L. V. Savelyev
Karelian State Pedagogical Institute
Slavic alphabet:
Decinition and interpretation
First Slavic poetic text
From the depths of centuries, the Church Slavonic tradition brought to us a list of alphabetic names of the ancient Slavic alphabet, originally called the "alphabet". Apologies of the Slavic alphabet sounded already first ( X century) and the most important historical source - a treatise "On the letters", the author of which the Chernorizeta Herbreus proudly wrote that, unlike the Greek letter, folded by many pagan scoremen, remaining unlucky, our writings were created by the Holy Holy Holy Holy Philosophy ( In Kirill's Tasting), "which every Slavic" Bukar "knows about, well remembering not only the name of the creator, but also the time of the advent of ABC (863) And the reigning specials of the Greek, Bulgarian, Moravian states, in which the activity of the primer 1 proceeded.
Contemporary science is well known for the specific historical conditions for the emergence of Slavic writing and the Great Humanistic Mission "Bratsk Two" Cyril and Methodius. In his courageous struggle with the orthodox doctrine of "Tematechnikov", who recognized the liturgical purpose of only Jewish, Greek and Latin languages, the Solun brothers agreedly defended the right of the Slavs to adapt to Christianity as the top of the spiritual culture of European civilization.
But Despite the steady interest of researchers to the origins of the Slavic writing and the creative activity of the primer, despite the extensive special literature on many european languages, especially increased due to the last, 1100-year anniversary of Slavic written culture,
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1 Talking the blackberry of the Herbrament "On the Writers" // Tale of the beginning of Slavic writing / p od Ed. Z. V. Udaltsova. M.: Science, 1981. C.104.
a number of problems associated with two graphic systems ‒ verbolic and Cyrillic‒ It remains not yet permitted.
First of all, he did not receive proper lighting that deep sacral, cultural and historical and moral meaning, which invested Constantine philosopher in the first elements of writing themselves.
This article puts its task to offer and substantiate the hypothesis about the main principle of the letter nomination and on the initial value of most of them as peculiar "atoms" of our written culture owned by the plan of their creator, lay the foundation of the everyday spiritual practice of Slavs.
Of course, more than eleven centuries of using the alphabet of the initial meaning of most of the letter names are strongly blocked or darkened. Natural sentening of the title word (cf., for example, ancient expressions pisati Live, Estech, from Aza to verbetc.) contributed to the destruction of living word-forming bonds and the loss of inner motivation of alphabetic names, that is, their deetimalization. However, it is impossible not to note that in the keywords of the alphabet - the names of the subject nature - the familiar, traditional characters are easily recognized christian culturerepresenting "eternal truths": good, quiet, word(Recall the beginning gallennia from John: Caiden B. ѣ Word and word b ѣ from God and God b ѣ Word‒ Joan.I, 1.Ostromiro Gospel 1057).
Meanwhile, the names of Slavic letters were very many and are represented by arbitrary, random, deprived of the slightest internal communications with each other. When Russian Philologist N. F. Grammatin made an attempt (1822) to find some "aphoffs" (saying), A. S. Pushkin, usually a very thinly felt word, reacted to this with great distrust: "Letters that make up Slavic ABC, do not make any point. Az, beech, led, verb, goodthe essence of the individual words taken only for their initial sound "2. Of course, on such a statement A. S. Pushkin provoked a very clumsy and unconfiguration of N. F. grammatian, reflected, in particular, the imperfection of philological science of that time.
Unravel the mystery of alphabetic names can only be addressed more closely to the ancient Slavic alphabet‒ The verbs, since at present it is she who is recognized as historical Slavic Cyril's creation.
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2 Pushkin A. S.Full Cathedral So.: at 10 tons.T. VII. M.; L., 1949. P. 521.
Explicit Christian symbolism was noted in the draws, at least three very important letters of the verbal alphabet: "Az" (the first letter representing one of the modifications of the cross as a Christian symbol), as well as "izh" and "word"‒ The beginning and end of the subtitle reduction in the sacred name Jesus (the drawing of these two letters are two vertical combinations of the triangle (Trinity symbol) and the circle (the symbol of the OcA)). The secret sacred meaning of these graphic signs was fully consistent with the spirit of the Middle Ages, when the main goal of human knowledge, including science and art, recognized the disclosure of the symbolic relations of the world of visible and invisible (spiritual) 3. Thus, it is undoubted that Kirill's alphabet as it were as if set as a priori system, permeated by the Christian symbolism of the Holy Scripture and proclaimed the primacy of spiritual over the material. It was for verbal signs that made a primer, an alphabetic name, which then moved to the Alphabet, called him named- Cyrillic - and borrowed the Glagolitsa main thing: the ratio of sound types and descriptive signs. It is very characteristic that not Cyrillic, and the verbic names of letters do not find strict orderliness cry inclusive, since each letter sign could represent a certain number in a natural range of units, tens and hundreds. Letter cry completed this series, corresponding to 1000, and all subsequent letter signs did not have a digital function.
In a new time, when the circle of facts associated with the emergence of the Slavic Letter expanded significantly, there was some fracture and for the semiotics of the alphabet. So, the subject of active research interest has become numerous lists of popular in Bulgaria and in Russia of Azbow Prayer‒ An outstanding poetic work of starch and literature, in which every verse began with the letter in the order of its alkaline followation. In the works of the famous Bulgarian philologist E. Georgiev, a hypothesis was put forward, according to which the traditional azbutic nameman‒ This is destroyed by across the agromatic prayerIX. c. belonging to Peru Peru Pickpiece of Slavs Kirill. At the same time, they were postulated by a special type of acrosth, in which not the initial letters are read vertically, and the initial words 4. Similar opinion, although with some clarifications, adhered
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3 Likhachev D. S.Poetics of ancient Russian literature. M., 1979. P. 162.
4 Georgiev E.Kiril and Methodius‒ fabinity On Slavician literary work. Sofia, 1956. P. 124.
an outstanding linguistic N. S. Trubetskaya 5, as well as the Czech researcher F. Maresh 6.
However, this prevailing hypothesis, penetrating into some of the aids in the old Slavonic language, causes certain objections.
1. The estimated virtue of the alphabone named to the whole - postulated by a terrific prayer - means that the author of the verbic alphabet, which built its main part in the order of the Greek alphabet and rejected the Greek names (Alpha, Beta, etc.), did not initially envisage Slavic names, relying on more or less random beginnings of individual poems of their prayer. It seems that the creator of the verbs‒ A highly educated person who received a deep not only church, but also secular education, awareness of the creative role of the Azbuchi, creatible on the century, gave rise to other priorities.
2. Those authors who have specifically studied lists (over 70) and the editorial staff of the stratic prayer who came to us came to a single and well-reasonable conclusion that it was written later than the period of the activities of the Solun brothers and belongs to Peru's student and follower Konstantin, Presvlavsky Preslav's follower (Bulgarian) 7. Thus, if there was once a boring prayer of the primer of Slavs Kirill, it did not reach us, and therefore one unknown (the principle and meaning of the afflicted items) should be explained through another unknown (alleged prayer).
3. Understanding of alphabetic names as acrostic rudiments does not satisfy and because it does not exclude, then leaves them text-forming The role that seems to us may be proven by the undoubted grammatical and lexical combination of the Omonimous words of the Old Slavonic language.
In favor of a single coded text, such arguments of grammatical nature are indicated:
1) the presence in the list of alphabetic names of the verbs not only nouns as ordinary subject items, but also other parts of speech: verbs ( inѣ D.ѣ , verbs, eat, alive ѣ those,
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5 Trubetskoy N. S.Altkirchenslavische Grammatik. Wien, 1954. S. 18.
6 Mareš. F. V.Azbučna. báseň z Rukopisi Státni Veřejne Knihovny Saltykova-Ščedrina v Leningradě (Sign. Q i 1202) ( Původni Text Abecedni Basně?) // Slovo, 14. Zagreb, 1964. S.19-48.
7 About it cm .:Zykov E.. G.. The fate of the fate of the prayer in ancient Russian writing // Todrel. T. XXVI . L., 1971. P. 177-191; Kuyev K.M.Azbuchny prayer in Slavyansky literary work. Sofia, 1974. P. 32-33.
think, Rzi),primhensions (az, ours, he),narachi ( s.ѣ lo , aso) adjectives (till),unions (and, others),preposition (from) ‒ similarly, as it happens in a connected speech stream;
2) the selection of verbal forms is not in an abstracted indefinite inclination, but in other‒ Personal and modal‒ Forms, moreover, mainly in the imperative lifestyle of the 2nd person: verbs(from "Globolati"), aliveѣ those (from "Zhiyi"), think(from "thought"), rzi. (from "Solves")‒ which indicates a preaching, teacher sense of alphabet;
3) a combination of nearby words according to the laws of syntax "Slovenian language"IX. century: a) coordination in childbirth: nAY He rest, the word willsimilarly oak Firth,about which below; b) patterns of use of numerical forms: people Think, alive ѣ those... land(word landin a collective meaning, like other words like guardia, herd, people,in the old Slavonic language, not without the influence of Greek, we had semantic coordination with the form of MN. numbers); c) the natural use of personal forms of verb under the subject: there is a good, Aha ... in ѣ Dѣ, where inѣ D.ѣ ‒ the remainder of the Indo-European Perfect with the medial end of the 1st person. Numbers 8, and ancient medial value (an expression that the verb entity is personally interested in action) erased: aZ in ѣ Dѣ ‒ "I know", "I am aware of", or "Sign"; d) the usual verbal control of the pelvic form of a noun: rzi. word(Vinit. n hell.), bowah in ѣ Dѣ, where bowah ‒ vinit pad. units. numbers (option baucker ). The possibility of homonymous names. and vinit. Cases in Praslavyansky type of declination on * th is proved, for example, similar to the form of a managed case: not pR ѣ Luba (vinit. Pad.) sticks (Matt.XIX, 18.Mariinsky Gospel).
To make sure that the lexical combination of agricultural names, consider in more detail the values \u200b\u200bof the corresponding words old slavic language. In addition to well-known words and forms, in the afflicted text there are words with little-known values \u200b\u200bor completely incomprehensible, in need of etyologicalization.
S ѣ Lo ‒ not only "strongly", "very", but also "perfectly", "highly", "good." For example:s. ѣ loinѣ D ѣ‒ "Good to realize" (Grigory Naziazine,XI century).
LAND - Not only "opposing the sky", but also the "world". For example: Poll Lord Land (Grigory Naziazine,
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8 FASMER M.Etymological dictionary of the Russian language: at 4 t. M.: Progress, 1964-1973.T. I. P. 283.
XI century). We note at the same time the same nature of the coordination as in the alphabet: aliveѣ those ... land.
Izh - used in particular how soyuz: Create a prince for the sake of the sake of the sake of life (the message of Metropolitan Nikifora,XII century).
He (on) - Signable pronoun with the value "The opposite", "Otherworld", "MODE": sV ѣ TA on he ѣ TD; And not Boudi Emou from God's God of the OUZR ѣ T. on Ooh St. ѣ Tѣ His doses (gramist Vladimir Monomakh 1096).
Chambers - "Soothe, rest": Soul Rooms (Gregory Naziazine,XI in., 358); "Concent, Pollution": on the horse of life pR ѣ SHID and pr. ѣ Same Ow ѣ Dѣ V. Herge-to-Bogo his own presence and dick of his rest, the legal reimbursement is there (Nestor. Feodosia live, 27); "Resident, light, peace": Approaching the courage of n (e) b (e) by SnuhoMo (Mineya 1096, l. 23); And taco cleansingly douty your own seeding and tears, prestalavaluchou Xia from now on he is resting (Novg. ChronicleIV, 6860).
Word - "Word, speech": Maria ... Slushi with a person (sou) of the owl, hearing the word of it (onionsX 39. Ostromiro Gospel); "Teaching": the word Kurliasko (Sinai Cement, XI century); Word of God - "Sacred Scripture": Nicuto blessing the word B (O) Life (Nestor. Tale of Boris and Gleb. Ch. 5); "One of the names of the Son of God": God body word (John.I, 1. Ostromiro Gospel); "Law, Commandment": ten words, izh g (share) b g (Lago) La KhX 4 P. sp.XIV century).
Time - Form Wed kind of unit. The number of adjective tits in the value "faithful", "True", "immutable": Neva Dzhnigy Lights or Pure Writing Name Edit ѣ Jawsh (Ephraim. to ORMR, l. 246,XI century).
Oak - "Teaching, learning, science": do not turn h (elow) kom, b (o) Last BL (a) Mr (o) Dates of purifying ailment of h (e) l (o) in (ѣ) Chicha (Mineya 1097 , l. 1).
FRIT , or, according to some sources, Firth. The initial value of the name is not yet established. The version of the etymological dictionary M. Fasmer, according to which Rus. f. ert ‒ the new Slavic name of onomatopoietic origin (about this E. Shviter, A. Waian 9), it seems to be dubious. But it is impossible to disagree with M. Fasmer in the fact that two other etymological interpretations should be rejected: 1) The average word is based on the average
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9 T.aM T. IV. P. 190.
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φύρτηζ "Embraw, Restless Man" (Macenauer, 1870); 2)the word is connected with the Gothic name of the runepertra (Mikloshich, 1876). Both versions are controversial both in a phonetic attitude and semantic. In our opinion, since Slavic speech sound [f] was alien and the corresponding letter was needed For use only in borrowed (primarily‒ Greek) words naturally look for the Greek source of the name. Apparently, Slavic firth it should be born with the Greek φερτόό (the form of a separable adjective, denoting the possibility of action that has a passive-suffering value) from the verb of φέρω with a wide semantics, including "getting", "to choose", "direct" 10. Thus, the most accurate etymological significance of the Slavic word firth taking into account the value of the grammatical form, it is necessary to determine as "elect", "electoral", while the Greek ungalled adjective Kirill gave the Slavic ending husband. R . units. numbers to match oak. .
X ѣr - the name of the letter x which, after A. Vyan and M. Fasmer 11, should be recognized as a reduction in the word hѣROWevim (Herovami, Herowvim),borrowed from Greek (source for Greek served as ancient Word with the same meaning). To the argumentation of such etymology, add the amazing constancy of all lists of the prayer prayer Konstantin Preslavsky, in which verse on this letter always binds to the root of "Cherub": Herowvim Thought I. oUM GUY (CH.II. ed.), At the same time in one of the lists (V 1. ) in the alleged rowX. omitted, merging with the first word of verse, and in another list it is very illustrative khronovo instead herowvim (CH.I ed.) 12 . In the Christian tradition of Cherub‒ Angelic Chin, symbolizing the seat and chanting "Glory of God", the eternal spirit created by the Creator to guard the path to the "Tree of Life". Cf. Relevant contexts: Create bo diverse Duma is ... And the first Herowvim (Life Andron. Brother.X in. I, 159); Waving b (og) and sѣdѧ schA on Hirowavimѣh (Serg., L. 112); Khronovski (!) (that is, according to the example of cherubs. ‒ L. S.)vyzhalѧ eME T ѧ, tCachrillian b (o) fantastic (Mineland 1097, l. 112).
From - The name of the second (according to the Greek sample) letters with the sound value [o]. According to the numerical value of the verbic letters, after xѣ , denoting 600, followed the letter from (700) and then the mysterious letter pE (p ѣ), denoted
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10 Ancient Greek-Russian dictionary: 2 t. M., 1958.II. Pp. 1719.
11 FASMER M.Decree . with Pts.T. IV. Pp. 233.
12 Zykov E. G.Decree . with Pts. P. 188.
800. The mysteriousness of this graphem, named in the Moscow list of led by the leaders and reflected in Munich Abentaria, is that the Old Slavonic texts have not recorded its use, which means that the verbal sign is not preserved under this name. A number of researchers Audio pE bind with variational transmission of lat.f and Greek. PH 13. However, this is largely contrary to the regular realization of the appropriate azbutsy verse with the words sorrowless frequent‒ p ѣN. . Wed: sorrow my joy attach‒ 26 verse of asbetic prayer 14. With a high degree of hypotheticality, it is possible to assume the name of this letter to word form sorrow.Word sadnessin the starlistan language, it was not only "chagrin, grief", but also "care." Wed: OT ѧ Gottza is yours ... sadness giticons (onions.XXI, 34. Ostromiro Gospel); And you are careful with the erection (Assemiani Gospel, l. 14); By (from) inmisching Viskoѧ mirisma Sadness (Nestor. Feodosia live). Cf. Data O. A. Sedakova: awesome ‒ "not care ": Horskѧ Same you are noteplit (1 Cor. 7, 37). Hence the term asceticism correction ‒ "Decution from worldly worries" 15. Azbogo neighborhood from ‒ the preposition having the value of deliverance, liberation (Wed: Relief ... from V.ѧ mocians- C.eRK. mouth. Vlad.; Spilenial seedlings- right . M ETR. Cyrus.), And pE allow to reconstruct a fragment of the azbogo text "Sobble".
Qi - It was used as a questionnaire "wave", "Lee": qi does not fit from b (o) ha Viruska G (Lago) L (life.XVIII, 14 sp.XIV century); Yes qi Diolov has eaten his wife, but God (Life Andrew. Brother.Xxxi. , 119), as well as a dividing union "or", "either": Food (if.‒ L. S.)there is a ply of Qi Lѫkovy Bѣs (Life Non-Font.XIII century eighteen); Clesto, revivion: about their niqi about chizause(m) Blazѣ (bee. Imp. Publ. b., l. 104).
Cured - "worm", "worm": Do not cut off seto the tolding on the earth, the look of Cry and Tile tile (Matt.VI , 19. Ostromiro Gospel); The Lord is spectable: in Dien Revenge's desetment, it is unlikely in a different way, Tѣh Logs do not Ogasnese, and their worm does not dare (church. Sad. Vlad. Synod. SP.). In the context of christian culture worm ‒ the symbol of the most insignificant creation of the creator, fully alive for a person
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13 cm .: Ivanova T. A.Old Slavonic language. M., 1977. P. 22.
14 Azbutnaya Prayer Konstantin Bulgarian // Notes of the Russian Academic Group in the United States.T. XXI. NEW YORK, 1988. P. 298.
15 Sedakova O. A.Church Slavonic-Russian paronyms // Slavyanov. 1992. № 5. P. 99.
XVIII in. (Cf. Famous lines of Derzhavin: I- King, I am a slave, I am a worm, I - God), as well as the symbol of the broken start, earthly incarnation.
So, in the designation of letters of the Slavic ABC, old Slavic words and word formations are used in the following values: AZ ("I")‒ books ("Letter, Digure")‒ vѣDѣ ("Realize")‒ verbs ("Speak")‒ Good ("good, good")‒ eats ("exists")‒ live ("Live")- S. ѣ ("completely, highly")‒ Earth ("Peace, Earthlings")- izh (and) ("But, a") - what ("How?")‒ lyudi ("People, Human Children")‒ Think ("Plephant")‒ nAY ("Our, we" ") - He ("Ony, otherworldly, unearthly")‒ chambers ("peace, refuge")‒ rzi ("Say")‒ Word ("Speech, Commandment")‒ time ("solid, immutable, true")‒ oak ("Recovery")‒ firth ("elevated, selectively")‒ xѣr ("Cherubit")‒ from ("from")‒ ne ("sadness")‒ qi ("or")‒ cry ("worm").
I am a certificate to see. Speak: good exists!
Live perfectly, earth! But how?
People, think! We have otherwise refuge.
Tell the word true. Research selectively:
Cherub - disagreement of sadness- or worm.
Despite the rigid restrictive scheme specified by the number of words (26), their initial letters and the procedure for following the majority of them in the Greek alphabet, the text of Kirill discovers not only the deep conceptual philosophical content, but also an amazing perfection of a deciduous solution.
Creatively transforming the traditions of Byzantine homileties, Cyril gives its interpretation of the foundations of Christian verbation most in the genre of a preaching word facing all and everyone who is attached to a new written culture. The multiple switching of modal and subjective plans in each of the intonational semantic sections creates a peculiar dialog effect: aZ VѣDѣ. ‒ challenge. plan, 1st face; verbs ‒ prompt / plan, 2nd face; welcome ‒ challenge. plan, 3rd face; live s.ѣ land‒ watch. plan, 2nd face; other (and) ‒ question. plan 16, out of face;
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16 The creative development of the genre tradition of Byzantine Catechisms, where the foundations of Christian dogma were traced, where the foundations of Christian dogma were given in the form of questions and answers.
lyudi. Think‒ watch. plan, 2nd face; oUR He rest ‒ challenge. plan, 1st face; rzi. The word is tight ‒ watch. plan, 2nd face; oak Firth: HѣRouvim from sorrow qi cured ‒ challenge. Plan, 3rd face. Thus, the asbetic "prologue" of the primer acquires internal dynamism and the voltage of the living speech to the flock for the first time entering the temple.
Composition of this peculiar " gallennia"Cyril is most subordinated to his artistic idea‒ Awareness of admission to a diploma as a first step in the essential knowledge of the world.
Beginning of ABC - The concept of "me", which is logically focused on the grammatical laws of the Old Slavonic languageIX. Century, since personal pronoun extremely rarely functioned as subject. AZ ("I") acts as a subject of knowledge and self-knowledge as the starting point in the development of symbolic constructions. Already in the exhibition (first verse), Kirill formulates its "good news" in a concise phrase Welcome!approved by the highest value of the Christian culture, to which knowledge should be sent. At the same time in the context of the Azbogo word goodspeakers in the extremely expanded, conceptual meaning: "Absolute good", "good, coming from God", a mandatory attribute of the Divine Start (Greek. Compliance‒ ἀγ αθόυ ).
Developing the topic of an individual spiritual path, Cyril outlines the sacred model of the Universe and, at the same time, asks the philosophical scope of human thought and spiritual search. Motive death ("rest"),undoubtedly, it exhibits life, as if blurring earthly space. "Nervous nodes" of artistic fabric frightened Kirill's words become extremely condensed images of sacred poetics, which made a global antithesis land(as the world material, "living", changeable)‒ He rest(as the world is perfect, other, eternal). These poles of the macrocosm, in which there are a separate human personality, are designed to form a sense of universe as a basis for moral choice.
In harmony with philosophical content, the lyrical plot of poetic text is developing in full distraction from the space-time and social and ethnic coordinates: good, live, zѣlu, Earth, chambers ‒ the well-known spelling and household vocabulary of Dotole is a balanced Slavic language is saturated with extremely distracted content of the supporting concepts of Christian creed. So, for example, even the word landin the phrase live zѣlu landindicates not that
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what is given in the physical sensation: landit acts here as the material and the divine world order.
According to the gnoseological aspect of the Christian doctrine, Kirill does not unify the style of life and the soul of the personality (soul thought same and reason‒ John, Exach Bulgarian): Paphos of the individual search for his own path to the truth increases so that in the final of the Associary Word to resolve the amazingly indication of the poles of the microcosm (the inner world of a person). They are given in a new and metaphorically brighter antithesis of plastic images. hѣROWevim ‒ cry. It is impossible to overestimate the power and the strength of the symbolic generalization, which the primer invested in these images selected by him from many other poetic symbols of Byzantine homileties and liturgiki To express the contrast of high, perfect, eternal and low, carnal, struck. The artistic artist of the author allows you to finish the maximum abstract series of vocabulary in the word cry from a specific sensual real field with anti -esthetic associative halo as a symbol of every end, opposing eternity.
At the same time, the openness of the final, which leaves the freedom to choose the human mind and the soul, not only exacerbates self-awareness of the personality (every "Aza"), but also corresponds to the historical value of the objective text as frightened The glory of the primer to the Slovenian tribe, which only opens the world of written culture.
Reconstruction of the verbal azbut from sorrowabsent in Cyrillic Azbogo namemanIt allows you to conclude that in the missed words of the alphabet, its creator managed to poetically and the path of approaching the highest start of human being. "Withdrawal (rejection) of sadness" (Greek. λύ πη) ‒ Very capacious sacral image, marking overcoming earth worries and thoughts by the force of the human spirit. In the gospel of sadness worldly opposite the joy of communication with the eternal, divine start: the sadness is your joy will be (Ostromiro Gospel. 10.XVI, twenty). See also: Ashte Lee yes weaken thoughts from, abie nature sadness pig (Pandeks AntiochXI in., l. 62).
Thus, in its sacred poetic text, designed to give names to the first elements of a new written culture, Cyril selected the most capacious images and concepts of Christian creeds: land, chas hѣROVIM, sadness, cry, ‒ affecting not only the mind, but also on human feelings 17 and stimulating
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17 3Matim, in decrypting Azbuchi N. F. Grammatine The complete absence of a poetic jet most did not satisfy
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awakening a person in her desire to ideal. Borrowing from the Greek system of portable, metaphorical values \u200b\u200bof these words, Kirill has identified and determined the principles of translation technology of liturgical texts.
To prove the poetic nature of the afflicted text, it is very important that the letter's names of the older verbs 18 are easily built into structurally and rhythmically organized series, and in this cyclicality of intonational-semantic segments it is difficult to see the accident (as it should be from recognition in the agricultural nameman Overlooking acrosth of famous azbutic prayer). Compare:
AZ bowah vѣDѣ. / Verbs good have // \u200b\u200b101010/0100110
Lives.ѣL.o. land / izh (and) as //0100110 / 10010
Lyudi. Think / NAY he chambers // 100010/1010010
Rzi. word t. / Oak firth //011010 / 1010
HѣROWevim from sorrow / Q. cry //001010010 / 10
Analysis of the formal (sound) side of this first book-Slavic text makes it recognize that its author creatively used not only the Christian poetic imagery, but also the poems of the Byzantine liturgical poetry.
The intonational-semantic segments allocated by us in the agricultural text are usually labeled with grammatical forms of the imperative and voucher. Designed to establish contact between the speech subject and the interlocutor, they possess nasty Function when building speech. As more expressive in their grammatical nature, they were accompanied by stronger stress (by the ICTUs) and were a convenient means of allocating the beginning of the verse. A similar choice of grammatical forms was a sign of Kirill as the traditional principle of non-libabic poems of Byzantine chants and Slavs, as a tradition of free prayer- Called verse. It is such a "system of rhythmic signals,
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A. S. Pushkin, hence this is the contrast of the "tragedy" interpretation of the French alphabet.
18 The difference of senior and younger verbs in the main part (up cry ) concerns only interpolation letters called draw , which when decrypting we do not take into account.
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celebrating the starts of the lines, "installed in Church Slavonic and Old Russian prayerful verse American explorer Cyril Taranovsky 19. However, the first experience of transferring it to the Slavic soil, of course, was the Azbogo Word of Cyril. The initial accents in his verses and semi-censions are indirectly proved by the presence of "strong" shock banners in similar grammatical principles of IRMOSOV and the traps marked by musicians when analyzing the oldest singing manuscripts, in contrast to the article‒ The sign of the greatest duration, which was marked by the spectative endings of strings 20. In this regard, it is very characteristic that so far in Russian folk culture, some confessional groups maintain a tradition of learning the alphabet by the method of its singing 21.
On the other hand, the explicit "rhythmic breathing" of the poetic text of Kirill is definitely connected with the tradition of the Byzantine Syllabic poems. Taking into account the group-forming role of reduced, smooth sorneal and final and,ordinary for Slavic phonetic buildingIX. century, a terrific text to a 13-fold with a low-lucrative (after a 6-7 syllable) cesury and a constant women's clause in all semi-lies (we note that the word landearlier had an emphasis on the first syllable 22). Kirill's Slumary Text: 1 verse‒ 13 syllables (semi-graduate 6 and 7); 2 verse‒ 12 syllables (7 and 5); 3 verse‒ 13 (6 and 7); 4 verse - 10 (6 and 4); 5 verse‒ 12 (9 and 3) - represents the first creative use of the Syllabic tradition of the Byzantine spiritual lyrics in Slavic language material. A similar structure of the verse marks the novel Jacobson in the Slavic processing of Greek Irosov, establishing more strict "alternation of non-equal lines with a pairing group" 23, at which "Syllabic
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19 Taranian TO. Forms of the Slavonic and Church Slavonic verse in the Old Russian literatureXI- XIII. explosive //American.Contribution.to.theirSIXTHINTERNATIONAL.Congressof.Slavists.. Vol.I: linguistic contribution. The Hague-Paris, 1968. P. 377.
20 Keldish Yu. V. The history of Russian music. T. 1. Ancient RusXI- XVII explosive M.: Music, 1983. P. 95.
21 Nikitina E. S. Oral folk culture and linguistic consciousness. M.: Science, 1993. With. 29.
22 Wheels V. IN. The history of Russian stress. L.., 1972. FROM. 51.
23 Jakobson. R. THE SLAVIC RESPONSE TO Byzantic Poetry // XII-E CONGRESS DES études. byzantines.. Rapporte.VIII.. Belgrade.- Ochride., 1961. P.. 252.
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the measure is often sacrificed to the symmetric location of the accents in verse 24.
Rechanged R.Jacobson The tendency towards a pairs of union of non-equal verses in combination with a decorated accent norm for the first time as a conscious Syllabo-tonic principle was carried out precisely in the slander of Kirill: So, at the Syllabic structure of his poems (13-12-13-10-12), an emphasis lattice is superimposed, in which the sum of the two hotels is usually equal to 5‒ More precisely: 6 (3 + 3); 5 (3 + 2); 5 (2 + 3); 5 (3 + 2); 5 (3 + 2). Violations izosillabisma In 4, 8, 9 and 10 semi-censions, compensated by their decorated accent structure, can be explained by the "semantic expressive italics", according to P. A. Rudneva 25, which is acquitted by ideological and aesthetic design and gives the teacher of the text special rhetorical deposit and oratory pathos.
Thus, appeal to the original lettering banner Our ABC, who, fortunately, is reported to us continuous Church Slavonic tradition primary learning Literacy, allowed to decrypt the deep historical and cultural meaning of the first Slavic book-poetic text. This gave the opportunity to hear the voice of the greatest scientist, a philosopher, educator and a missionary, which is crowned with the creation of Slavic writing to the creation of Slavic writing.
The thought and feeling of Kirill, compressed only 26 words of the letterway, presented the first poetic version of the Christian theory of knowledge, opening the unknown ways with new written culture. Her durable foundations were laid by the Gospel in the Gospel ( aprakos), Psalter and apostle. The asbertying "Prolog" to reading and writing guided human activity in accordance with clearly designated moral landmarks, considering the admission to a diploma as an awakening of the person who is aware of themselves in this world.
It is the internal content of the letter nameman, apparently, inspired the student and follower solongsky Brothers Konstantin Preslavsky (Bulgarian) on a basic prayer, so popular in the whole Slavia. The various editors of this prayer in their own way developed the main motives " frightened The words "Kirill, but at the same time have invariably introduced a new motive following the first switch:
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24 Ibid. R. 254.
25 Rudnev P. A. Meter and meaning //Metryka.slowianska.. Wroclaw- Warszawa., 1971. C. . 77.
27
Sustay now by slѣdou headman
Name (it) and dѣlou s.D.
(I. ed., GIm, Synod, Coll., № 262);
Procession creatureѧ , study(and) headman
His name I. dѣlou Extraѧ
(II. ed. Cathedral Tr.-Serg. Lavra, № 103).
Indicative circle of texts attributed to ancient tradition Proprier. Among them, "Azbutny Prayer" (in the manuscript, it is called "Prologue about Christ oumѣri") And" Writing about the right vѣRѣ"which modern Slavists are definitely attributing as works of later created by the students of Cyril and Methodius, as well as " Pogomov to the gospel "‒ That is, all those original Vine Slavic Works, in which a clear understanding of the value of writing is found (" bucker Words ") as a powerful shock to spiritual reincarnation and to the cultural life of the Slovenian tribe. Apparently, the" Cyril's asbum's asbeumous text was clearly understood by the first scribes who were the honorary and necessary task of popularizing and developing ideas the ideas of ideas, that is, admission "slovenia"K."blanken, Evangelskogo word " ‒ rodality and consonance of these words, as shown by V.N. Toporov, became a pulse for mythologies slovenia in " Pogmen" ‒ apotheosis " bucker the words", attributed To them to the primer 26.
As the Christian culture for the Slavs, as it, apparently, was conceived by the genius of Cyril, the emblemic function of the Azbutsky was increasingly deepened nameman. That is why the revival of the historical roots of our memory is impossible without its understanding. Obliving the original, etymological meaning of the "Azov" of our everyday letter would mean the rejection of the Slavic culture from its historically deterministic moral primacy.
The holistic image of the infinite world, concisely submitted by Cyril, was intended to form not only a globility, but also a sociocultural stereotype of behavior. This stereotype comes from the Christian idea about the truth as the process of movement towards it within the framework of individual human existence.
It is the sacral meaning that opened during the historical and philological study of the aiscut text allows
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26 Toporov V.N. "Poveless"Konstantin Filosopher as a sample of Starrog Slavic poetry // Slavic and Balkan linguistics. History of literary languages \u200b\u200band writing. M.: Science, 1979.
28
it is much more and deeper to reveal the idea of \u200b\u200bthe author in the drawing of the initial grafe weight of the verbs. Letter aZ demanded special attention of the creator of writing both due to the most important sacred value of the beginning of the alphabet 27 and due to the complexity of the ideographic transmission of a deactive (index) word with his generalizing Type of nomination.
Glagaric image aza.in historical Slavic, it is usually interpreted as a direct and direct symbol of Jesus Christ 28, although some researchers do not discover explicitly similarities with a Christian cross, paying attention to the low crossbar and mandatory restrictive bends on it. According to I. V. Yagich, drawing aza.researchers tried to tie with Greek (I. Dobrovsky), Jewish- samaritsky (P. Shafarik), Phoenician (Fr.. RAč ki.), Latino-Albanian (Leopold Gateler.) Sources 29. Following M. Muscovy Acad. Yu. S. Stepanov sees a pagan primary in this letter‒ The symbol of the Divine of Tengri in the Turkic Runic Writers, which initially represented a wintry sign, but gradually allegedly transformed into a variety of cross 30.
In our opinion, the graphic image of the first letter of verbs‒ This is not only the symbol of Christ (it does not make sense to challenge such an understanding, if we consider that all the Byzantine manuscripts, with whom Kirill had, usually started with a cross having at least 5-6 options), but also undoubted ideogram,depicting the Christian Doctrine of Mirozdanya and the Spiritual Development of Person (Aza).The cosmogonic scheme model here is naturally associated with spatial orientation, with the concept of top‒ Niza: transverse crossbar bounded down, symbolizes the material, earthly beginning, and an open vertical trait‒ The beginning is perfect, spiritual; Their intersection point is a symbol of a learning subject. (aZ), liked God liked himself, and at the same time starting point in spiritual development man. Characteristic
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27 Georgiev E. Decree. cit. P. 124.
28 The most fully about it see:Kiparsky. V. . Tschernochvostoffs.Theorie.ü bER.dEN.UrsprungdES.glagolitischen.AlphaBets. // Cyrillo.- Methodiana.. Zur TRÜHGESCHICHTE DES. Christentums. bei. DEN. Slaven. 863-1963. Köln: Craz.. S.393 -4 00.
29 Yagich I. V. Encyclopedia of Slavic philology.T.. III. St. Petersburg., 1911. P. 56-95.
30 Stepanov Yu. S. Several hypotheses on the names of the letters of the Slavic alphabets in connection with the history of the culture // Questions of Linguistics. 1991. No. 3. P. 35.
29
at the same time, that the upper part of the vertical does not know the restrictions, corresponding to infinity (openness) of the spiritual space, and bottom part Vertical could have a limit variant‒ As a sign of the limb of the earthly, carnal start. Cosmogonical scheme ideogramma aZ , thus, concludes the idea of \u200b\u200bunity of opposites‒ The material and spiritual, earth and heaven, man and god. Static image of this unity converges in the subject of the Truth Subject (aZ), for the sake of which the vectors of the spiritual space in the muddy word Kirill are clearly arranged.
So, we understand the drawing of the first and, of course, the sacred letter of verbs not only as a symbol of Christ, but also as a graphical projection of the concept of the divine world order, which was laid by the creator of writing in the agricultural text.
Studying the semiotics of the Slavic alphabet in the separation from the goals and tasks that were in front of Kirill could hardly be fruitful. In this regard, it seems to us a very artificial hypothesis of Yu. S. Stepanov regarding the pagan primancy of the initial verbic letter aZ ‒ as in its cruciform drawing (the complex transformation of the Voice-like symbol of the Turkic Deity of Tengri in the cross is absolutely not convincing) and in the initial value of its name. Instead of the generally accepted and well-argued etymology of pronoun, ascending to Indo-European Ropeego. ("I"), Yu. S. Stepanov builds the word aZ to the name of the Gothic Deity‒ Mythical inventor Rune 31. The Kirill Mission itself, not to mention the dogmas of his faith, eliminates the estimated researcher "General Semantic Background" of the Gothic (pagan) alphabet and Slavic alphabet created for the needs of the Christian Church in the first place.
A consistently historical look at the mission of the primer of Slavs Kirill has long had to lead to the recognition of the conceptual philosophical roots of his alphabet. The fact that this has not yet happened is due, it is possible that historical Slavistics as a secular science and theological hermeneutics too "transmitted" to each other related region of knowledge.
Thus, due to the installed syntagmatics of the letter nameman, linguistic sources are replenished with ancient dated text, which opens up the opportunity to correct many questions of vocabulary, grammar, phonetics, and even possibly graphics of ancient Bolgar
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31 Stepanov Yu. S. Decree. cit. P. 32-34.
languageIX. century‒ The first written language of Slavs. At the same time, our evidence of the poetic nature of the Kirill's ascritical word is expanding the corps of book-literary works due to the original nature of the original nature for this era, which not only allows you to clarify and expand the representations of historical Slavs about the composition of the early verbs, but also sheds the light on the origins of Slavic spiritual poetry nucleation of the traditions of sacred imagery and prayerful verse.
In conclusion, undergrades all-Eway The value of the Great Educational Activities of Kirill, so brightly realized in his alphabet. Breaking through the dogmatic "dead" tryazischiya, The primer of Slavs was over the 5th centuries to the European Renaissance the creator of the first in the history of Christianity an independent National Church, thus discovering its own roads to Christianity, and hence the written culture to all European ethnic groups.
31
A modern man is extremely difficult to submit the time when there was no alphabet. These all the letters, which we are taught for school parties, appeared for a long time. So what year the first alphabet appeared, which, not afraid of this phrase, changed our lives?
What year did the Slavic ABC appear?
Let's start with the fact that 863 is recognized as a year when the Slavic ABC appeared. With his "birth" she is obliged to two brothers: Kirill and Methodius. Once the ruler Rostislav, who owns the throne of Great Moravia, asked for help to Mikhail - the emperor of Byzantium. The request for him was simple: send preachers who spoke on Slavic and thus promote Christianity in the people. The emperor led his petition and sent two scientists outstanding at that time! 
Their arrival coincides with the year when the alphabet appeared, because the brothers faced the problem of transferring the Holy Scriptures into the language of the Slavs. Alphabet, by the way, was not there. So, there was no basis for the whole attempt to translate holy speeches to ordinary people.
The time when the first alphabet appeared, it is safe to call the moment of the origin of the modern language and the alphabet, the development of the culture and history of the Slavs themselves. The creation of a Slavic alphabet in 863 was a significant day!
Curious fact about Abzuki as a whole: invented Louis Brill almost 1000 years later. When you are asking, they say, the creation of a Slavic alphabet in which year began, then you will be able to answer! And also read. It is also informative!
And registered in all textbooks of history, who first created the alphabet for the Russian language, is the Kirill brothers (Konstantin) philosopher and Methodius (Mikhail) Solunsky, Greek missionaries, recognized later equivalent saints. In 862, according to the command of the Byzantine Emperor Mikhail III, they went with a mission to Great Moravia. This early-referring Slavic state occupied the territory where Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic and part of Ukraine are located today. The main task that Konstantinople Patriarch Fotius put in front of the brothers was the translation of sacred texts from the Greek to Slavic adverbs. However, in order for the record to be not forgotten, it was necessary to fix them on paper, and it is impossible to do in the absence of your own Slavic alphabet.
The basis for its creation served greek alphabet. However, the phonetically, the Vine Slavic Adcharations were much richer by Greek speech. Because of this, the missionary enlighteners of this country were forced to come up with 19 new letters to display the sounds and phonetic combinations on paper. Therefore, the first alphabet (alphabet), with minor changes that have come down to today, the Belarusians, Bulgarians, Russians, Serbs and Ukrainians included 43 letters. Today, it is known under the name "Cyrillic", and the letter of these peoples belongs to Cyrillic.
Who first created the alphabet of the Russian language
However, when considering the issue, who was the first to create the alphabet of Slavs, it must be borne in mind that in the 9th century there were two alphabets (two alphabets) - Cyrillic and verbs, and which one appeared earlier, it is impossible to answer. Unfortunately, genuine texts written during the times of Cyril and Methodius have not been preserved. According to most researchers, more ancient history It has 38-letter, but more complicated in writing signs, verbs. She was called on the Old Slavic language "KѷRILLOVITS", and its authorship is attributed to the "creative team", headed by Kirill and Methodius, which included their students, Clement, Naum and an angelory. The alphabet was created, starting from 856, before the first educational campaign of Cyril to Khazar Kaganat.
In favor of the initialness of the verbs, the paletmpuses - texts written on it, later dissolved from parchment and replaced by Cyrillic writing. In addition, the older writing it is quite close in its own way. appearance With the Georgian church alphabet - "Hutsuri", which was used to the IX century.
According to supporters of the given hypothesis, the first Russian alphabet - Cyrillic - was developed by a student of Cyril, Clerk Ohritsky and named after the teacher. By the name of the first two, its letters - "Az" and "Buki" - received its name for ABC.
Ancient Slavic Azbuki
However, the question of who first created the alphabet is not so simple, and Cyril and Methodius only the first enlighteners who brought writing in Rannesiavyansky states, the historicity of which is not questioned. The same Cyril, describing his journey to the Great Kaganat, indicates the presence of the "Gospel and the Psalm of Ruckish writing" in the churches of Chersonese (Corsun). It is a familiarity with these texts brought the Greek enlightener to the idea of \u200b\u200bdividing the letters of his alphabet to vowels and consonants.
Until now, the spore of Velesov is a book written by the "strange" letters, which received the name "in (e) a woodwist. According to the Owners (mystifiers) of this book, they were carved on wooden planks to widespread both verbs and Cyrillic.
Unfortunately, the alphabet for the Russian language, "in (e) woodwickers", the authorship of Ruckish writing is impossible today.
Modern Russian language is based on Staroslavansky, who, in turn, was used to be used both for writing and for speech. The many scrolls and paintings have been preserved to this day.
Culture of Ancient Rus: writing
Many scientists argue that before the ninth century there was no writing and in risen. This means that during the time of Kievan Russia, writing did not exist as such.
However, this assumption is erroneous, because if you look at the history of others developed countries and states, it can be seen that every strong state has existed its writing. Since it was also part of a rather strong countries, then writing was also necessary for Russia.
Another group of researchers was proved that writing was, and such a conclusion was supported by a number of historical documents and facts: the brave wrote the legends on letters. Also, "in the lives of Methodius and Constantine" is mentioned about eastern Slavs. writing. As proof, Ibn Fadlan records.
So when appeared writing in Russia? The answer to this question is still controversial. But the main argument for society confirming the emergence of writing in Russia is agreements between Russia and Byzantium, which were written in 911 and 945.
Kirill and Methodius: a huge contribution to Slavic writing
The contribution of Slavic enlighteners is invaluable. It was with the beginning of their work, it had his own alphabet, which was much easier to pronunciation and writing than the previous language.
It is known that the enlighteners with their students did not preach from East Slavic peoples, but researchers suggest that, perhaps, Methodius and Kirill set themselves such a goal. Attachment to their views would not only expand the circle of their interests, but also would simplify the introduction of a simplified language in the East Slavonic culture.
In the tenth century, the books and lives of great enlighteners fell into the territory of Russia, where they began to enjoy a real success. This time the researchers attribute writing on Russia, Slavic ABC.
Rus since the appearance of his language alphabet
Despite all these facts, some researchers are trying to prove that the alphabet of the enlighteners appeared during the times of Kievan Rus, that is, before baptism, when Russia was a pagan land. Although most of The historical documents are written by Cyrillic, there are papers that contain information written by a verb. Researchers say that, probably, the verbs also used in Ancient Russia It is during the period of the nine-tenth centuries - before the adoption of Christianity.
Most recently, this assumption was proven. The research scientists have found a document that contained the records of a certain popup of the population. In turn, I wrote that in 1044 a verb was used in Russia, but the Slavic people perceived it as the work of the Chirill enlightener and began to call "Cyrillic".
It is difficult to say how much the culture of ancient Russia was different at that time. The emergence of writing in Russia, as it is considered, it began with the moment of widespread the books of enlighteners, despite the facts telling that writing was an important element for pagan Russia.
The rapid development of Slavic writing: the baptism of the pagan land
The rapid pace of development of the writing of the East Slavic peoples began after the baptism of Russia, when writing in Russia appeared. In 988, when Prince Vladimir accepted Christianity in Russia, children who were considered a social elite, began to teach alphabetic books. It was at the same time that church books appear in writing, inscriptions on the cylinder castles, also present written expressions, which blacksmiths were knocked out on the order, on swords. Texts appear on princely seals.
It is also important to note that there are legends about coins with inscriptions that princes Vladimir, Svyatopolk and Yaroslav used.
And 1030 widespread use acquire birchy diplomas.
First Written Records: Cookie Diplists and Books
The first written records were recorded on birch grams. Such a certificate is a written entry on a small fragment of the birch crust.
The uniqueness of them is that today they have been preserved perfectly. For researchers, such a find is very important: besides, thanks to these certificates, you can find out the features of the Slavic language, letters on the birch crust are able to talk about important eventswhich occurred in the period of the eleventh and fifteenth centuries. Such records have become an important element to explore the history of ancient Russia.
In addition to Slavic culture, birchy diplomas were used among the cultures of other countries.
At the moment, in the archives, many birest documents, the authors of which are Old Believers. In addition, with the advent of birch "paper", people taught to dissect the birch birch. This discovery was an impetus for writing books to Slavic writing in Russia began to grow more and more.
Find for researchers and historians
The first letters made on birch paper, which were found in Russia were located in the city of Veliky Novgorod. All who studied history know that this city had an important meaning for Russia's development.
New stage in the development of writing: translation as the main achievement
Southern Slavs rendered a huge impact on writing in Russia.
With Prince, Vladimir in Russia began to translate books and documents from the South Slavic language. And with Prince Yaroslav Mudrome, a literary language began to develop, thanks to which such a literary genre appeared as church literature.
Huge importance for ancient Russian language had the ability to translate texts with foreign languages. The first translations (books) who came from the Western European side were transfers from Greek. It was the Greek language in many respects changed the culture of the Russian language. Many borrowed words were increasingly used in literary worksEven in the same church writings.
It was at this stage that the culture of Russia began to change, whose writing was increasingly complicated.
The reforms of Peter the Great: On the way to a simple language
With the arrival of Peter I, which reformed all the structures of the Russian people, even the culture of the tongue was made significant amendments. The appearance of writing in Russia in antiquity immediately complicated, and without that complex in 1708 Peter the Great introduced the so-called "civil font". In 1710, Peter first personally reviewed every letter of the Russian language, after which it was created new ABC. The alphabet was distinguished by its simplistic and ease of use. Russian ruler I wanted to simplify Russian. Many letters were simply excluded from the alphabet, due to which not only simply colloquial speech, but also written.
Significant changes in the 18th century: introduction of new characters
The main change during this period was the introduction of such a letter as "and brief". This letter was introduced in 1735. Already in 1797, Karamzin used a new sign to indicate the sound "yo".
Already by the end of the 18th century, the letter "Yat" lost its meaning, because her sound coincided with the sound of "e". It was at that time that the letter "yat" stopped using. Soon she also ceased to be part of the Russian alphabet.
The last stage of the development of the Russian language: small changes
The final reform that has changed writing in Russia, was the 1917 reform, which continued until 1918. It implied the exception of all the letters whose sound was either too similar or even repeated. It is thanks to this reform today a solid sign (Kommersant) is separating, and soft (b) became dividing when the soft consonant sound is designated.
It is important to note that this reform aroused a huge discontent from many outstanding literary figures. For example, Ivan Bunin strongly criticized this change in his native language.
Alphabet of the Old Slavonic language is a collection of written signs in a certain order expressing specific sounds. This system has developed quite independently in the territory of the peoples.
Brief historical certificate
At the end of 862, Prince Rostislav appealed to Mikhail (Byzantine Emperor) with a request to send to his principality (Great Moravia) of preachers in order to extend Christianity in the Slavic language. The fact is that it was read at that time on Latin, which was unfamiliar and incomprehensible to the people. Mikhail sent two Greeks - Konstantin (he will receive the name of Kirill later in 869 when making monastics) and Methodius (his older brother). This choice was not accidental. The brothers were from Soluni (guests in Greek), from the commander's family. Both received a good education. Konstantin was trained at the courtyard of Emperor Mikhail Third, well owned different languages, including Arabic, Jewish, Greek, Slavyansky. In addition, he taught philosophy for which he was called - Konstantin Philosopher. Methodius was first in military service, and then ruled several years of one of the areas in which Slavs lived. Subsequently, the elder brother went to the monastery. It was not the first of their trip - in the 860th year, the brothers made a campaign with a diplomatic and missionary goal to Khazar.
How was the written signs system created?
In order to preach on needed to translate Holy Bible. But no written signs at that time did not exist. Konstantin began to create an alphabet. Methodius actively helped him. As a result, in 863, the Old Slavonic ABC (the value of the letters from it will be shown below) was created. The system of written signs existed in two types: Glabolitsa and Cyrillic. To this day, scientists disagree in opinions, which of these options was created by Kirill. With the participation of Methodius, some Greek officials were translated. So the Slavs had the opportunity to write and read in his own language. In addition, the people received not only a written sign system. The Starrog Slavic Azbuchka became the basis for the literary vocabulary stock. Some words can now be found in Ukrainian, Russian, Bulgarian adveria.
The first characters - the first word
The first letters of the Staroslavyn Azbuchi - "AZ" and "Buki" - set up, in fact, the name. They corresponded to "a" and "b" and started the system of signs. How did the Old Slavonic ABC looked like? Graffiti pictures were first scarked right on the walls. The first signs appeared approximately in the 9th century, on the walls in the churches of Pereslavl. And in the 11th century, the Old Slavonic alphabet, the translation of some signs and their interpretation appeared in Kiev, in the new twist of writing development contributed the event that occurred in the 1574th year. Then the first printed "Old Slavonic ABC" appeared. The creator was Ivan Fedorov.
Communication of times and events
If you look back, then you can not notice without interest that the old Slavonic alphabet was not just an ordered set written characters. This system of signs opened a new man, leading to perfection the path of man on earth and to the new faith. Researchers, looking at the chronology of events, the difference between which is only 125 years old, suggest the immediate connection of the approval of Christianity with the creation of written characters. In one century, almost the people were able to eradicate the former archaic culture and adopt a new faith. Most historians have no doubt that the emergence of a new written system is directly related to the subsequent adoption and spread of Christianity. The Old Slavonic ABC, as already mentioned above, was created in the 863rd, and in the 988th Vladimir declared officially about the introduction of a new faith and the destruction of a primitive cult.
Mystery system of signs
Many scientists, studying the history of writing creation, come to the conclusion that the letters of the Old Slavonic ABC were some kind of secretion. She had not only a deep religious, but also a philosophical meaning. At the same time, the Old Slavonic letters constitute a complex logical and mathematical system. Comparing findings, researchers come to the conclusion that the first collection of written characters was created as a certain intent invention, and not as a structure that was formed by parts by adding new forms. Interesting signs from which the Old Slavonic ABC was. Most of them are characters-numbers. Cyrillic is based on a Greek uncial written system. In the old Slavonic alphabet there were 43 letters. 24 characters were borrowed from Greek Unzeala, 19 were new. The fact is that there were no some sounds that were at the time of the Slavs. Accordingly, their alphabetic inscription was also not. Therefore, part of the characters from the new, 19, was borrowed from other written systems, and the part was created by Constantine specifically.
"Higher" and "lower" part
If you look at the entire written system, it is possible to clearly distinguish the two parts of it, the root differ from each other. Conditionally the first part is called "Higher", and the second, respectively, "lower". In the 1st group included letters a-f ("AZ" - "Fort"). They are a list of words characters. Their meaning was understood by any Slavist. The "low" part started "Sha" and finished "Izhitsa". These characters did not have a numerical value and carried a negative subtext in themselves. To understand the Tylineus, it is not enough just to view her running. It should be read into symbols - after all, in each of them, Konstantin invests a semantic core. What symbolized the signs from which the Old Slavonic ABC was?
The value of letters
"AZ", "Buki", "lead" - these three characters stood at the very beginning of the system of written signs. The first letter was "AZ". She was used in "I". But the indigenous meaning of this symbol is such words as "beginning", "start", "initially". In some letters, you can find "AZ", which denoted the number "one": "I will go az to Vladimir." Either this symbol was interpreted as "starting with Azov" (first). This letter, therefore, the Slavs denoted the philosophical meaning of their being, pointing out that there is no end without start, there is no light without darkness, no evil without good. At the same time, the main focus was put on the duality of the device of the world. But the Starrog Slavonic ABC itself, actually, is compiled by the same principle and divided into 2 parts, as it was already above, the "highest" (positive) and "low" (negative). "Az" corresponded to the figure "1", which, in turn, symbolized the beginning of all the excellent. Studying numerology of the people, the researchers say that all numbers were already divided by people to even and odd. Moreover, the first were associated with something negative, and the second symbolized something good, bright, positive.
"Buki"
This letter followed "AZ". "Buki" did not have a digital value. Nevertheless, the philosophical meaning of this symbol was no less deep. "Buki" is "to be", "will". As a rule, it was used in turnover in the future. So, for example, "Boudi" is "let it be", "the future" - "upcoming", "future". These Slavs expressed the inevitability of upcoming events. At the same time, they could be both terrible and gloomy and rainbow and good. It is not known exactly why the second letter Konstantin digital value did not give. Many researchers believe that this may be associated with the duality of the value of the letter itself.
"VIDU"
This symbol is of particular interest. "Ardients" corresponds to the figure 2. The symbol is translated, as "owning", "know", "lead". By investing this meaning in "Vedi", Konstantin meant knowledge - as the Divine Supreme Dar. And if you fold the first three signs, the phrase "I will know" will come out. This Konstantin wanted to show that a person who will open the alphabet will later receive knowledge. It should be said about the semantic load "lead". Digit "2" - twice, the couple took part in various magic rituals, In general, pointed to the duality of the whole earthly and heavenly. "Two" in the Slavs marked the union of the Earth and the sky. In addition, this figure symbolized the duality of the person himself - the presence of good and evil in it. In other words, "2" is a constant confrontation of the parties. It should also be noted that the "Two" was considered the number of devil - they were attributed to many negative properties. It was believed that it was she opened a number negative numberswho carry the death man. In this regard, the emergence of twins on the light, for example, was considered a bad sign carrying the disease and misfortune to all. Bad admission It was believed to swing the cradle together, wet one towel to two people, and even do something together. However, even with all the negative qualities of "Two", people recognized her magic properties. And in many rituals took part twins or were used the same items for the expulsion of evil spirits.
Symbols as a secret message to descendants
All Old Slavonic letters are capital. For the first time, two types of written characters - line and capital - were introduced by Peter first in the 1710th year. If you look at the Old Slavonic alphabet - the meaning of letters words, in particular, it can be understood that Konstantin did not simply compiled a written system, but tried to convey a special meaning to the descendants. For example, if you fold one or other characters, you can get the phrases of an outdate character:
"Lead the verb" - I do a teaching;
"Firmly oak" - strengthen the law;
"RCUs Word firmly" - say the words true, etc.
Order and style of drawing
Researchers engaged in the study of alphabet consider the order of the first, "highest" part from two positions. First of all, each symbol is folded followed by a meaningful phrase. This can be considered a non-random pattern, which was probably invented for easier and fast memorization of the alphabet. In addition, the system of written signs can be considered from the point of view of numerology. After all, the letters corresponded to the numbers that were arranged in ascending. So, "Az" - a - 1, b - 2, then g - 3, then d - 4 and then up to ten. Dozens started from "K". They listed were similar to the order of units: 10, 20, then 30, etc. Up to 100. Despite the fact that the old Slavonic letters with patterns were written, they were comfortable and simple. All characters were perfectly suitable for the rapid. As a rule, people did not have difficulty in the image of letters.
Development of the system of written signs
If you compare the Old Slavonic and modern alphabet, you can see that 16 letters are lost. Cyrillic and today meets the sound composition of Russian vocabulary. This is primarily due to such a sharp discrepancy between the very structure of Slavic and Russian languages. It is also important that when drafting Cyrillic Konstantin carefully considered a phonen (sound) composition of speech. In the old Greek written symbols, the seven Greek written characters were present, initially unnecessary to transfer the sounds of the Old Slavonic language: "Omega", "KSI", "Psi", "Fita", "Izhitsa". In addition, there were two signs in the system, to designate sound "and" and "z": for the second - "bearer" and "earth", for the first - "and" and "izh". Such a designation was somewhat superfluous. The inclusion of these letters into the composition of the alphabet should ensure the correct pronunciation of the sounds of Greek speech in the words borrowed from it. But the sounds were uttered on the Old Russian Federation. Therefore, the need to use these written characters has disappeared over time. It was important to change the application and the values \u200b\u200bof the letters "EP" ("Kommersant) and" Er "(b). Initially, they were used to designate a weakened (reduced) deaf vowel: "Kommersant" - approximate to "O", "B" - approximate to "e". Over time, weak deaf vowels began to disappear (this process called the "deaf drop"), and the specified characters received other tasks.
Conclusion
Many thinkers saw in digital compliance with written symbols The principle of the triad, spiritual equilibrium, which a person reaches in his desire for truth, light, good. Studying the alphabet with its most basic, many researchers conclude that Konstantin left the descendants of invaluable creation, calling for self-improvement, wisdom and love, teachings, bypassing dark paths of hostility, envy, malice, evil.