Who was the war of 1914. Important dates and events of the First World War

June 28, 1914, in Bosnia, the murder of the Austro-Hungarian Ersgertzog Ferdinand and his wife were committed, in involvement in which Serbia accused. And although the British statesman Eduard Gray called for the settlement of the conflict, offering 4 largest powers as intermediaries as intermediaries, he only managed to enhance the situation and draw all of Europe to the war, including Russia.

Almost a month later, Russia announces the mobilization of troops and appeal to the army, after Serbia appeals to her for help. However, what was originally planned, as a precautionary measure, caused a response from Germany with the requirements for termination of appeals. As a result, August 1, 1914, Germany declares the war of Russia.

The main events of the First World War.

The years of the First World War.

• When did the First World War begun? The year of the beginning of World War II - 1914 (July 28).
• When ended the Second World War? The year of completion of the First World War - 1918 (November 11).

The main dates of the First World War.

For 5 years of war there were many important events and operations, but several of them are distinguished by several, who played a decisive role in the war and its history.

• On July 28, Austria-Hungary declares war of Serbia. Russia is in support of Serbia.
• On August 1, 1914, Germany declares the war. Germany always always sought to world domination. And all August all each other put ultimatums and only make that they declare war.
• In November 1914, the United Kingdom begins the marine blockade of Germany. Gradually, in all countries, active mobilization of the population in the army begins.
• In early 1915, in Germany, large-scale operations on the occurrence unfold on its eastern front. The spring of the same year, namely, April can be associated with such a significant event as the beginning of the use of chemical weapons. Again, from Germany.
• In October 1915, fighting against Bulgaria is unleashed against Serbia. In response to these actions, Anntan declares the war of Bulgaria.
• In 1916, the use of tank technology is begins, mainly by the British.
• In 1917, in Russia, Nikolai Second rents in Russia, a temporary government comes to power, which leads to a split in the army. Active military actions continue.
• In November 1918, Germany proclaims itself as a republic - the result of the revolution.
• On November 11, 1918, from the very morning, Germany signs the compiece trucy and from these most pursuing the fighting.

The end of World War II.

Despite the fact that for more part of the war, German troops were able to cause serious blows of the Allied Army, by December 1, 1918, the Allies were able to break through to the borders of Germany and start her occupation.

Already later, on June 28, 1919, without having another choice, German representatives signed a peace treaty in Paris, called the "Versailles World", and who put the final point in the First World War.

There was a sharp aggravation of contradictions between leading countries in the world due to their uneven development. A no less important reason was the arms race, on the supply of monopolies of super-profits. There was a militarization of the economy and the consciousness of the tremendous masses of people, the mood of revengery and chauvinism grew. The deepest contradictions between Germany and the United Kingdom. Germany sought to put an end to the British domination at sea, capture her colonies. Great were the claims of Germany to France and Russia.

The plans of the Higher Military Guidelines were the seizure of economically developed areas of Northeast France, the desire to rejected the Baltic States from Russia, the Don Region, Crimea and the Caucasus. In turn, the United Kingdom wanted to preserve their colonies and domination at sea, take away the rich Mesopotamia and part of the Arabian Peninsula in Turkey. France, which suffered a crushing defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, expects to return to themselves Alsace and Lorraine, to attach the left bank of the Rhine and the Saari coal pool. Austria-Hungary has shelled expansionist plans against Russia (Volyn, Podolia), Serbia.

Russia sought to attach Galicia and master the Black Sea Strait Bosphorus and Dardanelles.By 1914 The contradictions between the two military-political groups of European powers to the triple union and the entertainment aggravated to the limit. The Balkan Peninsula has become a special tension zone. The ruling circles of Austria-Hungary, following the Council of the German Emperor, decided to finally approve his influence in the Balkans in Serbia. Soon there was a reason for the announcement of the war. The Austrian command launched military maneuvers near the Serbian border. The head of the Austrian "Military Party" Prestock Franz Ferdinand demonstratively inflicted
Visit to the capital of Bosnia Sarajevo. On June 28, a bomb was thrown in his carriage, which Erzgertick has highlighted, demonstrating the presence of the Spirit. On the way back, another route was elected.

But for an unknown reason, the coach returned to the labyrinth of poorly protected streets at the same place. A young man ran out of the crowd and produced two shots. One bullet hit the Erzgertsy in the neck, the other in his wife's belly. Both died in minutes. The terrorist act was carried out by Serbian Patriots Gaburo principle and his companion of Gavrilovich from the semi-Russian organization "Black Hand". July 5, 1914 Following the murder of Ertzgertzoga Franz Ferdinand, the Austrian government gained confidence in Germany to support his claims to Serbia. Kaiser Wilhelm II promised to the Austrian representative of the Hoios Count, which Germany will support Austria even if the conflict with Serbia will lead to war with Russia. On July 23, the Austrian Government filed an ultimatum of Serbia.

He was presented at six in the evening, the answer was expected in 48 hours. The conditions of the ultimatum were harshs, some seriously touched the Panslav Ukrainian ambitions of Serbia. Austrians did not expect and did not want that the conditions will be accepted. On July 7, having received confirmation of support from Germany, the Austrian government decided to provoke a war of ultimatum and was compiled with this calculation. Austria also inspired the conclusions that Russia is not ready for war: the earlier it happens, the better, they decided in Vienna. The response of Serbs on an ultimatum of July 23 was rejected, although he did not contain unconditional recognition of the requirements, and July 28, 1914. Austria declared war of Serbia. Both sides have begun mobilization before the answer was received.

August 1, 1914 Germany announced the war of Russia, and two days later than France. After a month of the growing voltage, it became clear that the large European war was impossible to avoid, although the United Kingdom was still hesitated. A day after the announcement of the war of Serbia, when Belgrade was already bombed, Russia began mobilization. The initial order of universal mobilization of the act, the equivalent declaration of war was almost immediately canceled by the king in favor of partial mobilization. Perhaps Russia did not expect large-scale actions from Germany. On August 4, the German troops invaded Belgium. Luxembourg has undergone the same fate two days earlier. Both states had international guarantees against the attack, however, only Belgium guarantees provided for the intervention of the guaranteeing power. Germany published the "reasons" of invasion, blaming Belgium in "not neutral behavior", but no one perceived it seriously. The invasion of Belgium involved in England. The British government presented an ultimatum with the requirement of immediate cessation of hostilities and the withdrawal of German soldiers.

The requirement was ignored, thus, all the great powers of Germany, Austrian Gergia, France, Russia and England were drawn to war. Although the great powers were preparing for war for many years, she still found them by surprise. For example, England and Germany spent huge funds for the construction of a military fleet, but bulky floating fortresses played a minor role in battles, although they had undoubtedly strategic importance. Nobody expected the infantry (especially in the Western Front) will lose the ability to move, being paralyzed by the power of artillery and machine guns (although this predicted the Polish banker Ivan Bloch in its work "future of war" in 1899). In terms of training and organization, the German army was the best in Europe. In addition, the Germans burned with patriotism and faith in their great appointment until implemented.

In Germany, it was best understood by the value in the modern battle of heavy artillery and machine guns, as well as the importance of railway communications. The Austro-Hungarian army was the castle of the German, but inferior to it because of the runday mixture of different nationalities in its composition and mediocre indicators in previous wars.

The French army was only 20% less than German, but her human resources barely exceeded half. The main difference, thus, consisted in reserves. Germany had a lot of them, France has nothing. France, like most other countries, hoped for a short war. She was not ready for a long conflict. Like the rest, France believed that everything would solve movement, and did not expect a static trench war.

The main advantage of Russia was inexhaustible human resources and the proven courage of the Russian soldier, but its leadership was corrupt and incompetent, and the industrial backwardness made Russia unsuitable for the modern war. Communications were very bad, the boundaries of Besryni, and the allies are geographically cut off. It was assumed that Russia's participation, declared as a "Panslavyansky Crusade", was a desperate attempt to restore ethnic unity led by the royal power. The position of Britain was completely different. Britain never had a big army and also depended on the seaside forces, and the traditions rejected the "permanent army" from even more ancient times.

The British army was thus extremely small, but highly professional and had the main goal of maintaining order in overseas possessions. There were doubts whether the British command would be able to lead this company. Some commander were too old, however, this disadvantage was also inherent in Germany. The most striking example of improper assessment of the nature of the modern war by the commands of both sides was the widespread opinion on the most popular role of cavalry. At sea, traditional British superiority was challenged by Germany.

In 1914 Britain possessed 29 large ships, Germany 18. Britain also underestimated enemy submarines, although it was especially vulnerable to them due to the dependence on overseas food and raw materials for their industry. Britain has become the main factory for the allies, which Germany was for his own. The First World War was carried out almost a dozen fronts in different parts of the globe. The main fronts were Western, where German troops led the fighting against English, French to the Belgian troops; And the eastern, where Russia's troops opposed the combined forces of the Austrovenger and German armies. Human, commodity and food resources of the Entente countries significantly exceeded the resources of the central powers, so the chances of Germany and Austria-Hungary on the victory in the war on the two fronts were small.

The German command understood this and therefore made a bet on a lightning war. The Military Plan developed by the head of the General Staff of Germany von Schliffen, proceeded from the fact that Russia will need at least one and a half months to concentrate their troops. During this time, France was expected and forced it to surrender. Then it was planned to transfer all German troops against Russia.

According to Schlöffen Plan, the war should have ended in two months. But these calculations did not come true. At the beginning of August, the main forces of the German army approached the Belgian Fortress Liege, which covered the crossing over the Masa River, and after the bloody fights captured all its forts. On August 20, German troops entered the capital of Belgium Brussels. The troops of Germany entered the Frank Belgian border and in the "border battle" defeated by the French, having arrived to move them deep into the territory, which created a threat to Paris. The German command overestimated his successes and, considering the strategic intent in the West fulfilled, transferred two army corps and a cavalry division to the East. In early September, the German troops came to the Marna River, seeking to surround the French. In the battle on the Marne River 3-10 September 1914. The English-French troops stopped the offensive of the Germans to Paris and even for a short time they managed to go into counteroffensive. In this battle, one and a half million people participated.

Losses on both sides amounted to almost 600 thousand people killed and wounded. The result of the battle on Marne was the final failure of the Plans of the Lightning War. The weakened German army began to "go out" into the trenches. The West Front, stretched from the strait of La Mans to the Swiss border, by the end of 1914. Stabilized. Both sides have begun construction of earthen and concrete fortifications. The wide strip in front of the trenches was mined and covered with dense rows of barbed wire. War on the Western Front from the "maneuverable" turned into a positional. The offensive of the Russian troops in Eastern Prussia was unsuccessful, they were broken and partially destroyed in Mazury swamps. The offensive of the Russian army under the command of General Bruçilov in Galicia and Bukovina, on the contrary, the Austro-Hungarian parts were discarded to the Carpathians. By the end of 1914. On the Eastern Front, also came the counterpart. Fighting parties switched to a long position war.

Augusta icon of the Mother of God

The August Icon of the Blessed Virgin Mary - revered in the Russian Church of the icon, written in the memory of her phenomenon in 1914 by Russian soldiers in the North-West Front, shortly before the victory in the August battle, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe city of Augustus Svalki province of the Russian Empire (now in East Poland). The event itself of the Mother's Mother's phenomenon is eaten on September 14, 1914. Gatchina and Tsarsko Selki Kirassir Lobe Guards Regiment moved to the Russian-German border. At about 11 o'clock in the night of God, the Mother was soldiers of the Kirassian regiment, the vision lasted 30-40 minutes. All soldiers and officers stood on his knees and prayed, watching the Mother of God in the dark night starry sky: in an extraordinary radiance, with the Godsladen Jesus Christ sitting on her left hand. She pointed out the right hand, - in this direction, the troops were just moving.

A few days later, a message was received from General S., commander of a separate part on the Prussian theater of hostilities, which said that after our retreat, the Russian officer was seen with a whole semi-doner. It was 11 o'clock in the evening, resorted by an ordinary face with a surprised face and says; "Your highlands, go." Lieutenant R. went and suddenly sees in the sky of God Mother with Jesus Christ on one hand, and the other hand pointing to the west. All the lower ranks are kneeling and pray to the heavenly patroness. He looked at the vision for a long time, then this vision has changed in a large cross and disappeared. After that, a large battle in the West was played under August, marked by a big victory.

Therefore, this phenomenon of the Mother of God received the name of the "sign of the August Victory", or the "August phenomenon." On the phenomenon of the Mother of God in the August forests, the emperor Nicholas II was reported, and he gave an order to write an icon painted image of this phenomenon. His Holiness Synod considered the question of the phenomenon of the Virgin about one and a half years and March 31, 1916 decided: "Bless Honoring in the temples of God and homes of believers, depicting the meant phenomenon of the Mother of God to Russian soldiers ...". April seventeenth, 2008, on the submission of the Publishing Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, Patriarch Moscow and All Russia Alexy II blessed to make a celebration in honor of the August icon of God's Mother of God.

The celebration is established to perform 1 (14) of September. On November 5, 1914, Russia, England and France announced the war of Turkey. In October, the Turkish government closed Dardanelles and the Bosphorus for the passage of allies ships, practically isolating the Black Sea ports of Russia from the outside world and inflicting irreparable damage to its economy. Such a step of Turkey was an effective contribution to the military efforts of the central powers. The next provocative step was the shelling of Odessa and other South Russian ports in late October as the squadron of Turkish warships. The Ottoman Empire who came into decodes gradually collapsed and lost most of its European possessions during the last half a century. The army was exhausted during unsuccessful hostilities against Italians in Tripoli, and the Balkan wars caused further depletion of its resources. The Young Enver-Pasha leader, who, being a military minister, was the leading figure in the Turkish political scene, believed that the Union with Germany would mostly serve the interests of his country, and on August 2, 1914 a secret treaty was signed between the two countries.

The German military mission showed activity in Turkey since the end of 1913. She was instructed to reorganize the Turkish army. Despite the serious objections from their German advisers, Enver Pasha decided to invade the Caucasus who belonged to Russia, and in mid-December 1914 began an offensive in hard weather conditions. Turkish soldiers fought well, but suffered a cruel defeat. Nevertheless, the Russian Supreme Command was concerned about the threat that Turkey was represented for the southern borders of Russia, and the German strategic plans served a good service that this threat on this site was sought by Russian troops in which there was a lot of need on other fronts.

World War I It was the result of the exacerbation of the contradictions of imperialism, unevenness, the jumpsuit of the development of capitalist countries. The most acute contradictions existed between the United Kingdom - the oldest capitalist powers and economically strengthened Germany, the interests of which came across many areas of the globe, especially in Africa, Asia, in the Middle East. Their rivalry turned into a fierce struggle for domination in the world market, for seizing other people's territories, for the economic enslavement of other peoples. Germany sets its goal to defeat the Armed Forces of England, to deprive her colonial and maritime championship, subordinate to their influence Balkan countries, to create a semi-colonial empire in the Middle East. England, in turn, intended to prevent German approval in the Balkan Peninsula and the Middle East, destroy its armed forces, expand its colonial possessions. In addition, she counted to capture Mesopotamia, approve their domination in Palestine and Egypt. Acute contradictions also existed between Germany and France. France sought to return the province of Alsace and Lorraine, captured as a result of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, and also to take away the Saari pool from Germany, to preserve and expand its colonial possessions (see Colonialism).

Bavarian troops are sent by rail towards the front. August 1914



Territorial section of the world on the eve of the First World War (by 1914)



The arrival of Poincare in St. Petersburg, 1914 Raymont Poincaré (1860-1934) - President of France in 1913-1920. Conducted reactionary militaristic policies, for which he received the nickname "Poincare War". "



Section of the Ottoman Empire (1920-1923)



American infantryman affected by phosgen.



Territorial changes in Europe in 1918-1923.



General Background Kerk (in the car) and his headquarters on large maneuvers, 1910



Territorial changes after the First World War in 1918-1923.

The interests of Germany and Russia came across mainly in the Middle East and the Balkans. Kaiserovskaya Germany was also sought to rejected Ukraine from Russia, Poland and the Baltic States. Contradictions existed between Russia and Austria-Hungary because of the desire of both parties to establish their domination in the Balkans. Tsarist Russia intended to seize the Bosphorus Straits and Dardanelles, West Ukrainian and Polish land, who were under the authority of the Habsburgs.

The contradictions between imperialist powers had a significant impact on the alignment of political forces in the international arena, the formation of military-political unions opposing each other. In Europe, at the end of the 19th century. - early 20 century. The two largest blocks were formed - the three-way union, which included Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; And the Entente as part of England, France and Russia. The bourgeoisie of each country pursued its mercenary goals, which sometimes contradicted the objectives of the coalition allies. However, they all moved to the background against the background of the main contradictions between the two groupings of states: on the one hand, between England and its allies, and Germany and its allies, on the other.

In the emergence of the First World War, the ruling circles of all countries were obeyed, but the initiative in its unleash belonged to German imperialism.

Not a latter role in the emergence of the First World War, the desire of the bourgeoisie to weaken in its countries the treasured classes of the proletariat and the national liberation movement in colonies, to distract the working class from the struggle for their social liberation, beheading his avant-garde through repressive measures of wartime.

The governments of both hostile groups thoroughly hid from their peoples the true goals of the war, tried to inspire them a false thought on the defensive nature of military preparations, and then the conduct of the war itself. Bourgeois and petty-bourgeois parties of all countries supported their governments and, playing on the patriotic feelings of the masses, made the slogan "Defense of the Fatherland" from external enemies.

Peace-loving forces of that time could not interfere with the emergence of world war. The real force capable of largely blocking her the road was the International Working class, which consisted of over 150 million people on the eve of the war. However, the absence of unity in the international socialist movement disguised the formation of a single anti-imperialist front. The opportunist leadership of the Western European Social Democratic Parties did nothing to implement the anti-war decisions adopted on the 2nd International Congress Congresses. A significant role in this was played by an incorrect idea of \u200b\u200bthe sources and the nature of war. Right socialists, being in the warring camps, construed that "their" government to her occurrence would not accept. They continued to even condemn the war, but only as evil, who gave rise to the country from the outside.

World War II lasted over four years (from August 1, 1914 to November 11, 1918). It was attended by 38 states, over 70 million people were fighting on its fields, of which 10 million people were killed and 20 million is crippled. A direct reason for the war was the murder by members of the Serbian conspiracy organization "Young Bosnia" on June 28, 1914 in the city of Sarayev (Bosnia) of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne Franz Ferdinand. Increed by Germany, Austria-Hungary presented Serbia obviously impossible ultimatum and declared war on July 28. In connection with the opening of Austria-Hungary of military operations in Russia on July 31, universal mobilization began. In response, the German government warned Russia that if within 12 hours the mobilization will not be terminated, then mobilization will also be announced in Germany. The Armed Forces of Germany by this time were already fully prepared for war. The royal government did not respond to German ultimatum. On August 1, Germany announced the war of Russia, on August 3 - France and Belgium, August 4, the United Kingdom declared war in Germany. Later in the war, most countries of the world were involved (on the side of the Entente - 34 states, on the side of the Austro-German bloc - 4).

Both warring parties started war, having multimillion army. Military actions occurred in Europe, Asia and Africa. The main land fronts in Europe: Western (in Belgium and France) and East (in Russia). According to the nature of the tasks of the tasks and the military-political results achieved, the events of the First World War can be divided into five campaigns, each of them included several operations.

In 1914, in the first months of the war, military plans, developed in the general headquarters of both coalitions, were still long before the war and calculated on its short-term. The fighting on the Western Front began in early August. On August 2, the German army occupied Luxembourg, and on August 4, he invaded Belgium, violating her neutrality. The small Belgian army could not have a major resistance and began to move to the north. On August 20, German troops occupied Brussels and got the opportunity to be easily moved to the boundaries of France. They were put forward by three French and one British army. On August 21-25, the Border Battle of the German army discarded the Anglo-French troops, they invaded Northern France and, continuing the offensive, to the beginning of September came to the Marna River between Paris and Verden. The French command, having formed two new armies from reserves, decided to transition to counteroffensive. The battle on Marne began on September 5. It was attended by 6 Anglo-French and 5 German armies (about 2 million people). The Germans were defeated. Since September 16, the oncoming battles unfolded, called the "Run to the Sea" (they ended when the front reached the sea coast). In October and November, bloody battles in Flanders have exhausted and balanced the power of the parties. From the Swiss border to the North Sea, a line of a solid front stretched. War in the West took a position. Thus, the calculation of Germany in the defeat and withdrawal of France from the war failed.

The Russian command, yielding to the persistent requirements of the French government, decided even before the end of mobilization and concentrates its armies to turn to active actions. The purpose of the operation was to defeat the 8th German army and mastering East Prussia. On August 4, the 1st Russian Army, under the command of General P. K. Rennenkampt, passed the state border and joined the territory of Eastern Prussia. In the course of fierce fighting, German troops began to go to the West. Soon the border of East Prussia passed the 2nd Russian army of General A. V. Samsonov. The German headquarters already decided to take the troops for the Vistula, but, taking advantage of the lack of interaction between the 1st and 2nd armies, the mistakes of the Russian High Command, the German troops managed to apply a heavy defeat at the beginning of the 2nd Army, and then drop the 1st Army on Its starting positions.

Despite the failure of the operation, the invasion of the Russian army in Eastern Prussia had important results. It forced the Germans to transfer two army corps and one cavalry division from France to the Russian front, which seriously weakened their shock group in the West and was one of the reasons for her defeat in the battle on Marne. At the same time, by his actions in Eastern Prussia, the Russian army fastened the German troops and kept them from promoting the Allied Austro-Hungarian troops. This gave the opportunity to Russian to apply a major defeat of Austria-Hungary in the Galician direction. During the operation, the threat of invasion of Hungary and Silesia was created; Military power of Austria-Hungary was significantly undermined (Austro-Hungarian troops lost about 400 thousand people; of which more than 100 thousand prisoners). The Austro-Hungarian army until the end of the war lost the ability to conduct operations independently, without the support of the German troops. Germany was again forced to take part of the forces from the Western Front and transfer them to the Eastern Front.

As a result, the 1914 campaigns g. None of the parties have achieved its goals. The wagon plans collapsed and its winning at the price of one general battle. On the Western Front, the period of the maneuverable war ended. Began a positional, troop war. On August 23, 1914, Japan declared war in Germany, in October, Turkey joined the side on the side of the German bloc. New fronts were formed in Transcaucasia, Mesopotamia, Syria and Dardanelles.

In the 1915 campaign, the center of gravity of hostilities moved to the Eastern Front. Defense was planned on the Western Front. Operations in the Russian front began in January and continued with small interruptions to deep autumn. In the summer, the German command carried out a breakthrough of the Russian front under the neck. Soon it launched an offensive in the Baltic States, and Russian troops were forced to leave Galicia, Poland, part of Latvia and Belarus. However, the Russian command, by turning to strategic defense, managed to bring his armies from under the enemy strikes and suspend its promotion. Drafting and depleted Austro-German and Russian army in October moved to defense throughout the front. Germany was before the need to continue a long war on two fronts. The majority of the struggle made Russia, which provided France and England a breather to mobilize the economy for the needs of the war. Only in the fall, the Anglo-French command conducted an offensive operation in artoi and champagne, which did not significantly change the situation. In the spring of 1915, the German command first applied to the Western Front, under Iprom, chemical weapons (chlorine), as a result of which 15 thousand people were poisoned. After that, the gases began to apply both warring parties.

In the summer, Italy joined the war on the side of the Entente; In October, Bulgaria joined the Austro-German block. The large-scale Dardanelle Airborne Operation of the Anglo-French Fleet was aimed at the seizure of the Straits of Dardanelles and Bosphorus, a breakthrough to Constantinople and the conclusion of Turkey from the war. She ended in failure, and the allies at the end of 1915 stopped the fighting and evacuated troops to Greece.

In the 1916 campaign, the Germans again postponed the main efforts to the West. For their main strike, they chose a narrow section of the front in the area of \u200b\u200bVerden, as the breakthrough here created a threat to the entire northern wing of the allies armies. Matting actions under the verte began on February 21 and continued until December. This operation, called the "Verden meat grinder", was reduced to the exhaustive and bloody battles, where both sides lost about 1 million people. The offensive actions of the Anglo-French troops on the Somme River, which began on July 1 and lasted before November were unsuccessful. Anglo-French troops, losing about 800 thousand people, and could not break through the defense of the enemy.

Of great importance in the 1916 campaign had operations on the Eastern Front. In March, the Russian troops at the request of the Allians conducted an offensive operation at the lake Naroch, which significantly affected the course of hostilities in France. She not only decided about 0.5 million German troops on the Eastern Front, but also forced the German command for some time to stop attacks to Verden and transfer part of the reserves to the Eastern Front. In connection with the heavy defeat in May of the Italian army in Trentino, the Russian Supreme Command began on May 22, for two weeks of the previously intended term. During the fighting, Russian troops on the south-western front under the command of A. A. Brusylov managed to break through the strong positional defense of the Austro-German troops to the depth of 80-120 km. The enemy suffered great losses - about 1.5 million people killed, injured and prisoners. The Austro-German command was forced to transfer large forces into Russian front, which facilitated the situation of the Allied armies on other fronts. The Russian offensive was saved from the defeat of the Italian army, facilitated the position of the French under the verte, he accelerated the performance of Romania on the side of the Entente. The success of Russian troops was provided by the use of the new form of a front breakthrough by simultaneous strikes in several sections by General A. A. Brusylov. As a result, the enemy lost its ability to determine the direction of the main strike. Along with the battle of the Somme, the offensive on the south-western front laid the beginning of the Fraw during World War II. The strategic initiative has completely passed into the hands of the Entente.

On May 31 - June 1, the most large marine battle in the entire First World War occurred at the Peninsula of Jutland in the North Sea. The British lost 14 ships in it, about 6,800 people killed, injured and prisoners; The Germans lost 11 ships, about 3100 people killed and wounded.

In 1916, the German-Austrian block suffered huge losses, lost the strategic initiative. Bloody battles drained the resources of all warring powers. The situation of workers has sharply deteriorated. War's burden, the awareness of them of its anti-people character caused deep dissatisfaction with the masses. All countries have grew revolutionary moods in the rear and on the front. A particularly stormy rise of the revolutionary movement was observed in Russia, where the war revealed the corruption of the ruling top.

Military actions in 1917 proceeded in conditions of significant growth of the revolutionary movement in all warring countries, strengthen the anti-war moods in the rear and at the front. The war has greatly weakened the economy of opposing groups.

Annthanta's advantage became even more significant after joining the war on its side of the United States. The state of the Armies of the German coalition was such that they could not take active actions in the West or in the East. The German command decided in 1917 to move to strategic defense on all land fronts and focused on the conduct of unlimited underwater war, hoping in this way to violate the economic life of England and bring it out of the war. But, despite a certain success, the underwater war did not give the desired result. The Military Command of the Entente passed to agreed strikes in the West and Eastern Fronts, to apply the final defeat of Germany and Austria-Hungary.

However, the offensive of the Anglo-French troops undertaken in April failed. February 27 (March 12) in Russia there was a bourgeois-democratic revolution. The temporary government who came to power, taking the course to continue the war, organized with the support of the Social Army and Mensheviks a big offensive of Russian armies. It began on June 16 on the south-western front in the general direction to Lviv, but after some tactical success due to the lack of reliable reserves, the intensive resistance of the enemy choked. The inaction of the allies on the West Front allowed the German command to quickly transfer troops to the Eastern Front, to create a powerful grouping and on July 6 to counter-project. Russian parts, not withstanding the onslaught, began to retreat. The offensive operations of Russian armies and the North, West and Romanian fronts ended unsuccessfully. The total number of losses on all fronts exceeded 150 thousand people killed, injured and missing.

Artificially created offensive gust of the soldiers' masses was replaced by the awareness of the senselessness of the offensive, the reluctance to continue the conciliatory war, to fight for their interests.

World War II - a very large and multifaceted event in the history of mankind. To study such a topics of the topic in this article, the Table "World War II 1914 1918" will be formed, where the main fronts and the course of hostilities in the Western and Eastern fronts will be set.

Briefly about war

It is known that the main cause of the First World War 1914-1918 was the colonial race between France, Britain on the one hand and Germany on the other. The results of this race became the war war and the tripled union with the subsequent crash of the four largest empires of the world and the change in the political map of Europe in the following years.

More than two dozen different states arose on the territory of the former Russian empire, Yugoslavia and other states were created at the expense of Austria-Hungary. Germany, although he lost, but was ready to take a revenge, who happened in 1939.

Fig. 1. Military alliances in Europe in 1914.

The chronology of the event of such a scale is quite diverse, but we will talk briefly about the stages of the First World War, we will analyze its events and the results, bringing the course of war into a chronological table.

The pretext of the war was the murder on June 28, 1914 of the Archduke of Austria-Hungary Franz Ferdinand Serbian nationalist Gavrila principle. After that, Vienna officially announced War Belgrade, starting the shelling of the city.

Fig. 2. Gaburo principle.

Table "World War II"

The White Guard Movement in Russia did not recognize the results of the Brest world and continued de Jura to wagon against Germany. The Supreme Ruler of Russia A. V. Kolchak intended after the onset of Moscow and Petrograd continue the war against the Bolsheviks to the complete victory along with the Entente.

Fig. 3. Tanks on the Somme.

The defeat of Germany led to the redistribution of all its colonies between the winning countries, not counting Russia. The new Soviet government was found in political isolation, refusing the imperial heritage and intending "toggle the fire of the world revolution."

In the First World War, 38 states participated, more than one and a half billion people were involved in it, i.e. More than ¾ population of the globe.

The reason for the unleashing of the international conflict was the murder of Serbian conspirators in the Bosnian city of Sarajevo in June 1914 of the heir to the Austrian throne Franz Ferdinand. July 15, Austria-Hungary declared war of Serbia. In response, Russia as the guarantor of the independence of Serbia began mobilization. Germany ultimitively demanded it to stop and, having received a refusal, announced the war of Russia on July 19. France, the ally of Russia, joined the war on July 21, the next day - England, and on July 26, it was announced the state of the war between Russia and Austria-Hungary.
In Europe, two fronts have developed: West (in France and Belgium) and East (against Russia).

The basis of war 1914 — 1918 gg For many decades of contradictions between groups of capitalist states, the fight for the spheres of influence, sales markets, which led to the redistribution of the world. On the one hand, these were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, who were in Triple Alliance. On the other hand, England, France and Russia ( Entente).

Military course on the Eastern Front

The main battles in Russian ( Eastern) The Theater of Military Action At the beginning of the war turned on north-West (against Germany) and southwestern (against Austria-Hungary) directions. War for Russia began the onset of Russian armies in Eastern Prussia and Galicia.

East Prussian Operation

The East Prussian Operation (August 4 - September 2, 1914) ended in a serious failure for the Russian army, but he had a great influence on the course of operations on the Western Front: the German command was forced to transfer large forces to the east. It became one of the reasons for the failure of the German attack on Paris and the success of the Anglo-French troops in the battle on the Marna River.

Galician battle

Galitskaya Battle (August 10 - September 11, 1914) led to a significant military-strategic victory of Russia: the Russian army has advanced by 280 - 300 km, taking Galicia and its ancient capital of Lviv.

In the course following the fights in Poland. (October - November 1914) The German army reflected attempts to promote Russian troops within its territory, but she failed to defeat Russian armies.

Russian soldiers and officers had to fight in extremely difficult conditions. Russia's unpreparedness to war manifested itself particularly acute in the poor supply of the army by ammunition. The member of the State Duma V. Shulgin, who visited the front shortly after the start of hostilities, recalled: "Our positions of the Germans wing with hurricane fire, and we were silent in response. For example, in the artillery part, where he worked, it was ordered to spend on a day no more than seven shells per field ... tool. " In this situation, the front was kept largely due to the courage and skill of soldiers and officers.

A complex setting on the Eastern Front forced Germany to take a number of steps to contain the activity of Russia. She managed to drague Turkey in October 1914 in October 1914. But the first major operation of the Russian army on Caucasian front in December 1914g. led to the defeat of the Turkish army.

The active actions of the Russian army were forced to the German command in 1915 to radically revise its initial plans; Instead of defense in the east and offensive in the West, another plan of action was adopted. Center of gravity In war, moved to Eastern front And concrete against Russia. The offensive began in April 1915 by the breakthrough of the defense of the Russian troops in Galicia. By the fall, the German army took most of the Galicia, Poland, part of the Baltic States and Belarus. However, their main task is the full defeat of Russian armed forces and the conclusion of Russia from the war - was not solved by the German command.

By the end of 1915, the war on all fronts accepted positionalthat was extremely unprofitable Germany. Possing to achieve victory and not having the opportunity to carry out a wide offensive in the Russian front, the German command again decided to postpone his efforts to the West Front, following the breakthrough in the French fortress area Verden.

And again, as in 1914, the Allies turned to Russia, insisting on the occurrence on the East, i.e. in the Russian front. In summer 1916. Troops Southwestern front Under the command of General A.A. Brusylov switched to the offensive, as a result of which the Russian troops mastered the Bukovina and Southern Galicia.

As a result " brusilovsky breakthrough"The Germans were forced to remove 11 divisions from the Western Front and send them to the aid of the Austrian troops. Then a number of victories were obsessed with Caucasian Frontwhere the Russian army deepened to the territory of Turkey by 250 - 300 km.

Thus, in 1914 - 1916. The Russian army had to take on powerful blows of the enemy forces. At the same time, the disadvantages of weapons and equipment reduced the combat capability of the army and significantly increased its victims.

The whole period is 1916 - the beginning of 1917. In political circles of Russia, there was a stubborn struggle between supporters of the separation world with Germany and supporters of Russia's participation in the war on the side of the Entente. After the February Revolution of 1917, the Provisional Government announced the loyalty of Russia to its obligations to the countries of the Entente and in June 1917 it took an offensive at the front, which was unsuccessful.

Russia's participation in the First World War has ended with signing in March 1918, the Brest World between Germany and Soviet Russia.

On the Western Front, hostilities continued until the fall of 1918, when November 11, 1918 in the compi forest (France) was signed a truce between the winners (countries of the Entente) and the defeat of Germany.