Greek alphabet and pronunciation in Russian. Reading Rules in Greek

Ελληνικό αλφάβητο [Alphabeto Eliniko] - greek alphabetused in Greek and in a rather small language Language Greek group. Despite this, it is one of the most ancient (presumably IX century) and studied. The word "alphabet", borrowed by us by the Greeks consists of the names of the two first letters: "alpha" and "Vita"(By analogy, our "ABC" was named: "AZ" and "Buki"). Both modern and ancient Greek Greek alphabet consists of 24 letters: vowels and consonants.

Greek alphabet history

The letters of the Greek alphabet were partially borrowed from the Phoenician writing of a consonant type of writing words (using only consonant sounds). In connection with the feature of the Greek language, some characters denoting consonants began to be used to record vowels. Thus, the Greek alphabet can be considered the first in the history of writing, which consisted of vowels and consonants. Phoenician letters changed not only their draws, but also names. Initially, all the symbols of the Phoenician record system had names denoting any word and denoted the initial letter of the word. In Greek transcription, the words have slightly changed their sound, and the meaning load was lost. New characters have also been added to designate missing vowel sounds.

Modern Greek alphabet with transcription

(Novogreic Language)

Ancient Greek Alphabet with Transcription

(ancient Greek language)

Figures of the Greek alphabet

The symbols of the Greek alphabet were also used in the number record system. Letters in order were designated with 1 to 9, then the numbers from 10 to 90, multiple 10, and then the numbers from 100 to 900, multiple 100. Due to the fact that the alphabet signs for the number of numbers were not enough, the number system was supplemented by symbols:

• ϛ (stigma)
• ϟ (Copp)
• ϡ (samp)

in his most ancient form was an exact copy of the Phoenician: the Greeks have the same sequence of letters in the alphabet as the phythinians, and even the names of letters were designated by distorted semitic words.

In ancient Greek inscriptions, the Semitic direction of the letter was preserved: signs wrote to the right left.
And only in the 4th century BC. The Greeks switched to the letter from left to right.

So wrote and read the Greeks. It is called this "- a bullish turn (a letter similar to the course of fashing bulls).

From the Greek alphabet lead their origin almost all European alphabets. In the West, the alphabet spread through Greek colonies located in the southern part of the Apennine Peninsula.

From the Greeks, the alphabet was borrowed by the Romans, and they spread to all countries of Western Europe. At the end of the IV - the beginning of the V centuries. The alphabet influenced the emergence of the Armenian alphabet. In the VI century There was a Georgian alphabet - a part of Greek with the addition of several letters.

Greeks applied new material for writing - it was parchmen.Mixed from the skin of animals. It was more durable than papyrus. The use of skin for the letter began with a very long time in Egypt, Greece, Malaya Asia, where it got the greatest distribution.

According to legend B. parchment city In the first century BC. A new method for obtaining material for writing was invented. from the skin of animals.

The oldest pieces of parchmen with preserved excerpts of texts belong to the I century BC, but to use it only with II century. n. e. For manufacture of Parchmen. used sheep skins, goats, donkeys, calves. The skins were pulled out in limestone water, scraped their wool from them, stretched on the frame, dried, smoothed with pembia and treated with chalk.

It was durable, had a smooth and light surface. It could be written on both sides. Parchmen was stained in yellow, blue, black, purple and used for luxurious manuscripts. Purple wrote with gold or silver.

A thousand years old book, from Parchman dominated Europe, whereas in Asian countries made his victorious paper. Thanks to Parchment, a significant number of manuscripts of the Early Middle Ages are preserved.

In Greece, the letter was applied and ceans - Wooden suit covered with wax. Wrote with a wand - style. "Turn the style", i.e. Wash written, meant to separate the beauty of the tongue. Hence the expression "literary style" appeared.

Wax powder They were mainly used for notes and writing letters, but sometimes they wrote literary and scientific texts. Several associates were fastened together with the strap or cord extended on one side. So the book was obtained.

This letter of writing was greatly distributed in Rome. Later he penetrated the countries of medieval Europe. In Paris, in the XIII century. There were workshops for the manufacture of wax milking.

They recharged, accompanying themselves on kifare. The singers enjoyed great honor. Greek lords loved to surround themselves with prominent poets and scientists.

The center of Greek culture was the Athenian Slaveland Republic with the capital, where the greatest Greek tragics lived, sofokl, Euripid. Comedy author Aristophane. Famous philosophers Socrates ,. In the Republic of Athens, as in other Greek cities-states, the national education stood at a considerable height: the children of all citizens were trained in schools.

In Athens there were also higher schools, where young men studied science under the guidance of philosopher teachers. The most famous were: Plato School and Aristotle School. Plato's teachings were abstract. The teaching of Aristotle was based primarily on the observation of nature phenomena. He read his lectures during walks with students.

Some views and discoveries of Aristotle still cause the amazement of scientists. Apparently, some of the writings that have come down to this day under the name Aristotle are records of his lectures. One of the highest manifestations of Ellinsky creativity was theater art. During the flourishing period of Athenian culture, the poet created wonderful comedies and tragedies, many of them in later lists reached us. However, Greek culture was delivered to serve only free citizens, slaves remained aside. If among the slaves and educated people were met, then it was a rare exception.

The book of that time was papiral scroll. Delivered from Egypt. The text on the scroll wrote the narrow columns, the direction of the strings was parallel to the length of the scroll. When reading, the papyrus tape gradually rolled on one side to another so that in the field of view there were two columns simultaneously, and the rest of the scroll was scattered.

? Try riding a scroll of paper and write on it as on a papyrus. Is it convenient?

Due to the fact that the papyrus scrolls did not tolerate moisture, which destructively acted on them, the genuine books of that time was not preserved. And only Egyptian and Greek scrolls have been preserved for two or three thousand years in a completely dry Egyptian sand. Most of the famous scrolls have been preserved in the form of passages, but sometimes these passages are significant.

α alfa is the first letter of the alphabet, its literal meaning is "bull" or, more generalizable, "cattle". As well as the corresponding Hebrew letter, Alpha, before all, is interpreted as a symbol of movable property in all its aspects - both material and spiritual. With the advent of the coin coin, the cost of this was expressed in the number of horns of cattle - hence the word "capital" occurred (from Latin "Caput" - "Head"). The esoteric essence of Alpha implies care for horned livestock, i.e. the increase in and wise use of this rich. Life is a phenomenon of fleeting and therefore wealth should be disposed of so that it becomes the property for all and the subsequent generations could also use it by the benefits. The alpha has interesting parallels in the ancient and runic alphabets, where the first letters denote the same thing - the rich herds of livestock. In the Hebrew alphabet, this is the letter Aleph, denoting the sound "A", in the Runic - FEO, denoting the sound "f". And yet, despite their phonetic difference, in the symbols of these alphabets, cattle is considered as the most important conditions for the existence of society, and in a modern sense, this is a certain stage of human development, when alphabets arise. In the digital expression of Alpha symbolizes the primary and most important thing - the main concern for the maintenance of human life; Gnostic symbolism speaks of the "Triple Alfa", the Symbolic Holy Trinity. The number of the words "alpha" in hematodes - 532.

βB beta is the second alphabet letter, which has causing and even demonic properties. Numerically, it denotes a number 2; It is next, not the first, and therefore is considered as a uniform of unity, and in dualistic religions it is identified with a demonic challenge to one God. Often this challenge challenger is called "Another first" (as in modern Sweden), giving a proper atmosphere of the call created by this second, which is always trying to take place first by rival or overthrow. In mitraism, the demonic God of Falling also has the epithet "one more first". It is Angra Menia, challenge to God and destroying his unity. In Christian terminology, the negative aspect is embodied in the image of the devil. Nevertheless, this aspect of the second carries the possibility of reunification. Without a second monad, the perfect itself is devoid of connections and, thus, can not exist. All religions recognizing the existence of the Creator of the Universe are reconciled with this necessity presented herein the symbolically letter beta. In addition, some argue that the second quality is not the essence inevitably the diametrical opposite of the original principle. The name "beta" on the hematosis corresponds to the digital value of 308.

Γg gamma is the third letter of the alphabet. It denotes the figure 3 and symbolizes piety and holiness. As the child is born from the father and the mother, so from the monad and its antipode naturally arises of the third entity. In the general sense, the letter Gamma symbolizes the trinity of the Divine, which is found everywhere. For example, the goddess in three IP sessions is a phenomenon known throughout the Mediterranean, as well as throughout the continental Europe and even in the north. Residents of Babylon worshiped Triad Anu, Enil and Ea; Egyptians were honorad from Idud, Oziris and Chorus; The Anglo-Saxons contributed to, Fryigg and Tunoore, while Vikings reverected before Odin, Torjo and Baldrom. In the Christian term, Gamma denotes the Trinity - God of Father, Son and the Holy Spirit. In terms of the esoteric symbolism, Gamma denotes the three-way nature of the process: creation, existing and destruction; beginning, middle and end; Birth, life and death. It is the third phase that the phase of the decreasing moon leading to the attenuation of the world indicates the hidden meaning of the new birth in the new cycle. It is a child, this third essence is experiencing his parents. In the Greek context, the gamma has more specific importance, this letter is associated with the three goddes of fate: CLOTO, Atropos and Lahzis; Roman parallel - Nonna, Dezima and Morga; Three grams and even with three things with the sisters of the old English tradition. The gamma hematosis has the number 85.

ΔD delta represents four classic elements of the universe - fire, air, water and earth. Already about seven thousand years, since the construction of the first temples of the Archaic Ancient Economic Culture in the Balkans, the quadrancy is associated with traces of human activity. The quadrangular structures are built easier than round, - reported four sides of the body of any human being: back, face, right and left side. Delta, thus, became the first element of human intervention aimed at changing the world in primitive state. An unusual number 4 is four directions, four horses in the wagon, known as "quadrigi" and (in Christian eschatology) four riders of the Apochalanipsis. This is a symbol of completion on the material level and the quality of completeness. By hematosis, the word "delta" denotes the number 340.

εε Epsilon personifies the spiritual element containing in the material and at the same time abiding outside it. This is Eon and Ether, the fifth element, known among Alhochemicals as "quintessence" (the equivalent of "Nomer" in the tractions of Celtic bards). Whatever it is called, the strength of the Spirit is the thin energy of life, the "breath of life", known in the Greeks called "Pneuma"; It provides every existence of life (its esoteric number 576). Traditionally, this element is depicted by a pentagramic in the form of a five-pointed star. In the magic letter of the Pentagram, thus replaces the letter Epsilon. It contains the sacred proportions of the golden section, one of the three principles of sacred geometry, which provided in the design of the sacred and most beautiful temples of ancient Greece, such as Parfenon in Athens and the Zeus Temple in Olympia. Epsilon, as the expression of the mathematical proportion, is in mystical connection with Lambda, the eleventh letter of the Greek alphabet. In the tradition of grinding, Epsilon represents the second sky. In digital exploratory, the epsylon means the number 5. In the hematosis, the digital amount of this word is equal to 445.

ζZ Jeta, the sixth letter of the alphabet, denotes the reward of gifts to God or sacrifice. This should not be taken literally, as a killing for the sacrifice, but rather as an end distance to assist in the creative process of creation. In the esoteric sense, the jeta is the seventh letter of the alphabet, since the sixth letter was Digamma (F), removed before the classical period and used only as a digit. As the seventh, and yet the sixth letter, Zeta denotes the formative of the principle of cosmos. According to the biblical tradition, the universe was created six days, and the seventh day of rest was intended to complete. Also, the geometry number six is \u200b\u200bthe guidance principle of the selection, forming hexagonal lattices, which underlie the structure of matter. Six hexagonal lattice points are needed to indoor inside the seventh point. An image equivalent to DZET is a pattern that is associated with Archangel Mikhail: six equidistant points arranged around the seventh. This magic symbol and today can be seen as a protective sign on old English and German houses. Zeta means the figure 7, the hematodic amount of its name - 216.

ηh This is the seventh letter of the alphabet, rather in a row than in a conceptual sense, symbolizes the energy of joy and love. This is the letter of balance - quality that implies harmony with the outside world and the skill at the right time to be in the right place and fully extend your potential. A more detailed characteristic of the harmonic, submitted by this letter, can be found in the Dotaperniki cosmology, which reveals the divine harmony of seven planets and seven spheres. Thus, this can symbolize the so-called "music of spheres". Mark Gnostic placed the letter in the ensemble of the third sky: "The first sky sounds the Alpha, it will be second (Epsilon), and this is the third ..." In Christian science, this number is the desire for improvement, updating and sprunning. But in a digital sense, this indicates the number 8 - the main number of the sun. In the hematosis, this word has the amount of 309 - the number of the god of war Ares and the planet Mars.

θθ of theta - the eighth letter of the alphabet - means the sound "T" with a breath. Theta symbolizes the eighth, crystal sphere to which fixed stars are attached according to ancient cosmology. Thus, it is a symbol of equilibrium and association. In the traditional European lifestyle of the Life of theta symbolizes the octal division of time and space. However, in the numbering system, this letter denotes number 9, which indicates an esoteric connection between the numbers 8 and 9, and this relationship is emphasized by the magical properties of two shining: the sun and the moon. By hematodes, the numerical meaning of the word "theta" is 318; This is the number of god of the Sun Helios.

ι ι Yota, despite its smallest size, symbolizes fate. It is devoted to the goddess of fate aanok and, thus, also three parks. The pickel is in hematodic relationship with the Great God Pan, since the digital value of the pile - 130, and Pan - 131. From this it follows that the most small letter is a microcosm of all others associated with the possession of a complex hematology numerology. After all, the symbolically smallest part of the universe contains the whole universe at the microcosm level. The letter of Yota means the number 10, which is considered the fourth sky in the Gnostic branch of Christian religion. In the geographic, the word "Yota" has the number 381, the number of god of the winds of Eol. As a symbol of fate, she gained impermanence - the quality characteristic of the changed winds of fate. She is a symbol of insignificance, if something is not even worth "Yoti", but when someone tempts fate, without thinking about the fact that for him the main thing, then at first glance, a unavailable item can turn against him And bring misfortune itself.
κ κ Kappa is considered a letter that brings failure, illness, old age and death. Accordingly, this property, it is dedicated to God to the crown. In mitraism, this tenth letter of the Greek alphabet is associated with the God of the evil of Angre Menia, which, in turn, is likened to a thousand (10x10x10) deadly demons. There is an opinion that Angra Menia is the Lord of 10,000 diverse diseases, which he punishes the human genus. At a more abstract level Kappa - the time of time, the carrier of inevitable and inexorable processes. In this regard, it is a refuge of the rune of Ken, which personifies the inexorable process of fiery elements. Kappa means the number 20. In the hematosis, its name has the number 182.

λλ lambda is associated with plants and geometrically progression in mathematics, which express the basic principle of any organic growth. Mystically, it is connected with a geometric proportion known as the golden cross section. As the eleventh letter of the Greek alphabet, lambda is an ascent to a higher level. It is mathematically proved by the example of two progressions of lambda: geometric and arithmetic, main numerical rows of ancient Greek mathematics. On the blessing abstract level, lambda denotes the increasing number of sequences underlying all physical processes. In the Runic Alphabet we find a direct matching of this Greek letter - Runa Lagu, which is also associated with the growth and denotes the sound "l". Such characteristics are peculiar to the Hebrew Lamel Lamel. Lambda denotes the number 30, and in the hematosis its name gives the number 78.

μμ MJ, the twelfth letter of the alphabet, represents the sacred number 40. This letter is associated with the trees - the most large, powerful and persistent representatives of the plant world. The tree is a symbol of the space axis. It is a link connecting underground, earthly and heavenly worlds. His roots grow underground - in the kingdom of Gades. It permeates the surface of the earthly world, humanity lives on which mankind, and then rushes up, to the heavenly empires of the gods and goddesses. The form of the letter MJ symbolizes stability and invisibility, fence, security and communication between the three states of being. Considering the hematric value of the word "MJ" - 440, its value is enhanced and increases, since the number 440 is the sum of letters in the word "house" ("" about oikoς "), the main symbol of protection against horrors and the dangers of the outside world. Cosmmatically, The twelfth letter, it implies all 12 months of the year, completed the cycle of all living on Earth.

νN nude is the thirteenth letter. The number 13 has gloomy semantic links - in this case, with a witchcraft aspect of the Great Goddess of Hecata. Greeks revered hecato as the goddess of the night and the underground kingdom. There is also a connection with the Egyptian goddess of the Nut and with the later Scandinavian goddess of the nightness of Nat. Just like its ruunic twin of NID, the letter nude symbolizes an unpleasant need; Night darkness as a necessity, in order to again lit up the day. The number of this letter is 50, and in the hematosis its name gives the amount of 450.
ξξ KSI is the fourteenth letter of the Greek alphabet. According to the esoteric interpretation of the alphabet, this letter represents the stars as the fifteenth letter - the sun and the moon, and the sixteenth is the very Mithra. This fourteenth letter can be interpreted according to medieval astrology as a star, or rather, as "15 stars" who had its occult signs in medieval astrology. These stars and constellation are unusually significant and are important, since they are traditionally attributed to certain qualities and impacts. These fixed stars above all others, and their power is not doubtful. For the medieval magician engaged in the manufacture of talismans, the individual features of each of the 15 stars were the basis of his work. At the same time, he took into account not only the prevailing properties inherent in each individual planet, but also the impact of the stellar fifteen member was also affected. In standard astrology it is believed that these stars also possess specific and peculiar properties. As a result, they also appeal with them as with the most famous planets. These stars are called: Pleiades, Aldebaran, Algol, Capella, Sirius, Saturation, Regulla, Algorab, Speak, Arctic, Polar Star, Alfekka, Antares, Vega and Denget. This letter denotes the number 60 - the favorite number of the ancient cannon astronomy. In the geographic, the name "KSI" has the amount of 615.

Oo Oomikron is the power of the power of the power of the sun, the source of all kinds of energy on Earth, the various aspects of which are symbolically represented by the Gelios and Apollo gods. A round shape of the letter resembles the appearance of the sun and the eternal essence of light among space darkness. In later interpretation, Oomikron symbolizes Christ as a carrier of light. On the other hand, Omicron represents the moon - the sun mirror. Gnostics denote this letter fifth sky. It has a numeric value of 70, and in the hematosis - 1090.
The letter Pi also symbolizes the sun in the gloss of glory, but this time is not a disk, but a round shape, surrounded by sixteen rays, which are identified with all the solar deities, including Apollo, Serapis and Christ. It is more specifically associated with a miter, which is honored, according to the Persian Avestian calendar, was dedicated to the sixteenth day of each month. The sun, surrounded by sixteen rays, is much later becoming the property of Christian art, where it is also associated with the name of God (for example, the royal collegial chapel, Cambridge, see Fig. 8). Pi denotes the number 80; The hematodic amount of the word "PI" - 101.

ρρ ro is the seventeenth letter of the Greek alphabet, it represents creative women's qualities that are in any things and inherent in both sexes - both male and female. It is more specifically understood as fertility, the power of the development of the entire plant world and the ability of a living organism to reproduction. RO symbolizes unlimited adaptability and mobility that lead to the "becoming", that is, creation in all its aspects. Thus, the letter RO, as itosis, anticipates the meaning of its own runic analogue is radically associated with movement and fluidity. Arithmetic this letter denotes the number 100; The hematodic amount of its name is 170, the same as the Greek word "about AMHN" - "Amen", "May be so."
σς Sigma is a death lord; In Greek Pantheus, she is a symbol of Hermes of a psychopompu, the conductor of the shower in the afterlife kingdom. Being an eighteenth in a row, it is associated with the mysterious eighteenth Rule Scandinavian tradition, as well as with the esoteric properties of the eighteent letters of the Gaelle alphabet. In the Mitraist tradition, she symbolizes Rasha, the second brother Mitra, the god of the underground kingdom. It denotes the number 200, and its hematricity value is 254.

Tau is a microcosm, and in a narrower value - the lunar aspect of man. The cross the letters of Tau often served as the main pictographic form of the image of the human body. He apparently comes from the ancient-inset sign of the sign anch, the symbol of eternal life used in magic as an amulet against infertility. In Chrysian iconography, Tau represents the cross. It may be a copper snake Moses, and the old-fashioned rod of Aaron - "anti-heroes" of the Old Testament, who foreshadow the appearance of the "hero", that is, the Savior's Cross. Naturally, Tau represents the cross, which was crucified by Christ, since the form "Tau" is a true shape of the crosses that applying the Romans for crucifixes. It is this shape that the cross can be seen on many medieval and renaissance images of the crucifixions of Christ and two robbers. In esoteric Christian symbolism, the three ends of Tau will personify the Trinity. The arithmetic value of Tau - 300; According to the gods, this letter represents the goddess of the moon of selenium (σeλhnh), the name of which has a numeric value of 301. The geographic value of the word "Tau" - 701, which is traditionally correlated with the number of so-called "Chrysmon" - Christ's monoglamms, consisting of letters chi and ro, which in the amount give 700.
υY Ipsylon is the twentieth letter of the alphabet - denotes water and fluidity properties. Here, in contrast to the creative generating fluidity of RO, these qualities are associated with the element of water. Ipsylon represents properties that are similar to the flow of water flows and is difficult to define, but, at the same time, are essential to continue their lives. The number 20 in Greek mysticism is also associated with water. Plato's geometric body called "IkosaDer", representing the element of water in esoteric geometry, has twenty-edges. Gnostic tradition connects the letter Ipsylon with the "sixth sky". Its arithmetic value is 400. According to the hematosis, the name "Ypsilon" is equivalent to 1260.

φφ fi is a phallus, the male principle of reproduction. FI denotes the number 500. In the hematosis, this number is identified with a mystical shell (EN "YMA) - manifestation of the spiritual element in the world of forms. The letter is also displayed the word "to Pan" - that is, "all". According to the Greek tradition, she symbolizes the great God of Pan - who binds everything that exists in a single natural integrity. His name implies the number 500 indicated by the letter FI; According to hematodes, this number is equivalent to the number of the universe (501). The hematic value of the word "fi" - 510.

χx hee is a twenty-second letter of the alphabet, denoting space, and at the human level - private property. The number hee is 600; This number is equivalent to the hematodic sums of the Greek words "Cosmos" (KOσMOς) and "Deity" ("O Feetnς) (the latter is the sacred component of the first). Hee is an indicator of property that determines the boundaries of what has already been assigned. It is also a symbol of pretended Dara, which in the horizontal plane connects a person with a person, and if you see vertically, this is the link of the unity of the gods with humanity. Only in its form, but not phonetically, the letter hee is akin to the rune Gifu (in the letter x, phonetically "G") which symbolizes the presentation of gifts to the gods or receiving gifts from them. In the hematosis, the word "hee" is equivalent to the number 610.

ψψ psi is the twenty-third letter of the alphabet, denoting heavenly light, embodied in the God of Heaven Zeus. It also has a secondary meaning, i.e. daylight, and more specifically, the climax of noon. From everyday, this letter corresponds to the moment of insight, clear and accurate vision. It denotes the number of 700 is the hematic sum of the Christian monogram Xi-RO, symbolizing the heavenly radiance of Christ. The hematodic cost of the word "psi" is 710, which corresponds to the words "Piston" (PIσTOn) ("faithful") and "Pneuma Agion" (PNEYMA AGION) ("Holy Spirit").

ωω omega - twenty-fourth and last letter of the alphabet, denoting wealth and abundance, successful contribution of affairs. This is apotheosis, the seventh sky of Gnostics. Its numeric value is 800, the Equivalent of the words "wristness" (1shlts) ("Vera") and "Curios" (Kypioς) ("Mr."). According to hemat, the word "Omega" gives the amount of 849, which is equivalent to the word "scheme" (σxhma) ("Plan"). Thus, Omega is the embodiment of the Faith and the Divine Plan both in the pagan and Christian interpretations of the word "Lord", whether Zeus or Jesus.

In Greek, 24 letters. If you look at the table below, then detect 3 letters "and" and 2 more letters "about". They are read equally. Earlier in ancient Greek each "and"For example, read in different ways. In the modern new Novogreic language, only a different writing of these letters has been preserved, and they are read all the same.

Also in Russian there are almost all the sounds of Greek, except sounds δ , ζ (if you are familiar with English, you will find the similarity of these sounds in English) and γ (read as Ukrainian "G"Therefore, for Russian-speaking, it will not be difficult for its pronunciation).

I would also like to pay attention to the emphasis. It always put in words (sometimes there are words in which the emphasis is not put, for example: λαη , θαη , γθοι , ληοσς but their very little). These are mainly single words. It is even considered a mistake not to put emphasis.

Very important moment in Greek: letter "about" need to pronounce without replacing it as in Russian on "but". For example, in Russian word "milk" says how "Malako". In the Greek "about" Always read as "about" (Imagine that you are from the Vologda region).

Reading letters

In Greek, there are quite a lot of letters (that is, sounds obtained from a combination of 2, 3 and even 4 letters). There are several reasons for this. The first is again the story stretching from ancient Greek, when the sounds were read differently than in the Novogreic language. Their writing has been preserved. The second reason is simply a shortage of letters in the alphabet. 24 letters appeared to the Greeks insufficient to express philosophical thoughts. Therefore, they have come up with additional sounds, combining already existing letters.

Note! Emphasis on combinations of 2 vowel letters is placed on the second letter. If the emphasis falls on the first letter of the combination, then each letter is read separately

Features of pronunciation of some consonants in words

Letters γ , κ , λ , χ , ν soften if there are sounds after them "And", "e" (ι , η , υ , ει , οι , ε , αι ).

For example:

γ η (land) γ ελώ (laugh) κ ενό (general, emptiness), κ ήπος (garden), γ υναίκα (woman, wife), χ ίλια (thousand), ό χ ι (no), κ ιλό (kilogram).

σ reads ζ if after σ stand the following consonants: β , γ , δ , μ , ρ , μπ , ντ , γκ .

For example:

Ι σ ρήήλ (Israel), κό σ μος (space, people), κουρα σ έένος (tired), σ βήνω (off), ι σ Λάμ (Islam), ο άντρα ς μου (my husband).

All double consonants are read as alone.

For example:

Σά ββ ατο (Saturday), ε κκ λησία (church), παρά λλ ηλος (parallel), γρα μμ άριο (gram), ά νν α (Anna), ι ππ όδρομος (hippodrome), κα σσ άνδρα (Cassandra), α ττ ική (attic).

This rule does not apply to a combination γγ (See read rule above).

Greek letter refers to the category of alphabetical, goes back to the Phoenician writing. The oldest written monuments refer to 14-12 centuries. BC er, written by a sluggish critical letter (linear letter A, linear letter b).
It's believed that greek alphabetoriginated in the 8th century BC e. The first monuments of writing belong to the 8th century. BC e. (Dipilon inscription from Athens, as well as the inscription from the fer). In appearance and set of characters, the most closely Frigian alphabetical letter (8 V. BC). In Greek, unlike Semitic, Connce (in the letter, only consonant) prototypes are reflected in the letter, except for the graphem for the designation of consonant sounds, the county appeared for the designation of vowel sounds, which can be considered a new stage in the development of the letter.

Before the emergence of the alphabetical letter, Ellina used a slight linear writing (CRT letter included a linear letter A, which is not deciphered so far, a linear letter B, a letter of a fest part).
The letter based on the Greek alphabet was divided into 2 varieties: the East Greek and West Greek letter, which, in turn, was shaken by a number of local species, distinguished by the features in the transfer of individual characters. The East Greek letter was further developed into a classic ancient Greek and the Byzantine letter, became the basis of the Coptic, Gothic, Armenian, to some extent of the Georgian letter, Slavic Cyrillic. The West Greek letter was the basis for Etruscan, and therefore the Latin and Roong German Letter.

Initially, the Greek alphabet consisted of 27 letters, and in this form it was 5 V. BC e. Based on the Ionian variety of Greek letters. The direction of the letter is from left to right. The signs of "stigma" (ς) is now transmitted through στ, "kopp" (¢) and "samppi" (¥) were used only to designate numbers and further out of use. Also in some local versions (on Peloponnese and Boeotia), the symbol of  "Digamma" was used to designate the phonam [W].
Traditionally ancient Greek, and after him and the Novogreic alphabet has 24 letters:

In the theory, two types of pronunciation are distinguished: Erasmovo (ητακιστική προφορά, it is believed that it was characterized in the classical period of using an ancient Greek language, it is now used only in teaching) and Reichlinovo (ιωτακιστική προφορά). Pronunciation in the Novogreic language - Reichlinovo. Its main feature is the presence of several options for the transmission of the same sound.
In Greek there are difongs:

All difthongs are pronounced in one syllable. If after ει, οι, ι, υ follows a vowel, such a combination is also pronounced in one syllable: πιάνο [peano] (piano), ποιες [Pan] (who). Such difongs are called incompatible (καταχρηστικός Δίφθογγος).
The letter Γ, followed by ει, οι, ι, υ, ε, which, in turn, should be vowel, not pronounced: γυαλιά [yaly] (glasses), γεύση [yevsi] (taste). Γ before the posterior (γ, κ, χ) is pronounced as [N]: άγγελος [Angelos] (Angel), αγκαλιά [Anglen] (arms), άγχος [Anchos] (stress).

In addition, the following combinations of consonants began to be used in the Novogreic language, transmitting the sounds of the Greek language: τσ (τσάϊ [c "ah] but: έτσι [" ETSI]), τζ (τάάμι [DZ "AMI]), μπ (MB in the middle of the original Greek word: αμπέλι [AMB "Eli] or B at the beginning of the word and in borrowed words: μπορώ [boron" about]), ντ (nd in the middle of the original Greek word: άντρας ["Andras] or d at the beginning of the word and in borrowed words : ντύνω [D "INO]), Γκ (NG in the middle of the original Greek word: ανάγκη [Ange] or g at the beginning of the word and in borrowed words: Γκολ [goal]).

Double letters ξ ψ always replace the combination of consonants κσ, πσ. Exception: εκστρατεία (campaign). The sign ς is used only at the end of the word. The sign σ is never used in the end of the word.
The word may end to vowels, ν or ς. The exception is only some interjections and borrowed words.

Additional Information:

Features:
The phonetic system consists of 5 vocabulary, opposed in ancient Greek language for longitude / shorts (A, E, I, O, U). In the Novogreic language, this division is irrelevant. Nearby vowels merge into long vowel or form Difong. Diftonies are divided into their own (the second element is required ι, υ) and incompatible (combination of long vowels with i). Emphasis in the ancient Greek musical, movable, three types: (acute, stupid and clothed). In the Novogreic language, the emphasis of only one species is sharp. In the system of consonants of the newgin language, new sounds developed: lifting [ντ], interdental ringing [δ] and deaf [θ], which cause the greatest difficulties in pronouncing them.

Morphology characterizes the presence of 3 genera (male, female, middle) speech parts, their indicators are also articles (defined and indefinite: an indefinite article occurs and fully corresponds to a numerical one), 2 numbers (the only, multiple, in ancient Greek also there also existed a dual The number for the designation of paired objects of the type "eyes, hands, twins"), 5 cases (nominative, charming, genitive, dative, accusative: in ancient Greek, there were existence of other cases, for example, instrumental, local and so on; in the Novogreic language there is no dative case), 3 nominal decline (on-and, on -O, on other vowels, as well as consonants). The verb had 4 inclination (indicative, conjunctiva, optative and imperative), 3 pledge (active, passive, medium, in the newly mining medial in word, fully corresponds to the suffering), 2 types of hiding (on -ω and on -μι, in the newly It is carried out by the presence or absence of accent on the last syllable of the verb).

Groups Times: In ancient Greek, they are divided into the main (present, future, perfect) and historical (aorist, perfect and Plywamperfect). In Modern Greek division occurs at the moment for a long time and inclination (παρατατικός, συνεχής μέλλοντας, συνεχής υποτακτική, συνεχής προστακτική), cross-sectional times and inclination (αόριστος, απλός μέλλοντας, απλή υποτακτική, απλή προστακτική), elapsed time (παρακείμενος, υπερσυντέλικος, τετελεσμένος έέλλοντα). In the system of verb times of the Novogreic language, new analytical models of formation of complex times (perfect, pelvumperfect, future) have developed. The system of education of communion has simplified, but their large amount is used in the frozen form, while their education often uses a sludge increment or reduction.

The syntax system is characterized by the free order of words in the proposal (preferential sequence in the main sentence - SVO (subject-verb object)) with a developed essay and submission system under a complex proposal. Particles play an important role (especially since the infinitive is abolished in the Novogreic language, which is replaced by indicative forms with appropriate particles) and prepositions. The word formation system includes a developed system of prefixes (originated from the prepositions), suffixes. What more actively is used in Russian.

Greek has a very rich and developed lexical system. In the structure of vocabulary, several layers are included: Dogreic (Pelasgian origin), anonymous Greek, borrowed consisting of the Semitic and Latin layers. In the Novogreic language there is a large number of borrowings from Romanesque (mostly French and especially Italian), Germanic (English), Slavic (including from Russian) languages. A huge layer of vocabulary make up Turkish borrowing. It is also worth mentioning the return borrowings when Greek morphemes previously borrowed by other foreign languages \u200b\u200breturn to the Greek language for the name of recently invented items and phenomena (for example, "phone").
Some features are united by a novice language with other Balkan languages \u200b\u200b(Romanian, Serbian Bulgarian): Combining the functions of the genitive and duties, the absence of an infinitive and its replacement for the forms of the subjunctive inclination, complex (analytical) forms of future time and subjunctive inclination. Elements peculiar to all Balkan languages \u200b\u200bin the syntax are excessive doubling of direct and indirect additions, the use of plain reversals, which for users of other languages \u200b\u200bcause greater difficulty.

In the Novogreic language mostly free words of words. However, pronouns often lose such freedom: a stronger pronoun is always placed after the noun, brief forms of personal pronouns are defined immediately before the verb in a certain order (first the genitive case, then accusatively). For attracted and personal pronouns, there is a slender system of short and complete forms. The full form is movable, but is used strictly in certain cases: after prepositions; for emphatic pronoun, together with a brief form; Alone.