Plastic bottles are used as containers for huge amount drinks, after the use of which, they remain in the form of garbage. In Europe, they have been engaged in industrial plastic processing for a long time, but in Russia it is not yet such a popular business. But the mechanism from plastic bottles make tiles in mini-factories and even in.

It is quite easy to make tiles from a plastic bottle in a handicraft way for personal use. This does not require the purchase of expensive equipment. Raw materials are cheap and abundant.

Characteristics of plastic tiles

Plastic tiles are durable and reliable, in no way inferior to concrete counterparts, somewhere even superior.

It prevents the formation of ice, has anti-slip properties, which is very important in the conditions of the Russian winter for comfortable walking.

This is ensured by the abrasiveness of the material due to the presence of sand in it. The flat and smooth surface of such a tile has good adhesion to the material of the shoe sole.

The advantages of plastic paving slabs are:

• increased strength and durability;
• insensitivity to moisture;
• when liquid gets on the coating, it seeps into the cracks between the elements without washing the track;
• the ability to maintain their properties at extremely low temperatures;
• relatively low weight;
• resistance to chemical attack;
• if it is necessary to replace individual tiles or part of the tile covering, no costly and time-consuming operations are required;
• long service life;
• admissibility of production relief surface and staining in different colors;
• easy to machine if you need to saw or make holes;
• simplicity of laying work.

Due to the ease of tiling, it is possible to cope without professional help

If the temperature rises significantly, then the tiles will slightly increase in volume, therefore, when laying work, it is imperative to observe a gap of 3-4 mm.

It is worth noting that paving slabs made of plastic bottles also have wonderful aesthetic properties... It is suitable for the realization of bold and varied design solutions... The color of the material does not fade under the influence of sunlight, the tiles do not deform or wear off. The appearance of the material is unique, the decoration with such products will look elegant and original.

Components of the material

For the manufacture of paving slabs, not only from plastic bottles, but also from other polymers, you will also need sand and a coloring agent. The raw materials are ordinary bottles, which do not even need to be cleaned from labels and food residues. All unnecessary ingredients are burned without a trace. Sorting is not needed either.

In addition, soft polymers impart plasticity to the finished tile. Without them, she will be more fragile. You just need to comply with the following requirement:

• soft plastic - 40%;
• solid polymers - 60%.

This is to ensure the optimum rigidity of the plastic tiles. The use of this technology almost completely eliminates polymer debris. It is not allowed to add polycarbonate or fluoroplastic, as well as rubber. After all, these ingredients are not able to impart improved properties to products, but the structure of the material is disturbed, losing its homogeneity.

The sand is cleaned of impurities (their content, including clay, is no more than 1/5 of a part). The drier the sand, the less time it takes to make one tile. The quality of the finished product will depend on the uniform mixing of sand and plastic. Mixing proportions:

• sand - 90%;
• polymers - 9%;
• dye - 1% (if added).

It is preferable to add inorganic dyes. Without them, the products will turn out to be dirty gray.

Business idea in the garage

Production technology

Equipment for the production of polymer tiles includes the following equipment:

• a crusher for crushing plastic raw materials;
• extrusion apparatus for melting and mixing ingredients and extrusion of the finished mixture;
• molding press.

The whole technological process relatively safe, but carried out in well ventilated areas using respirators and protective gloves.

Manufacturing technology is quite simple and consists of the following stages:

• the polymer material is crushed into small pieces;
• when the ingredients enter the extrusion machine, the melted viscous plastic envelops the grains of sand, everything is mixed repeatedly, and a doughy mass is obtained. At this stage, the dye is added;
• the extruder squeezes out the mixture, the temperature of which is 200 degrees, it is cut off in the right amount and fits into forms.
• under the molding press, the product is finalized and cooled at the same time.

This applies to production on an industrial scale. Handicraft tile production in small quantities will only require a melting machine and a molding press. In this case, the polymers first melt without preliminary grinding, then this mass is mixed with sand and dye.

This stage is very important, since good mixing is essential. Now it remains to put the mixture into molds under the press and cool. If there is no press, you just need to wait for the tiles in the molds to cool. It usually takes 1–2 days to dry completely, depending on conditions and temperature.

The result is products of the same shape as cement tiles. At the request of the manufacturer, they are given different dimensions, color shades and texture.

The production of tiles from plastic bottles will not do without molds for pouring molten mass. The material from which the molds must be made is plastic, fiberglass or rubber.

Rubber molds are not widely used because they are relatively expensive, heavy and quickly deteriorate. Fiberglass is well suited for the production of large products.

The peculiarities of this material are such that a special lubricant must be applied to the form with each use. Most common plastic molds made of heat-resistant material.

Sometimes layer-by-layer technologies are used in order to save the dye. Then, first, a colored layer is formed, then a layer without dye and again colored on top. The thickness of one layer is 2 cm.

In the process of making a material, there is always a marriage, various scraps. They should be re-crushed in the machine and used as raw material for new products. But in the manufacture of paving slabs from plastic bottles, ecology does not tolerate big troubles.

Production of modern and beautiful tiles from plastic bottles will serve the purpose environmental safety... After all, there is a removal of hard-to-decompose waste. Possessing high performance characteristics, this product will always find its consumer. Modern production paving slabs from plastic bottles will soon be replaced by a concrete analogue.

Video: Machine for paving slabs

Paving slabs made of plastic - ambiguous construction material, primarily because the definition of "plastic paving slabs" includes two different kinds elements for garden paths... And the difference between them is no less than between ceiling plastic and lacquered laminate on the ceiling as an original and complex repair.

Polymer paving slabs - what is it like?

Plastic paving slabs for summer cottages are available in two types. The first type is a lattice plastic construction, square shape measuring 30x30 or 50x50 centimeters. Each element contains symmetrical through-slots, is no more than 2 cm thick and weighs up to 1.5 kg. There are grooves from the ends for the connection of light plastic surfaces to each other. The second type is similar to ordinary paving stones. It has a smaller size, tangible weight and a significantly larger variety of colors. Such paving slabs are produced from plastic mixed with sand, pigment dyes and other composite elements.

Polymer lattice paving slabs are laid on any flat surface almost instantly, at the speed of assembly children's designer an experienced engineer. But the base must be really perfectly flat, otherwise our "fast floor" will split from the very first step. But grass can grow through the slots, which no other coating for garden paths can boast of. True, such a path looks frivolous. Her appearance looks like ventilation grates, which were simply laid on the floor, and such a repair option does not differ in a variety of colors.

Heavy-weight - if you will, classic - plastic tiles for garden paths cost significantly more than trellised tiles, and their installation takes considerable time and requires perseverance. But also the result of personal efforts in landscape design will last for decades, albeit without the shoots of young seedlings through the plastic layer.

Plastic paving slabs - advantages and disadvantages

Let's make a reservation right away that it comes about "full-fledged" tiles made of sand and plastic. The surface version of the quick-assembly tracks does not need special instructions; it will be assembled by a child who has the skills to handle the Lego construction set. The advantages of plastic as a road design include:

• Ease. The weight of sand-plastic slabs is about half that of paving stones;
• High strength. Just keep in mind that this parameter is highly dependent on the presence of binders between sand and plastic - and they are quite expensive. The stronger the plastic paving stone, the higher its cost;
• Waterproof. Moisture does not penetrate deep into this material, so the proverb "water wears away a stone" is completely inapplicable to plastic tiles. And this means greater durability - up to 50 years;
• Anti-slip qualities. They are provided both by the property of the material itself and by the grooved surface in most of the collections. It is really difficult to slip on the sidewalk plastic, sometimes it takes special efforts;
• If necessary, you can store the material outdoors, including in winter time- with dense storage, rain, snow and frost will not harm it.

Before you purchase and start laying plastic tiles, you should consider the disadvantages this method garden paths design:

• A polymer, by definition, cannot be resistant to aggressive environments. Your tile will not creep apart from accidental drops of gasoline or splashes of acetone, but stone resistance is not inherent in it;
• Over time, the colors of the equipped paths will begin to fade - ultraviolet light affects, again, any plastic. The choice of color and texture solutions is more modest than that of cement-sand slabs;
• The abrasion of plastic plates is higher than that of paving stones.
• Due to the comparable lightness of the material, the installation will have to be performed on a solution, that is, in an integral manner. As you know, it is possible to put cement and sand paving slabs correctly on clean sand without adhesion to the base;
• The water-repellent properties of the polymer do not preclude the need for drainage. Another thing is that its arrangement will be simpler and easier - it is enough to lay hidden drainage grooves on the side of the track (or on both sides).

Laying plastic tiles - full-weight installation

The work is similar to laying ordinary paving slabs, but has a number of its own characteristics:

Laying plastic tiles on the track - step by step scheme

Step 1: markup

We carry out the marking of our plastic path to a bright future. This is done with twine and pegs at the places of turns or changing the width of the canvas. Of course, for a start, you should limit yourself to one straight line, it is desirable that its width be a multiple of the dimensions of the tile - in order to cut it less.

Step 2: digging

Total depth earthworks depends on the type of soil, usually you need to use bayonet shovel dig a ditch 30-40 cm deep. Interestingly, an even bottom and walls in this case are not as important as the absence of any traces of vegetation on the bottom. So that the hidden sprout does not turn away our road creation over time, the entire wide ditch must be carefully examined in search of such "surprises of the kingdom of Flora." And thoroughly uproot them, without a trace and without pity.

Some experts recommend treating the walls and bottom of our flat pit with pesticides or other chemicals, and if your area is lush, given advice should be done. Just be careful when working with such compounds, they are very toxic. Stacked on the side drainage pipes with an appropriate slope - if mounted on both sides of the track, then with its width up to 1 meter, the slope of the finishing surface will not be needed

Step 3: fundamental

The track foundation consists of layers of gravel (10-15 cm) and sand (5-7 cm). Any sand is suitable, without large debris and stones, gravel of fractions of 20-30 mm. The surface of each layer is leveled, beacons made of plastic or metal rods are placed on the sand. The lighthouses are installed strictly horizontally, the base screed will be poured over them.

The screed is made from a conventional solution based on sand and cement, up to 3 cm thick. On the sides of the ditch, with a margin of width for future curbs, the screed is not poured, there remains a clean sand layer. In the absence of precipitation on the street, the screed will "grab" in a few days. You have to work while on the screed, so it must dry completely, otherwise the base will fall under your feet even before the installation is complete.

After laying the main canvas of the track, curbs are set on its sides. Their height may exceed the road level by 3-5 cm. The space between the borders and solid slabs is filled with inserts. This operation is more complicated than it seems, it is necessary to observe strict horizontality.! The joints between the tiles are filled with a slurry of cement, sand and moisture-resistant compounds ( liquid glass and others.) The seams are rubbed in several layers, it is unacceptable to leave voids.

Use plastic track on direct appointment it is possible after the installation solution has completely solidified - that is, after two days. Since the walkway looks almost finished even before the installation is completed, it is prudent to provide for a temporary fence for it - otherwise naughty children can damage all our many days of effort. And redoing is always more difficult than redoing.

Today, home production is. For example, such a type of activity as does not require huge costs, including renting premises, and any instructions, including software, you can easily find on the Internet.

As a rule, home production implies being located in a separate room of an apartment or, for example, in a country house or in a garage. It all depends on what you are going to produce. If your choice fell on the manufacture of paving slabs, a garage is the ideal solution.

Home production of paving slabs

The business of making paving slabs at home is quite cost-effective and does not require huge costs. All you need is a room (ideally a garage), some (in particular, machines and forms), raw materials and understanding, because you will need to register your activities. The instructions for making products are quite simple. You just need to act correctly at each step.

DIY paving slab manufacturing technology

The simplest and most demanded paving slabs on the market are made from concrete mix using special forms that can also be purchased. Almost all that is needed is to learn how to properly prepare the mixture and properly maintain it in the molds. The whole process takes place in several stages:

• preparation of the form;
• preparation of a mixture for future tiles;
• tile formation;
• exposure for a day in tile molds;
• stripping tiles;
• package.

Form preparation

As a rule, metal, plastic, polyurethane and rubber molds are used in the manufacture of paving slabs. Concrete can be poured into them either by pre-lubricating them with a special compound, or without lubrication. Imulsol is used to lubricate the forms, but if you are going to do without it, you should first treat the forms with an antistatic agent.

Advice: the mold release agent must be free of petroleum products, as they can damage the mold. The lubricant layer must be thin, otherwise unnecessary pores may remain on the surface of the finished product.

Preparation of concrete mix for the manufacture of paving slabs

The easiest and most correct way to make a mixture for the production of paving slabs in accordance with GOST. To do this, it is necessary to select sand of at least the second fineness module and fine crushed granite(fraction size 0.5-0.1) or screenings taken in a 1: 1 ratio. In addition, you will need to choose a plasticizer and pigments for coloring your paving slabs.

To improve quality, strength and wear resistance, polypropylene, polyamide and other fibers can be added. As for cement, sand and crushed stone, they are mixed in following proportion: one part of cement accounts for 2 parts of a mixture of crushed stone and sand. Polypropylene and fiberglass, as a rule, are added together with water, and polyamide is added to the ready-made mixture.

Tile formation

As a rule, the tiles are formed and compacted on a special vibrating table. It is best to use layer-by-layer production. So the density and quality of the tiles will increase, and the pigment, if desired, can be saved by placing it in only one face layer.

First, the face layer is placed in the mold and compacted for 40 seconds. Then the second layer without pigment is laid and compacted for another 20 seconds.

Advice: concrete may not always be of the standard quality, so sometimes you have to choose the compaction time yourself, and this will be the best option.

Holding products

Some manufacturers of paving slabs try to withstand the finished products using an additional increase in temperature, but in fact there is no need for this, and 15-17 degrees is quite enough for paving slabs. It is necessary to fold finished products in 3-9 rows, depending on their shape and thickness.

Stripping

Stripping finished products from the forms occurs, as a rule, on a special knockout table. Usually, before removing the formwork, it is recommended to subject the mold with the product to 2-3 minutes of heating in hot water but sometimes it is not necessary. However, it should be noted that deforming without heating can lead to deformation and damage to the product.

Package

After stripping, the tiles are placed on pallets and tied with packing tape. After that, it is advisable to cover it plastic wrap... After 7 days (about 28 days in winter) of exposure, it will be ready for use.

Equipment for the production of paving slabs by vibrocompression

So, equipment for the production of paving slabs does not require huge investments, and its quantity is quite acceptable for a purchase with a small start-up capital. All that is needed to work at first and afterwards is:

• 2 padded vibrating tables with vibroblock;
• stripping vibrating table without vibrator;
• vibrating table without forced action skip;
• metal, plastic or rubber forms.

Production of luminous paving slabs

Fashion changes from year to year, including landscape. Therefore, to decorate summer cottages and household plots, they come up with new "chips" and designs. One of these "chips" is the luminous paving slabs. In addition to the fact that it glows beautifully in the dark, it also helps you not to stumble, slightly illuminating the path.

The manufacturing technology of unusual tiles differs little from the manufacturing technology of the standard one. It is done in the same way in layers, only a luminescent substance is added to the front layer instead of a pigment. Also, with the help of a machine, they can make drawings for every taste.

It is worth noting that the luminescent substance is so durable that it can collapse after the concrete itself deteriorates.

Production of rubber paving slabs

Rubber paving slabs have recently come into use and have proven themselves to be an anti-slip coating at any time of the year.

Paving slabs of this type can be made by hand from rubber crumb, which can be both natural and artificial. The second option has the best performance, but natural rubber can be safely disposed of. At home, crumb rubber is most often obtained from rubber tires cars.

Price of equipment for the production of rubber paving slabs

The manufacture of paving slabs from crumb rubber differs significantly from ordinary concrete. It requires completely different equipment, more expensive. So, you will need:

• compression molds - from 30 thousand rubles per piece;
• volcanic press - about 350 thousand rubles;
• raw mixers - about 150 thousand rubles;
• drying chamber - 100 thousand rubles.

Raw materials

The raw materials required for the production of rubber paving slabs cost quite a bit. Some materials can be prepared by hand:

• crumb rubber - 15-35 thousand rubles per ton (you can make it yourself);
• polyurethane glue - 150 rubles / kilogram;
• dyes - 10 rubles / kilogram.

Paving slabs from plastic bottles

Another type of unusual and practical paving slabs are made from plastic bottles, plastic bags and plastic boxes... Despite the relatively low cost of raw materials, you may need a large start-up capital, because the equipment is quite expensive.

Premises

Whatever premises you choose for production, it must be at least 70-80 sq. m. and have convenient access roads for delivery and removal. In addition, 360 V is needed to connect expensive electrical equipment. For extensive production, a warehouse for raw materials and finished products and a staff room are also required.

Equipment

Equipment for the production of plastic tiles costs from 900 thousand rubles to 1.5 million rubles. The entire line consists of:

• polymer crushers;
• mixing unit;
• molding unit.

Molds are usually made from plastic, fiberglass and rubber.

The cost of paving slabs

So the cost of one cubic meter paving slabs are about 3 thousand rubles. From this amount, approximately 16 square meters of tiles can be assembled. The selling price of the tiles is about 200-300 rubles per square meter, which is important for plastic and concrete products. Rubber will cost the buyer 100-150 rubles more.

Production of paving slabs at home - reviews

Arthur:
I used to have an old car and own garage... The time has come, and I decided to part with my car, use the money to make repairs in the apartment, and then save up for a new one. But while I was looking for interior solutions on the Internet, I came across an offer to make paving slabs at home. I thought a little and went to the garage to take a closer look at what my production would look like in it. I figured it would be better to invest in my own business, and use the income to repair and buy a brand new car. After consulting with his wife and older children, he decided to purchase equipment, molds, as well as cement and sand. The first pieces didn’t turn out exactly what I would like. I made of them small area the floor in the garage, where I put the tumble dryer later. But after just a couple of batches of bad tiles, I learned how to make the perfect one and, with a clear conscience, submitted an ad for sale and customization. The cost indicated below the market, so there was no end of buyers. Later, I bought various dyes and increased the cost of the product. Now I get much more income than wage, which I had at my main job. And I am already thinking about buying equipment for rubber tiles and expanding production.

Evgeniy:
I am a builder by profession. In addition, I really love to invent something new, decorate and improve my own home. I needed to make a path in the country and I decided not to buy paving slabs for this and not to knead concrete for standard pouring with formwork. I made several shapes out of wood and scrap materials, carving an intricate pattern on one side. I chose the most convenient sand and gravel, and also purchased several packages of cement. When I finished my plans at the dacha and completely laid the path, a neighbor came to visit me. She liked my work so much that she, without ceasing to admire, for a long time tried to ask me where I bought such a magnificent and original tiles... She didn’t believe that I had made it myself. But when I showed her the forms that I used, she immediately asked me to do her a favor and make the same path. For this work, I received an impressive amount and thought, why not start mass production. Now almost half of my tiles are laid holiday village, and I am gradually purchasing equipment and will soon open a large workshop.

Vladimir:
My mom is very creative creative person... When my father passed away, she and I got his car and a whole garage of old rubber tires. One summer I decided to tidy up the garage and take them to the landfill. But my mother stopped me, saying that they can try to be used in some business. She offered to transform the site with their help and cut out a magnificent rubber dragon with a knife and scissors. I went to the Internet in search of information on how you can use these same tires. From a heap of information I chose for myself an interesting and, as it seemed to me, cost-effective. Namely - making paving slabs with your own hands from rubber crumb. But I was very upset that such a production requires expensive equipment. However, I decided not to give up and from the whole list I chose, in my opinion, the most important thing - a heating cabinet and a rubber crusher and began to save money for them, working daily. In addition, my mother and I bought some glue for testing and some metal molds. At first, we managed to make two tens of meters of rubber tiles, spending all the tires that we had on it. I wanted to sell them and posted an ad on the board, but we received only a couple of calls, but the tiles were never sold. I had to use it for my site. But I was not going to give up and decided that it was worth buying a colored rubber crumb. Imagine my surprise when, after submitting an advertisement, the phone practically did not stop talking, and the buyers immediately disassembled the first batch. Now my mother and I have registered individual entrepreneurship for her and we are buying the last small equipment.

Kristina:
My husband and I have lived in perfect harmony for almost 40 years and have not amassed any particularly valuable property other than a house and an incredible amount of garbage in the form of plastic boxes, various bags and bottles. Love is love, but we both wanted to improve our financial position... Both of us have already become pensioners, and the payments from the state were barely enough for food. At first, we wanted to hand over scrap metal and glass bottles that we have accumulated. But for all this we would have helped mere pennies... A plastic trash and practically cost nothing at all. We thought about what to do with it: throw it away or use it. It was decided to go for reference books and books like " Home master»To the bookstore. In one of these reference books, we found instructions for making plastic paving slabs. Moreover, they even gave diagrams for some machines that the husband could make on his own. But before starting work, we walked around the neighbors asking if they had heard of plastic paving slabs. We showed them photos and talked about its advantages, after which most of the neighbors said that they were ready to buy such a product for themselves. And some even made an order. The first batch came out with great difficulty and mistakes, but the second was already shameful to sell to customers. Since my husband and I are not rich and do not strive for special wealth, we settled on a small production to order. And this money is enough for us to eat deliciously, dress beautifully and live with dignity.

DIY paving slabs from plastic bottles

Used plastic bottles are garbage, making up a third of the planet's waste. In such containers they sell water, juices, beer and liquid preparations household chemicals... The container is considered disposable, therefore, after use, it is useless for the original purpose.

But today, plastic bottles are processed into flex - plastic chips, which are later used to make polymer fibers and various products used in everyday life and at work.

Paving slabs from bottles in our country it is considered an innovation, although in the west this technology has been used for a long time. Therefore, the production of paving slabs from plastic waste - profitable business with little competition.

Advantages and disadvantages

First of all, tile from plastic bottles attracts buyers with its low price, which due to the cheapness of raw materials, going for manufacture. All it takes is plastic container, sand, dye and additives. But such a pavement a large number of good performance characteristics, that is, the consumer pays little, but receives quality material.

The main advantages of polymer sidewalk:

· in terms of strength, polymer tiles can compete with concrete pavement;

· does not crack in the cold;

· it is easy to remove snow from such paths;

· no ice crust forms on the coating;

· good adhesion to the sole of the shoe ensures the safety of pedestrians;

· the surface is resistant to abrasion;

· has high moisture resistance;

· the material is lightweight and easy to install;

· not afraid of chemical influences;

· withstands very low temperatures;

· produced in different colors and textures.

Flaw paving slabs from plastic bottles have only one - when high temperature she slightly increases in size. To avoid deformation of the coating under the influence of sunlight, a distance of several millimeters is observed between the tiles when laying.

Scope of application

The material is in demand among homeowners, construction organizations, owners of summer cottages.

· On the personal plot paving slabs made of plastic bottles can be used to lay out paths leading to the house and to the garden, arrange a patio area, playground or area adjacent to the pool.

· The coating is used in car washes, service stations, gas stations, parking lots.

· The tile can be a decorative addition when decorating flower beds and flower beds.

· Municipal organizations use these products to create public playgrounds and park paths.

Polymer sand tile production

The manufacture of polymer sand tiles is a special technological process, having mastered which anyone can start a profitable business. Part polymer material includes three components.

1. Crushed waste of plastic bottles, which is a connecting link and occupies ¼ of the total volume of the mixture.

2. ¾ volume is occupied by sand - this is the main filler.

3. Inorganic dyes.

Since sand is the main element here, high demands are placed on its quality. Good sand has an average grain size, there are no impurities in it, since the fraction is carefully sieved, then washed and calcined.

The bottles themselves do not require cleaning and sorting. Small addition of waste from polyethylene, plastic boxes is allowed. But these components should not exceed 1/3 of the composition.

The production of polymer sand tiles can be carried out by several technologies.

· Vibration casting with the addition of plasticizers to the mixture.

· Vibrocompression of dry substance.

· Hot pressing.

The first two methods make it possible to produce paving slabs with low porosity. If plasticizers are added to the mixture during hot pressing, the tiles are of very high quality.

The price of paving slabs from plastic bottles depends on the technology used by the manufacturer.

Manufacturing steps

1. Plastic bottles are crushed into crumbs.
2. The raw material is mixed with sand, dyes and plasticizers.
3. The resulting composite is subjected to heat treatment at a temperature of 250 ℃.
4. The softened substance is placed in molds and pressed.
5. After hardening, the finished tiles are packed in bundles and sent to the point of sale.

Necessary equipment

The first thing that will be required to establish the production of paving slabs from plastic bottles is an extruder for shredding recyclable materials. You also need to purchase a melting unit and a forming press.

The molten polymer envelops the sand, making the mass homogeneous and viscous. The extruder extrudes it, and the operator cuts the required size and places it in the mold. Small production does not involve a large number of workers who have to pay wages.

The biggest expense is the purchase of equipment. but this area activities are directly related to the protection environment(plastic bottles are garbage that pollutes everything around), so a novice businessman may well get a profitable loan to buy all necessary equipment... The state supports such ideas.

The production of polymer tiles from plastic bottles on an industrial scale will require more powerful and expensive equipment.