The work of Nicholas Vasilyevich Gogol is a literary heritage, which can be compared with a large and multifaceted diamond, transfusing with all the colors of the rainbow.
While the life path of Nikolai Vasilyevich was a shorts (1809-1852), and in the last ten years he did not finish any work, the writer made an invaluable contribution to Russian classical literature.
He looked at Gogol, as on the hoax, satirika, romance and just a wonderful narrator. Such a versatility was attractive as a phenomenon, while the writer's life. He was attributed to the incredible situations, and sometimes there were ridiculous rumors. But Nikolai Vasilyevich did not refute them. He understood that over time, all this will turn into legends.
Writer's literary fate enviable. Not every author can boast that all his works printed during life, and each work attracted the attention of critics.
Start
The fact that the real talent came to the literature was clear after the story "Evening on the farm near Dikanka." But this is not the first product of the author. The first thing that the writer created is the romantic poem "Ganz Kühelgarten".It is difficult to say that the young Nikolay prompted such a strange work is probably passionate about German romanticism. But the poem failed. And as soon as the first negative reviews appeared, the young author, together with his servant, I bought all the remaining specimens and just burn them.
Such an act became something like an annular composition in creativity. Nikolai Vasilyevich began a literary path with the burning of his works and finished his burning. Yes, Gogol brutally turned with his works when he felt some failure.
But the second work was published, which was involved in the Ukrainian folklore and Russian ancient literature - "Evenings on the farm near Dikanka." The author was able to laugh at the unclean force, over the scratch itself, to combine the past and the present, excellent and not, and everything is painted in merry tones.
All stories described in two volumes were taken with delight. Pushkin, who was authority for Nikolai Vasilyevich wrote: "What kind of poetry! .. All this is so unusually in our current literature." Put his "quality mark" and Belinsky. It was a success.
Genius
If the first two books that have incorporated eight leaders, showed that the literature entered the talent, the new cycle, under the general name "Mirgorod", revealed genius.Mirgorod - This is only four stories. But every work is a real masterpiece.
Story about two old men who live in their estate. In their life nothing happens. At the end of the story they die.
This plot can be treated differently. What was the author: sympathy, pity, compassion? Maybe so the writer sees idyll of a communal part of a person's life?
A very young Gogol (he was only 26 years old at the time of work on the tag) so decided to show this true, genuine love. He moved away from generally accepted stereotypes: romance between young people, frantic passions, change, recognition.
Two old people, Athanasius Ivanovich and Pulcheria Ivanovna, no special love for each other do not show, about the carnal needs, the more spectacle do not go, there are no disturbing unrest. Their life is concern for each other, the desire to predict, not yet voiced desires.
But their attachment to each other is so great that after the death of Pultichery Ivanovna, Athanasius Ivanovich simply can not without her. Athanasius Ivanovich is weakening, winds, like an old manor, and asks before death: "Put me near the Pulcheria Ivanovna."
Here it is a suitable, deep feeling.
Taras Taras Bulba
Here the author affects the historical theme. The war that Taras Bulba vs. Poles is leading - this is a war for the purity of faith, for Orthodoxy, against "Catholic undersion."And although Nikolai Vasilyevich did not have reliable historical facts about Ukraine, pleaseing the folk legends, scarce chronicles, folk Ukrainian songs, and sometimes simply turning to mythology and their own fantasy, he was revealed to show the heroism of the Cossacks. The story literally stretched out on the winged phrases, which now remain relevant: "I gave you up, I will kill you and kill!", "Tespi, Cossack, - Ataman!", "Is there still gunpowder?!"
The mystical basis of the work, where the unclean power and evil spirits, united against the main character, make up the basis of the plot, perhaps the most incredible Gogol story.
The main action takes place in the temple. Then the author allowed himself to fall in doubt whether the unclean power win? Lee faith is able to withstand this demonic rag, when neither the Word of God or the Making Special Mysteries is not helped.
Even the name of the main character - Homa Brut, selected with a deep meaning. Homa is a religious principle (so called one of the students of Christ - Thomas), and Bruta, as you know, the killer Caesar and the apostate.
Bursak Brut had to spend three nights in the church reading prayers. But the fear of the rebel from the coffin of Pannochka made him appeal to the non-godly protection.
Gogol Character struggles with Pannachka with two methods. On the one hand, with the help of prayers, on the other hand, with the help of pagan rituals, the intensity of the circle and spells. His behavior is explained by philosophical views on life and doubts about the existence of God.
As a result, Homa Bruut did not have enough faith. He rejected the inner voice, prompting: "Do not look at Via." And in magic, he turned out to be weak, compared to the surrounding entities, and lost this battle. He did not have enough of a few minutes before the last crust of the rooster. Salvation was so close, but Bursak did not use it. And the church remained in the launch, desecrated by evil spirits.
The story of how Ivan Ivanovich quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich
A story about the hostility of former friends who quarreled because of a trifling and dedicated the rest of the lives to clarify the relationship.The sinful passion for hatred and straightening - here is the vice by which the author indicates. Gogol laughs over minor packs and goats that build the main characters to each other. This enmity all their lives makes small and shallow.
The tale is full of satire, grotesque, irony. And when the author with admiration says that Ivan Ivanovich, and Ivan Nikiforovich both beautiful people, the reader understands all the lowestness and vulgarity of the main characters. From boredom, landowners are looking for reasons for southetic and it becomes their meaning of life. And sad because there is no other purpose of these gentlemen.
Petersburg stories
The search for the path in overcoming the evil was continued by Gogol and in those works that the writer did not combine into a certain cycle. Just the writers decided to call them Petersburg, at the place of action. Here the author again rises human vices. A special popularity was the "Marriage" play, the story of the "notes of the crazy", "Portrait", "Nevsky Prospect", Comedy "Trewbill", "Excerpt", "Players".Some works should be told more.
The most significant of these Petersburg works is considered to be the story "Shinel". No wonder Dostoevsky once said: "We all came out of Gogol Schinel." Yes, this is a key product for Russian writers.
The "Sintel" shows the classic image of a small man. The reader is represented by a clogged titular adviser, nothing insignificant in the service, which can be offended.
Here Gogol made another discovery - a little man is interested in any. After all, the problems of the state level, heroic exploits, violent or sentimental feelings, bright passions, strong characters were considered a worthy image in the literature of the early XIX century.
And on the background of prominent characters, Nikolai Vasilyevich "produces people" a small official who should be completely uninteresting. There are no public secrets, no struggle in the glory of the Fatherland. There is no place sentimentality and sighing Paul Star Sky. And the most courageous thoughts in Akakia Akakiyevich's head: "Do not put a kunitz to the collar of overcoats?"
The writer showed an insignificant person, the meaning of the life of which has a chinel. His goals are very crayons. Bashmachkin first dreams of overcoats, after saving money to her, and when he steal her simply dying. And readers sympathize with the unfortunate advisor, considering the issue of social injustice.
Gogol accurately wanted to show the stupidity, insolvency and the aspiration of Akakia Akakiyevich, who can only deal with the penishing of papers. But it was precisely the compassion to this insignificant person gives rise to a warm feeling of the reader.
It is impossible to bypass this masterpiece. The play was always successful, including because the author gives actors a good basis for creativity. The first release of the play was Triumphalen. It is known that the example of the "auditor" was the emperor Nicholas I himself, who perceived favorably setting, and appreciating it as criticizing the bureaucracy. That is how the comedy saw and everyone else.
But Gogol did not shine. His work did not understand! It can be said that Nikolai Vasilyevich took a challenge. It is from the "auditor" the writer begins to evaluate his creativity more hard, after any of his publication raising the literary bar higher and higher.
As for the "auditor", the author hoped for a long time that he would understand him. But this did not happen in ten years. Then the writer created the work of "the interchange to the" auditor "in which explains the reader and the viewer how to correctly understand this comedy.
First of all, the author declares that he does not criticize anything. And cities where all the officials freak can not exist in Russia: "Though two or three, but there are decent." And the city, shown in the play, is a city of spiritual, which is sitting in any inside.
It turns out that Gogol showed a man's soul in his comedy, and urged to understand his wiseness and repent. All his efforts invested by the author in the epigraph: "On the mirror Necha, beaten, if Rygzh Kriva." And after he did not understand, he wrapped this phrase against himself.
But the poem was also perceived as criticizing the landlord of Russia. They saw and call to fight fortress right, although, in fact, Gogol was not an opponent of serfdom.
In the second volume of "Dead Souls" Writer wanted to show positive examples. For example, he drew the image of the Kostagnzhlo landlord so decent, hardworking and fair, that men come to him the neighboring landowner and ask him to buy them.
All the ideas of the author were brilliant, but he himself believed that everything was going wrong. Do not everyone know that for the first time Gogol burned the second volume of "dead souls" in 1845. This is not aesthetic failure. Preserved draft works show that Gogol's talent is not dried at all, as some critics are trying to approve. Form of the second volume, the demanding of the author is manifested, and not his annexation.
But rumors about the light of Nikolai Vasilyevich quickly sprawled. Even a close environment of the writer, people are far from stupid, could not understand what the writer wants from life. All this gave birth to additional fictions.
But there was also an idea of \u200b\u200bthe third where heroes from the first two volumes were to meet. One can only guess what the author deprived us, destroying his manuscripts.
Nikolai Vasilyevich confessed that at the beginning of the life path, still in adolescence, his question was not easy and evil. The boy wanted to find a way to fight evil. Search for a response to this question and overdered its calling.
The method was found - satire and humor. Everything that seems low-attractive, unsightly or ugly, you need to make funny. Gogol said so: "Even the one who is not afraid of nothing is afraid of anyone.
The writer so developed the ability to deploy the situation with a funny side that his humor acquired a special, thin base. The visible to the world laughter hid in himself and tears, and disappointment, and grief, something that can not be fun, but, on the contrary, leads to sad meditation.
For example, in a very funny story, "the story about how Ivan Ivanovich was quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich" after a ridiculous story about irreconcilable neighbors, the author concludes: "Bored in this world, gentlemen!" The goal is achieved. The reader is sad because the playful situation is not ridiculous. The same effect after reading the story of the "notes of the crazy" where the whole tragedy was played, although she was filed in the comedy perspective.
And if early creativity is characterized by true fun, for example, "Evenings on the farm near Dikanka", then with age, the author wants deeper proceedings, and calls for this reader and the viewer.
Nikolay Vasilyevich understood that laughter could be dangerous and resorted to various tricks to bypass censorship. For example, the scenic fate of the "Auditor" could not at all, if Zhukovsky did not convince the emperor himself, that in a mockery of non-confidence in confidence, there is nothing nonsense.
Like many, the Gogol road to Orthodoxy was difficult. He painfully, mistaken and doubting, looking for his way to truth. But he was little, he himself find this road. He wanted to point it to another. He wanted to clean himself from all bad and offered to do it all.
From the young age, the boy studied Orthodoxy and Catholicism, comparing religions, noting similarity and differences. And this search for truth reflected in many of his works. Gogol not only read the gospel, he made discharge.
Having become famous as a great mystifier, he was not understood in his last unfinished work "selected places from correspondence with friends." Yes, and the church reacted to the "selected places" negatively, considering that it is unacceptable that the author of the "dead souls" read the sermons.
The Christian book itself was really instructive. The author clarifies what happens on the liturgy. What a symbolic value is this or that action. But this work was not completed. In general, the last years of the writer's life is a turn from external to the inner.
Nikolai Vasilyevich goes a lot in monasteries, especially often visits the introduction of Optina Desert, where he has a spiritual mentor, an elder of Makaria. In 1949, Gogol meets the priest, Father Matvey Konstantinovsky.
Disputes often occur between the writer and Archpriem Matvey. And for the priest, little humility and piety of Nicholas, he demands: "Correct from Pushkin."
And although no renunciation of Gogol did, the opinion of the spiritual mentor was Vital over him as an indisputable authority. The writer persuades the Archpriest to read the second volume of the "dead shower" in the piston version. And although the priest first refused, after decided to give his assessment by the work.
Archpriest Matthew is the only lifetime reader of the Gogolian manuscript of the 2nd part. Returning a finishing script to the author, the priest was not easy to give a negative assessment of the prosecutic poem, he advised to destroy it. In fact, who has affected the fate of the work of the Great Classics.
The condemnation of Konstantinovsky, and a number of other circumstances, pushed the writer to abandon creativity. Gogol begins to analyze his work. He almost refused food. Gloomy thoughts overcome it all stronger.
Since everything happened in the house of Count Tolstoy, Gogol asked him to transfer the manuscript of Metropolitan to Moscow Philaret. From the best motives, the Count refused to fulfill such a request. Then, Nikolai Vasilyevich woke a deep night to the servant of Semyon, so that he opened the oven valves and burned all her manuscripts.
It seems that this event predetermined the death of the writer. He continued to learn and rejected any help of friends and doctors. He seemed to be cleared by preparing for death.
It must be said that Nikolai Vasilyevich was not abandoned. The literary community sent the best doctors to bed of the patient. A whole consultation was collected from professors. But, apparently, the decision to start a compulsory treatment was late. Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol died.
There is nothing surprising in the fact that the writer, so much wrote about the unclean strength, deepened in faith. Everyone has their own way on Earth.
Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol is a brilliant Russian writer, a person who knows, first of all, as the author of the actual for all times of the work of the "Dead Souls", a personality with a tragic destiny, which is shrouded in the halo of mystery so far.
Brief biography and creative way
Gogol was born on March 20 (or on April 1 in a new style) of 1809 in the Sorochians of the Poltava province in a large family of the landowner. In childhood Gogol brought up on the principles of mutual respect, love for nature and literary creativity. After the end of the Poltava School, the young man entered the Nezhinsky gymnasium to study justice. He was interested in painting, delve into the principles of Russian literature, but wrote in those years not too masterfully.
Literary achievements
With the move of Gogol in the Northern Capital in 1828 his literary path began as a unique author. But everything went smoothly immediately: Nikolai Vasilyevich served as an official Engaged in painting at the Academy of Arts and even attempts to become an actor, But none of the mentioned activities brought the expected satisfaction.
Acquaintance with such influential figures in society, as, and Delvig helped Gogola show the originality of his talent. The first published work was "Basavryuk", then "Evening in the day before Ivan Kupala", who gave the writer first fame. Later, world literature began to recognize Gogol on the original plays, such as the "auditor", the stories ("nose") and stories with the Ukrainian flavor ("Sorochinsky Fair")
Completion of life path
One of the last turns of the biography of the Writer Steel traveling abroad Under the influence of the negative reaction of the public for the production of the "auditor". In Rome, he works on the "dead souls", the first of which is published after returning to their homeland. But it seems that the author does not please anything: he falls into depression, spiritually breaks, And on the eve of his death, February 21, 1852, simply burns the second volume of the completed work.
Mysterious death
Surprisingly, but curvators about what exactly the great Russian writer died, Do not subside until now. Even modern doctors cannot put an accurate diagnosis, although according to biographers, Gogol since childhood was a painful child. Despite the variety of diagnoses that could lead to death - from cancer to meningitis, from typhus to madness - even put forward version of poisoning Writer mercury.
Oddities and killing
Russian and world literature knows Gogol, as a person whose immortal creations call for good light, true mind and spiritual perfection. While the life of the writer himself is saturated with very strange and ambiguous phenomena. Some researchers are confident that Nikolai Vasilyevich suffered schizophrenia, as well as attacks of psychosis and claustrophobia. The writer personally argued that she had offset organs in the body, some of which were placed at all. Contemporaries said that he was hit all the attachments atponal for a person, such as needlework, sleep in a sitting position, and writing, on the contrary, only standing. Was also prose passion for riding bread balls.
To other unusual facts from the biographical path of the writer include the following:
- Gogol was never married. He made an offer to a woman just once, but was rejected.
- Nikolai Vasilyevich loved cooking and cooking, often treated with familiar dishes of their own preparation, including a special drink with Roma called "Gogol-Mogol".
- The writer constantly had sweets with them, which he was not tired of chewing.
- He was a shy man and very shy his own nose.
- Fears were a special place in the life of Gogol: a strong thunderstorm acted on his nerves, and indeed, he was, not alien to religious and superstitious reasons. Perhaps that is why mysticism has always pursued a prose: For example, he himself said that his story "Viy" - nothing else like the people's tradition, which he once heard and simply rewritten. But neither historians nor folklinists nor researchers in other areas have not found mentioned about it.
Not only fate and creativity, but even the death of the writer is one solid mystery. After all, when reburied, he was discovered turned the side.
If this post you came in handy, Buda is glad to see you
Nikolay Vasilyevich Gogol was born on April 1, 1809 in the town of Great Sorochints Mirgorod County of Poltava province in the family of a landowner. The Gahol family had a great possession, about a thousand tents of the Earth and about four hundred and souls of the peasants.
All childhood Gogol spent in the estate, which belonged to the parents of Nikolai Vasilyevich. His mother tried to raise his love for religion from his son. Gogol was wondering, but not so much religion as a whole as prophecies about the terrible court and about the idea of \u200b\u200bthe postal takes.
Our experts can check your essay on the criteria
Experts of the site Critica24.ru.
Teachers of leading schools and existing experts from the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation.
Also in childhood, Gogol began writing poetry.
Nikolay Vasilyevich began to learn. At first it was a Poltava county school, then private lessons, and then Nikolai Vasilyevich enters the gymnasium of higher sciences in non-residential. Here he begins to try himself in different literary genres, but he is not going to associate himself, because he dreams of a legal career.
After graduating from the gymnasium in 1828, Gogol rides in St. Petersburg, but there is a failure there. Written by the poem "Idyllia in pictures" causes laughter and condescension. Then Nikolai Vasilyevich suddenly leaves to Germany, and also suddenly he returns. But here again failure, he does not go to the scene as a dramatic actor.
At the end of 1829, he serves in the Department of State Economy and Public Buildings of the Ministry of the Interior. In the interval from 1830 to 1831, it serves in the Department of Ducks.
This experience presented Gogol disappointment in the public service and craving for literature. He begins to pay a lot of time to this case. Its works begin to go out. Gogol begins to spend a lot of time in the circle of Pushkin and Zhukovsky. And, finally, in 1831 - 1832, "Evenings on the farm near Dikanka" are published. After the second part of this work, Gogol becomes famous, it goes to Moscow. But then he starts difficulties with censorship.
Gogol is increasingly interested in history, and several times tried to teach at universities, but they did not take it. A little later, he became an adjunct professor at the Department of Universal History.
In parallel with this, he writes the story that had his own style, a bright this example was the work of the "nose" and "Taras Bulba".
When Gogol wrote the work of the "auditor" the reaction to his work was ambiguous. The fact is that in two months after the completion of the spelling of the comedy, Gogol has already set it on the scene. But after some time, the critic appeared on Nikolai Vasilyevich, which was very upset by Gogol. The oil in the fire was even a deterioration of relations with Pushkin.
Nikolay Vasilyevich begins a lot of time abroad. He goes to Germany, then in Switzerland. And in parallel working on the work of "Dead Souls", the idea of \u200b\u200bwhich, as the idea of \u200b\u200bthe "auditor", prompted Pushkin. And being in France Gogol learns about his death. Then Nikolai Vasilyevich decided that this is a work, as a kind of "sacred will" of the poet.
Since 1837, Gogol is back in position: Rome, Turin, Baden-Baden, Frankfurt, Geneva and Rome again.
Further the life of Nikolai Vasilyevich boils. He goes to Moscow, reads the chapters of the first volume of the dead souls, gets good reviews, again leaves, burns some of the heads of the work, adds it and gives it to test censorship. And when he decided to write the second Tom, Gogol began a crisis. He travels a lot, but the work is very difficult to spell. And in the end he burns it.
Nikolai Vasilyevich starts the first mental crisis, it is treated and only for the fall of 1845 he became better. He again starts to the second of the "dead souls", but everything is also difficult. Gogol is distracted by other things. After writing the book "Selected places from correspondence with friends", Gogol receives another blow. He is beginning to criticize him. It was very poorly reflected in Nikolae Vasilyevich. After that, he reads a lot and decides to go to pilgrimage to holy places. In 1849 - 1850, Nikolai Vasilyevich decides to read some of the heads of the second volume of the "dead souls" and they like the friends of Gogol. Then he decides, finally, think about family life and makes an offer to Anna Mikhailovna Wielgorsk, but she refuses to the writer.
Gogol continues to work on the second volume of the "dead souls". He leads a fairly active lifestyle, and in 1852 it completes the second volume, but Gogol begins the crisis. He meets with Father Matvey, and on February 7, he confesses and commits. On the night of 11 to 12, he burns the whole of the second volume, only the drafts of five chapters remained. February 21, in the morning, Gogol died.
1. The place and significance of N.V.Gogol in Russian culture.
2. "Evenings on the farm near Dikanka."
3. Taras Bulba.
4. Comedy "Auditor".
5. Poem "Dead Souls."
6.Ding of creativity N.V. Gogol.
"I know that my name after me will be happier than me," wrote N.V.Gogol. And he was right. 2009 was recognized by UNESCO for Gogol. Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol is one of the few Russian writers, whose fame came out far beyond the Russian cultural space. Gogol's creativity had exceptional importance in the history of Russian literature. According to Belinsky and Chernyshevsky, Gogol became the founder of a whole direction in the Russian literature, the so-called "genuine school" of the 40s of the 19th century. Gogol created works that were a genuine discovery in artistic culture, had a great influence on the development of Russian literature and art at all. Gogol is not just a writer, but the person of exclusive, tragic fate, the thinker and the prophet, who stood on the verge of a genuine attendant of the historical fate of the Russian Federation, in the fate of which one way or another was reflected in the fate of the literature and social thought of that time. Gogol is the beginning of the new era in the artistic consciousness of Russia of the 19th century.
Born the writer April 1(March 20 on old style) 1809 in town Great Sorochians of the Mirgorod County of Poltava Province In the family of the landowner. Nikolai called the writer in honor of the miraculous icon of St. Nicholas, stored in the Church of the village of Dikanka.
Gogol had over 1000 tents of the Earth and about 400 serf souls.
The ancestors of the writer from the Father's side were hereditary priests, but the grandfather had already left the spiritual field and entered the office; It was he who added to his last name Yanovskyanother - Gogol.that should have been demonstrated from the origin of the 17th century known in Ukrainian history. Colonel Gogol.
Father writer Vasily Afanasyevich Gogol Yanovsky, served with the Malorossky Post Office, quit with the rank of college assessor and married Maria Ivanovna Kosyarovskayawho originated from the landowner family. According to legend, she was the first beauty in Poltava. Married to Vasily Afanasyevich, she came out fourteen years. In the family, in addition to Nikolai, there were five more children.
Children's years Gogol spent in the estate of parents - Vasilievka. Together with the parents, the boy often traveled in the estates of the neighboring landowners who were quite enlightened people. Children were especially attracted, where the owner of the estate contained a huge library and a home theater for whom Gogol's father wrote comedy, being also his actor and a conductor. Little Nicholas were attracted to the production. The source of strong impressions of the boy also served historical legends and biblical stories told by the mother.
In 1818-1819, Gogol, together with his brother Ivan, studied in Poltava county school. In May 1821, the writer entered Nezhinskaya gymnasium of higher sciences. He studied Gogol quite average, but was distinguished in a gymnasium theater as an actor and decorator. The gymnasium period includes the first literary experiments in verses and in prose, for example, satire "something about non-residential, or fools not written" (not survived).
From the youthful years, Nikolai Gogol dreamed of a legal career. December 1828
After completing training in the gymnasium, he moved to St. Petersburg. Having experienced monetary difficulties, the place of place, he takes the first literary samples: In early 1829, the poem "Italy" appeared, and in the spring of the same year under the pseudonym "Alov" Gogol printed "Idyllius in the pictures" Ganz Kühelgarten. The poem caused sharp and mocking reviews of critics. In July 1829, Gogol burned the unreasonable copies of the book and went to travel to Germany.
Upon returning to Russia, Gogola manages to determine the service of the official in the Department of State Housekeeping and Public Buildings, and then to the Department of Runs. Official activity does not bring Gogol satisfaction; But the new publications (tale "Bisavryuk, or the evening before Ivan Kupala," articles and essay) pay more attention to him. The writer ties extensive literary dating: with V. A. Zhukovsky, P. A. Plenev, A. S. Pushkin. Gogol was often in the royal village of Pushkin, carried out instructions on the publication of the "History of Belkin". Pushkin appreciated Gogol as a writer, "presented" the plots of the "auditor" and "dead souls".
In autumn 1831 The year is 1st part of the collection of stakes from Ukrainian life "Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka". "Sorochinskaya Fair entered her
"," Evening on the eve of Ivan Kupala "," May night, or drowning "," Missing grades ". A year later, a 2nd part appeared, enthusiastically met by Pushkin. She included "night before Christmas", "terrible revenge", "Ivan Fedorovich Shponka and his father", "Enchanted place." The tale of this cycle is also called Ukrainian stories, as they briefly reflected the national character, life and morals of the Ukrainian people. "Evenings on the farm near the Dikanka" are characterized by the fact that their consciousness triumphs, all serious problems are solved from the standpoint of the People's Morality. Gogol paints the liberty of folk life, her festive character, fairing spirit, true fun. Distinctive features of the TAX of this cycle are musicality, fusion of epic and lyrics, comic and tragic, folk humor and heroic pathos, as well as folklorism and fiction. Gogol uses folk legends, legends. There are a lot of mythological and fabulous characters in the titles: sorcerers, witches, weakened.
In the early 1830s, Gogol was engaged in teaching activities, gave private lessons, and later he taught history in the St. Petersburg Patriotic Institute. In 1834, he was determined by the Adjunct Professor at the Department of Universal History at the University of St. Petersburg.
AT 1835 the year came collections "Arabesque" and "Mirgorod". In "Arabescas" several articles of popular scientific content on history and art and the story "Portrait", "Nevsky Prospect" and "Notes of Crazy" were placed. In the first part of the "Mirgod" and "Starlavetsky landowners" and "Taras Bulba" appeared, in the second - "vii" and "the story about how Ivan Ivanovich quarreered with Ivan Nikiforovich.
"Taras Bulba" - This is a historic story. Against the background of historical events that really happened in the XV-XVII centuries, the daily life of Zaporizhzhya Cossacks is described. The events of more than two centuries are recreated in the fate of one hero and his sons. The folk basis is played by the folk basis of the story, a description of landscapes, interiors. The tie of the work is the meeting of Taras Bulba with sons Ostap and Andrei, who came home to vacation. Taras decides to check them in the case and goes with them to Zaporizhia. The culmination of the story is the scene of the murder of Taras Bullby of the younger son of Andria for the betrayal and revenge of enemies for the death of the eldest son of Ostap. Interchange of the story - the execution of the Taras Bulba itself. Gogol considers Cossacks not a historical or national estate, but an expression of one of the parties "Russian Spirit". The main idea of \u200b\u200bthe story is the unity of the people, based on faith, patriotism, partnership and liberty.
The top of Gogol's creativity - the playwright became a comedy "Auditor", published and simultaneously set on stage in 1836. year. The Comedy describes how in the county city of a random passage takes for the auditor from the capital. According to the writer himself, in the "Auditor" he "decided to collect everything badly in Russia in one bunch, all injustice, which are made in those places and in cases where most of all is required from the person justice, and in one time laugh at all" . The Auditor's comedy action takes place in modern Gogol Society, and almost all the vices of this society are brightly displayed in this work. Proof of this can serve that the play for a long time did not want to put. It took Zhukovsky's intervention, who personally convinced the emperor in the fact that "there is nothing unrealized in the comedy that it is only a fun ridicule over bad provincial officials."
"The Auditor" is truly a people's comedy. Her people are primarily in its ideological content. The comedy is permeated by the deepest hatred of the writer to the bureaucratic-official system that reigned in Russia his time. Gogol shows officials as anti-people power. The comedy images are typical, the behavior of each hero is vital, their words and acts reveal their characters. And although Gogol drew the world of provincial officials in the "auditor", the penetration depth of the writer in reality was so striking that the spectators and readers of the comedy immediately saw the image of all Russia in it - its fastener-bureaucratic system.
AT 1836-1848 Gogol lived abroad for years, only twice came to Russia. In 1842.year went out "Chichikov's adventures, or dead souls"significant for that time in circulation of 2.5 thousand copies. Work on the book began in 1835, the first volume of the poem was completed in August 1841 in Rome.
In the "dead souls" there is a wide and truthful picture of the Russian life of the 20-30s of the last century. By its content, the poem denied the evil and the dwelling world of the "dead souls" of slave owners and royal officials. Gogol, as in the mirror, reflected the entire disgusting essence of the noble-bureaucratic building with its police orders, morality of serfs and landlord arbitrariness. The plot of the "dead souls" opposes the lyrical image of the people of Russia, about which Gogol writes with love and admiration. The author acts as a patriot, which was reflected in the future of the Motherland, where there will be no companion, manile, plush and chischiki. Behind the strange world of landlord Russia, Gogol felt a living soul of the people. In the poem and the lifting and admiration speaks of his courage, about love for free life. The image of the Motherland N.V. Gogol portrayed real. The serfdom slowed down the development of Russia. The author in dreams saw Russia another. The image of the bird-triple is the symbol of the power of his homeland. She owns the main role in world development. "Dead Souls" is the encyclopedia of the life of fortress Russia. Belinsky wrote: "Gogol first looked safely in Russian reality."
AT 1842 The year edited by the writer came out the first collected works of Gogol, where the story was printed "Shinel".
AT 1842-1845 Gogol worked on the second volume of the "dead souls", but in July 1845 of the year writing a manuscript. At the beginning 1847 Gogol's book was published "Selected places from correspondence with friends", Which many, including, close friends perceived negatively.
Winter 1847-1848 Gogol spent in Naples. In April 1848, after pilgrimage in the Holy Land, Gogol finally returned to Russia, where he spent most of the time in Moscow, visited in St. Petersburg, as well as in the native places - Malorus.
By top 1852 The year was re-created the editors of the second volume of the "Dead Souls", the chapters from which Gogol read close friends. However, the sense of creative dissatisfaction did not leave the writer, on the night of February 24, 1852, he burned the manuscript of the second volume of Roman. In incompletely, only five chapters relating to various draft edits were preserved, which were published in 1855.
March 4 (February 21 in the old style) 1852 Nikolay Gogol died in Moscow. He was buried in the Danilov Monastery. In 1931, Gogol remains were reburied at the Novodevichy Cemetery.
The immortal creativity of Gogol enriched the principles of the artistic mapping of reality, revealed the inexhaustible possibilities of using grotesque, fiction, symbolism in realistic literature.
N.V. Gogol had a strong influence on the development of Herzen's satirical creativity, Nekrasov, Chernyshevsky and especially - Saltykov-Shchedrin.
Great value of Gogol in the development of the Russian literary language. Following Pushkin, he turned to the speech of the people. He fought for the purity and identity of the Russian language. By this quality of his language, Gogol influenced Turgenev as the author of the "Hunter's Notes", and on Ostrovsky, and Nekrasov.
Gogol's creativity inspired Russian composers and artists. Mussorgskyposted on the plot of Gogol Opera "Sorochinskaya Fair", Rimsky-Korsakov - "May night", "Night before Merry", Tchaikovsky - "Cherevichki". Repin Created his famous picture "Cossacks" not without the influence of "Taras Bulba.
The influence of Gogol's creativity on the development of Russian literature.
Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol is the most mysterious star in the sky of Russian literature of the XIX and XX centuries - Dynamy is amazed by the reader and the viewer and the magical power of fineness, and the unusual originality of its path to his homeland, to a randering and even ... creating the future for her. Blind into the coming ... Gogol - Recall Once again and the Pushkin dream "The rumor about me will take place throughout Russia," and who sounded in a hundred years of Mayakovsky "I want to be understood by my native country" - I tried the idea of \u200b\u200bmovement to the future, in anxious and, As many believed, in the "Beautiful Dapieko", which will not be only brutally to a person. And in this regard, he is closest in Russian folklore, in a folk song
"It is impossible to forget anything from Gogol said, even the smallest things, not even needed," said F.M.Dostoevsky. "Gogol had a fididium cutter" - wrote a philosopher and critic of the twentieth century V.V. Rosanov. - How many words are parst, Chichikov's lacquer? And it is remembered at least than Nikolai Rostov. And Osip? " In fact, the melancholic Osip, the servant of Klezlekov in the "Revior", just says, warned by his Barin, an inspired poem writer about his own significance: "Leave from here. She, God, is already time, "yes takes gifts from merchants, including ... a commemorative rope (" Come on and rope, - and the rope in the expensive gear "). But this "rope about the reserve" remembered many generations of Russian audience.
And with what kind of ultrasound fullness are compatible in Gogol, two of the most beautiful qualities living in many, with the exception of Pushkin, separately: exceptional life observation and as a rare imagination force. If the artistic image as the main expressive of the spiritual life of Russia, the concentration of her spiritual life was to Gogol, as it were to the facts, from actuality, then in the work of Gogol - long before M. G Yorky! "The fact would be advanced into the deployment of the image, sharpened the image, took it away.
From Gogol reality, there will always be in memory and incredibly wide sharovars, a rock tube, "cradle" Taras Bulba, wheatting "singing doors" in the idyllic house "Starlavetsky landowners". And the mysterious melody of the "string, ringing in the fog", from St. Petersburg fantastic dreams ("notes of the madmanship"), even striking even A. Block.
Dynam is difficult to decide - in details of Lee "Remember" we even the Magic Troika's Magic Bird, this "simple, seem to be a road projectile"? Or every time, together with Gogol, "we compose" this wilt three on your way, "add", decipher the coordinated riddle of the neurotic, the horror of the leading movement? Another secret "smoke smoking road", the secret of the unknown light horses with incredible, but as if visible "vortices in the maneers"? The contemporary of Gogol, I. Kireevsky, was probably the right, who said that after the reading of the "dead souls", we had "hope and thought about the great appointment of our Fatherland."
But Dynam is mysterious an unrequited question - the epigraph of the whole postlegel literature - "Rus, where are you going? Give an answer. Does not give a response "! And what could be the answer if Rus-Troika rushes "through boxes and dogs" (P.V. Palievsky)? If the two famous writers of the beginning of the twentieth century, creating their close symbolism of Gogol, made up this Rus-Troika "From the insane field, witty whipping and prudent Chichikov" (D.S. Melezhkovsky) or?. "Gogol is rich: not alone, and two troops - Nozdrov - Chichikov - Manilaov and a box - Plushkin - Sobekevich ... Nozdrov - Chichikov - Manilans Through the forests and mountains Life under the clouds are hired - airship. Do not build life, and the hosts are another Troika: Plushkin - Plushkin - Sobekevich. "
What did Gogol taught all subsequent Russian literature?
The usual answer is that he brought laughter as the element of life to the fore, which never laughed in Russia. Spectators and readers - after "inexpressible" D.Fontvizin with his simple, cattle and Mitrofanushka, after "grief from the mind" A.Griboyedov, - How they laughed together with Gogol, hardly in everything accurately. Gogol's laughter in the "Evenings on the farm near Dikanka" (1832) was still light, lung, sometimes funny, although often the phenomena of all kinds of sorcerers, sorcerers, the kidnappers of the Moon alternate with the frightening automatism by continuous dancing, with the "Hopak", as if guarding this optimism . The unrestrained tide of some desperate mischief bonded the perfect and idyllic world.
And what is laughter in the "Petersburg Hands", in the entire Gogol demonology of St. Petersburg, this very fatal, intentional city in Russia? Gogol removes funny or terrible figures of carriers of evil all the visual mischievous fiction and hell, removes a Basavryuk, a punk witch, mermaids, sorcerers, "but some faceless, unlimited evil reserves in his Petersburg. For the first time in Russian prose, the "Deviliada" is born, then the world evil, which will then "fold" and Bul nuts in the "Master and Margari those" with their Satan Woland, and Platonov in a set of plays, and of course, A. Boyky in "Paterburg ", F.K.Sologub in the" fine demons "and even Shukshin in his phantasmagories" to third roosters "and" in the morning they woke up ... ". Not even Dostoevsky, and Sukhovo-Kobylin, with his dramatic trilogy "Wedding of Krechinsky", "Case", "Death of Trepekina", as well as from Gogol Nosa with his deceptive figurativeness, false concrete, terrible ghost, Fear of space, the desire to tear away about the incoming void ... Square of hypertrophied sizes in St. Petersburg ... reflect the incomplete lifespan, the small recycling of the space in the early St. Petersburg (it is not by chance that the shoes are robbed on a wide area, whereas in Myskou, it was done in narrow alleys). Petersburg fear, Evil itself in Gogol "Petersburg Hands" is not a bad neighbor, sorcerer, no Basavryuk. The writer does not see the carriers of living evil, carriers of witchcraft. The entire Nevsky Prospect is the lasting phantasmagoria, deception: - all the deception, everything is a dream, everything is not what it seems! " This spell completes Gogol "Nevsky Prospect", anxious story about the tragic death of the idealist-artist Piskarev and happy "enlightenment", deliverance from the thirst for revenge by the Germans-artisans of vulgar pryogov. From this St. Petersburg, together with Klestakov, precisely fear, satellite and shadow of St. Petersburg will come to the precast provincial city in the "Revolution".
Gogol so peculiarly "sick" (did not go away?) Petersburg, that many historians later unfairly vinyl, reinforced him: from Him, Gogol, the well-known "sweat", the overturning of the image of St. Petersburg, toasting his royal beauty, the protracted era of the tragic twilight of Petropol.
It was after Gogol who also arises the tragic St. Petersburg Dostoevsky, and the whole disturbing silhouette of the Ghost City in the novel "Petersburg" A. Belogo, and the city of A.blok, where "Over the bottomless failure in eternity, / choking, a lynsyak flies ...". Gogol Petersburg became a prototype in the twentieth century, the basis of the grand scenic platform for the multi-acting revolution, became the city, "familiar to the tears" (O. Mandelstam), for A. Block in the poem "Twelve" and many others.
The scope and depth of contradictions in the artist - often evidence of the greatness of his quest, the existence of hopes and the seals. Did Gogol, who created the comedy "Auditor" (1836), together with the future Khlestakov (he was called the scakunov in the first edition) this is a new, mirage space, full of outcomes, did he understand the whole meaning of the "auditor", his ingenious creation?
The funny heroes of the "Auditor" are extremely clear, as if the shared figures of officials, the inhabitants of the prefabricated city - as if they are drawn in the field of the action of alienated, even from the author, forces, in the insight field, error. They are certified by some extravalous carousel. Even on the stage, they rush, literally squeezing, breaking the door, as Bobchinsky fell into the number of the Klezlekov, having wrapped the door on the floor, from the corridor. Gogol and himself, as if alienated from the comedy, where the element element reigns, the element of action and the expressive language. Only at the end of the comedy he, as it were, "is as if", tries to attribute to the audience, and to the very applied and sorting question: "What are you laughing? Laugh on yourself! " By the way, in the text of 1836 this meaningful replica, the signal to the "Carousel" stop, to universal petition, turning the sinners into peculiar "salt pillars" was not. Are they so, the funny heroes of the "Auditor", the forced? Such truthful, frank, gullible "villains", as if pleasing to soften the punishment, fantastic with their vices, as they laid out everything about themselves, there was no reason to Gogol. They behave like under God the walking, convinced that Khleztakov (the Massacre, St. Petersburg Higher Power) and the thoughts of them and affairs knows about ...
"Dead Souls" (1842) is a lonely, even more difficult attempt by Gogol, the direct predecessor of the prophetic realism of Dostoevsky, to express the most conceptual "Russian point of view" on the fate of a person in the world, to all his irrational connections, to express through the analysis of the feeling of conscience and voice defects. The immortal poem is the synthesis of the entire artistic spiritual experience of the writer and at the same time - a sharp overcoming of the boundaries of the literature, which foreshadow even the future renunciation from the artistic word. Lion Tolstoy, by the way, almost in Gogolevsky will tell about spiritual exhaustion, overwhelming the thoughts of the Russian writer, about his suffering conscience and flour words: for him in the late years, on the threshold of the twentieth century, all creativity is the knowledge of the Motherland "at the limit of thought and At the beginning of the prayer. "
Gogol is the founder of a great series of grand ethical attempts to save Russia, turning it to Christ: she was continued in the sermons of L. Tolstoy, and in silent often attempts to realize the rock, the vortex of events, the acts of those in Russia, only 1917 They spilled around, they were offal / and disappeared under the devilish whistle. " And even in some sacrifice V.MAKOVOVSKOGO: "I will pay for everyone, I will pay for everyone" ... Death A. Block in 1921 at the moment when the music disappeared in the era, is also a distant version of Gogol's "self-immolation." Gogol "Hogolsirovat" many solutions and thoughts of writers. He as if he tried to move the most immobile, petrified, all call all the path of Russia-Troika. And the mystery of the "dead souls", that is, the first volume, with the departures of Chichikov to six landowners (each of them "dead", then the previous one), with fragments of the second volume, most often solves the focus on the way of the road, on motives Movement. As in the "Auditor", the thought of Gogol in the "dead souls" seemed to be a sinful through Russia, past the heap of the older in Plushkin's house to Russia, the saint, ideal. The idea of \u200b\u200bEmptilia of Russia is refuted by many insightful sorrowful views in the biographies of heroes, including Chichikov. Often the writer and hears and sees what goes to help his despair, his longing: "Another riddle is more accurate - this inexplicable rampant, which hears in our songs, bears somewhere past the life and song itself, as if burned by the desire for the best debris." . His chisters, who blended over the "comments" of a companion to the list of dead souls, suddenly creates entire poems about Carpenter Stepan traffic jam, about Bream Abacum Fyrov, who went to the Volga, where the "rampant lifestyle" reigns and the song, "endless as Russia".