u200bOrsha, reactive mortars were applied, lovingly called Katyusha's red-Armenians. West SMOLENSKA In early August, 310 thousand Soviet soldiers were captured, the Nazis captured over 3 thousand tanks and the same to the guns. Attempts by the command of the Red Army to correct the situation on the front turned out to be unrealized. Bad worked in touch. The operational situation changed quickly and was not always taken into account by headquarters. The domination of German aviation makes the interaction of troops. Yes, and combat experience had to acquire blood price. Bringing the fierce attacks of the enemy, the Red Army undertakes offensive operations in the Great Bow area) of her Bobruisk, in the direction of the defender and Yartsevo. Constridar was especially successful in the field of September in early September, which resulted in 8 fascist divisions and liberated G. Yelny. The Soviet Guard was born in these battles. Smolensk fell, but the battle for him was a major strategic success. The Soviet command won the time to prepare strategic reserves and conducting defensive events in the Moscow direction. In addition, the enemy could not conduct an offensive in the center, as the slow promotion of the North and South Army and South Group exposed the flanks of the Center's Army Group. In the south-west direction, reaching Dnieper, Hitler decided to test the offensive to Kiev, Donbass, Rostov, hoping to deprive the USSR of the most important economic base - bread, coal, metal and oil. The seizure of the Left Bank of Ukraine could open the way to Moscow through Bryansk and Eagle. At the end of August 1941, the German command transferred to the south a strong tank group. Back in July, the head of the General Staff and the Deputy Commissar of the USSR Defense of the USSR G. Zhukov proposed to leave Kiev due to the threat of the surroundings of a large group of the troops of the Red Army opponent, for which he was actually suspended by Stalin from his posts and sent to the front to the area of \u200b\u200bYelni. Only on September 17, the Supreme Commander decided to leave Kiev, but the ring of the environment was closed around the south-western front. Soviet troops lost 665 thousand redarmeys, about 4 thousand guns, 884 tanks. More than 2 months, from August 8 to October 16, 1941, the defense continued blocked from Sushi Odessa - the most important base of the Black Sea Fleet. For 69 days of fierce battles, the enemy lost thousands of soldiers and officers. In connection with the threat of the seizure of Crimea, the Soviet troops left the national troops on the orders of the rate. In the second half, October 1941, the Nazis broke into the Crimea. Their attempts with the go to master Sevastopol were repulsed. The heroic defense of the city, which lasted 250 days began. Repeated assault, intense bombing of the city was shoved by the major forces of the enemy, inflicting huge losses. Thus, despite the major results achieved by the Hitler's army during its summer offensive, the Wehrmacht did not achieve the defeat of the Red Army, which caused him a significant damage, acquired a combat experience, won the time to mobilize forces in decisive battles. 3. The radical fracture during the Second World and World War II. Exile of Hitler's invaders from the territory of the USSR In mid-July 1942, the Germans reached the emitted don, where he approaches the Volga in the area of \u200b\u200bStalingrad. "The city should not fall! - was the order of Stalin. And he reflected not just another whim of the leader, but the strategic calculation of the rates of the Supreme Command. With the loss of the largest industrial center, the Volga decreased and without that meager defense potential, the country lost the most important strategic bridgehead. The prospects for the further competence of the Nazis on the Non-Overnight Areas of the Center, Urals, Central Asia and Transcaucasia were opened. Thus, favorable conditions were created for joining Turkey and Japan war. According to the participant in the defense of Stalingrad Lieutenant V. Nekrasov, who after the war writer, "Gorky Summer" 1942 seemed more terrible than the summer of 1941: the oppressive feeling of "mortal danger" covered the country even more than a year earlier. july fell Rostov-on-Don - the Gate of the Caucasus. In the large radiation, DON was surrounded by several Soviet divisions. In order to stabilize the critical situation, the Narcar Defense of the Union of the USSR I.V.Stalin, on July 28, issued an order No. 277, known as the order "Neither step back!". Stressing huge losses incurred by the country, - Ukraine, Belarus, Baltic States, Donbass and other areas (more than 70 million, the population, more than 800 million pounds of bread per year and more than 10 million tons of metal per year), he stated: "U We are not now the prevalence of the Germans in human reserves, nor in bread reserves. To retreat further - it means to grow yourself and ruin at the same time our homeland ... neither step back! Panicers and panties must be exterminated in place ... ". august 1942, the cost of huge losses to the Germans managed to break through the north-west of Stalingrad and go to the Volga. On September 14, the battles walked in the area of \u200b\u200bthe station, and after a few days the enemy came out to the Volga in the district of the Central Pier. Particularly cruel fights unfolded for Mamaev Kurgan, the territory of the Tractor Plant, the factory settlements "Barricades" and "Red October". Mosts, the Germans broke out to the banks of the Volga. The motto of the defenders of Stalingrad - Warriors of the 62nd Army of General V. Luikov, 64th Army of General M. Shumilova, Divisions of General A. Rodimitseva, L. Gurtheva, etc. - Words of Sniper Vasily Zaitseva became: "There is no land for us for us! " The courageous defense of Stalingrad and the Caucasus allowed the Soviet command to focus strategic reserves to create a radical fracture during the war. The counteroffensiveness of the Red Army near Stalingrad began on November 19, 1942 by the forces of the South-Western (General N. Vatutina), Donskoy (General K. Rokossovsky), and on November 20 - Stalingrad (General A.EREENKO) fronts. On January 8, 1943, surrounded by the enemy grouping (22 divisions with a total number of 330 thousand people) was presented with ultimatum about the surrender. Commander of the grouping of troops General Paulus at the insistence of Hitler rejected ultimatum. On January 10, Soviet troops began defeating the enemy, and on February 2, everything was over. Over 147 thousand German soldiers and officers were killed, 91 thousand soldiers, more than 2.5 thousand officers, 24 General, led by Field Marshal Paulus, were captured. A large number of equipment and ammunition was captured. The fascists lost the fourth part of all the forces operating on the Soviet-German front. Hitler announced a three-day mourning. The victory on the Volga marked the beginning of a native fired during the whole war. The initiative of military operations passed to the Red Army, whose combat actions supported the whole country. march 1943, the Supreme Council of the USSR assigns Stalin the title of Marshal Soviet Union. Exile of Hitler's invaders from the territory of the USSR. As a result of major victories overlooking the Red Army in 1943, the nature of hostilities has changed radically. "The war joined that stage," the report of I.V. Stalina was noted on November 6, 1943, - when it comes to the complete expulsion of the occupiers from the Soviet Earth and the elimination of the fascist "new order" in Europe. " The powerful offensive of Soviet troops has turned from the first days of 1944. The peculiarity of offensive operations was that powerful blows were applied in various directions of the huge Soviet-German front. This made it difficult to maneuvers of fascist troops in creating effective defense. From January 14 to March 1, the troops of the Leningrad, Volkhovsky and the 2nd Baltic fronts, in cooperation with the Baltic fleet, held Leningrad to the Novgorod operation and defeated the enemy grouping "North". Leningrad was completely freed from the blockade that lasted 900 days. Leningrad and Novgorod region were purified from the occupiers. Simultaneously with the onset under Leningrad and Novgorod, the Soviet troops conducted the largest operations in the south-west. There was a wide front of the southern woodland to the Black Sea to defeat the enemy, freeing the right-bank Ukraine, to reach the state border and move the fighting beyond its limits. In January-February 1944, the Soviet troops surrounded over 20 divisions in the Korsun-Shevchenkovsky district of the Dnieper. On March 26, parts of the Red Army came to the state border of the USSR. Freeing the right-bank Ukraine, the Soviet troops began to eliminate the enemy grouping in the Crimea. In the first half of April, Kerch and Simferopol were released. On May 9, Sevastopol was repulsed, and on May 12, Crimea again became Soviet. In the summer of 1944, the Operation "Bagration" began - the liberation of Belarus. At the front from Western Dvina to Pripyat, on June 23, the Soviet parts were transferred to the offensive, which were almost half of all forces and techniques acting on the Soviet-German front. Under Vitebsk, Bobruisk, Minsk were surrounded by large forces of the fascists. On July 3, Minsk was released. july Soviet troops liberated Vilnius, forced Neman and went on the border with East Prussia. In June-July, the troops of the Leningrad and Karelian fronts, with the support of the ships of the Baltic Fleet, Ladoga and Onega Flotily, defeated the enemy on the Karelian Isthmus and on August 9th came to the state border. At the same time, the liberation of Ukraine was completed with the liberation of Belarus. By the end of October, Soviet troops entered the Transcarpathian Ukraine. augusta began the Yaskovine-Chisinau operation in Moldova. By the end of August, Moldova was released. In October 1944, the Red Army knocked out the fascists from the Soviet Polar region. As a result of the offensive operations of 1944, the Nazis were expelled from the Soviet territory. The State Border of the USSR from Barentsov to the Black Sea was restored. Conclusion
It is impossible to understand the Soviet victories of the late 1942 and summer of 1943, without told about the titanic efforts to restructure the Soviet economy, completely reoriented by 1942 on the production of arms by reducing the issue of civil products. In November 1941, industrial production, disorganized by the German occupation of the most important economic areas and reling more than 1,500 factories to the East, fell to 52% of November 1940. However, at the end of the second stage of the evacuation of industrial potential (summer 1942), an explicit increase in economic indicators. An important role in this was played by activity. Committee on accounting and distribution of labor resources to which the task of providing relocated enterprises with workforce is assigned. The acuteness of the problem was determined by the fact that 11 million people were in the ranks of the Red Army. Under these conditions, in February 1942, the Government was mobilizing the urban population, and in November, it was distributed to this measure and in rural residents. For only this year, 3 million people, including 830 thousand young men and girls, who have just graduated from school, were necessarily directed to industry and construction. In addition, to replace those who went to the front of qualified workers, 1 million 800 thousand adults and boys were an accelerated course in factory-based factory collections (FMU). These measures were accompanied by a wide campaign of the "socialist competition" and "course for records", as in the best times of the Stakhanovsky movement, as well as the tightening of working conditions and labor discipline (decrees of June 26, 1941 on the increase in the working day, of December 26, 1941 about restricting the flow of frames, etc.). 1.Harutyunyan Yu.V. Soviet peasantry during the Great Patriotic War. - M., 2010. .Vert N. History of the Soviet state. 1900-1991. - M., 2009. .Voznesensky N. Military Economics of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War. - M., 2009. .History of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union. In 6 volumes. T. 3 - M., 1960-1965. .History of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union. In 6 volumes. T 2. - M., 1960-1965. P. 388-476. .History of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union. In 6 volumes. T. 4. - M., 1960-1965. P. 457-510. .History. Directory of Applicant / S.V. Novikov - M.: Philol. Society "Word", 2008.
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Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU
great domestic
wars of the Soviet Union
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in six volumes
Editorial Commission:
Pospelov P. N. (Chairman),
Andreev V. A., Antonov A. I., Bagramyan I. X.,
Belov P. A., Botin E. A. (Deputy Chairman),
Bragin M. G., Golikov F. I., Grechko A. A., Eliseev I. D.,
Yellow A. S, Zhilin P. A., Zhukov E. M., Zhuravlev N. A. G
Zemskov I. N., Ilyichev L. F., Kukin D. M., Kurasov V. V.,
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HISTORY
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Sixtomic work "History of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union 1941-1945" Developed by a team of researchers of the History of the Great Patriotic War of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism in the Central Committee of the CPSU (Head of the Department of Baltil E. A., Deputy Head of the Telpukhovsky Department B.S.) based on: documentaries stored in central party and state, departmental and local archives of the USSR; Materials of Archives of the German Democratic Republic, the Polish People's Republic, the Czechoslovak Republic, the People's Republic of Bulgaria, Romanian People's Republic, the Hungarian People's Republic; Published documents of the USSR and other countries, as well as Soviet and foreign scientific and historical literature.
Deborin G. A. (Head),
Zavvenko G. F., Lekomtsev F. . 3.,
Semenov N. A. (literary editor),
Tamon F. I., Schuktomov P. I.,
Action A. E.
AI p a N. em. Jan. M. E., B O G U W E. Yu., In about l t and n E. A., g p. a h o in A. N., Komkov G. D., Krasnov I. I., M. about N and N M. E., Nazar O in P. A., Niki T and N A. F., Nikitin.F., Gerhardnitsh (GDR], O S T O I-Oatmeal., II. p. oktor D.M., S E to u. hundred in V.A., t p. x An about in Skip V. G., Fomin V.T. Chishkin S. N., G E and H C Schuman (GDR)
,. Invite how to win the parquet, in which the workers m the peasants found out for mostly, they felt that they were defending their Soviet power - the power of workers, which defend the case, whose victory to them and IF children will provide the opportunity to enjoy all the benefits Culture, all creatures of human labor. "
V. I. Lenin
Introduction
elikaya Patriotic War of the Soviet Union 1941-1945, imposed by our people to robbing German imperialism, is the most difficult and at the same time the most heroic period in the history of our Motherland. No people suffered such heavy trials that have fallen out of Soviet people during these years. In the military bora, the power of socialism is revealed with the new force.
The Soviet people rose to the Patriotic War in order to fight the second after a foreign intervention and civil war an attempt to destroy international imperialism to destroy the first socialist state in the world. This war ended with the full victory of the USSR and the defeat of the most powerful army of the capitalist world by the very time of the army - the army of fascist Germany, launched on the military-economic potential of almost all bourgeois Europe.
In his report at the session of the USSR Supreme Soviet on January 14, 1960. The first secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the head of the Soviet government N. S. Khrushchev said:
"Always live fame about the valiant sons and the daughters of our people who shed blood, gave their lives in the struggle for the freedom and independence of the Motherland in the civil war and the Great Patriotic War. Soviet people are deeply grateful to those who heroically reflected the onslaught of the enemy and, without regretting the strength, strengthened and strengthens the power of their homeland, standing on the guard of peaceful labor of the Soviet people. "1
Having won the victory in the war against the German fascism under the guidance of the Communist Party, the Soviet people committed the greatest feat. He rightly blame the fame of the heroic people, the people of the winner, the people-hedge, the people of the liberator.
1 N. S. Khrushchev. Disarmament is the path to strengthening peace and ensuring friendship between nations. M., Mimitizdat, 1960, p. 49.
The victory of the Soviet Union over Hitler Germany in its meaning and consequences is an outstanding event of the World History, which determined the fate of generations. This victory saved from the deadly danger of the conquest of socialism in the USSR, eliminated the fascist threat to the national and state existence of the Soviet people. The crushing of a strong, cruel and cunning enemy, the workers of the USSR fulfilled their international duty to all mankind, eliminating the terrible danger of his enslavement by the Hordes of the German fascism. The Soviet people dispelled in dust the delusional plans of German imperialists who have issued about world domination.
In the harsh tests of the Great Patriotic War with great strength, the superiority of socialism over capitalism has been affected. It was the socialist public and state system that gave the Soviet Union that in-free power, which allowed his people and the army in the most difficult conditions with honor to defend their freedom and independence, to stop the invasion of the German fascist hordes and defeat them, to provide fraternal assistance to the peoples of Europe in liberation from fascist yoke . The war with all his strength and persuasiveness demonstrated the historical invincibility of socialism, the decisive superiority of the new public building over the capitalism being crowding out.
The Soviet people cohesive around the Communist Party and the Soviet government showed his selfless dedication to the ideas of communism during the war years. In the fields of the giant battles of the Great Patriotic War, the question of the further existence of a socialist society, on the independence and independence of our state, about the life and death of the peoples of the Soviet Union was decided. From the outcome of the Grand Martial Arts of the USSR with fascist Germany, the future of all peoples enslaved by fascism, the fate of modern civilization depended. Protecting its socialist fatherland, Soviet people at the same time defended all humanity from fascist barbaria, all the achievements of world culture. This brightly expressed the leading role of socialism in the historical development of modern society. The national interests of the Soviet people in the war were completely coincided with the international line arising from the most essence of the socialist building, from the noble principles of proletarian solidarity.
In the Great Patriotic War, the peoples of the USSR did not remain alone. On their side there were all the progressive forces of the world. Workers' foreign countries in the name of their national and international interests launched the liberation struggle against fascism, seeking to provide special assistance to the Soviet people. The mighty will of the peoples to victory over fascism and the desire of the ruling circles of those capitalist countries, which entered into the war with Hitler's Germany, defend their positions led to the generality of the interests of freedom-loving peoples in conducting war, which led to the emergence of the anti-fascist coalition of peoples and governments. However, the burden of military testing and the war of war fell on the participants of the coalition far from uniformly. The share of the Soviet Union fell out the main efforts in an armed struggle with fascist invaders: the outcome of war was determined on the Soviet-German front.
The Great Patriotic War began on June 22, 1941 - a day when the German fascist invaders invaded the territory of the USSR, as well as their allies. She lasted four years and became the final stage of World War II. About 3,350,000 Soviet soldiers took part in it, more than half of whom, died.
Causes of the Great Patriotic War
The main reason for the beginning of the Great Patriotic War was the desire of Adolf Hitler to lead Germany to world domination, capturing other countries and establishing a racially pure state. Therefore, on September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland, then in Czechoslovakia, putting the beginning of World War II and wiving all new and new territories. The success and victory by the Nazi Germany forced Hitler to violate the concluded on August 23, 1939 between Germany and the USSR Agreement on non-fire. They developed a special operation called Barbarossa, which implied the seizure of the Soviet Union in a short time. So the Great Patriotic War began. She passed in three stages
Stages of the Great Patriotic War
Stage 1: June 22, 1941 - November 18, 1942
The Germans captured Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine, Estonia, Belorussia and Moldova. The troops promoted inside the country to capture Leningrad, Rostov-on-Don and Novgorod, but the main goal of the fascists was Moscow. At this time, the USSR underwent large losses, thousands of people were captured. On September 8, 1941, a military blockade of Leningrad, which lasted 872 days began. As a result, the USSR troops were able to suspend the offensive of the Germans. The plan "Barbarossa" failed.
Stage 2: 1942-1943.
During this period, the USSR continued to increase military power, industry grew, defense. Thanks to the incredible efforts of the Soviet troops, the front border was moved back to the West. The central event of this period was the greatest in history Stalingrad Battle (July 17, 1942 - February 2, 1943). The goal of the Germans was the seizure of Stalingrad, a large radiation of Don and Volgodonsky isthmus. During the battle, more than 50 armies, corps and divisions of enemies were destroyed, about 2 thousand tanks, 3 thousand aircraft and 70 thousand cars were expired, German aviation was significantly weakened. The victory of the USSR in this battle had a significant impact on the course of further military events.
3 Stage: 1943-1945
From defense, the Red Army gradually passes into the offensive, moving towards Berlin. Several campaigns aimed at the destruction of the enemy were implemented. The guerrilla war flares up, during which 6,200 partisans are formed, trying to fight the enemy independently. The partisans used all the remedies, right up to batons and boiling water, arranged ambushes and traps. At this time, the battles for the right-bank Ukraine, Berlin occur. Belarusian, Baltic, Budapest operations were developed and are shown. As a result, on May 8, 1945, the defeat was officially recognized Germany.
Thus, the victory of the Soviet Union in the Great Patriotic War became actually the completion of World War II. The defeat of the German army put an end to the desires of Hitler to gain domination over the world, universal slavery. However, the victory in the war was given by severe price. Millions of people died in the struggle for their homeland, cities, villages, villages were defeated. All the last tools went to the front, so people lived in poverty and hunger. Every year on May 9, we celebrate the day of the Great Victory over fascism, we are proud of our soldiers for giving life to future generations, provided a bright future. At the same time, the victory was able to consolidate the effect of the USSR on the world stage and turn it into a superpower.
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The Great Patriotic War (1941, 1945) is the most terrible and bloody war for the USSR. This war was between the two powers, the powerful power of the USSR and Germany. In a brutal battle, for the past five years, the USSR still defeated his opponent. Germany, when attacked the Union, hoped to quickly seize the whole country, but they did not expect how powerful and selenium the Slavic people. What did this war led to? To begin with, we will analyze a number of reasons, because of what it all started?
After the First World War, Germany has greatly weakened, the strongest crisis has defeated the country. But at that time, Hitler came to the board and introduced a large number of reforms and changes, thanks to which the country began to flourish, and people showed their confidence in him. When he became the ruler, he held such a policy in which he brought to the people that the nation of the Germans was the most excellent in the world. Hitler left the idea to play out for the first world war, for that terrible to lose, he had an idea to subjugate the whole world. He began with the Czech Republic and Poland, which in the future it turned over in the second world war
We all remember well from the history textbooks that until 1941 was signed an agreement on not the attack of the two countries of Germany and the USSR. But Hitler was all so attacked. The Germans have developed a plan for the name "Barbarossa". It clearly stated that Germany should seize the USSR for 2 months. He believed that if at his order would be all the power and power of strange, he would be able to join the war with the United States with fearlessness.
The war began so much lightning, the USSR was not ready, but Hitler got not what he wanted and waited. Our army had great resistance, the Germans did not expect to see such a strong opponent in front of them. And the war was dragged on long 5 years.
Now we will analyze the main periods during the time of the war.
The initial stage of war is June 22, 1941 to November 18, 1942. During this time, the Germans captured most of the country, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus were also included here. Further, the Germans have already been in front of the eyes of Leningrad. And they almost did it, but Russian soldiers were stronger than them and did not give to capture this city.
To more regret, Leningrad, they captured, but most amazing, people living there did not let the occupiers in the city itself. The battles for these cities were until the end of 1942.
The end of 1943 began 1943, it was very difficult for German troops and at the same time happy for Russians. The Soviet army began counteroffensive, the Russians began slowly, but confidently disintegrated their territory, and the occupiers and their allies slowly retreat to the West. Some allies managed to destroy in place.
Everyone is perfectly remembered how the entire industry of the Soviet Union moved to the production of military accessories, thanks to this they were able to repulse enemies. The army from retreating rearranged in the attackers.
The final. 1943 to 1945. Soviet soldiers gathered all the strength and the big pace began to disintegrate their territory. All the forces were directed towards the occupiers, namely to Berlin. At this time, Leningrad was liberated, and other countries captured earlier were restored. Russians resolutely walked to Germany.
The last step (1943-1945). At this time, the USSR began to take their lands on a piece and move towards the invaders. Russian soldiers wanted Leningrad, and other cities, then they proceeded in the very heart of Germany - Berlin.
On May 8, 1945, the USSR entered Berlin, the Germans declare the surrender. Their ruler could not stand and independently went to the world.
And now the most terrible in the war. How many people died for what we would live in the world and rejoiced to every day.
In fact, the story is silent these scary figures. The USSR has been completely covered, then the number of people. The government hid data from the people. And people understood how much killed how much captive was taken, and how many missing people to be missing today. But after time, the data still surfaced out. Died in this war up to 10 million soldiers on official sources, and about 3 million were in German captivity. These are terrible numbers. And how many children, old people, women died. The Germans mercilessly shot everyone.
It was a terrible war, unfortunately she brought a large number of tears in the family, in the country there was a breakdown for a long time, but slowly the USSR became on his feet, post-war actions were subjected, but did not subside in the hearts of people. In the hearts of mothers who did not wait for their sons from the front. Wives who remained widows with children. But what is the strong Slavic people, even after such war, he rose from his knees. Then the whole world knew how strong the state and what strong spirits people live there.
Thanks to veterans who defended us, being very young. Unfortunately, at the moment there are a considerable number left, but we will never forget their feat.
Report on the theme of the Great Patriotic War
On June 22, 1941, at 4 am, Germany attacked the USSR, after not declare war. Such an unexpected event briefly brought the Soviet troops in order. The Soviet army adequately met the enemy, although the enemy was very strong and had an advantage over the Red Army. Germany had a lot of weapons, tanks, airplanes, when the Soviet army only passed from cavalry protection to the weapon.
The USSR was not ready for such a large-scale war, many of the commanders at that moment were inexperienced and young. Of the five marshals, three were shot and recognized by the enemies of the people. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was in power during the Great Patriotic War and did everything possible for the victory of Soviet troops.
The war was cruel and bloody, the whole country was on the protection of the Motherland. Everyone could join the ranks of the Soviet Army, young people created partisan detachments and tried to help every way. All both men and women fought for the protection of his native land.
900 days lasted the struggle for Leningrad residents who were in the blockade. Many soldiers were killed and captured. The Nazis created the concentration camps, where they mocked and morn the hunger of people. Fascist troops calculated that the war will end within 2-3 months, but the patriotism of the Russian people turned out to be stronger, and the war was delayed in a long 4 year.
In August 1942, the Stalingrad battle of six months begins. The Soviet Army won and captured more than 330 thousand Nazis. The fascists could not accept their defeat and began an offensive to Kursk. 1200 cars took part in the battle of Kursk - it was a massive battle of tanks.
In 1944, the troops of the Red Army were able to liberate Ukraine to the Baltic States Moldova. Also, Soviet troops received support from the Siberia of the Urals and the Caucasus and were able to move the enemy troops from their native lands. Many times, the Hitlerians wanted the trick to lure the troops of the Soviet army into the trap, but they did not succeed. Thanks to the competent Soviet command, the plans of the Nazis were destroyed and then they were put into the course of severe artillery. In the battle, the fascists allowed heavy tanks such as: "Tiger" and "Panther" But, despite this, the Red Army gave a worthy back.
At the very beginning of 1945, the Soviet Army broke through the territory of Germany and forced the fascists to recognize defeat. From May 8 to May 9, 1945, an act was signed on the capitulation of the forces of the fascist Germany. Officially, on May 9, it is considered a day of victory, and is celebrated to this day.
Great Patriotic War 1941-1945
One of the most elegant and at the same time difficult sports is called rhythmic gymnastics. The combination of gymnastic and dance elements that perform gymnasts to music are considered a very popular sport in our time.
Moscow - the capital of the Russian Federation, the largest Russian city, one of the three cities of federal significance in Russia.
At dawn on June 22, 1941, Germany, without an ad, attacked the USSR, began the Great Patriotic War. The German-fascist troops began an offensive at the same time along the entire Western border of the USSR, 190 divisions participated in it (5.5 million people), they were opposed to 170 divisions of border districts (2.9 million people). The opponent was superior to the Soviet side in the efficiency of using the technical equipment of the army, in tactical and strategic preparation for war, in the experience of conducting modern war. In the first three weeks of hostilities, German troops advanced to the country by 300 - 600 km. The Red Army carried huge loss of combat force (25.2% of all human losses on the front during the war years) and technology.
june was created a bid of the Supreme Commander, on June 30 - the State Defense Committee, which concentrated the full authority in the country. The Chairman of the GKO and the Supreme Commander was appointed I.V. Stalin. The government was tasked with the conversion of the country into a single combat camp with the orientation of all economic and economic activities for the needs of the war and the strengthening of the Red Army, on the development of the partisan movement in the occupied territories.
In incredibly complex, critical conditions by the end of 1941, the fall in industrial production was stopped in the country caused by losses from occupation (territory with 40% of the country's population, 47% of the sowing areas, where one third of industrial products was carried out) and the evacuation of 2593 factories to the East, reorientation of industry on the production of military products. From mid-1942, an increase in production in metallurgy, the fuel and energy complex, and since 1943 the overall rise of production has begun. However, to achieve a balanced development of all components of the economy (branches of military production, the fuel and energy complex, metallurgy, forest industry, the transport system, etc.) succeeded only in 1944. In 1943, the re-equipment of the army and the fleet of the newest samples of military equipment was accelerated.
Despite the huge reduction in the arable land, the collective farm-provider system provided the industry with raw materials, the army and the population (last - according to a strictly rationed card system) food.
The advantages over the centralized dictatorial system of management of the state and economy, the presence of enormous natural and human resources, the limit voltage of all the forces of the people, massive labor heroism gave incredible results. With the preserved inequality of industrial potentials of Germany (with European countries who worked for it) and the Soviet Union, the USSR made for Nyun 1941 - May 1945. Almost twice as many combat equipment and armaments.
The Red Army has provided a fierce resistance to the German troops from the first border fighting, but they caught as surprised, insufficiently prepared for war troops could not stop superior enemy forces. Leningrad was blocked (September 1941). The Germans approached Moscow, reached Rostov-on-Don. The Red Army lost in 1941 killed, wounded and prisoners of 5 million people, most of the equipment. But by the beginning of December 1941, the Hitler's command was forced to give an order about the transition to defense on the Eastern Front. The Red Army during the battle near Moscow 5 - B. December passed into the offensive, which all over the front continued until April 1942. Throwing the enemy by 100 - 259 km from Moscow, the Soviet troops finally resigned the Blitzkrieg plan. Turkey and Japan abstained from entering the war, the rise of anti-fascist resistance began in the West.
In the course of the Spring-Summer Company of 1942, due to the revaluation of their forces and major miscalculations, the Red Army was defeated in the Crimea and under Kharkov, in July fell Sevastopol. The Germans occupied the Donbass, reached the North Caucasus and Volga, starting storming Stalingrad. On November 19, the Soviet troops switched under Stalingrad to the counteroffensive, completed by the environment and the complete elimination of the 330-thousand enemy grouping, the general losses of the German army in the Stalingrad battle amounted to 1.5 million people. During the deployed general offensive, the North Caucasus was liberated, the blockade of Leningrad was broken, was carried out by the defeat of the Germans in the central section of the front. The victory in the Kursk Arc (July 5 - August 23, 1943) allowed Red Armenians to move to a strategic offensive at the front of 2000 kilometers.
The victory under Stalingrad and on a Kursk arc forced Germany to move to defense on all the land fronts, the root fracture was occurred in the Second World War in general. By the end of 1943, about half of the USSR territories captured by the Germans were liberated. In 1944, Soviet troops successfully implemented the largest offensive operations, during which the blockade of Leningrad was eliminated, Ukraine, Crimea, Belarus, Moldova, Karelia, Baltic States, Moldova were liberated. By the end of 1944 The campaign of the Soviet Army to Eastern Europe is unfolded by the liberation of Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Poland, Hungary, Austria, Czechoslovakia. May 2, 1945 Soviet troops under the command of Marshal G.K. Zhukov and Marshal K. K. Rokossovsky completed the assault of Berlin. The act of unconditional surrender was signed by representatives of the German command on the night from May 8 to May 9, 1945
Price: in 1945 - Stalin says 8 million dead, and in fact 37 million Western historians speak 46 million.
Causes of the Failure of the Red Army
- a) The transition of an economy for military production was not completed \u003d\u003e Insufficient accommodation.
- b) the military-political miscalculations of Stalin and its environment (in determining the start, X-ra and carrier of aggression). These miscalculations were strategic x-r.
- c) miscalculations in the operational plan of war: the main thing was not to be western, but the south-west direction.
- d) the unpretentiousness of the border districts to the reflection of aggression.
- e) lack of multi-sheltered defense.
- e) suddenness factor
- Dates:
June 22, 1941 - May 9, 1945 - Place Events:
Eastern and Central Europe, the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Arctic and Atlantic Oceans - Cause:
Aggression Germany - Outcome:
The victory of the USSR, unconditional capitulation of Germany
Foreign policy on the eve of the Great Patriotic War
By the end of the 1930s, the international situation sharply agreed. Contradictions between the leading capitalist powers that led to the First World War were not only preserved, but also significantly increased. With the formation of the USSR, these contradictions received a new, class-ideological color.
The catalyst for the new global war was the economic crisis, which since 1929 covered the leading countries of the world. The arms race begins, the foci of future world war arise. In 1933, the Nazi party comes in Germany. In fact, this meant the open preparation of Germany to a new war. Moreover, the new political leadership of this country did not hide their revenge plans and goals. The Hitler's leadership took the course to establish German's domination at the European continent and on the world stage. One of the most important goals of Germany was the seizure and destruction of the USSR.
After the Munich Conduction on the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia and the failure of attempts to agree with the United Kingdom and France on the creation of the USSR military-political union was in an extremely dangerous position. There was a real danger of war on two fronts: in the West - against Germany, in the Far East - against Japan, which unleashed the conflict at the Khalkhin-goal river, threatened to grow into broader collisions. As a result, Moscow adopted the proposal of Germany on the conclusion of the Soviet-German nonsense agreement. The contract was signed on August 23-24, 1939 for a period of 10 years. At the same time, the "Secret Protocol" was signed, and on September 28, a friendship and cooperation agreement was concluded.
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The beginning of the Great Patriotic War
Early in the morning on Sunday, on June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany and its allies hit the Soviet country a military blow of unprecedented force.
As a result of the unfavorable outcome of the border battles, the fascist troops have advanced to 350-600 kilometers for several weeks, captured the territory of Latvia, Lithuania, part of Estonia, Ukraine, almost all Belarus and Moldova, part of the territory of the RSFSR, went to Leningrad, Smolensk and Kiev.
The primary task for the Soviet government was the formation of military-political governance authorities capable of implementing an effective leadership of an armed struggle and organize the work of the front and the rear.
To unite the efforts of all state and party bodies, public organizations, June 30, 1941 by the joint decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the USSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the Union of the SSR, the State Defense Committee (GKO) was created, in the hands of which the whole full of power focused on in the state.
On the second day after the start of the war, the SCP SCP and the Central Committee of the CSP (b) for the management of the entire combat activity of the Armed Forces of the USSR was created a bet. On July 10, it was converted to the bid of the Supreme Commander (Chairman - I. V. Stalin).
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Autumn 1941
Events in the war unfolded dramatically. From the first days, using the surprise factor, the 5-millionth German army at the main directions was 3-4 times superior to Soviet troops, quickly moved forward and by September 1941 began the blockade of Leningrad, seized Kiev and went on approaches to Moscow.
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Moscow battle
The first major battle, during which the Nazi troops were broken, was the battle for Moscow. She lasted from September 30, 1941 to April 20, 1942. 3 million people participated on both sides. As a result, Soviet troops dropped the enemy by 100-350 kilometers from Moscow, but the strategic initiative continued to remain in Germany.
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Stalingrad battle
Stalingrad Battle (July 17, 1942 - February 2, 1943) played crucial importance (July 17, 1942), which started the start of the root folux in the war. At some stages, over 2 million people participated on both sides. As a result, the grouping of German-fascist troops with a number of 330 thousand people was surrounded and defeated; 80 thousand German soldiers and officers, together with the Feldmarshal Commander, Paulus, were captured. The losses of the German army and its allies during the Stalingrad battle exceeded 800 thousand people, 2 thousand tanks, 3 thousand aircraft, 10 thousand guns.
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Kursk battle
Completed the root fracture in the war Kursk battle (July 5 - August 23, 1943). More than 4 million people, 13 thousand tanks and SAU, more than 12 thousand aircraft participated in it. The losses of the German troops amounted to 500 thousand people, one and a half thousand tanks. The strategic initiative has completely passed to the Soviet Army.
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Autumn Operations 1943 - Spring 1944
Freeing the Left-Bank Ukraine, the Soviet troops forced the Dnieper and in November 1943 they took Kiev. In the winter of 1944, the Soviet troops defeated the occupiers near Leningrad, on the right bank of Ukraine and in March entered into the territory of Romania. In May of the same year, Crimea was liberated. During these operations, more than 170 enemy divisions were crushed.
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Belarusian offensive operation
The largest operation of 1944 was the Belarusian offensive operation "Bagration", conducted from June 23 to August 29. It was carried out by troops of four Soviet fronts consisting of 168 divisions and 20 brigades of 2.3 million people. As a result of the operation, 80 enemy divisions were defeated, with 17 divisions and 3 brigades were completely destroyed, and 50 lost more than half of their composition.
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Opening of the second front
The Belarusian operation, pulling out more than 50 German divisions from the Western Front, contributed to the opening of the second front, which was the beginning of which the Norman landing operation was served on June 6, 1944. The landed Anglo-American troops consisting of 15 divisions broke through the defense of the Germans and began the liberation of France. In August 1944, Paris was released.
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End of the Great Patriotic War
Nazi block collapsed. Hitler's troops were expelled from Italy and Belgium. Romania, Bulgaria, Finland and Hungary came out of the war. Soviet troops liberated Poland and together with the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia joined Belgrade.
In January 1945, the Soviet troops began the Volo-Oder operation, the liberation of Poland was completed and went on the approach to Berlin. In April of the same year, Soviet troops launched a decisive attack on Berlin. The operation was carried out by the troops of the three Soviet fronts, the 1st and 2nd armies of the Polish troops with a total number of about 2 million people. As a result of the 23-day operation, the Soviet troops defeated the Berlin grouping of the enemy's troops and on May 2 stormed Berlin. On May 9, Soviet troops entered Prague. The German command capitulated, the Great Patriotic War ended victoriously.