Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) - Swiss psychiatrist, philosopher, founder analytical psychology, which is based on the concept of the collective unconscious and archetypes.
During the initial period of his career, Jung was an active supporter of psychoanalysis, for several years he served as chairman of the International Psychoanalytic Association. Later, they parted ways. In 1911, he left the psychoanalytic association and presented to the scientific community his own concept of analytical psychology.
In 1921, Carl Jung proposed a new typology of personality, highlighting two main qualities: extroversion and introversion, and four additional ones: sensations, thinking, feelings and intuition. Subsequently, this typology was transformed by his followers and presented as a separate direction - socionics.
According to the concept proposed by Jung, there is an inherited part of the psyche, formed over hundreds of thousands of years, through which we perceive the environment and life experience in a very specific way. This feature of perception depends on our archetypes, which influence our sensations, thoughts, feelings and our intuition (1).
The unconscious part of the psyche, according to Jung's philosophy, consists of innate reflexes (instincts), acquired and intuition. Intuition is understood as the “unconscious part of our consciousness”, which, in turn, also has an innate and acquired component. Archetypes are an innate part of intuition that influences the way we perceive and understand.
Instincts and archetypes, taken together, form the collective unconscious (2).
Jung considered the main task of analytical psychology to analyze and interpret archetypes, to comprehend the components of the collective unconscious through the study of human dreams, elements of folklore and myths that he encounters in everyday life.
“Many crises in our life have a long unconscious background. We approach them step by step, unaware of the accumulating dangers. However, what we lose sight of is often perceived by the subconscious, transmitting information to us through dreams, ”wrote Carl Jung (3, part 1).
The idea of \u200b\u200bthe archetype took place in the medieval religious philosophy of St. Augustine (354–430). In the XI-XIII centuries, it was assumed that archetypes are natural images embedded in the human mind, contributing to coming to one or another judgment (2).
“Archetypes have a tremendous impact on a person, shaping his feelings, morality, outlook, affect the relationship of the individual with other people and his entire destiny” (3, conclusion).
There are as many archetypes as there are typical situations. For hundreds of years, they were formed and gathered by peoples in folklore, fairy tales, legends and myths. Passed by word of mouth, honing their forms. Archetypes manifest themselves in our dreams.
Sometimes dreams have elements that do not belong to the dreamer's personality. These elements are innate and inherited from primitive people forms of mind. They express new thoughts that have never previously crossed the threshold of his consciousness (3, part 1).
The peculiarity of the concept of the collective unconscious lies in the fact that the provisions put forward by it often have vague formulations that are not indicated by clear and specific definitions. It is impossible to refute them in principle, and therefore, they (according to the criterion of falsifiability of K. Popper) cannot be attributed to scientific positions.
Science knows a mechanism when an image and associated impressions are irreversibly fixed in the brain of an animal, subsequently influencing the behavior of an individual and its lifestyle (the term imprinting was proposed). The imprinting process is associated with a specific age or certain conditions.
According to Jung's own calculations, he studied about 80,000 dreams. Certain images emerge over the years, disappear and repeat again. Gradually, they noticeably change depending on the process of individual spiritual growth. Sometimes the future in symbolic form is foreshadowed not by a dream, but by some very bright and unforgettable real event, and we carry this event (for example, a fairy tale) with us through life, “following” it (3, p. 3).
If we talk about the terms used in the concept of the collective unconscious, then some of the main ones are the following:
The self is an archetype that characterizes a person's unconscious life goal, which determines his individuality.
A persona is an archetype that represents the social role of a person in his daily life in relation to other people. The concept of social role in Jung's philosophy includes the level of development in childhood and social expectations corresponding to this development.
The shadow is an archetype, implying repressed, repressed personality traits. The shadow is manifested in rash statements and actions, spontaneously made decisions (3, part 3).
Anima is an archetype, an internal representation of a woman for a man, characterizing his unconscious feminine component. The animus is an archetype, the inner representation of a man for a woman, personifying her unconscious masculine side.
“I'm trying to describe in words something
not amenable to precise definition by its very nature ", - wrote Carl Jung (3, part 1).
Mysticism in Jung's philosophy is due to his childhood years. “From childhood, Jung was in contact with other worlds. He was surrounded by the magical atmosphere of the Preiswerk house - the parents of his mother Emilia, where communication with the spirits of the dead was practiced ... in his memories we learn that the dead come to him, ring the bell and their presence is felt by his whole family ”(4, Ch. 2, p. . 106).
“Jung's mother Emilia, grandfather Samuel, grandmother Augusta, cousin Helen Preiswerk practiced spiritualism and were considered“ clairvoyants ”and“ visionaries ”. Jung himself arranged seances. Even his daughter Agatha later became a medium ”(5).
In his work "Synchronicity: an acausal unifying principle" Carl Jung gave a rationale for his approach to the problem of studying the mental world and his own vision of this issue.
“The so-called 'scientific view of the world' is hardly anything more than a psychologically biased narrow view that does not cover all those aspects that do not lend themselves to statistical research,” wrote Carl Gustav Jung.
Literature:
1. Jung, KG The concept of the collective unconscious.
2. Jung, KG Instinct and the unconscious.
3. Jung, KG Man and his symbols.
4. Fesenkova, LV The theory of evolution and its reflection in culture. - M., 2003 .-- 174 p.
5. Wikipedia. [Electronic resource] / Jung, Carl Gustav.
Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) - Swiss psychologist and philosopher, founder of "analytical psychology". His teacher, the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, only slightly opened the abyss of the unconscious man, Jung made this abyss universal. He introduced the concept of the collective unconscious, archetypes, which, in his opinion, were the sources of dreams, ancient myths and symbols common to all mankind.
My life is a story of self-realization of the unconscious. Everything that is in the unconscious strives for realization, and the human personality, feeling itself as a single whole, wants to develop from its unconscious sources. Tracing this on myself, I cannot use the language of science, because I do not see myself as a scientific problem. Carl Jung "Memories, Dreams, Reflections".
Carl Jung: famous and unknown
The achievements of the Swiss scientist Carl Jung in the field of psychology and psychiatry are generally recognized. He is the founder of analytical psychology, one of the areas of depth psychology, he owns ideas about the existence of a collective unconscious, archetypal images that have a powerful impact on the human subconscious, he developed a typology of human personalities. The years of his life covered one of the most difficult and tragic periods in human history - 1875-1961. But, perhaps, we have not yet fully realized the degree of Jung's influence on the thinking of our contemporaries. After all, before him, the attention of serious scientists did not stop on facts or phenomena that could at least to some extent be considered dubious. A very rational principle of "Cartesian doubt" reigned in the scientific community. In accordance with it, in the search for truth, it was necessary to doubt everything, and without hesitation to discard or even consider as non-existent absolutely everything that gave even the slightest reason for doubt. But what about dreams, vague premonitions and vague sensations? Only overly emotional ladies and exalted mystics, and certainly not serious scientists, could pay attention to them. However, Freud, and after him Jung, even more so than Freud, based their theories on the analysis of these very dubious phenomena. For example, synchronicity.
Synchronicity is a causally inexplicable parallelism, as happens, for example, in cases of the simultaneous appearance of identical thoughts, symbols or mental states in different people. K.G. Jung
Let us note that epistemology, as a direction in philosophy that studies the processes of cognition, has changed significantly in the post-Jung period. The field of her interests included phenomena to which it was simply indecent for serious scientists to pay attention. The human picture of the twentieth century was changing, discoveries in the field of natural sciences, in particular Einstein's theory of relativity, played an important role. In this regard, I recall a funny epigram, which in a playful form conveys the impressions of contemporaries from the famous "theory of relativity"
This world was shrouded in deep darkness
Let there be light! And then Newton appeared.
But Satan didn't wait long for revenge
Einstein came and everything became as before.
So the interest in the irrational was a trend of the times, but Jung's research played a role. After the publication of his works and the introduction of the concept of "collective unconscious" into scientific use, the scientific community was not too surprised that Ph.D. Stanislav Grof, creating the theory of transpersonal psychology in the 60s of the XX century, was based on the study of altered states of people. And ethnologist and philosopher, professor at the University of Chicago, Mircea Eliade, considered the mythological perception of the world by shamans no less worthy of attention and study than the historical thinking of European peoples. For the life and creative destiny of Carl Jung, it was the influence of the "subjective factor" and "doubtful phenomena" that was decisive.
The origins of Jungian ideas: heredity, childhood, adolescence
As a child, he was an introverted and strange child. Karl was haunted by an amazing sensation - as if two people live in him. One is a boy who doesn't want to go to school and learn so annoying mathematics, the other is a completely adult and mysterious gentleman. Jung recalled, or perhaps imagined, that this second, who lived in his imagination, was an elderly man, lived in the 18th century, wore a white wig and buckled shoes, and rode in a hired carriage with high wheels. This riddle predetermined Jung's path, from childhood he tried to understand the phenomenon of the multiplicity of personality. It is possible that the origins of this mystery are in the personalities of the ancestors of the future discoverer of the collective unconscious.
Carl Gustav Jung was born in 1875 into a Protestant priest's family. His homeland is the small Swiss town of Keswil. The history of the Jung family is very interesting, in it the fates of outstanding doctors, theologians and mystics are intertwined. In childhood and adolescence, Karl Gustav acutely felt some kind of strange connection with them. Probably, he would agree with the lines of the poem of the Russian poet "Silver Age" Mikhail Kuzmin "Voice of the Ancestors":
... you have been silent for your long century,
and here you are screaming in hundreds of voices,
dead, but alive,
in me: the last, the poor,
but having a tongue for you,
and every drop of blood
close to you, hears you,
loves you...
The family's roots go back to the distant 17th century. The first outstanding representative of the family was Carl Jung - Doctor of Medicine and Jurisprudence, Rector of the University in the German city of Mainz. Jung's great-grandfather on his father's side was a doctor and ran a field hospital during the Napoleonic wars. The grandfather of the future famous psychiatrist, also Carl Gustav Jung, moved to Switzerland at the invitation of Alexander von Humboldt. On the mother's side, the ancestors were also wonderful people. His grandfather - Samuel Preiswerk - was a Doctor of Divinity, a Freemason, and Grand Master of the Swiss Lodge. A rather unusual fact is known about him: considering himself a visionary, S. Pricewerk kept in his office a chair for the spirit of his prematurely departed wife, with whom he often talked. Well, with an armchair or with a spirit - that's up to the readers. So Jung's interest in dual personality and mysticism is due to the characteristics of the family.
More and more aware of the bright beauty of the daytime world filled with light, where there is "golden sunlight" and "green foliage", at the same time I felt the power of an obscure world of shadows, full of unsolvable questions, over me. From the memoirs of K. Jung.
Having entered the gymnasium at the age of eleven, Jung was more interested in reading his favorite books than studying, he learned to read very early, from the age of six he studied Latin. He was not given mathematics, but the boy was not too upset. For a complete lack of ability to draw, he was generally freed from studying this subject at school, and at home Carl Gustav enthusiastically drew battles, ancient castles and cartoons. For him it was much more interesting than copying the heads of the Greek gods in the classroom. At the gymnasium, Karl clearly realized that his family was very poor, he had to go to the gymnasium in leaky shoes, now he began to better understand the worries and problems of his parents. But these were not the circumstances that worried Jung as a child. He was not left with a sense of duality, with his peers he was the same student as they are, a little reserved, but an ordinary child, and alone with himself he became that second, wise and skeptical person from the 18th century. He felt that he owned a certain secret and he still, as in his early childhood, had strange, prophetic dreams.
All my youth can be understood only in the light of this mystery. Because of her, I was unbearably lonely. My only significant achievement (as I now understand it) was that I resisted the temptation to talk to someone about it. Thus, my relationship with the world was predetermined: today I am alone more than ever, because I know things that no one knows and does not want to know.
From the memoirs of K. Jung.
This intense inner life separated Jung from his peers and, in part, was the cause of prolonged depression. But at the age of 16, this fog, as the scientist himself later wrote, began to slowly dissipate. The bouts of depression became a thing of the past, Jung became interested in studying philosophy. He determined for himself a range of topics that he certainly wanted to study, read Plato, Heraclitus, Pythagoras. Schopenhauer's ideas were especially close to him:
He was the first who told me about the real suffering of the world, about the confusion of thoughts, passions and evil - about everything that others hardly noticed, trying to present either as universal harmony or as something taken for granted. Finally I found a philosopher who had the courage to see that not all was for the best in the very foundations of the world. Cit. by Wehr, G. Carl Gustav Jung. Self witnessing to himself and his life
More than once, Carl Jung wrote that in his youth he especially strongly felt his connection with distant ancestors, it seemed to him that he was influenced by problems or circumstances that were never solved by his grandfathers and great-grandfathers. This also applied to the choice of a future profession. Franz Riklin wrote that the memory of his grandfather, a professor of medicine at the University of Basel, played a decisive role in Jung's quest to study medicine. At the age of 20, he enters the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Basel. For Jung, this period was very difficult in material terms, his father dies and the family is left almost without means of subsistence. The family managed to sell a small collection of antiques, Jung began working as a junior assistant at the university - so they managed to maintain a rather modest existence and pay for Carl Gustav's studies. Jung later recalled:
I do not regret those days of poverty - I learned to appreciate simple things ... Looking back, I can only say one thing - the time of study was a wonderful time for me. Cit. by Wehr, G. Carl Gustav Jung. Self witnessing to himself and his life
At the university, in addition to reading compulsory literature, Jung became interested in the works of philosophers-mystics: Karl de Prel, Swedenborg, Eschenmeier. He needed this literature for a dissertation on medicine, which was called: "On the psychology and pathology of the so-called occult phenomena." Graduation from the university is near, the future great psychiatrist needs to choose a specialization, the definition of which happened quite in the spirit of Jung. He fell into the hands of Kraft-Ebing's "Textbook of Psychiatry", the young man realized that it was this direction that would allow him to combine his passion for philosophy and medicine.
And then I immediately decided to become a psychiatrist, since I finally saw an opportunity to combine my interest in philosophy, natural sciences and medicine, which was the main task for me. Jung K. G. Memories, Dreams and Reflections
Work in a psychiatric clinic
The choice was made, K. Jung decides to work in the Burghelzli psychiatric clinic as an assistant professor of psychiatry Eugen Bloeler. Relatives and classmates were surprised by his decision: to lock himself in a psychiatric clinic, to treat seriously ill and, possibly, dangerous people - is this a worthy path for a promising young man? But the Burgkhelzli clinic was an unusual medical institution, hypnosis was used to treat patients, and not the usual harsh methods of curing mentally ill people for that time. The real luminaries of medicine worked there: Hermann Rorschach, Jean Piaget, Karl Abraham.
In this clinic, Jung writes "Studies of word associations", the method was used before Jung, but he managed to achieve successful application of it in practice, to develop his own test on the basis of an already existing technique. In 1903, Karl Gustav marries the heiress of a wealthy industrialist Emma Rauschenbach, she was once his patient. Despite the difference in financial situation, Emma's relatives supported the decision of the young people, Carl Jung aroused their unconditional sympathy and respect. In 1905, a young psychotherapist defended his doctoral dissertation. In Burghelzli, Jung begins to develop his ideas about the collective unconscious, uses methods of psychoanalysis to treat patients.
From the meetings with my patients and the study of psychological phenomena that passed before me in an inexhaustible series of images, I learned infinitely much, and not only about science, but above all about myself. - and, to a large extent, I came to this through mistakes and defeats. Jung K. G. Memories, Dreams and Reflections
Carl Jung and Sabine Spielrein
In his memoirs, the scientist, recalling the years of work in the clinic, writes that most of the patients were women. He emphasizes their intelligence and sensitivity, thanks for the fact that with their help he was able to open new paths in psychotherapy. Some of them became his students, friendship with them lasted for many years. All of the above referred primarily to Sabine Spielrein. In her youth, she suffered from bouts of hysteria, and Jung was her attending physician. The history of the relationship between Sabina and Karl Gustav is known for the phenomenon of the so-called "erotic transference" - a term used in psychoanalysis. This phenomenon of the patient's enthusiasm for the attending physician arises from the deep personal contact between the physician and the patient in the process of psychoanalysis. Indeed, Sabina and Karl fell in love with each other. Jung noticed and appreciated the girl's sharp mind, her scientific mindset. Spielrein helped Jung in his research, soon Sabina was successfully cured of hysteria and left the clinic. Strict moralizers condemn Jung for this hobby, but something else is interesting in this story: it is possible that Sabina Spielrein's ideas about the influence of destructive phenomena on the human psyche were the origins of Freud's theory of "Thanatos" - mankind's eternal desire for self-destruction.
Sabine Spielrein was a student of both Freud and Jung, a member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. She worked on a dissertation on the topic of destructive phenomena in the human psyche. She made a presentation on this topic at one of the meetings of the Psychoanalytic Society. There is an entry in her diary where Spielrein fears that her ideas will be used by Freud. Her article "Destruction as the cause of formation" really anticipated Freud's ideas about "Thanatos" - a person's subconscious striving for death, destruction. It is possible that the Teacher, willingly or unwillingly, nevertheless relied on the ideas and research of his student. Unfortunately, Spielrein's fate was rather tragic. She was from Russia, after the October events of 1917 Sabina and her husband returned to their native Rostov-on-Don. Spielrein did a lot for the development of psychoanalysis in Soviet Russia, but soon this direction in psychiatry was banned. Sabina and her daughters are killed during the Second World War. Unfortunately, the most talented scientist-psychoanalyst - Sabina Spielrein is little known in the history of science.
Jung and Freud
The relationship between the two most prominent representatives of psychoanalysis - Z. Freud and C. Jung - is a well-known page in the history of science. One was considered a teacher, the other a student. Sigmund Freud was 19 years older than Jung and often, to the objections of his younger colleague about the excessive emphasis on the sexual component of the unconscious in his theory, said that Jung was still too young and inexperienced. But in fact, Jung met Freud, an already established and famous specialist in the field of psychiatry. He has authored two monographs on the treatment of schizophrenia. It was during the work on Jung's second monograph that the works of Sigmund Freud became interested. The young doctor was especially fascinated by the idea of \u200b\u200b"displacing" negative memories or emotions into the subconscious and the influence of these unconscious traumas on a person. Jung wrote:
Even a quick glance at the pages of my work reveals how much I owe to Freud's brilliant concepts. I can assure you that, of course, from the very beginning I had the same objections that were raised against Freud in literature. Fairness to Freud does not mean, as many fear, unconditional submission to dogma, while it is quite possible to maintain your independent judgment. Jung C.G. Sigmund Freud
Using the association test he developed, Jung found a way to diagnose the true cause of neurosis and heal from it. But he never agreed with Freud that "repressed" emotions are of an exclusively sexual nature. Nevertheless, for quite a long time Freud considered Jung to be his best student, the heir of his ideas. He even asked him to promise that the young scientist would never depart from his theory of the sexual origins of neuroses. Both researchers are in active correspondence from 1906 to 1913. In 1907, Carl Jung comes to Vienna, their personal meeting and conversation takes place, which lasted thirteen hours. The years of cooperation were very fruitful for Jung, but he is increasingly carried away by the idea of \u200b\u200ba collective unconscious, the scientist is studying mythology, he is on the verge of discovering archetypes. At the most critical moments in his life, Jung had very vivid and memorable dreams. Shortly before the break with S. Freud, Jung had just such a dream. He dreamed that he was standing in the lobby of a beautiful, two-story mansion. Its walls are adorned with old paintings; Jung knows that this is his home. Wow! He wonders mentally. But for some reason he needs to go down to the basement, he goes down there, the basement is very deep and, supposedly, was erected in the days of the Ancient Roman Empire. From the basement, Jung enters a primeval cave in which he sees two skulls. Waking up, he could not get rid of the feeling that he needed to understand the symbolism of this dream. Jung asks Freud to interpret his vision. The teacher half jokingly, half seriously asks - confess, whose death do you want? Jung interprets the dream in his own way: the house is the image of the soul, the upper floors are the events and impressions of everyday life, the basement is the unconscious, where hidden or forgotten desires and thoughts are stored. But what is a cave? Jung suggested that behind the personal unconscious hides a bottomless ocean of the collective unconscious. So sleep became one of the impulses of the scientist's greatest discovery. He cannot stop, it is very important for Jung to continue his studies, and not to lose his identity, remaining a student of Freud. The young scientist writes the book “Libido. His metamorphoses and symbols ”, his differences with Freud become obvious. After the publication of this work, the gap becomes inevitable.
Anyone who has access to the unconscious is a seer
Carl Jung needs more and more time for scientific and pedagogical work, private practice, at the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, he acquired a plot of land located on the shore of a picturesque lake and built a three-story house. He left the clinic in 1913, because he did not have time to fully cover all areas of his activity. Moreover, his fame as a psychotherapist is becoming more and more widespread. In addition to the really successful healing of the sick, a rather funny story contributed to Jung's popularity. One day an elderly woman came to see him, who had been suffering from paralysis of the legs for 17 years. Students attended medical appointments. The woman was asked to sit in a chair and talk about her illness, but her story lasted so long that Jung asked her to interrupt and warned that he would now enter her state of hypnosis. The patient quickly fell into a trance and began to relate her visions even before she was put into a hypnotic state. The situation was awkward, moreover, Jung could not interpret her dreams and find the causes of psychosomatic illness, the patient's visions became more and more like delirium, she needed to be brought out of a trance. The doctor could expect a fiasco in front of the students. Suddenly the woman woke up and said that she was healed thanks to the hypnosis of Jung, who told the students: "You see, what is the power of hypnosis." Although he himself was bewildered at heart and did not understand what had happened. The healed woman praised the wonderful doctor, and his fame spread throughout the area. And the reason for the patient's sudden recovery was that her son suffered from dementia. Several years before the events described, he was treated at Jung's clinic. Then a very young doctor Carl Gustav Jung embodied everything that an unfortunate woman would like to see in her son. And she perceived him as a son, without even realizing it. In her imagination, Jung took the place of her son, the secret pain for the fate of her own child was gone, so the disease also disappeared. Well, Jung after this story no longer used hypnosis.
Jung's life is filled with work, research, teaching. But strange dreams and visions do not leave him.
A certain demon settled in me, who from the very beginning inspired that I must get to the meaning of my fantasies. I felt that some higher will guided and supported me in this destructive stream of the unconscious. And she eventually gave me the strength to withstand. Jung K. G. Memories, Dreams and Reflections
The duality of Jung's nature again made itself felt: the first was an excellent doctor, a talented scientist, a rational and collected father of a family. The second is a pensive man, immersed in night visions, meditating by the lake. Before World War I, he had a vision that lasted about an hour. He saw the corpses of people and the debris of buildings that rushed to infinity along the waves of the yellow sea, then the sea turned bloody. The vision was in October 1913 and then repeated several more times, the war began in August 1914.
Jung wrote down his fantasies and later published them in the so-called "Red Book". This crisis period was, at the same time, very fruitful for Jung's research. In 1919 he finished work on the book "Instinct and the Unconscious", in which he first used the concept of archetype.
In subsequent years, Jung traveled a lot, visiting the countries of North Africa, the Pueblo Indians in the state of New Mexico. In 1920, one of Jung's major works, Psychological Types, was published.
In the mid-1920s he traveled to Uganda and Kenya. After his return from Africa, one by one his works are published: "Spiritual Problems of Modern Man", "The Structure of the Soul", "The Relationship between the Ego and the Unconscious." Jung's ideas become known all over the world, the popularity of the scientist's works is facilitated by their active translation into English. Jung is elected president of the International Society for Psychotherapy.
What about duality and vision? They do not leave the scientist until the end of his life. Jung explains these phenomena by the possibility of contact with the collective unconscious, he believes that everyone who has access to the unconscious - this bottomless repository of all destinies and ideas, is a real seer.
Carl Gustav Jung has lived a long, eventful and amazing life. His ideas had a huge impact on the development of psychological, philosophical, anthropological thought.
Literature:
- Babosov, EM Karl Gustav Jung [Text] / Evgeny Mikhailovich Babosov. - Mn. : Book House, 2009 .-- 254 p. - (Thinkers of the 20th century). - Bibliography: p. 251-254.
- Wehr, G. Carl Gustav Jung. He testifies about himself and his life / per. with him. - M .: Ural LTD, 1996 .-- 208 p.
- Gindilis, N.L. Scientific knowledge and depth psychology K.G. Junga [Text] / Natalia Lvovna Gindilis. - M.: LIBROKOM, 2009 .-- 158 p. - Bibliography: p. 156-158.
- Ovcharenko V.I.The fate of Sabina Spielrein // Psychoanalytic bulletin. 1992. No. 2.
- Jung KG Sigmund Freud // Jung KG Collected Works: Spirit of Mercury. M., 1996 .-- 339 p.
- Jung K.G. Memories, dreams and reflections // Spirit and life. Moscow: Practice, 1996.
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Carl Gustav Jung is a famous Swiss psychiatrist who made a huge contribution to psychotherapy, the creator of many interesting and most relevant techniques. Carl Jung is also the founder of the so-called analytical psychology.
Developed the concept of psychotypes. Jung's personality theory is widely known. Below it will be told who Carl Gustav Jung is, briefly outlined his biography and the foundations of his teachings.
Biography
Carl Jung was born at the end of July 1875 and died in the summer of 1961 at the age of 85. The future great psychoanalyst was the only child of his parents. The boy graduated with honors from high school, especially attracted by the natural sciences and the culture of bygone civilizations. Karl knew Latin very well, which later allowed him to achieve great success in his medical career.
Jung's grandfather and father worked as doctors, and perhaps that is why Karl entered the medical faculty at one of the higher educational institutions in Basel. After completing his studies, he worked for some time in Zurich in a psychiatric clinic, where he was an assistant to the famous psychiatrist-researcher Eigen Blater. A year later, Carl Jung even collaborated with the greatest psychoanalyst and psychologist of the twentieth century.
At the beginning of the new century, Carl Jung took the young Emma Rauschenbach as his wife. The couple had five children: son Franz and four daughters - Agatha, Greta, Marianne and Helena.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, Karl broke with the International Psychoanalytic Association, left the then academic psychoanalysis and began to develop an individual theory. Subsequently, the work of his entire life was called "", or "Jungian analysis."
This technique combines all the best that Freud had. However, a psychiatrist from Switzerland, unlike his German colleague, does not concentrate on the topic of unsatisfied sexual desires as basic needs and the engine of all human actions, but prefers to dig deep and wide, developing and modifying everything that has been said before him.
After his death, he was buried in the Protestant cemetery of the small Swiss town of Kusnacht, where he lived and worked in the last years of his life in his famous Tower.
Interestingly, the work of Jung was often condemned by the Christian Church, nevertheless, the psychologist himself was a deeply religious person from childhood. The famous saying of Erasmus of Rotterdam, a philosopher and theologian of the Middle Ages, was carved over the door in his house: "Called or not, God is always present."
Fundamentals of teaching
The psychiatrist developed a personality structure according to Jung, which, in his opinion, consists of:
- Personal unconscious.
- The collective unconscious.
Ego is awareness and awareness, the inner "I", as well as everything in the person himself that he is used to identifying and associating with himself.
The personal unconscious is the experienced experience, thoughts and feelings that a person chose to displace from his brain. Also, the Personal Unconscious includes those experiences that have not yet reached consciousness, because they are not strong enough and formed, in addition, there are subliminal perceptions ... In other words, this is all that a person does not remember and is not aware of, nevertheless it has an impact on him and his actions.
A summary of the basics of his teachings is unlikely to help grasp the full scope of the work, but a short description will be useful to anyone interested in psychology.
The theory of archetypes is closely intertwined not so much with medicine as with philosophy and esotericism, however, a person can find recognizable archetype images both in myths and legends, and in everyday life. Archetypes can be called innate mental structures that make up the content of the Collective unconscious.
Jung, as a subtle connoisseur of the human soul, has always been attracted to a person and his symbols, therefore the most famous archetypes are the feminine and masculine principles, respectively. Anima is an inwardly directed soft power, the influence of emotions and moods. The animus, in turn, is a tough and principled masculine principle.
Other interesting archetypes can also be mentioned: Virgo (Cora), Mana personality, Witch demon and Beast. They are closely related to the human character and accurately reflect some aspects of the human soul.
Carl Gustav Jung also wrote and developed psychological types (psychotypes, in the vocabulary of modern psychologists, or, if simpler, personality types).
A person and his symbols in a dream are absolutely not accidental, since a dream is not just a collection of colorful pictures reminding of worries or a difficult day. Carl Jung created the theory of dreams, taking as a basis Freud's postulate that the secret thoughts, desires and feelings of a person are manifested in dreams.
A Swiss psychiatrist has developed a set of universal images and scenarios that appear in dreams and allow them to be analyzed. Thanks to this unique technique, millions of people realized their fears and were able to get rid of them in a fairly short time.
Carl Jung developed his own interesting typology, which turned out to be too complex, and therefore known only in a narrow circle of professionals. He "brought to mind" the typology known since the time of Aristotle, which opposes the extrovert, and enriched it with four more functions-signs. These functions:
- Thinking.
- Feeling.
- Feeling.
- Intuition.
There are many simplifications to Jung's classification of personality types; and the most famous simplified similarity of this typology is the now incredibly popular socionics.
Contribution to psychology
Jung's contribution to modern psychology is indeed great. Socionics-based tests are conducted in schools, universities, and in some Western countries - when hiring. Jung's personality theory is used even in American intelligence to select candidates for particularly difficult and responsible positions.
Even in the twenty-first century, the dream analysis system is used in psychology and psychiatry, helping to identify mental ailments and diligently forgotten problems of a person.
Carl Gustav Jung is rightfully considered one of the greatest thinkers in world history, and his contribution to psychology and psychiatry is almost invaluable. Author: Irina Shumilova
Carl Gustav Jung (German Carl Gustav Jung [ˈkarl ˈgʊstaf ˈjʊŋ]) (July 26, 1875, Keswil, Thurgau, Switzerland - June 6, 1961, Kusnacht, canton Zurich, Switzerland) - Swiss psychiatrist, the founder of one of the areas of depth psychology - analytical psychology.
Jung considered the task of analytical psychology to interpret the archetypal images that arise in patients. Jung developed the doctrine of the collective unconscious, in the images (archetypes) of which he saw the source of universal human symbolism, including myths and dreams ("Metamorphoses and Symbols of Libido"). The goal of psychotherapy, according to Jung, is the realization of individualization of the individual.
Jung's concept of psychological types also became famous.
Jung was born to a pastor of the Swiss Reformed Church in Keswil, Switzerland. Father's grandfather and great-grandfather were doctors. Carl Gustav Jung graduated from the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Basel. From 1900 to 1906 he worked in a psychiatric clinic in Zurich as an assistant to the famous psychiatrist E. Bleuler. In 1909-1913 he collaborated with Sigmund Freud, played a leading role in the psychoanalytic movement: he was the first president of the International Psychoanalytic Society, editor of a psychoanalytic journal, lectured on the introduction to psychoanalysis.
On February 14, 1903, Jung married Emma Rauschenbach. He soon became the head of a large family. In 1904, their daughter Agatha was born, in 1906 - Greta, in 1908 - their son Franz, in 1910 - Marianne, in 1914 - Helena.
In 1904 he met and later entered into a long-term extramarital relationship with his patient Sabina Spielrein-Scheftel. In 1907-1910, Jung was visited at various times by Moscow psychiatrists Mikhail Asatiani, Nikolai Osipov and Alexei Pevnitsky.
In 1914, Jung withdrew from the International Psychoanalytic Association and abandoned the technique of psychoanalysis in his practice. He developed his own theory and therapy, which he called "analytical psychology." With his ideas, he had a significant impact not only on psychiatry and psychology, but also on anthropology, ethnology, cultural studies, the comparative history of religion, pedagogy, and literature.
In his works, Jung covered a wide range of philosophical and psychological problems: from the traditional psychoanalytic issues of the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders to the global problems of human existence in society, which he considered through the prism of his own ideas about the individual and collective psyche and the doctrine of archetypes.
In 1922, Jung bought an estate in Bollingen on the shores of Lake Zurich (not far from his home in Küsnacht) and over the years built the so-called Tower (German Turm) there. Having in the initial stage the appearance of a primitive round stone dwelling, after four stages of completion by 1956, the Tower acquired the appearance of a small castle with two towers, an office, a fenced yard and a pier for boats. In his memoirs, Jung described the construction process as a study of the structure of the psyche embodied in stone.
In 1933 he became an active participant and one of the inspirers of the influential international intellectual community "Eranos".
In 1935, Jung was appointed professor of psychology at the Swiss Polytechnic School in Zurich. Then he became the founder and president of the Swiss Society for Practical Psychology.
From 1933 to 1942 he taught again in Zurich, and from 1944 in Basel. From 1933 to 1939 he published the Zentralblatt für Psychotherapie und ihre Grenzgebiete (Zentralblatt für Psychotherapie und ihre Grenzgebiete), which supported the national and internal Nazi policy of purifying the race, and excerpts from Mein Kampf became a mandatory prologue to any publication. After the war, Jung explained the magazine's policy to the demands of the times. In an interview with Karol Bauman in 1948, Jung noted that "there were many Jews among his colleagues, acquaintances and patients between 1933 and 1945." Some historians reproach Jung for collaborating with the Nazi regime, but he was never officially convicted and, unlike Heidegger, continued to teach at the university.
Among Jung's publications of this period: "The relationship between the self and the unconscious" ("Die Beziehungen zwischen dem Ich und dem Unbewussten", 1928), "Psychology and religion" ("Psychologie und Religion", 1940), "Psychology and education" (" Psychologie und Erziehung ", 1946)," Images of the unconscious "(" Gestaltungen des Unbewussten ", 1950), Symbolism of the spirit (" Symbolik des Geistes ", 1953)," On the origins of consciousness "(" Von den Wurzeln des Bewusstseins ", 1954) ...
In April 1948, the CG Jung Institute was organized in Zurich. The Institute conducted training in German and English. Supporters of his method created the Society for Analytical Psychology in England and similar societies in the United States (New York, San Francisco, and Los Angeles), as well as in several European countries.
Carl Gustav Jung died at his home on June 6, 1961 in Kusnacht. Buried in the cemetery of the city's Protestant church.
Jung's scientific views
Group photo in front of Clark University. Sitting: Freud, Hall, Jung; standing: Abraham A. Brill, Ernest Jones, Sandor Ferenczi. 1909 year.
Initially, Jung developed the hypothesis that thinking took precedence over feeling in men, and feeling took precedence over thinking among women. Subsequently, Jung abandoned this hypothesis.
Jung rejected the idea that personality is completely determined by its experience, learning, and environmental influences. He believed that every individual is born with "a holistic personal sketch ... presented in potency from birth." And that "the environment does not at all grant the individual the opportunity to become it, but only reveals what was already in it", thus rejecting a number of the provisions of psychoanalysis. At the same time, Jung distinguished several levels of the unconscious: individual, family, group, national, racial and collective unconscious, which includes archetypes universal for all times and cultures.
Jung believed that there is a certain inherited structure of the psyche, developed over hundreds of thousands of years, which makes us experience and realize our life experience in a very specific way. And this certainty is expressed in what Jung called archetypes that affect our thoughts, feelings, actions.
Jung is the author of an associative test, during which the subject is presented with a number of words and the reaction rate is analyzed when naming free associations to these words. Analyzing the results of testing people, Jung suggested that some areas of human experience acquire an autonomous character and do not obey conscious control. These emotionally charged parts of the experience Jung called complexes. At the heart of the complex, according to his assumption, an archetypal core can always be found.
Jung assumed that some of the complexes arise as a result of traumatic situations. As a rule, this is a moral conflict that stems entirely from the impossibility of fully including the essence of the subject. But the nature of the emergence and development of the complexes is not known for certain. Figuratively, traumatic situations break off pieces from the ego-complex that go deep into the subconscious and then acquire a certain autonomy. Mentioning information related to the complex reinforces the defensive reactions that interfere with the awareness of the complex. The complexes try to enter consciousness through dreams, bodily and behavioral symptoms, relationship patterns, the content of delusions or hallucinations in psychosis, surpassing our conscious intentions (conscious motivation). In neurosis, the line separating the conscious and the unconscious is still preserved, but thinned, which allows the complexes to remind of their existence, of a deep motivational split of the personality.
Jung's treatment follows the path of integrating the psychological components of the personality, and not just as a study of the unconscious according to Freud. The complexes that arise as splinters after the blows of psycho-traumatic situations carry not only nightmares, erroneous actions, forgetting the necessary information, but are also conductors of creativity. Consequently, they can be combined through art therapy ("active imagination") - a kind of joint activity between a person and his features that are incompatible with his consciousness in other forms of activity.
Due to the difference in the content and tendencies of the conscious and unconscious, their final merging does not occur. Instead, a "transcendental function" appears that makes the transition from one attitude to another organically possible without losing the unconscious. Its appearance is a highly effective event - the acquisition of a new attitude.
Jung and the occult
A number of researchers note that the views of modern occultism are directly related to the analytical psychology of Jung and his concept of the "collective unconscious", which is attracted by adepts of occultism and alternative medicine in an effort to scientifically substantiate their views.
It is noted that many areas of occultism today are developing in line with the main ideas of Jung, which are being adapted to the scientific ideas of our time. Jung introduced into cultural use a huge layer of archaic thought - magical and gnostic heritage, alchemical texts of the Middle Ages, etc. He "elevated occultism to an intellectual pedestal", giving it the status of prestigious knowledge. This, of course, is not an accident, since Jung was a mystic, and according to researchers, it is in this that the true sources of his teaching should be sought. Since childhood, Carl Jung was in an atmosphere of "contact with other worlds." He was surrounded by the appropriate atmosphere of the Preiswerk house - the parents of his mother Emilia, where communication with the spirits of the dead was practiced. Jung's mother Emilia, grandfather Samuel, grandmother Augusta, cousin Helen Preiswerk practiced spiritualism and were considered "clairvoyants" and "visionaries". Jung himself arranged seances. Even his daughter Agatha later became a medium.
In Jung's memoirs, we learn that the dead come to him, ring the bell and their presence is felt by his entire family. Here he asks the “winged Philemon” (his “spiritual leader”) questions in his own voice, and answers with a falsetto of his female being - anima, here the dead crusaders knock at his house ... It is no coincidence that Jung's psychotherapeutic technique of “active imagination” developed the principles of communication with the mystical world and included moments of going into a trance.
At the same time, an unconditional sign of equality between Jungianism and the esoteric ideas of our time cannot be put, since Jung's teaching differs from them not only in its complexity and high culture, but also in a fundamentally different attitude to the world of mysticism and spirit.
Jung in cinema
- "Dangerous method" - film by David Cronenberg 2011
- "Sabina (film)" - a film by Roberto Faenza in 2002
- "My name is Sabine Spielrein" - film by Elizabeth Marton 2002
- "Carl Jung: The Wisdom of Dreams" - 3-episode documentary from 1989
Carl Gustav Jung
JUNG Carl Gustav (1875-1961) - Swiss psychologist, founder of analytical psychology. Since 1906 - a student and closest associate of Z. Freud. However, in the process of practical work with patients, Jung gradually comes to a disagreement with the teacher. In 1913, a crisis ensues in the relationship between Freud and Jung, ending in a rupture. According to Jung, the unconscious is not at all a dark ocean of vices and carnal impulses, ousted from consciousness in the process of the historical development of man; rather, it is a repository of lost memories, as well as an apparatus of intuitive perception that far exceeds the capabilities of conscious thinking.
The unconscious does not act to the detriment of a person, but, on the contrary, performs a protective function, at the same time contributing to the transition of the personality to a certain stage of development. Already in his early works, Jung puts forward one of the most original ideas in modern psychology - the idea of \u200b\u200bthe archetypes of the collective unconscious. These are some mythical images that are common to all mankind and represent adequate expressions of universal human needs, instincts, aspirations and potencies. These images are timeless, spaceless, and ultimately predate human history; here the concept of archetype approaches the world of Plato's ideas. The second main theme of his research is the spiritual life of a European person and the identification of the reasons that entail the irrational self-destruction of the human personality and society. Reflections on this topic are presented by the author in the fundamental work "Psychological types. Psychology of individualization".
Jung identifies four "poles" of consciousness: thinking, feeling, sensation and intuition.
Although they exist in consciousness inseparably, only one of them has a decisive role in the life of an individual, and only one of the poles of the other pair complements it. Thinking is supported by sensation, feeling by intuition.
The decisive role of the first pair is characteristic of Western people. It is obvious that feeling and intuition, being "unused", are pushed into the unconscious and suppressed, which is fraught with their uncontrolled activation and a sudden breakthrough in the form of autonomous complexes, stress or fits of obsession. Jung calls the transition of the leading role from the conscious pair of "poles" to the unconscious "enantinodromia" (opposition). The terms "extraverted" and "introverted" refer to the two most common psychological types of people; the former are distinguished by their openness towards the object (the surrounding world) and even in many respects dependence on it. The latter are characterized by the concentration of interests in oneself, independence from the object and the willingness to act based purely on one's own intentions. However, there are practically no "pure" extroverts or introverts. Any of the types is also susceptible to enantinodromia, which causes various exacerbated painful conditions. According to Jung, it is possible to avoid this only through "individuation" - achieving complete coherence of the four poles of consciousness by comprehending one's own personality, "self-knowledge", mastering the entire spectrum of its practical capabilities.
The problem of the unconscious was also of interest to the Swiss psychiatrist C.-G. Cabin boy.
However, he opposed the interpretation of man as an erotic being and tried to more deeply differentiate Freud's "It". In particular,
Jung singled out in it, in addition to the personal unconscious, as a reflection in the psyche of individual experience, also a deeper layer - the collective unconscious, which is a reflection of the experience of previous generations.
The essential core of the personality is the unity of the individual and the collective unconscious, but the latter is of primary importance. Thus, man is, first of all, an archetypal being.
The ideas of psychoanalysis were developed by Freud's student, and later one of his critics, Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961). The essence of Jung's disagreement with Freud was reduced to an understanding of the nature and forms of manifestation of the unconscious. Jung believed that Freud unjustifiably reduced all human activity to biologically inherited instincts, while instincts are not biological, but purely symbolic in nature. He suggested that symbolism is an integral part of the psyche itself and that the unconscious develops forms or ideas that are schematic in nature and constitute the schematic basis of all human representations. These forms do not have an internal content, but are, according to Jung, formal elements capable of taking shape in a concrete representation only when they penetrate the conscious level of the psyche. These formal elements, inherent in the entire human race, are termed "archetypes" by Jung. Archetypes are formal patterns of behavior or symbolic images, on the basis of which concrete, content-filled images are formed that correspond in real life to stereotypes of a person's conscious activity. Archetypes act instinctively in a person. In his famous work "Archetype and Symbol" Jung explains the essence of this concept as follows: "By archetypes I mean collective in nature forms and patterns that are found practically throughout the earth as constituent elements of myths and at the same time are autochthonous individual products of unconscious origin. Archetypal motives originate from archetypal images in the human mind, which are transmitted not only through tradition and migration, but also through heredity.This hypothesis is necessary, since even the most complex archetypal patterns can spontaneously reproduce without any tradition. an archetype is the formulated result of the vast technical experience of countless ancestors. It is, so to speak, the psychic remnant of countless experiences of the same type. "
Jung explains the concept of "archetypes" on the basis of the doctrine of the collective unconscious. Jung makes a clear distinction between the individual and the collective unconscious. The individual unconscious reflects the personal experience of one person and consists of experiences that were ever conscious, but lost their conscious character due to oblivion or suppression. The collective unconscious is a common human experience that is characteristic of all races and peoples. It represents the hidden traces of the memory of the human past, as well as the prehuman animal state.