Wood processing is carried out in order to increase the service life of this material... Impregnation with special oils, staining, waxing, varnishing prevent the processes of decay and deformation, as well as damage to wood by insects. Brushing reveals the texture of the tree, gives it a look old wood... How to process a tree is up to you, each of the listed methods has its own advantages and disadvantages.
Oil and wax treatment
You will need:
- linseed oil;
- beeswax;
- flutes (wide flat brush);
- rags.
Wood processing methods are different, but they have the same goal - to prevent rotting, mold, drying, insect damage, and also to give the surface a beautiful finished look. The use of special oils (drying oils) and beeswax allows you to preserve the structure of the material, gives it shine and strength, increases the service life.
Impregnation depth linseed oil is 2 mm, which is sufficient for the formation of a protective layer.
Process wood with minimal cost you can use linseed or hemp oil. Before starting work, it is necessary to clean the wood from dirt and dust, completely remove the previous coating, sand the surface with fine-grain sandpaper. Experts recommend heating linseed oil in a water bath, but you can do without this procedure. Oil is applied either with a flute, or rubbed into the wood with sandpaper. It is important to follow the direction of the brush, apply oil only along the grain. The work is left for a day, after which the oil is again applied, the procedure is repeated until the desired result is achieved. Small items are dipped in oil for several days.
There are other treatments, such as coating the wood with a mixture of linseed oil and beeswax. All components are melted in a water bath, then applied to the surface with a brush or cloth. In order to give the wood a certain shade, color is added to the composition suitable color... Have this method there is a significant drawback - very slow drying. You can speed up the process by adding a desiccant (sold in art stores) or buying ready-made oil (drying oil), which contains polymerization accelerators and antifungal additives.
Wood can be treated with only one wax. Modern industry offers colored, colorless, matte, semi-matte, glossy compositions that not only strengthen, but also favorably emphasize the texture of wood. To treat a large surface, it is necessary to warm up the wax in a water bath (in this case, it is applied with a wide brush). Cold wax rubbed into wood thin layer with a cloth, leave for about a day, then wax the surface again. You can combine colorless and tinted wax, for example, treat the edges with a dark compound, and the middle of the product with a transparent one. After the wax dries, it is necessary to polish the surface with a woolen cloth (felt).
Wood brushing
You will need:
- gas-burner;
- metal brush;
- work gloves;
- flutes.
The brushing method allows you to favorably emphasize the structure, give the wood a touch of antiquity, it consists in removing soft fibers (from the top layer) using a hard metal brush... For this purpose, a tree with clearly defined growth rings is selected, the presence of knots, eyes and other shortcomings is only welcome. Such types of wood as pine, spruce, oak, linden, walnut are best suited for brushing. Considered unsuitable: cherry, pear, alder, juniper, teak, beech.
Brushing is shallow and deep, with or without firing. At home, it is much easier to apply the non-fired method. The wood is cleaned of dust and dirt, moisten the surface with water, after about 15 minutes they begin to comb out the fibers with an iron brush.
You need to move along the direction of the fibers, while it is advisable to repeat the pattern of annual rings (the grooves should not be perfectly even).
This work is quite dangerous, so it is important to observe safety precautions. The remaining debris is cleaned out with a flute (wide brush), moving against the fibers, otherwise the dust will be nailed to the surface. This is followed by treatment with stain or wax.
For processing by firing, you will need a gas burner, with its help, the surface of the wood is charred. Sometimes there are so-called resin pockets in wood, which can catch fire when fired. Under no circumstances should be allowed long burning such places, the fire must be extinguished immediately. The degree of charring depends only on your idea, it can be light or completely blacken the surface layer. After that, the fibers are combed out with a metal brush. It is better to work outdoors as a lot of black dust is generated during brushing. At the final stage, the surface is sanded with a fine sandpaper... In some cases, firing (followed by combing) is repeated several times, thus achieving the effect of aged wood. If necessary, use a stain or patina, but you can do without it. The result is fixed with furniture wax.
Wood treatment with wood stain
You will need:
- stain;
- wide brush;
- fine grain sandpaper;
- rags.
The stain is applied parallel to the grain of the wood, avoiding contact between the layers.
Wood staining is one of the most popular finishing methods. Stain is water or alcohol based, the latter gives richer tones. An alcohol-based composition is applied to a cleaned and sanded surface using a flute (wide brush), moving along the fibers in one direction. At the same time, they try to apply as much stain as possible. After that, the product is allowed to dry, if necessary, the operation is repeated. By using stains of various tones (using the layering method), interesting color effects can be achieved. After the stain dries out, the washing phase begins. It is necessary to remove excess funds, for this the product is placed at an angle of 30 º, then the brush is dipped in acetone and passed over the surface (with light up and down movements).
To give the wood an antique effect, use the following method. First, apply the main background color of the stain (on water based), after it dries, they are passed over the surface with fine emery paper (strictly along the fibers, otherwise the transverse stripes will be visible after processing). As a result, you should get a non-uniform toning with scuffs and bald spots. Then they take a water stain of a different color, cover the wood with it, allow it to dry, and then clean it again with a sandpaper. The operation is repeated until the desired tone is achieved. If you plan to make a monochromatic coating using a water stain, then it is applied in several layers with obligatory intermediate drying and processing with fine sandpaper. The excess stain is washed off immediately after its application. The excess is simply wiped off with a damp cloth.
When applying water stain, do not return to the stained place, otherwise dark spots that will be difficult to remove.
At home, you can make a stain that will give the wood an aged look. V glass jar small nails or metal shavings are folded, poured with table vinegar (it is better to use wine vinegar), left for a day, after which the liquid is filtered. If you need to get more dark color, then the exposure time is increased. The resulting solution is used for wood staining. Strong infusions of black tea, coffee, cinnamon and even potassium permanganate can be used as a stain. Fix the result with nitro varnish. If a water stain was used for processing, then it is better to take an alkyd or acrylic varnish.
Coating wood with varnish
After applying the stain, the surface is treated with a quick-drying nitro varnish - this is done in order to raise the pile. The varnish is applied in a thin layer (with quick movements). After drying, the wood becomes rough to the touch - this is due to the raised fibers. The surface is sanded with fine sandpaper, moving along the wood fibers. The main task is to clear the wood from the raised fibers and make the surface smooth. After that, you can use another furniture varnish. It is not recommended to continue processing with the same nitro varnish, as it will dissolve the previous layer.
Next, the main layer of varnish is applied, allowed to dry, and then passed over the surface with sandpaper. Then the dust is removed with a damp cloth, and the varnish is again applied with a thin layer. The operation is repeated until the surface is perfectly smooth. In order to achieve mirror shine, the surface is polished with a piece of felt dipped in oil and alcohol.
To treat wood with varnish, it is very important to use a high-quality brush made of dense synthetic bristles, which does not crumble during application and does not leave traces in the form of stripes and bald spots. Aged items do not require careful processing of each layer, since the polished surface does not match well with the old texture. In this case, it is enough to apply 2-3 layers of matte furniture varnish or wax.
Alcohol-based varnishes for wood ( shellac varnish) is applied using a cotton swab or brush. A cotton swab is moistened with varnish, then it is drawn along the surface along the fibers (only 1 time), the next smear is made next to it so as to slightly capture the previous one. At the junction of the strips, the varnish spreads quickly, so no stains are formed. Do not use too thick shellac varnish, otherwise dark streaks will form. Processing wood with shellac with a brush is performed in the same way as with a swab. The varnish is applied in 3 layers with obligatory intermediate drying. By following these tips, you can easily process wood without the help of specialists.
Stain, as a coating of wooden surfaces, not only preserves the wood, but also strengthens it decorative properties... Stain can be used to transform inexpensive wood species into valuable exotic wood... Let's talk about how to stain properly wooden surface.
How to choose the right stain
Stain or, as it is also called, stain is a finishing coating for wood, which, without painting, favorably emphasizes its structure. It contains a pigment and a base, which can be water, alcohol, oil. V recent times Acrylic-based water-based stains are becoming very popular. In addition to being decorative, they have the properties of a good antiseptic.
Another type of stain is wax. A thin film of wax, which forms when the surface is stained, gives not only a decorative effect natural wood, but also reliably protect it from water.
When choosing a stain, you must be guided by the following criteria:
- Operating environment (outdoor or internal work). The exterior stain contains UV-resistant pigments.
- Composition safety. In children's rooms or children's household items, stains are used without harmful compounds. These include stains that are water-based, oil-based or wax-based.
- Powdered or ready-made stain. Water and alcohol stains are also available dry. They need to be bred at home. If in doubt that the desired result will be obtained, then it is better to give preference to the finished stain.
- Method of staining the surface. It is better to apply alcohol stains with a spray gun, as they dry very quickly, and achieve even coverage hard. Small objects and surfaces are covered with brushes, foam or fabric tampons. At large area finishes use a spray bottle.
- Design solution interior or exterior. It is important to know that a sample presented in a store often differs in color from what is obtained during finishing. The reason for this may be the different species and structure of the tree, illumination. Even different batches of the same type of stain have differences in shades when coating.
Sequence of work
Surface preparation
A high-quality finish is obtained only on a surface free from dust, dirt and grease, without defects in wood processing. If the surface of the tree has already been painted with something, then old finish must be removed completely. Conifers trees need to be degummed.
The cleaned surface is sanded twice. This is done first with a coarser sandpaper (no. 120), then with a finer one (no. 220). Grinding wood is carried out only along the grain. The resulting dust is removed with a damp cloth, and dirt with some kind of solvent or alcohol.
Only apply the stain on a clean, dry wood surface. In order not to be mistaken with the color of the coating, a test painting is done. A small sample should be taken. First, cover it with one layer of stain, after complete drying, cover 2/3 of the sample with a second layer. The third layer should cover 1/3 of the piece of wood. This will allow you to choose the finish you like.
Application methods
The brush can be applied to the prepared surface with almost any stain. Difficulties arise only with an alcohol-based stain due to its rapid drying. The vertical surface begins to be covered from below so that the smudges are not absorbed by unpainted wood. This significantly improves the uniformity of the coating.
The second and subsequent layers can be applied after the previous one has dried. For oil-based stains, the drying process lasts up to 3 days, for water stains - up to 3 hours. Coating is applied along the grain of the wood. When painting the surface with a brush, it is important not to go into adjacent areas that have already been stained. This way, unwanted stains can be avoided.
Water-based stains can lift the lint in the wood. After the first layer, wait until the stain is dry and sand the surface with sandpaper. Then the resulting dust is removed and the surface is covered with the next layer.
The stain is applied with a swab using the rubbing method. This method is only suitable for small surfaces. A tampon can be made from a piece of foam rubber or thick cloth. This method is used to apply wax stains. It allows you to achieve an even surface coverage. This is especially true for rocks with a porous structure.
Spraying wood stain on a wooden surface is most often used for large areas of coverage. Alcohol-based stains dry quickly and are difficult to avoid when applied, for example with a brush or swab. Spraying with a spray gun allows you to achieve a high decorative quality of the finish, regardless of the base of the stain.
Defects in work and ways to eliminate them
When applying the stain, it is very important to avoid smudges, which are quickly absorbed into the wood and significantly impair the appearance of the finish. A small amount of stain on the hand and a thin layer of coating help to avoid this defect.
You can remove unwanted stains from stains with sandpaper, in a more difficult case, with a plane. You will have to act carefully, gradually removing the darkened section of the wood and smoothing out sharp transitions.
For porous wood species, in which the absorption of the coating is uneven, it is better to use wax-based stains, or gels stains. They cover the surface with a thin layer and do not penetrate deeply into the structure of the tree. You can also treat the surface of the wood with a special conditioner, which will prevent the active absorption of the stain.
The "apple" defect occurs when poor-quality pigment thinners or the lack of the skill of applying stain by spraying. Stains form on the stained surface.
When applying stain with a spray gun, to avoid coating defects, it is necessary to adjust the material flow torch. It should be oval and the spray angle should be approximately 90 °.
Coating defects can arise from poor-quality sanding of the wood surface. In this case, it is necessary to remove the layer and sand it again. Then cover the surface with stain.
The remaining stains of grease, dirt with poor cleaning will appear when the stain is applied. Here, too, it is necessary to remove the low-quality layer by grinding, clean and degrease the surface. Apply a new coat on clean, dry wood.
Making wood stain with your own hands
There are many folk recipes making wood stain at home. Various shades of brown can be obtained by preparing a solution of ordinary potassium permanganate. It is necessary to experiment a little to achieve the desired result, choosing the concentration of the solution. The surface stained with potassium permanganate must be protected from fading, for example, with varnish.
Another simple means staining wood is a strong tea brewing. It will give the wood a rich brown hue. Strongly brewed coffee can also be darkened. Natural Brown color receives wood treated with a saturated decoction of the shell walnut, crushed to a powdery state.
A decoction of oak bark will give the surface of the wood a shade of black. A golden color is obtained when processing wood with a decoction of buckthorn fruits. A reddish-brown hue can be obtained by treating a wooden surface with a concentrated decoction of onion peels.
How to achieve a special effect when staining wood
An interesting effect of aged boards can be obtained by using, for example, a white water stain as the base tone. After drying this layer, a layer of gray or black tones of thick wax stain is applied, which will emphasize the texture of the wood. In this way, you can combine stains of different colors.
The appearance of worn, worn planks is obtained by applying a water stain to the surface as a background. Without letting it dry, in the right places it is necessary to wipe off part of the stain, imitating abrasion. After complete drying, cover the surface of the product with a second layer.
The soaked wood surface is lightly fired to reveal the texture gas burner... Firing can only be done after the stain has dried. Next, the surface is brushed with a shoe brush.
A beautiful effect with a pronounced wood structure is obtained when the first coat is applied with a water-based stain white... After drying, an oil stain is applied to the main background with the addition of melted wax.
Not all stains have antiseptic properties and can protect wood from influence external environment, therefore, it is better to varnish the treated wood on top to extend its service life.
To make wood products more decorative and aesthetically pleasing, they are treated with wood stain. The solution changes the tone and emphasizes the texture of the wood. Modern stains have antiseptic properties and can significantly extend the life of the product.
Consider what types of wood stains are, how you can make a composition with your own hands, and what are the basic rules for applying wood stain to wood.
Purpose of wood stain
Stain - a tinting compound that is applied to treated wood to change natural color wood, plywood, furniture, chipboard, fiberboard and MDF. Stain has a second name Beyts.
The special composition penetrates deep into the wood, thanks to which the wood texture is preserved. This effect cannot be achieved from enamel or paint.
Some people use wood stain to hide the true wood species, for example, paint inexpensive pine in the colors of noble wood species. Others use wood stain to refresh the interior of a room or to emphasize the beautiful texture of natural materials.
With the skillful use of wood stain and a combination of several shades at the same time, you can turn an ordinary wood product into an artistic value.
In addition to decorative functions, some types of wood stains have protective properties... Wood-protecting compounds include oil-alkyd-based or solvent-based stains. Such stains can protect wood from pests, mold and fungi.
Types of wood stains for wood processing
The main criterion by which all stains are classified is the basis for making the solution. The most common stains are water, alcohol, oil, acrylic and wax based. Consider the features of each type.
Water based stains are available in two forms: dry powdered stains for self-dilution in water, and in a ready-to-use state. Water stains take a long time to dry, so it will take a long time to get a uniform tone.
The main disadvantage of using wood stain is that during processing the composition raises the wood fiber. On the one hand, this emphasizes the structure of the wood, and on the other hand, it makes the product more vulnerable to moisture. Therefore, before applying the stain, the wood should be wetted superficially, left to soak for a while and thoroughly sanded.
Alcohol stain is a solution of organic dyes with pigments in ethyl alcohol. Alcohol compositions are used for antiseptic and decorative painting wooden products... These stains reduce the build-up of the pile and do not swell the wood.
When using an alcohol stain, it is difficult to achieve uniform color, as the composition dries quickly and stains can form. For tinting small products, such stains can be suitable, but painting the parquet will be very problematic.
Alcohol stains are applied only with a spray (spray gun), and when painting with a brush, the result can be unpredictable
Oil-based stain have many tones and shades. Oil stain contains dyes soluble in drying oil and oils. White spirit is used as a solvent.
Oil stain is the most convenient to use: it can be applied different ways, does not lift fibers and is distributed evenly over the entire surface. Products treated with oil-based stains can be easily refinished and refurbished.
Wax and acrylic stains- the latest generation of tinting materials. Stains based on acrylic resins and wax form a thin colored film on the wood surface, which additionally protects the material from excessive moisture. These types of wood stains evenly "fall" on the surface and are well suited for processing wooden floors.
Acrylic stains come in a wide range of tones that can be mixed to produce finer shades. The composition is odorless, non-flammable and suitable for all types of wood. Acrylic stains do not emit harmful fumes and dry quickly after application.
When working with acrylic stain, it is important not to overdo it with the thickness of the layer. A good effect can be obtained by applying no more than 2 layers, if more, then spots may form
Wax stains are very soft waxes. They can be used directly on wood or on a pre-painted surface. Wax stains are applied with a cloth and rubbed over the wood.
Wax stains look most effective in combination with polishing. This technique is often used when finishing turning products, profiles and carvings.
Important! Wax-based stains should not be used before treating wood with acid-cured two-component varnishes or polyurethane
Making wood stain with your own hands: recipes of folk craftsmen
Plant stains
You can give the wood a different shade with the help of plant components.
Stains based on coffee, tea and vinegar
Do-it-yourself wood stain can be made from available tools: coffee, tea and vinegar.
You can give the tree a cherry, brown and dark brown hue with a solution of potassium permanganate: 50 g must be diluted in 1 liter warm water, apply to the wood, and after 5 minutes wipe the surface with a soft cloth. In order to get a brighter shade, the potassium permanganate treatment must be repeated.
After processing the wood with potassium permanganate stain, the surface must be covered protective compound, otherwise the potassium permanganate will fade
Stains with chemical components
If you want to get a persistent color, you can experiment and create a stain from chemical substances.
Whitening stains
Bleaching wood allows you to prepare the product for painting and achieve expressive tone. Some tree species acquire unexpected color shades... For example, walnut, which is characterized by a monochromatic texture with a purple tint, becomes pale pink or scarlet pink after treatment with a bleaching stain. Bleaching the apple tree makes the woods in a noble ivory color.
Stain whitening: photo
For whitening, you can use different solutions... Some act very quickly, others more slowly.
- Oxalic acid solution. Dissolve 1.5-6 g of oxalic acid in 100 g of boiled water. This composition is suitable for bleaching light woods: linden, white poplar, light walnut, birch and maple. Dirty shades or gray spots may appear on other types of wood. After bleaching, the veneer sheets must be washed with a solution (composition: hot water- 100 g, soda ash - 3 g, bleach - 15). This treatment removes the resin from the surface and raises the pile of the wood.
- Bleaching with 25% hydrogen peroxide solution is suitable for most tree species, except lemon tree, oak and rosewood. Products, after treatment with peroxide, do not need rinsing. Peroxide solution bleaches only fine-pored tree species. Wood containing tannins is very difficult to lighten with such a stain. To improve the bleaching process, tanning rocks must first be treated with a 10% solution of ammonia.
Whitening results different breeds trees:
- birch after bleaching in a solution of oxalic acid gets a greenish tint;
- ash and oak veneer becomes noticeably lighter after treatment with oxalic acid;
- When bleached in hydrogen peroxide (the concentration of peroxide is not lower than 15%), an Anatolian nut acquires a golden hue, and a walnut acquires a pink color.
Stain application methods
Wood staining can be done in one of four ways:
- Spraying. The stain is applied to the wood surface with a spray gun. Spraying ensures an even distribution of the stain and an even texture.
- Trituration. The stain is applied to the wood and rubbed evenly over the entire area of the product. The coating is transformed, the texture becomes pronounced. This method is best suited for porous wood species, and the stain should not dry quickly.
- Application by roller or swab. This method is used when processing products with a small area, it helps to avoid streaks and ensures an even distribution of the stain over the surface.
- Brush application. If you don't have a spray gun or a tampon, you can use a brush, but this method is not suitable for all types of stain. Experts note that when applied with a brush, the wood gives a deeper, more saturated color than with other methods.
The main principles of wood staining
In order to get beautiful product made of natural material, you must adhere to the basic rules of wood processing.
Stain application: video
Possible defects and their elimination
It is necessary to apply the stain very carefully, since it will be quite difficult to remove the resulting defects.
The formation of streaks. This happens if the stain is applied in a large number and dries very quickly. In this case, you should try to remove the stain layer as much as possible. On the hardened layer, apply another layer of stain, which will soften the drying, and then remove the excess solution with a rag.
If the stain is completely dry, use a paint thinner to remove it. However, all pigment cannot be removed. The top painted layer can be removed with a plane or sandpaper.
Spotting of the product. If the processed wood has an uneven density or twisted, then the absorption of stain may occur unevenly - the color in some places will be richer, and in others it will be lighter.
Spotting on mahogany or walnut products looks attractive, but on cherry, birch, pine, spruce and poplar wood it looks unnatural
Spotting is very difficult to remove. You can remove a layer of stained wood with a plane; in the plywood, you will need to remove all the face veneer.
It is better to prevent the appearance of spotting in advance:
- test wood - apply stain on an unnecessary piece of the processed product;
- use a gel stain.
Gel stain is a thick, pasty stain that does not spread or penetrate deep into the wood. In addition, helium stains have a slow absorption rate.
Wood has been used by mankind in construction and decoration for a very long time. This material has a special variety. it stained wood... Such material has lived two lives. At first, the tree grew under the rays of the sun, and then it turned out to be in the depths of water. It was here for a long time.
As a result, the material acquires a characteristic dark shade. In addition, it improves construction qualities... The wood becomes very durable. After such natural processing, it is not subject to decay, bugs and insects do not start in it.
Apart from their strength characteristics, stained wood is famous for its luxurious appearance... It is an excellent material for interior decoration, furniture facades. The cost of stained wood is quite high.
To give the material a sophisticated look, apply various means... Therefore, it is quite possible to process wood with your own hands.
Stained natural wood
The natural woodworking process takes place naturally. The tree falls under water, where it is for a long time. The longer, the better its quality. To establish how many years the material has been under water, stained wood is analyzed. In some cases, the duration of this period exceeds 1000 years.
The cost of the presented material reaches 300 thousand rubles. per cubic meter m. This is a very rare oak wood. Other breeds may also undergo natural treatments of the type presented. Most often on sale you can find birch, larch, pine, aspen or spruce, the staining process of which lasted 30 years. The cost of the material, depending on the variety, can range from 2.5 to 25 thousand rubles. per cubic meter m.
Not everyone has the opportunity to use such material. Therefore, wood is processed artificially.
Buy or make stained wood?
V modern world more popular cheap option... This is an artificially stained tree. The material is treated with special compounds, emphasizing the beauty of the texture.
The sale of stained wood, which has been artificially processed, is carried out everywhere. This material is widely used in the furniture industry, when decorating floors, walls or ceilings. Various building construction and the details are made of this tree.
Price artificial material significantly less. But it should be remembered that unscrupulous distributors with the help of stain can sell cheap ones under the guise of expensive varieties. It is sometimes quite difficult to determine what type of material is presented to the consumer without expertise. Therefore, if you want to use artificially stained wood, it is better to do the processing yourself.
Stain properties
Artificial materials make it possible to create a product such as stained wood. Almost everyone can do the impregnation with their own hands. Before that, it is necessary to study the properties of tinting and the technology of its application.
Special chemical compositions applied to the prepared surface. They are absorbed by the wood, which allows it to retain its unique structure. First of all, the presented impregnations are designed to ennoble natural wood.
With one or more shades, you can create beautiful finish interior. This turns parquet flooring, furniture facades into a real work of art. Some varieties of wood stains extend the life of the material by protecting it from insects and fungi. Such chemicals inhibit the formation of wood decay processes. Therefore, their use is beneficial in all respects.
Water based stain
Stained wood, the extraction and processing of which is very expensive, is used in luxury construction. Most often, the materials on the market today are processed with compositions based on water, alcohol, oil, wax or acrylic.
The first type is actively used when self-processing wood. Water stain is dry and ready-made. In the first case, the powder is mixed with water in the required proportion.
The stains presented are somewhat difficult to use. They lift the wood grain. It takes quite a long time to achieve an even shade. At first raw material soaked in water. Next, the surface is sanded. This makes the wood resistant to negative impact moisture. This type of wood stain allows you to emphasize the texture of the wood.
Alcohol stain
The alcohol-based stain differs from the previous variety in its drying speed. It does not lift the wood fibers, which eliminates the swelling of the base. Alcohol stain has good antiseptic properties. But due to the high speed of drying, an uneven shade and even spots may appear on the surface.
Therefore, when creating, for example, stained wood parquet, it is worth giving preference to other types of chemicals. Alcohol stain is used for small wooden parts... In this case, the impregnation lays down evenly, stains will not appear.
The pigments included in the composition look pretty good on small surfaces. Thanks to this processing, wood will be durable in operation. Alcohol stain is applied exclusively with a spray. A brush is unacceptable in this case.
Oil stain
Another popular form of chemical impregnation is oil stain. It has several advantages. Dyes are dissolved in drying oil or oil. This type of impregnation has wide range shades.
Furniture made of stained wood, treated by similar means, it turns out to be very beautiful and durable. Fibers are not taken during impregnation, and the product lays down quite evenly, even over large areas.
This type of wood stain is less demanding on the method of application. Even a person with minimal experience in carrying out works of the presented type. After processing, the products are quite simply painted over and restored. When working with a solvent, a widely available white spirit can be used.
Wax, acrylic stains
In the modern world, stained wood processing is carried out according to the highest standards and requirements. The most environmentally friendly and fireproof substances for toning the material are wax and acrylic stains. They do not emit an unpleasant odor, they are easily applied to the base. They are used in a wide variety of industries.
Acrylic impregnations can be mixed for finer tint colors. This quality is widely used to create parquet or furniture. Even applying the product in 2 layers, it will turn out to create a monotonous shade without spots or lines.
Apply wax stains to the substrate using a soft cloth. The product is rubbed over the surface. When using this type of tinting, remember that it is incompatible with acid-cured varnishes or polyurethane coatings. Wax stains look very good after polishing. Therefore, they are actively used in the woodworking industry.
Stain application methods
Stained wood is obtained by using one of the 4 techniques below. It can be applied by rubbing, spraying, roller or brush.
The first method is suitable for porous wood species. The product is rubbed over the surface. In this case, a slowly drying stain is used. Spraying is carried out using a spray gun. The product is evenly distributed over the base.
Brush tinting is not suitable for all types of wood. This makes the color more saturated. For small parts, apply the stain with a roller. This approach achieves uniform color. But this method is still better to use for surfaces that are small in area. The method of application must be selected in accordance with the type of product.
Stained wood requires adherence when creating a special technology. This allows even at home to create quality material for further use. Experts recommend applying 2-3 coats of stain using the most suitable method.
The first layer should be thin. When it dries completely, the base is sanded. The product is applied strictly in the direction of the wood grain. After all layers are created and dried, the surface is rubbed with a sponge, polished soft cloth... Movements are made along the fibers or diagonally.
If you need to process large area, it is divided into sections, each of which is processed separately. The layers must dry completely one by one. Depending on the type of foundation of the product, this process can take from several hours to several days.
If the product is very thick, it can be thinned. In this case, water-based stains require water, respectively, and oil stains require a solvent.
Elimination of defects
Correctly treated stained wood looks sophisticated. But novice craftsmen may have certain problems in the process of applying the product. It is quite difficult to eliminate defects after the product has dried. In this case, the top layer of the material is mechanically removed.
If leaks appear during processing, it means that too much substance has been applied. It should be removed. For this, a second layer of the product is applied, and with the help of a rag, the surplus of the product is removed.
To prevent stains from forming on the wood during work, it is necessary to check the application of the product to an unnecessary piece of this material. If the layer is uneven, you must choose a different stain. It will be thicker and dries more slowly.
By choosing the right wood stain, taking into account the advice of experts in the process, you can get high quality material.
2 ways of deep staining of porous woodI will show you two methods, in principle very similar, but with different results.
In this small master class I will tell you how to age an open-pored tree, in our case it is an oak tree. First of all, if your array is smooth, you need to take a stiff metal brush and rub it against the wood in the direction of the fibers, depending on how hard you do this, the degree of pore opening and the opening of the fibers will be more or less.
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In my case, this is not required since the board is glued from the ends. And it has a rather pronounced embossed texture.
When working with any stain, it is imperative to paste over those parts that should remain intact (this cutting board, therefore working side we will not touch), otherwise there will be smudges. Stain is liquid and corrosive
I will work with alcohol stain ... This stain is diluted pure alcohol or acetone, brushes are also washed with alcohol or acetone. I use alcohol stain because, unlike water stain, it does not deep penetration, at the same time, it is very stable and after drying is absolutely not afraid of water. Those. in principle, a thing tinted with alcohol stain can not even be varnished.
The first method: 1. The surface shading method.
We cover with varnish
We wait until dry and on withered varnish, apply a stain with a brush. It doesn't matter if you can see brush strokes, shading, etc.
Our labors on pasting have not been wasted. If the wood had not been pasted over, then these smudges would have been in it, and, believe me, it is very difficult to churn them out, it is almost impossible
We are waiting for complete drying, take the skin and start skinning
Where the stain gets between the fibers, it will remain, and it will be easily sandwiched from the protruding fibers.
Due to the fact that the array is covered with varnish - the stain has not eaten into the tree itself, but is only on the surface and is easily sandwiched.
Naturally, you can adjust the degree of contrast yourself, more or less shaving, leaving some places darker, and some more shaking out. In our case, we left the middle darker, and lightened the ends and corners of the board more.
After highlighting the structure, we cover it with an aqueous silky-matt varnish. 
This is such an old cutting board.
Second way:
2. Deep darkening method.
Apply diluted wood stain to clean wood.
The stain is instantly absorbed and dries up under the brush. Here is such an even-dark board we get.
Now we take the skin and grind the surface,
it is difficult to do it manually, although alcohol stain is not considered deep penetration, compared to water stain, you still have to spend a lot of effort)) Or turn to an electric tool for help)
The same thing happens as in the first method, but since there is no layer of varnish between the wood and the stain, the aging is not contrasting.
We cover with varnish and get another, but also old board) With a beautifully highlighted wood structure.
Thank you for the attention! Dubinin Vitaly. Well, then, if you do not have a board, but a casket or a key holder, you can glue it over with pictures by staining or sand it to whiteness, as you like: