The quality of manufactured paving slabs depends on the composition of concrete and production technology. There are several types of concrete mixtures that are used for the production of paving slabs. It is necessary to highlight the scale of production and the place of its application. They can be industrial, or they can be small, that is, in the production of tiles at home.
Technological scheme for the production of paving slabs.
The essence of production is as follows. In special forms, which can have a different configuration, the concrete mixture is poured, rammed, held for a certain time, after which the hardened concrete is removed from the forms. After curing for 2 weeks, the manufacturing process is considered complete. In reality, there are some subtleties and dependencies in the production of paving slabs.
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The composition of concrete and its properties
To obtain paving slabs with good strength characteristics, concrete is used, which contains the following proportions of components:
- 1st option. In this case, Portland 500 cement and sand with a low clay content are used to produce concrete. The proportion of cement and sand is 1:3;!
- 2nd option. For the preparation of concrete, Portland cement grade 500, sand and screenings of crushed granite are used. The screening fraction is taken 5-10 mm. The proportion of cement, sand and screenings is 1:2:2 or 1:3:1.
In the first and second options for preparing the concrete mixture, it is recommended to use a plasticizer and a waterproofing additive. Also, the solution for preparing tiles is often reinforced with polypropylene fibers to improve strength characteristics. It is advisable to use fibers as a reinforcing material in concrete, which consists only of cement and sand. Concrete obtained with the use of granite screenings is strong enough, and its reinforcement with organic fibers can be omitted.
When obtaining concrete in the form of a conventional cement mortar from sand and cement, it is important to observe the ratio of sand and cement. Quite often, the sand content in the solution is reduced to 2 parts, which ultimately leads to cracking of paving slabs. This happens due to the fact that as a result of the crystallization of the concrete mixture, strong stress states arise in the structure of pure cement in the solution, and since the sand part is not enough, these stresses are not compensated by sand particles, which leads to the formation of bond breaks, i.e. cracks. On the contrary, an increase in the amount of sand (more than 3 parts) can lead to a decrease in the hardness of the finished tile and its gradual destruction.
Adding granite screenings to concrete significantly reduces the likelihood of cracking and increases the strength of products.
In small-piece production of tiles at home, in some cases, reinforcement is carried out. To do this, cut into pieces a wire with a diameter of 1-3 mm and impose it in the middle of the poured form. First, half the mold is filled with concrete, then the wire is laid and the rest of the mold is filled with concrete. The length of the pieces of wire is usually taken slightly less than the length of the diagonal of the product. Reinforcing tiles in this way is relevant if its surface will experience great pressure in the future, for example, a heavy car will drive into the courtyard of the house and so on.
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The process of obtaining finished products
It is best to mix the concrete solution in a concrete mixer: this speeds up the mixing process and improves its quality. Mixing sequence: sand, screenings, cement, water. The plasticizer and waterproofing additive must be mixed in water in advance. To give color to the product, pigment is added. It is important to obtain the required consistency of the concrete mix. The solution must be plastic, but at the same time it is not allowed to spread.
Scheme for determining the mobility of concrete.
One of the important stages in the production of tiles is laying the mixture into molds. The form must be slightly lubricated with a special emulsion or ordinary vegetable oil before filling with a solution. Further, for the correct tamping of the solution in the form, vibrating tables are used. These devices, due to the resulting vibration, allow the concrete to be compacted in the form, as well as get rid of air bubbles in it. At home, the use of a vibrating table is not always possible, therefore, the manual tamping method is used. During the filling of the form with concrete, the contents are compacted with a wooden mallet. After completion, the surface is smoothed. As a rule, when laying the mixture in the form, it is desirable to slightly shake the latter, this will contribute to a denser shrinkage of the solution.
The concrete is left in the molds for two days. Then the finished tile is removed. If the surface of the mold was pre-lubricated with emulsion or oil, then it is possible to easily remove the tile. Sometimes you can simplify this process somewhat by placing the mold under hot water. The water temperature must not exceed 60°C. The process of complete drying and hardening of concrete in the finished tile takes about 2 weeks. In this case, the products should be placed in a shady place, avoiding a temperature drop below 0 ° C or excessive overheating of the room. In hot weather, it is advisable to moisten the tiles with a small amount of water.
In the production process of paving slabs, the quality of cement and its proportions in the finished solution are of key importance. During operation, figured paving elements can be subject to significant loads, so the brand of cement used should not be less than 500. Cement should be used within its shelf life. It is highly recommended not to deviate from the proposed ones. For mixing, it is preferable to use a concrete mixer or make a cement mixture with a drill and a mixing nozzle, since mixing by hand in a trough may not satisfy the results of obtaining a homogeneous concrete mass.
An approximate list of necessary tools for the manufacture of paving slabs at home:
- buckets with a known capacity;
- Master OK;
- level (to check the plane for the installation of forms);
- concrete mixer or drill with a mixing nozzle;
- molds for filling the required configuration;
- mallet or rubber mallet.
Observing the production technology of paving paving elements, it is possible to obtain a quality product at home, the cost of which will be significantly lower than that of finished products.
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If you are going to pave the yard, sidewalk or garden path, you will have a choice - which paving slabs to use for this.
After reading the article, you will learn how to choose the right paving slabs for the courtyard of a house or cottage, which experts recommend using and what parameters they choose. Learn to determine which varieties and types are preferable in a given situation.
Before proceeding with the choice, ask the question: why tile? Why not asphalt, not concrete, not poured and compacted gravel? Why is it important for you to lay tiles here? This question will help you better understand what expectations are associated with the coating, and select the necessary material, shape and other parameters of the tile.
If you need to fit a walkway or sidewalk into a sophisticated site design, choose porcelain stoneware or natural stone tiles. If you need to create a feeling of antiquity and monumentality, choose natural or cast wild stone. To evoke memories of the last decades of the Soviet Union, choose colored vibropressed tiles.
The cost of high-quality tiling (with appropriate preparatory work and the creation of the right foundation) will cost 3-5 times more than pouring concrete or laying asphalt. Even when using inexpensive materials. If you choose expensive materials, laying tiles will exceed the cost of creating a concrete or asphalt path by at least 10 times. The reason for this is the high price of the material and the large amount of expensive manual work, which requires high qualifications.
Characteristics
The main characteristics of the tiles include:
- abrasion resistance;
- frost resistance;
- size and shape;
- price.
Abrasion resistance
Abrasion resistance determines how long the tile will last under the influence of external factors (shoes and car tires). The higher this parameter, the greater the load the tile can withstand and the longer it will not need to be replaced.
The abrasion resistance of concrete paving slabs depends on the materials from which the concrete was made. The use of quartz or river sand, high-quality cement grade not lower than M-500 and crushed stone of hard rocks (granite, marble, basalt and others) improve abrasion resistance.
This property is a conditional value, which is determined according to GOST 13087-81. To determine the value of this indicator, a sample of a concrete or reinforced concrete product is abraded using a special machine and abrasive powder.
After a certain exposure time, the sample is cleaned and weighed. The difference between the weight of the original and the resulting sample is the abrasion resistance. It is indicated in grams per square centimeter (g / cm2). The lower the abrasion resistance value, the more difficult it is to destroy a product made of concrete or natural stone.
The best value of resistance to abrasion in porcelain stoneware and paving stones made of natural stone. Somewhat worse is polymer concrete made of granite (marble) chips and clinker bricks (tiles). In third place is a vibropressed paving slab made of concrete, which includes crushed granite or marble. In last place are cast concrete tiles and rubber paving slabs.
Frost resistance
Frost resistance is indicated either in the number of freeze-thaw cycles (based on GOST 10060-2012), or by concrete grade F100, F200, F300. The higher this value, the more frost the tile can withstand. Concrete grade F300 is used to make products that can withstand temperatures below minus 45 degrees Celsius. Concrete brand F100 is designed for operation at temperatures above minus 5 degrees.
Size and shape
The thickness of the tile depends on the load that it can withstand. Tiles with a thickness of 3-4 cm are used for footpaths and other places where there is no any transport. A thickness of 4-7 cm is used for areas where the movement of cars is possible, over 7 cm is used for any areas.
The greater the length and width of the tile, the more quality the foundation is needed. This is due to the fact that when the base subsides, the tile with one or two edges tilts towards the failure, the other side, on the contrary, rises above the surface of the bulk of the tiles, forming a kind of "hummock".
The choice of laying pattern and the complexity of joining the extreme tiles and the border depend on the shape of the tile. Tiles of a simple shape - quadrilateral and hexagonal are the easiest to install, but the choice of schemes is limited.
For a one-dimensional square shape, “checkerboard” and “half-row shift” schemes are available, so the pattern is created using tiles of various colors. For rectangular paving stones, chessboard, circular laying and herringbone patterns are available, and the pattern is also created by a combination of colors.
Square tile with half row offset
For a hexagon, the "mosaic" scheme is applicable. There is no laying scheme for wild stone, because all stones are of different shapes and sizes. Therefore, instead of a diagram, a drawing is laid out. Decorative (artistic) tile itself is a pattern, so there is no laying scheme for it.
If you want to lay out a particular drawing or pattern, make a plan of the site on a convenient scale and create a drawing on it. This will help determine what color and shape tiles are needed.
If the stores do not have the required tiles, contact the manufacturer directly. Most of these firms undertake the manufacture of custom-made tiles, however, at a price 2-5 times more expensive than that which is mass-produced.
Price
In 50 percent of cases, the choice of tile determines the cost. The more expensive the tile, the more expensive the services of the worker in laying it. For the installation of cheap cast tiles, which will last ten years at most, you can hire a team of guest workers, they do it quickly and cheaply. But such an approach to laying expensive tiles will lead to the need for a major overhaul of the blind area in 3-5 years.
Laying tiles is the final stage, before which hard and complicated work is needed to prepare the soil and lay the underlying layers. If one of the operations is performed poorly or with errors, the blind area will not last long.
The cost of a tile depends on the price of raw materials, manufacturing technology, brand popularity, the income of the manufacturer, and various transport and sales costs. Therefore, the spread in prices for different models of the same type of tile reaches 100 percent.
Do not rush to buy tiles in the first store. Look at the offers of other outlets, visit several companies that produce tiles. There is a high probability that you will be able to find what you need, and at a lower price than they ask in the store.
Remember, more expensive tiles are not necessarily better quality than cheaper ones. After all, the quality of tiles (within the same type or model) depends on the experience of workers and technologists. If the workers do not violate the technology, check and repair (adjust) the equipment in time, use the right ingredients, then this approach ensures high product quality.
The choice of tiles for paving sidewalks, garden paths or recreation areas is not an easy task. Now you know what to look for when choosing a tile, what qualities and parameters are really important, and what exactly can be safely ignored. This will help you choose a tile that suits the price, quality and is ideal for your design.
When choosing pavement tiles near a private house, you need to make sure that such material is strong and durable.
Ordinary consumers cannot always evaluate all the functional characteristics of such products by eye. That is why it is so important to require from the manufacturer or supplier, depending on where exactly you place the order, the provision of certificates of quality and conformity of the products offered.
The choice of paving slabs - criteria and algorithm of actions
Naturally, for private construction, curbstones and tiles based on high-quality concrete mix are best suited. Of course, the area in front of the house can be asphalted, but the cost of such work will be much higher. And it is not always possible to use a bulky and clumsy paver in a limited area. In addition, frankly, asphalt does not look as aesthetically pleasing and attractive as paving stones.
Tiles are also different. Sometimes this choice can be wrong. Today, there are two main technologies by which such products are produced:
- pressing under the influence of vibration;
- vibration casting.
Regardless of which one is used by the manufacturer, the output will be high-quality products if all the technical features of the process are observed. However, some individual companies still use outdated technologies for casting and baking tiles in an industrial oven without the use of a vibrating platform. In this case, water can remain in the internal pores and cavities of the pavers. In winter, when the temperature outside drops significantly, this liquid naturally freezes. You don't need a thorough knowledge of physics to understand that the density of ice is higher than the density of water. Expanding, the liquid in the frozen state creates cracks and crevices on the surface of the product. It is logical to assume that you will not be able to use such a road surface for a long time.
Of course, paving slabs can only be tested for strength during operation. You should also pay attention to the degree of smoothness of such a product. Some consumers are enamored with one type of glossy, perfectly even tile, which is offered by many suppliers. It seems that it is covered with a special glaze. Despite such decorative features, such materials have one significant drawback. In winter, again, it is easy to fall on such a path and severely damage the limbs and spine.
Therefore, it is more rational to choose products with a slightly rough surface. This is especially true for those situations where paving stones are used for the roadway. The extra grip on the car's tires prevents serious accidents.
How does the quality of tile installation affect the durability of its use?
No matter how high-quality the curb stone, as well as other structural elements, if they are installed incorrectly, you will not be able to normally operate the paths and platforms near the house. Do not be too surprised if very soon you have to replace individual sections. Therefore, at the time of initial installation, it is worth paying attention to.
In order for a garden path or a platform for a car to look attractive, you need to buy paving slabs. This material is very popular lately: manufacturers have launched the production of paving stones of various shapes, thicknesses, colors. But how to choose paving slabs of proper quality? What should you pay attention to? To answer the question, you need to understand the technology of making pavers, with the rules for laying it and other nuances.
Paving stones, subject to the laying technology, have certain advantages over a monolithic concrete and asphalt pavement:
- due to the presence of gaps between adjacent tiles, the formation of puddles is excluded;
- in summer, the surface made of tiles does not heat up and does not become softer, and there are no unpleasant odors;
- no greenhouse effect is created under the cover, which is important for growing ornamental plantings nearby;
- if it is necessary to lay or repair underground utilities, it is enough to disassemble and, upon completion of work, re-lay the tiles in a certain area;
- using stones of various colors and shapes, you can create a patterned coating.
Paving slabs (a photo of laying examples is presented in the article) can be used to create a unique landscape.
Regulatory Requirements
You should know that the main requirements for the quality of paving stones are set out in GOST 17608-91. The regulatory documentation states that it must withstand at least 200 freeze and thaw cycles, a compressive load of at least 30 MPa, moisture permeability of no more than 5%, abrasion resistance of no more than 0.7 g / cm². GOST also defines the maximum allowable deviations from the specified geometric parameters and other characteristics.
For the manufacture of the working mixture, Portland cement M500, fine crushed stone (5 - 10 mm) and sand with a grain size of up to 2 mm are used. In order for the hardened mixture to be strong enough, a plasticizer is introduced when mixing the working mixture, the best manufacturers of which are the Czech company Mustache and Prohese and the German company Bayer.
The buyer has the right to demand from the manufacturer or seller for review the Quality Confirmation Certificate issued by the authorized regional Certification Body. Such a document is issued on the basis of positive results of laboratory tests of products. In addition, there must be documents confirming the radiation safety of the tile or raw materials used for its production.
Basic information about the production of paving stones
Currently, manufacturers use one of two technologies: the first is based on pressing a rigid mixture with the help of vibration, the second is based on vibration casting with the addition of plasticizers. Both methods make it possible to obtain high-quality low-porosity concrete products, but paving stones obtained by vibrocasting are superior in strength to pressed ones due to the use of plasticizers.
Paving slabs are also made in a handicraft way: a plastic form is filled with concrete and placed on a vibrating table. Without vibrocompression, the product will be fragile and will not last long: moisture, penetrating into the pores and freezing in them, will destroy the tile.
For production in industrial volumes, a concrete mixer, a vibrating table, a sufficient number of molds and other equipment are required. The process is carried out with the following sequence of actions.
- Plastic molds are lubricated with grease or other similar lubricant: this will facilitate the removal of the finished product after the mixture has dried.
- Forms are filled with a solution and placed on a vibrating table.
- At the end of the process, the molds are stored on racks and covered with plastic wrap for uniform drying. In this state, the product is within a day. The air temperature must be at least +15°С.
- The dried tiles are removed from the molds, preheated in hot water at a temperature of up to +50 ° C: this reduces the amount of rejects, increases the service life of the pavers.
- Finished products are stacked on pallets, pallets are tied with tape and covered with a film. Paving stones made in the summer can be used for their intended purpose in 7 days. In winter, it gains strength longer - 28 days. This period must be clarified before purchasing tiles.
To your attention a video about the process of production of tiles.
How to determine the quality of paving stones without accompanying documents
It is not always possible to verify the quality of paving stones by looking at the Certificate of Conformity. How to proceed in such a case? First of all, it must be taken into account that to create pedestrian zones, a paving stone thickness of 25-30 mm is sufficient. For the roadway and parking area, thicker (from 40 to 60 mm) paving slabs are needed: its price is different and also depends on the shape and color. Otherwise, you need to pay attention to the following.
- To make the surface of products glossy, some unscrupulous manufacturers, instead of using special expensive additives, introduce excess water into the solution. This leads to a decrease in the strength of the pavement. To identify such a flaw is simple: just lightly tap one tile on another. The sound that a quality tile will make will be sonorous. A dull sound is a sign of a violation of production technology.
- The color of concrete paving stones should not be overly saturated: an excess of pigment also worsens the strength characteristics of the material.
- The presence of clay in the working mixture adversely affects the quality. Reacting with cement, it destroys the tile when it gets wet. Clay can be detected by examining the back of the product: yellow inclusions and spots are signs of the presence of clay.
- If paving slabs are outwardly attractive, this does not guarantee its compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents. You should examine the material in the middle, for which you need to break one stone. Pores, voids and foreign inclusions should not be. The pigment that sets the color of the product must be evenly distributed throughout the material. Painting only the front part leads to delamination, reduces the service life.
- It is worth avoiding the purchase of tiles that are too cheap: they are most likely made from low-quality raw materials or in violation of technology.
- It is important to consider how long the manufacturer has been operating in the market for the production of this type of building materials. It is advisable to enlist the recommendations of those who have already used this tile and inspect the pavement laid out by it: if the paving stone has served for several years and has not lost its appearance, its quality is at the proper level.
- It is necessary to correctly determine and purchase the required amount of material (with a small margin): the color and texture of products from different batches can differ significantly from each other.
Some information about the technology of laying paving slabs
Paving stones are laid in different ways depending on how it will be used. For personal plots, the following technology is suitable.
- Before starting laying, you should decide on the pattern and size of the area to be paved in order to avoid unnecessary cutting of tiles and a large amount of waste.
- You need to stock up on tools. You will need: shovels (bayonet and shovel), rake, rammer, construction level, geomembrane cloth (geotextile), as a rule, a hammer with a rubber striker.
- The marked area must be cleared of vegetation (remove the sod) to a depth of 150 mm and tamp the ground. Hard soil can be softened by watering abundantly. This pit must have a slope to drain rainwater.
- On the sides, you need to prepare ditches for installing a curb, the bottom is compacted in them and a sand cushion is poured with a layer of 50 mm. Borders are installed on a cement-sand mortar.
- Geotextiles are laid over the entire area of the pit. Sand is poured over the canvas with a layer of about 40 mm and evenly distributed with a rake. To avoid surface deformations due to unevenness of the bottom of the pit, cement should be mixed with sand in a ratio of 1: 10.
- A pillow made of a mixture of sand and cement is wetted with water and carefully leveled with a rule.
- The tile is laid (starting from the curb) and driven in with a rubber mallet. You can’t move on the sand: for this, a board is used, which is laid on top of the tiles already driven into place.
- Tile cutting is performed by a grinder with a diamond wheel.
- Differences in the base level are leveled by adding or sand selection.
- At the end of laying, the paving stones are abundantly sprinkled with sand, which is then swept away. This is necessary to fill the seams. After that, the sidewalk is watered. You can use it the next day.
To equip the site for the car, an additional layer of crushed stone is required, which is poured and compacted in front of the sand cushion. A reinforcing mesh is also needed: it is placed on top of the sand.
A video on how paving stones are laid will help clarify some important points.
To choose the right paving slabs, you should seek help from specialists of trading enterprises - managers. Tiling is best left to the professionals.
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Honest discounts up to 50% on all tiles in stock.
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Consider the main questions that you need to know the answer to before buying paving slabs:
- Which is better: vibrocasting or vibropress?
There are those who confidently declare that one or another type of paving slabs is better. This is fundamentally wrong. Each type has its pros and cons. We produce both types of paving slabs. We conducted comprehensive tests of our tiles and samples of competitors for compliance with GOST. According to the main parameters, such as compressive strength, fracture strength, abrasion, frost resistance and light resistance (that is, the ability to maintain bright colors), it did not reveal the advantages of vibrocasting or vibropress. Another thing is that tiles from different manufacturers showed a very large variation in all indicators. Vibropressed paving slabs are made automatically and are much less demanding on the quality of the components. Due to this, it is slightly cheaper than vibrocast paving slabs. The disadvantages include a small number of shapes and colors. High-quality vibrocast paving slabs require the use of only expensive components, such as washed graded sand, crushed stone of fraction 5-20, Portland cement without additives of at least 500 grade and high-quality additives. This makes it more expensive to manufacture, but the appearance and surface quality compare favorably with the brick making machine. BUT, ignorance of technology and savings on raw materials will inevitably lead to its rapid destruction.
Buying tiles from us, regardless of the type of production, you can be sure that it complies with GOST in all respects and will serve you for a long time. - Why is there such a variation in prices on the market and why should we not chase cheapness?
The price of paving slabs consists of the main components: the cost of raw materials, the salary of workers and the profit of the manufacturer.
The manufacturer's profit in this segment is low and amounts to 10-15%, regardless of other parameters.
The salary of workers depends on their qualifications and the level of production automation. Many firms make their paving slabs cheaper by optimizing the workflow and using professional equipment. Others go through the use of low-skilled labor. Which option is preferable, no need to explain.
The cost of raw materials directly depends on its quality. Unfortunately, unscrupulous manufacturers often save just on raw materials. From experience I can say that savings can reach 3000-3500 thousand rubles per cubic meter of concrete, which is 200 rubles per sq.m of production. And the buyer learns about it only after the winter, looking with horror at his "beautiful paths." So try to demand, in addition to documents for products, certificates for raw materials. Cement from the nearest store and sand from a “familiar dump truck”, unfortunately, have a very sad effect on product quality.
Here, as nowhere else, the saying “the miser pays twice” is true. - What thickness of paving slabs is needed?
Construction GOSTs also regulate this issue. When laying on a sand and gravel cushion (the most optimal and common type of laying), it is quite enough
- for footpaths 30-60mm
- for car parking 60mm
- for places with constant passage of freight transport (gas stations, car depots, etc.) 80mm
High-quality paving slabs have a compressive strength of 400 kg / sq. cm with a thickness of 60 mm, and this is a load of 80-200 tons per tile. In the entire history of our work, there has not been a single case of a 60mm thick tile cracked, for example, when hit by a car (even a truck).
There is no point in overpaying when buying 80mm thick tiles for a suburban area. But you should not put 30mm tiles under the car. - What is the total cost of pavement?
The tile itself - for 2012 it is 450-700 r / m 2
Delivery - individually, somewhere around 100-150 r / m 2 (when delivered by a manipulator)
Laying - 600-800 r / m 2
Borders - individually, let another 100 r / m 2
Materials for laying (crushed stone, sand, geotextile) - 200-350 r / m 2
Total at average prices 1825 r / m 2
Cheap pleasure. Now think again: do you still want to save 100 rubles on paving slabs and 100 rubles on laying with the prospect of re-laying in a year? - What color to choose?
Subject to the use of high-quality dyes (pigments) for concrete and full-volume painting, you can choose any color. The only exception is green and blue. Their light fastness is lower. We offer you coloring tiles in red, black, brown (several tones), beige. Also, customers really like the coloring under the stone, when incomplete mixing of concretes of 2 different colors is used. This does not affect the quality of paving slabs. Often the question arises why the colors are not bright? To obtain a bright color, either white cement or a high pigment content (more than 5%) must be used. White cement gives efflorescence and reduces frost resistance (the main parameter in our strip). Increasing the amount of pigment has an extremely negative effect on strength and greatly increases the cost. Brighter and more saturated colors can be easily obtained by coating the tiles with concrete impregnation. - What is the service life of paving slabs?
The service life directly depends on 2 indicators - compressive strength and frost resistance. For our strip, with a compressive strength of 300 kg / sq. cm and frost resistance of 150 cycles, the service life of paving slabs is from 10 years (regardless of the type of production). Our tiles have the following options
Vibropress strength - 350kg / sq.cm, frost resistance 180 cycles
Vibrocasting strength - 400kg / sq.cm, frost resistance 220 cycles
According to construction calculations, the service life of our tiles is 20-25 years.
Do not believe when you are promised a strength of 600 kg / sq. cm and a frost resistance of 300 cycles. It is impossible to achieve such parameters in production conditions with adequate financial costs. Demand test reports from accredited construction laboratories! - Can you install paving slabs yourself?
Can. Moreover, there are no special secrets here. The laying process is described in detail on our website in the laying section and on other building resources. The only thing you need is a vibrating plate. Without it, it will be difficult to seal the pillow with high quality.
If after reading this article you still have questions, we will be happy to answer them by phone