Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (real name - Ulyanov) is a great Russian political and public figure, revolutionary, founder of the RSDLP (Bolsheviks) party, creator of the first socialist state in history.
Lenin's years of life: 1870 - 1924.
Lenin is known primarily as one of the leaders of the great October Revolution of 1917, when the monarchy was overthrown and Russia turned into a socialist country. Lenin was the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (government) of the new Russia - the RSFSR, is considered the creator of the USSR.
Vladimir Ilyich was not only one of the most prominent political leaders in the entire history of Russia, he was also known as the author of many theoretical works on politics and social sciences, the founder of the theory of Marxism-Leninism and the creator and main ideologist of the Third International (the union of communist parties from different countries) ...
Brief biography of Lenin
Lenin was born on April 22 in the city of Simbirsk, where he lived until the end of the Simbirsk gymnasium in 1887. After graduating from the gymnasium, Lenin left for Kazan and entered the university at the Faculty of Law. In the same year, Alexander, Lenin's brother, was executed for participating in the assassination attempt on Emperor Alexander III - for the whole family it becomes a tragedy, since it is about Alexander's revolutionary activities.
While studying at the university, Vladimir Ilyich is an active participant in the banned circle "Narodnaya Volya", he also participates in all student riots, for which, three months later, he was expelled from the university. A police investigation after the student riot revealed Lenin's connections with banned societies, as well as the participation of his brother in the assassination attempt on the Emperor - this entailed a ban on Vladimir Ilyich from reinstating himself at the university and the installation of close supervision over him. Lenin was included in the list of "unreliable" persons.
In 1888, Lenin again came to Kazan and entered one of the local Marxist circles, where he began to actively study the works of Marx, Engels and Plekhanov, which in the future would have a tremendous impact on his political consciousness. It was around this time that Lenin's revolutionary activity began.
In 1889, Lenin moved to Samara and there he continued to look for supporters of a future coup d'etat. In 1891 he passed exams for the course of the Law Faculty of St. Petersburg University as an external student. At the same time, under the influence of Plekhanov, his views were evolving from populist to social democratic, and Lenin developed his first doctrine, which laid the foundation for Leninism.
In 1893, Lenin arrived in St. Petersburg and got a job as an assistant to a lawyer, while continuing to conduct an active journalistic activity - he published many works in which he studied the process of capitalization of Russia.
In 1895, after a trip abroad, where Lenin met with Plekhanov and many other public figures, he organized in St. Petersburg the Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class and began an active struggle against the autocracy. For his activities, Lenin was arrested, spent a year in prison, and then sent into exile in 1897, where, however, he continued his activities, despite the bans. During his exile, Lenin was officially married to his common-law wife, Nadezhda Krupskaya.
In 1898, the first secret congress of the Social Democratic Party (RSDLP), headed by Lenin, took place. Soon after the Congress, all its members (9 people) were arrested, but the beginning of the revolution was laid.
The next time Lenin returned to Russia only in February 1917, and immediately became the head of another uprising. Despite the fact that quite soon he was ordered to be arrested, Lenin continued his activities illegally. In October 1917, after a coup d'état and the overthrow of the autocracy, power in the country completely passed to Lenin and his party.
Lenin's reforms
From 1917 until his death, Lenin was engaged in the reformation of the country in accordance with the social democratic ideals:
- Concludes peace with Germany, creates the Red Army, which takes an active part in the civil war of 1917-1921;
- Creates NEP - New Economic Policy;
- Gives civil rights to peasants and workers (the working class becomes the main one in the new political system of Russia);
- Reforms the church, seeking to replace Christianity with a new "religion" - communism.
He dies in 1924 after a sharp deterioration in health. By order of Stalin, the body of the leader is placed in a mausoleum on Red Square in Moscow.
Lenin's role in the history of Russia
Lenin's role in the history of Russia is enormous. He was the main ideologist of the revolution and the overthrow of the autocracy in Russia, organized the Bolshevik Party, which was able to come to power in a fairly short time and completely change Russia politically and economically. Thanks to Lenin, Russia turned from an empire into a socialist state, based on the ideas of communism and the domination of the working class.
The state created by Lenin existed for almost the entire 20th century and became one of the strongest in the world. The personality of Lenin is still controversial among historians, but everyone agrees that he is one of the greatest world leaders that ever existed in world history.
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (took this pseudonym instead of the surname Ulyanov) was born on April 22, 1870 in the city of Simbirsk, which was later named Ulyanovsk in his honor, in the family of a former serf peasant. He received his primary education in the same city where he grew up, in the Simbirsk gymnasium. Further education continued at Kazan University. He spent his youth stormily and was expelled from the university for supporting and participating in the student movement. After that, in Kazan in 1887, he joined a Marxist organization. Vladimir Ilyich made significant achievements in his revolutionary activities. Like his brother Alexander, who was executed for organizing an attempt to assassinate Alexander III, Vladimir became the image of "Narodnaya Volya", its ideologist.
In 1890 he studied economic literature for admission to the law faculty of the Imperial St. Petersburg University. At the same time, his views significantly transformed from the manifestation of the people's will to the social democratic direction. 1895 foreshadowed the time for Vladimir Lenin to travel abroad. He visited Switzerland, Germany, France. In the same year, together with other leaders, he created a circle of the Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class. Such a figure as Georgy Plekhanov, with whom they had a close friendship and coincided views, passed on to him the doctrine of tsarist Russia of that time as an almost feudal country that enslaves the working class. For his views, he was repeatedly subjected to several references. The famous revolutionary N. Krupskaya, who was his common-law wife (then they got married in the church, despite the fact that Lenin was an atheist. This is a forced decision, since only official wives could go to exile after their husbands), followed him in the first its link. In the book "The Development of Capitalism in Russia" I tried to lay out my ideas for the further development of the country's economy in an accessible way. At the congresses of the RSDLP, the party prepared popular demonstrations, slogans, meetings. On October 20, 1917, the October Revolution took place, which proclaimed the main class in Russia at that time - the proletarian class. His further actions were to make a decision to withdraw from the world war and keep his forces. At the same time, a report was written on the creation of the Red Army. On August 30, 1918, an attempt was made on Vladimir Lenin, where he was badly wounded, but thanks to the subsequent operation he survived. The culprit was Fanny Kaplan, a member of a group of Socialist-Revolutionaries who were categorically opposed to the politician Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. After a while, the policy of war communism was introduced, which, according to the data, was necessary for the growth of the national economy, maintaining the New Economic Policy (NEP), and, subsequently, creating a stable socialist state (USSR). Vladimir Lenin spent the last years of his life undergoing treatment for atherosclerosis, which greatly reduced him. Died on January 21, 1924.
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Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Ulyanov) was born on April 22, 1870 in Simbirsk. Until the age of 16, he belonged to the Society of St. Sergius of Radonezh. In 1887 he graduated from the Simbirsk gymnasium, the director of which was F.M. Kerensky, father of A. Kerensky. In the same year, for participation in the assassination attempt on Alexander III, the elder brother V.I. Ulyanova - Alexander.
After graduating from high school, Lenin entered the Kazan University at the Faculty of Law. However, his university studies were short-lived. Soon Vladimir Ulyanov was expelled for active assistance to the student movement and participation in the "Narodnaya Volya" circle. After that, having become interested in the ideas of K. Marx, he joined one of the Marxist circles. In the same period, Ulyanov began to study political economy, to be interested in journalism. As a result of student unrest, Vladimir was first arrested and subsequently exiled to the Kazan province (the village of Kokushkino), where he spent time until the winter of 1889. That was how Lenin's revolutionary activities began.
A brief biography of Lenin is impossible without mentioning his exile to the Yenisei province (the village of Shushenskoye). Vladimir Lenin founded a party called the Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class. As a result of her activities, he was arrested in 1895 along with many other party members. For a year Lenin was imprisoned, and over the next three years, spent in exile in Shushenskoye, he wrote most of his works. Lenin's works related to this period are quite numerous.
During exile, Vladimir Ulyanov married Nadezhda Krupskaya. The marriage was registered in 1897, before that Krupskaya was his common-law wife. However, Lenin was not destined to have children, although some historians consider this fact to be controversial and in this connection mention the relationship of Vladimir Ilyich with Inessa Armand.
In 1898, the 1st Congress, attended by nine delegates, established the RSDLP party. Almost immediately after that, all participants were arrested. Lenin was sent into exile, after which he founded the newspaper Iskra and took an active part in its work. Later, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin became one of the organizers of the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP.
During the first Russian revolution (1905-1907) Ulyanov was in Switzerland. However, during the 3rd Congress of the RSDLP in London, he noted that the main goal of the revolution should be the destruction of the remnants of serfdom and the overthrow of the autocracy. In 1905, under a false name, he arrived in St. Petersburg, where he led the St. Petersburg Central Committee, was preparing an uprising, wrote new works, and collaborated with the newspaper Pravda. But soon after that he left for Finland, where in December Lenin and Stalin met personally.
Then there was a long period of frequent travel and emigration. Only at the beginning of the February Revolution of 1917 did Lenin return to Russia and became the head of the uprising. A few months later, he gave a talk, known today as "April Theses". After the authorities issued an order for his arrest, Ulyanov continued active underground work.
As a result of the October Revolution of 1917 and the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly, power completely passed to Lenin's party. He headed the country's new government, founded the Red Army, and made peace with Germany. In an effort to improve the well-being of the population, he replaced War Communism with NEP (New Economic Policy).
Lenin's death came as a result of a sharp deterioration in his health on January 21, 1924 (according to some sources, due to an attempt on his life). The body of the leader was preserved and placed in the mausoleum. The first, wooden version of Lenin's mausoleum was ready by the day of his funeral.
Born in Simbirsk on April 22 (10), 1870. His father came from the bourgeoisie of Astrakhan. He graduated from high school and university, worked as an inspector of public schools in the Simbirsk province. The mother was the daughter of a doctor, an advanced person in his time, a great idealist who did not make a career for himself. She received a Spartan education in the village and was educated at home. In addition to his father and mother, his elder brother Alexander had a great influence on Vladimir, whose execution, as a participant in the assassination attempt on the tsar, became the strongest impetus for the young Ulyanov to enter the revolutionary path.
He graduated from the Simbirsk gymnasium with a gold medal in 1887, was admitted to Kazan University, but three months after admission he was expelled for participating in student "riots". Only three years after being expelled from the university, in 1890, it was possible to obtain permission to pass exams as an external student. In two terms (in the spring and autumn of 1891) he passed the exam at St. Petersburg University.
In 1895 he met abroad with the "Emancipation of Labor" group, which had a tremendous influence on him and accelerated his entry into the struggle for the creation in the same year of the Petersburg "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class." For the organization and activities of this Union, he was arrested, spent one year and two months in prison, exiled for three years into exile in the village of Shushenskoye, Minusinsk district, Krasnoyarsk Territory. Returning from exile in February 1900, Lenin organized the publication of the newspaper Iskra, which played an enormous role in the creation of the RSDLP in 1903. At its second congress, the majority of the delegates, led by Lenin, stood for a more revolutionary and clear definition of who should be a party member, for a more businesslike organization of the party's governing bodies. Hence the division into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks began. At first, Lenin was supported by Plekhanov, but under the influence of the Mensheviks he left the Bolsheviks. Lenin took an active part in the first Russian revolution. Speaking under false names (conspiracy), he shattered the revolutionary and reformist illusions of the Cadets, Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, their hopes for a peaceful outcome of the revolutionary movement. He sharply criticized the so-called Bulygin (deliberative) Duma, and gave the slogan of its boycott. He pointed out the need to prepare an armed uprising, actively supported the representatives of the Social Democracy from the State Duma. He pointed out the need to use all legal opportunities when it was impossible to hope for a direct revolutionary struggle.
The First World War mixed all the cards. At the beginning of the war, V.I. Lenin was arrested by the Austrian authorities, but thanks to the efforts of the Austrian Social Democrats, he was released and left for Switzerland. In the midst of an explosion of patriotism that gripped all political parties, he was practically the only one who called for the transformation of the imperialist war into a civil war - in each country against its own government. In this debate, he felt a complete lack of understanding.
After the February 1917 revolution, Lenin returned to Russia. On the evening of April 2, 1917, at the Finland Station in Petrograd, a solemn meeting was arranged for him by the masses of workers. Vladimir Ilyich made a short speech to those who were greeted from the armored car, in which he called for a socialist revolution.
The period from February to October 1917 was one of the most intense periods of Lenin's political struggle with the Cadets, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks in the conditions of the transitional stage from the bourgeois-democratic revolution to the socialist revolution. These were legal and illegal ways, forms and methods of political struggle. After three political crises of the bourgeois Provisional Government of Russia (April, June, July 1917), the suppression of the counterrevolutionary rebellion of General Kornilov (August 1917), a wide period of "Bolshevization" of the Soviets (September 1917), Lenin came to the conclusion: the growth of the influence of the Bolsheviks and the fall of the Provisional Government's authority among the broad masses of the working people makes it possible for an uprising to transfer political power into the hands of the people.
The uprising took place on October 25, 1917 according to the old style. On that day in the evening, at the first meeting of the Second Congress of Soviets, Lenin made a proclamation of Soviet power and its first two decrees: on the end of the war and the transfer of all landlord's territory and private land for free use by the working people. The dictatorship of the bourgeoisie was replaced by the dictatorship of the proletariat.
On the initiative of Lenin and with strong opposition from a significant part of the Bolshevik Central Committee in 1918, the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty was concluded with Germany, justly called "shameful". Lenin saw that the Russian peasantry would not go to war; he believed, moreover, that the revolution in Germany was approaching at a rapid pace and that the most shameful conditions of peace would remain on paper. And so it happened: the bourgeois revolution that broke out in Germany annulled the painful conditions of the Brest Peace.
Lenin stood at the origins of the creation of the Red Army, which defeated the combined forces of internal and external counter-revolution in the civil war. On his recommendations, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was created. With the end of the civil war and the end of military intervention, the country's economy began to improve. Lenin understood the iron necessity of changing the political line of the Bolsheviks. To this end, at his insistence, "war communism" was abolished, food appropriation was replaced by a food tax. He introduced the so-called New Economic Policy (NEP), which allowed free private trade, which made it possible for wide sections of the population to independently seek those means of subsistence that the state could not yet give them. At the same time, he insisted on the development of state-owned enterprises, on electrification, on the development of cooperation. Lenin pointed out that in anticipation of the world proletarian revolution, keeping all large-scale industry in the hands of the state, it is necessary to gradually carry out the construction of socialism in one country. All this can help to put the backward Soviet country on a par with the most developed European countries.
But Lenin's colossal workload began to take its toll on his health. Strongly undermined his health and the attempt on his life by the Socialist-Revolutionary Kaplan.
January 21, 1924 V.I. Lenin died. The body rests in the Mausoleum on Red Square in Moscow.
In Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk) in the family of an inspector of public schools, who became a hereditary nobleman.
The elder brother, Alexander, participated in the populist movement; in May of the year he was executed for preparing an attempt on the Tsar's life.
In 1887, Vladimir Ulyanov graduated from the Simbirsk gymnasium with a gold medal, was admitted to Kazan University, but three months after admission he was expelled for participating in student riots. In 1891, Ulyanov graduated from the Law Faculty of St. Petersburg University as an external student, after which he worked in Samara as an assistant attorney at law. In August 1893 he moved to St. Petersburg, where he joined the Marxist circle of students of the Technological Institute. In April 1895, Vladimir Ulyanov went abroad and met the Emancipation of Labor group. In the autumn of the same year, on the initiative and under the leadership of Lenin, the Marxist circles of St. Petersburg united into a single "Union of the Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class." In December 1985, Lenin was arrested by the police. He spent more than a year in prison, then was exiled for three years to the village of Shushenskoye in the Minusinsk district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory under the public supervision of the police. In 1898, the members of the Union held the first congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) in Minsk.
While in exile, Vladimir Ulyanov continued his theoretical and organizational revolutionary activity. In 1897 he published the work "Development of Capitalism in Russia", where he tried to challenge the views of the populists on socio-economic relations in the country and thereby prove that a bourgeois revolution was brewing in Russia. I got acquainted with the works of the leading theoretician of German Social Democracy Karl Kautsky, from whom he borrowed the idea of \u200b\u200borganizing the Russian Marxist movement in the form of a centralized party of a "new type".
After the expiration of his term of exile in January 1900, he went abroad (for the next five years he lived in Munich, London and Geneva). Together with Georgy Plekhanov, his associates Vera Zasulich and Pavel Axelrod, as well as his friend Yuli Martov, Ulyanov began publishing the social democratic newspaper Iskra.
From 1901 he began to use the pseudonym "Lenin" and since then has been known in the party under that name.
From 1905 to 1907, Lenin lived illegally in St. Petersburg, leading the left forces. From 1907 to 1917, Lenin was in exile, where he defended his political views in the Second International. In 1912, Lenin and like-minded people separated from the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP), in fact founding their own - the Bolshevik. The new party published the Pravda newspaper.
At the beginning of World War I, while on the territory of Austria-Hungary, Lenin was arrested due to suspicion of spying for the Russian government, but thanks to the participation of the Austrian Social Democrats, he was released, after which he left for Switzerland.
In the spring of 1917, Lenin returned to Russia. On April 4, 1917, the day after arriving in Petrograd, he presented the so-called "April Theses", where he outlined a program for the transition from a bourgeois democratic revolution to a socialist one, and also began preparations for an armed uprising and overthrow of the Provisional Government.
In early October 1917, Lenin illegally moved from Vyborg to Petrograd. On October 23, at a meeting of the Central Committee (Central Committee) of the RSDLP (b), on his proposal, a resolution was adopted on an armed uprising. On November 6, in a letter to the Central Committee, Lenin demanded an immediate transition to the offensive, the arrest of the Provisional Government and the seizure of power. For the direct leadership of the armed uprising in the evening he illegally arrived in Smolny. The next day, November 7 (according to the old style - October 25), 1917, an uprising took place in Petrograd and the seizure of state power by the Bolsheviks. At the meeting of the second All-Russian Congress of Soviets that opened in the evening, a Soviet government was proclaimed - the Council of People's Commissars (SNK), of which Vladimir Lenin became its chairman. The congress adopted the first decrees prepared by Lenin: on the end of the war and on the transfer of private land for the use of the working people.
On the initiative of Lenin in 1918, the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty was concluded with Germany.
After the transfer of the capital from Petrograd to Moscow, from March 1918, Lenin lived and worked in Moscow. His personal apartment and study were located in the Kremlin, on the third floor of the former Senate building. Lenin was elected a deputy of the Moscow Soviet.
In the spring of 1918, Lenin's government began the struggle against the opposition by closing down the anarchist and socialist workers' organizations; in July 1918, Lenin directed the suppression of the armed uprising of the Left Social Revolutionaries.
The confrontation intensified during the civil war, the Socialist-Revolutionaries, Left Socialist-Revolutionaries and anarchists, in turn, inflicted blows on the leaders of the Bolshevik regime; On August 30, 1918, an attempt was made on Lenin's life.
With the end of the Civil War and the end of military intervention in 1922, the process of restoring the country's economy began. To this end, at the insistence of Lenin, "war communism", the food distribution was replaced by a food tax. Lenin introduced the so-called New Economic Policy (NEP), which allowed free private trade. At the same time, he insisted on the development of state-owned enterprises, on electrification, on the development of cooperation.
In May and December 1922, Lenin suffered two strokes, but continued to lead the state. A third stroke in March 1923 rendered him practically incapacitated.
Vladimir Lenin died on January 21, 1924 in the village of Gorki near Moscow. On January 23, the coffin with his body was transported to Moscow and installed in the Column Hall of the House of Unions. The official farewell took place for five days. On January 27, 1924, the coffin with Lenin's embalmed body was placed in a specially built Mausoleum on Red Square, designed by the architect Alexei Shchusev. The leader's body is in a transparent sarcophagus, which was made according to the plans and drawings of engineer Kurochkin, the creator of ruby \u200b\u200bglass for the Kremlin stars.
During the years of Soviet power, memorial plaques were erected on various buildings associated with Lenin's activities, monuments to the leader were erected in cities. The following were established: the Order of Lenin (1930), the Lenin Prize (1925), the Lenin Prizes for achievements in science, technology, literature, art, architecture (1957). In 1924-1991, the Central Lenin Museum worked in Moscow. A number of enterprises, institutions and educational institutions were named after Lenin.
In 1923, the Central Committee of the RCP (b) created the V.I.Lenin Institute, and in 1932, as a result of its merger with the Institute of Marx and Engels, a single Institute of Marx-Engels-Lenin was formed under the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) (later it became known as the Institute Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU). The Central Party Archive of this institute (now the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History) contains more than 30,000 documents authored by Vladimir Lenin.
Lenin on Nadezhda Krupskaya, whom he knew from the Petersburg revolutionary underground. They got married on July 22, 1898 during the exile of Vladimir Ulyanov to the village of Shushenskoye.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources