The labor market in Russia: features. Labor market regulation

The labor market is a special area where workers trade their own strengths, knowledge and skills. Such a market is not standard in the understanding of the layman. However, it functions successfully, allowing to satisfy the needs of all its participants. What is the labor market like? state of the art and whose problems remain at the stage of resolution?

In such a market, as well as in all others, its own laws operate - the law of supply and demand, and so-called prices are also formed. The price here is the salary of an employee, as well as the payment that may be offered to potential employers.

The more the applicant asks for the level of possible wages, the fewer potential employers can accept it (the law of demand). And the lower wages the employer offers, the fewer employees are ready to start working (the law of supply). And only at the intersection of these two conditional lines allows you to determine the real labor market.

The labor market and its characteristics at the present stage draw attention to one important feature: the employer puts a potential employee on the acceptance of conditions that are obviously unfavorable for him, because otherwise he may be left without work at all.

What is the labor market in modern economic conditions

The modern market is a kind of disproportion that has already taken root, lack of motivation in the professional field, low pay. The minimum wage in the country is very low, much lower (up to several tens of times) than in developed countries near and far abroad. Today, there is practically no incentive for the professional development of employees and non-working specialists. Certain development criteria can be distinguished:

• rising unemployment)
• the emergence of migrants and refugees who are subject to employment)
• inefficient use of the labor potential of employees - due to a decrease in production, the need to use the existing labor potential of employees in full disappears)
• significantly lower unemployment benefit)
• an increase in the growth of shadow employment of the population)
• Difficulty entering certain sectors: applicants with higher education are not able to access employment in certain sectors, such as the banking sector, due to the establishment of monopolization, high wages and requirements)
• real differences between the officially registered number of unemployed, as well as in general total unemployed.

Unemployment is an unpleasant but necessary component

The modern labor market in any country determines the level of social status of the entire population. Its main component is unemployment. It is present in every country, but differs only in its level. The demand for workers can be regulated not by the level of the cost of their work, but by the direct volume of production. Therefore, the labor market is directly and very closely connected with the existing economy in the country, directly dependent on it.

Foreign experience should teach us that the correct and gradual development of the labor market and market relations necessarily provides for the alignment and effective protection of certain groups of the population.

The modern labor market and its requirements for a professional have been very clearly formed, and almost all employers have the same view on this. A valuable professional is a person who can meet certain criteria: first of all, that a person be a good specialist in his field. It should also be mobile and versatile.

Modern labor market and unemployment

Unemployment is a special situation in the presence of which a certain part of the working population cannot successfully find a job with the expected level of wages, or even find a job at all. It is known that it is simply impossible to achieve a balance of supply and demand. Due to the discrepancy between the declared demand and the proposed offer, this situation usually leads to different levels unemployment. Unemployment is mostly prevalent in certain circles, the most vulnerable of which are:

• young women,
• the youth,
• national minorities,
• persons who have left places of deprivation of liberty.

Three main components of unemployment can be conditionally defined:

1. High level of existing wages. In the case of raising the level of wages above the average (for example, according to the requirements of trade unions), employers reduce the level of required offers to fill positions. This leads to unemployment. This phenomenon can only be combated by stabilizing the level of wages.
2. A low level of demand is also a cause of unemployment. For example, when the level of demand for goods decreases, the level of demand for sales employees decreases.
3. Imperfection and inflexibility of the market. It is believed that the emergence of unemployment is a derivative of the fact that many employers cannot adjust at the right time to changes in sales.

To combat unemployment, efforts must be made to combat the factors that provoke unemployment. Among them are the most problematic:

• The demographic situation in a particular region where the fight against unemployment is taking place. These are the birth and death rates, migration flows (both from the region and to the region), and the level of life expectancy.
• The process of transferring ownership of enterprises from state to private through the conduct of a standard privatization procedure. In this case great amount employees of such enterprises are presumably out of work.
• Organizational and economic factors. This refers to the processes of changing any organizational and legal form, as well as mergers and acquisitions of various companies. In these situations, employees may be forced to change their actual place of work to other regions and vice versa. All of these movements affect fluctuations affecting the labor market.
• technical factor. Taking into account the development scientific and technological progress today, as well as its development prospects in the future, many companies (especially manufacturing ones) no longer need certain categories of employees, which provokes global layoffs.

The labor market, its modern structure

The modern labor market in our country has the following structure:

• Healthy competition. modern structure provides for the presence, in a mandatory version, of natural competition between employers and job seekers, as well as between representatives of the same group.
• The mechanism of regulation of relations in the labor market at the state level.
• Building a complete system social protection working population.

Subject composition of the market modern labor very numerous. This includes employers themselves, already hired workers, unemployed persons, self-employed workers. All prospective members of the modern labor market, representing a group of job seekers, can be roughly divided into categories:

• "Blue Collars". This category is represented by workers of factories and factories who perform exclusively physical work.
• "White collars". This category is represented only by employees who use mental abilities and knowledge to perform work.
• "Grey Collars" This category represents ordinary ordinary and auxiliary workers.

The main components in the labor market can be defined as a set of proposals that cover the entire labor force, as well as aggregate demand, which determines the overall need of the economy for hired labor.

Regulation of the labor market at the state level in our country

The state plays an important role in regulating the employment market. It has a great influence on some aspects that affect the formation of employment, both in individual industries and on a global scale. For example, the state can influence:

• level of wages offered, working conditions,
• providing additional benefits to individuals or categories of employees,
• level of social security.

The state can actively fight unemployment by creating additional jobs, government agencies who control and fight unemployment, effective programs, allowing to interest potential employers, etc. Often this includes government programs that allow employers to provide additional benefits in the employment of unemployed people with disabilities or specialists in certain professions, as well as to carry out the process of filling vacant positions and provide the unemployed with work.

State exchanges as a way to reduce the level of existing unemployment

The exchanges created by the state help to actively combat the existing level of unemployment in the country as a whole, as well as in its individual regions. The main focus of these organizations is that they must ensure the turnover of potential employees and provide them with employment. To achieve this goal, action plans are being developed aimed at changing the level of professional training, as well as changing the professional orientation of a potential applicant. Applicants are provided with free advanced training courses, training courses for certain specialties, etc. All this helps not only to gain additional knowledge, but also to find a job in a newly acquired profession.

Such institutions play an important role in the fight against unemployment, especially by increasing the social activity of the population, researching the labor market in the region and the country in order to increase the mobility of job seekers. They help to get other authorities to provide preferential lending programs for individual entrepreneurs with employees, improve service conditions, reduce the tax rate, as well as use other types of incentives.

The special role of stock exchanges in the process of regulating market relations

Unfortunately, it should be noted that the work of the labor exchange can not have a very strong influence on the established labor market in the country. In our country, there is no obligation at the legislative level to fulfill the appointments of the exchange by entrepreneurs and enterprises. The latter try to independently determine the range of possible applicants through their own personnel departments. This allows you to make a choice in a fairly short time and make a decision on employment after communicating with a wide range of possible specialists. And applicants, in turn, in order to avoid the bureaucratic costs of communicating with exchanges, show a desire to communicate directly with potential employers.

Private recruiting companies

In addition to government agencies, there are private companies that recruit staff for a variety of enterprises. Such organizations also work for potential employers, satisfying their needs for specialists of various levels, and also help applicants for certain vacancies.

The work of such companies significantly affects the labor market. current trend development helps to recruit personnel to fill a vacant position, as well as to select necessary work for the candidate. The role of such companies in the regulation of the labor market is very large, since they actually show good performance in terms of employment and satisfaction of both parties. Since recruiting companies are private, their activities are entirely aimed at achieving a certain result, in this case, meeting the needs for employment.

Labor market regulation

Unfortunately, the established exchanges cannot fully fulfill the role of a labor market regulator. The issue of getting a job continues to be at a critical level. In an unstable economy, many institutions and organizations either stop working for a while or become bankrupt. Accordingly, all employees who worked at such enterprises remain without work. Naturally, not all of them can get a job with the help of stock exchanges, many will remain registered (especially if they are near retirement age or there is no corresponding profession). Also, the influx of unemployed falls on the period of the end school year, since there are many universities and specialized schools, and it is not possible to provide all graduates with work, at least not immediately.

These problems have always been known, but special attention were not attracted to them. It is only recently that sufficient attention has been paid to solving these problems. The position regarding the labor market has changed, it is now possible to fill vacant vacancies after attending monthly job fairs, as well as other similar events.

Definitely, it is simply impossible not to accept the role of stock exchanges in regulating the labor market. As already noted, exchanges are engaged in reprofiling, retraining, training of potential employees, and also really help citizens in finding employment. In addition, it is of particular importance that the exchanges are collecting data on the number of unemployed already employed, determining the list of professions in demand, which helps to compile statistics and an action plan aimed at combating unemployment.

But no matter what the exchange does, it does not solve the main problem. A person who has lost his job, having come to the stock exchange and received an offer to acquire a new specialty, naturally agrees. But the labor market will give preference to potential employees whose age is up to 45, there is a certain work experience in the required profession. And real job seekers who are looking for work through the stock exchange do not have experience in a new profession, and their age is often near the boundary or even higher. The same happens with young people, who, during the period of reprofiling, may lose a real opportunity to find a job, in connection with the occupation of a vacant position by another specialist. That is, the issue of retraining cannot solve the problem of employment.

Since there is still a lot of time before the problem is completely eliminated, effective intermediate solutions can be taken. Although they do not solve the problem as a whole, they will not be superfluous at all:

• increase in the minimum and maximum amount of benefits received by the unemployed)
• focusing efforts on employment of the young population of the country)
• the application of efforts for a real search for jobs for the unemployed population.

In conditions today a huge role in stabilizing and improving the economy in the country, as well as economic processes, is played by the mobility of potential applicants. That is, the ability of an employee, as well as members of his family, to change his place of residence from region to region, if necessary. It is this feature that can lead to an increase in productivity and efficiency of the economy as a whole.

Solving problems in the labor market

In the formation of market relations, the most important sphere of the economy is always affected - the employment of labor resources. When doing the right economic policy the unemployment rate should not be higher than 5%, this is the ideal ratio. Today it is possible to achieve such a situation in our country. However, there are a number of factors that block the way to achieve this goal, namely:

• The existing labor market is not balanced. There is a large number of vacancies posted by a variety of companies, and there are a large number of unemployed, skill, professional training and work experience does not allow them to take advantage of the proposed vacancies.
• Existing restrictions, including legal ones, that reduce the real opportunities for mobility of the able-bodied population (the existing institution of registration and propiska significantly ties a person to a specific location).
• There is no possibility of providing affordable housing, which reduces the mobility of good specialists to other regions.
• The level of labor productivity, in relation to other countries, remains at very low levels.
• monopolized economy. This successfully and for a long time allows employers to dictate their working conditions and the level of remuneration for work, and the employee has no choice but to accept clearly unfavorable conditions.

By eliminating all existing problems, it is possible to achieve good performance in the labor market, in the economy, and in market relations. As it has already become clear, market relations and the economy as a whole are very dependent on the labor market. And it remains to be hoped that it will not be long before the labor market will be absolutely objective and will allow employers and employees to fight on an equal footing to satisfy their needs for employment.

For economists from all over the world, the Russian labor market is a very strange and fascinating mystery. The economic crisis that swept the country in 2014 led to a rapid drop in the salaries of Russians, but they, however, are in no hurry to change jobs, and unemployment in the country is at a relatively stable and low level. At the same time, experts are seriously concerned about the situation when, with age, the population's labor incomes fall significantly: with the same professional qualities, an employee who is 15-20 years younger will receive a significantly higher salary.

Russian economists from the HSE have repeatedly described the state of the labor market in their regular reports. After analyzing several of them, the Karyerist.ru Analytical Center managed to identify 7 main problems that most Russian workers have to face in one form or another. They have taken place before, but will continue to influence in 2018. Let's start with the age-old problem - a very dubious increase in wages.

Wages rise but fall

The Russian labor market is characterized by a specific reaction to all economic crises that have occurred in the country. If in the West people usually lose their jobs en masse at such times, in the Russian Federation employment remains at a relatively stable level. For example, during the crisis of 2008-09, unemployment increased to only 8%, but the figures soon returned to the past. Economic shocks have a much greater impact on the labor income of Russians. Thus, according to the HSE, for 3 full-fledged crisis years, salaries lost about 10% of their volume. In 2017, the situation leveled off somewhat, and the government did not cease to announce the growth of real wages - for example, in the first 10 months of 2017, the annual growth was 4.3% compared to 2016. This, however, only provides a foundation for the future - there is no need to talk about compensating for the indicators of past years.

The situation is aggravated by the “traditions” of Russian employers. First, the massive introduction of a variable part of wages in the private sector has a significant negative impact. It is not news that for many, a specific salary depends on the productivity indicators or economic indicators of the enterprise. It is no wonder that in the conditions of an economic downturn, wages will be massively reduced.

Secondly, we often see a pattern of massive transfers of staff to part-time jobs. Naturally, the reduction in working hours reduces wages. Thirdly, only rare employers practice indexation. So, even if a worker even managed to keep the wage at the same level, this does not mean that its purchasing power will not fall as a result of inflation.

The law that does not exist

If we proceed from the dry letter of the law, then Russian labor legislation is really tough in relation to the employer and his relationship with employees, in particular, in matters of dismissal. The dismissal of an employee at the initiative of the employer, for example, is possible only in exceptional cases, and even then with certain costs on the part of the employer. Such strict rules carry serious risks for business. Therefore, employers en masse prefer to simply not perform it. This applies to many aspects of labor relations.

First of all, there are employment issues. It is much easier for an employer to refuse official registration of an employee, which will allow him not only to save on paying taxes and insurance premiums, but also to dictate his own rules to the employee. According to the HSE, the illegal labor market covers about 30 million workers, despite the fact that the able-bodied citizens of the Russian Federation are about 71-72 million people. In addition, employers do not hesitate to shift their costs onto the shoulders of employees. So, despite the presence of serious sanctions, in Russia you will not surprise anyone with a salary delay. Often there are cases of forced dismissal, when an employee is forced to quit "on their own".

Such legal nihilism of employers is connected with weakness state institutions who are involved in oversight. As a result, there is a complete lack of trust in the employer on the part of employees, as well as a lack of trust in the state as an impassive judge.

A burden for the union

In fact, violations of labor legislation by the employer have reached such a scale that the employee, even if he officially gets a new job, he has no confidence that the labor contract concluded with him will be fully executed. Why, there is no complete certainty even that he will be paid the first salary until the employee receives it in his hands. The same situation develops in cases where part of the salary is variable, according to the HSE.

In theory, hundreds of Russian trade unions should control the situation, operating either within the entire country, or in its individual regions, or even at individual enterprises. However, they prefer to remain silent, remembering their members only when they stop paying their dues regularly.

In general, ordinary people have the impression that Russian trade unions are much more likely to defend the employer, with whom, logically, they should, on the contrary, be “on opposite sides of the barricades”. Nevertheless, they prefer not to interfere in relations between the employer and employees, confining themselves to a modest collection of membership dues. It's about big money, by the way.

For example, the largest trade union organization in Russia is the Federation of Independent Trade Unions. It includes about 21 million members, 80% of which regularly transfer 1% of their salary every month. Thus, according to our rough calculations, the FNP annually accumulates about 70 billion rubles only through contributions. What, with such funding, their contribution to the protection of workers' rights, it is very difficult for us to assess.

Legacy Jobs

According to average estimates, the annual increase in the number of modern jobs in the world is 10-15% - a similar number of old jobs is shrinking. That is, there is a gradual modernization and increase in the productivity of jobs, which, of course, is typical primarily for developed countries, the status of which Russia also claims. However, in the Russian Federation this process is hampered not only in comparison with advanced, but even with developing countries, the HSE is sure.

So, over the past 10 years, the number of jobs in large and medium-sized businesses has decreased by 5 million units, from 39 to 34 million. That is, in fact, it turns out that employers cut jobs in a much larger volume than they created new ones. According to experts, even if the enterprise is growing, the share of new jobs created in it does not exceed 4-5% per year. First, it is much less than in the West and even in neighboring China. Secondly, we are not talking about high-tech jobs at all. That is, about increasing productivity in the workplace. we are talking only in exceptional cases.

Main functions

The labor market is characterized by two main functions in which its significance is manifested:

• social function means ensuring a decent standard of living for the population by providing employees with wages and other guarantees. Also here we are talking about the quality of education, which should ensure the replacement of qualified personnel.
• economic function is to provide the production and non-production sphere with a sufficient number of personnel to achieve the maximum effect.

The role of the labor market

More narrowly, the essence of the labor market can be reflected in the following functions:

• the establishment of wages for labor, which occurs under the influence of the balance of supply and demand;
• determining the conditions under which hiring and firing are carried out, thus avoiding discrimination;
• formation of norms regarding safety and working conditions;
• education and advanced training in the case when production reaches a fundamentally new level.

Supply and demand

The main categories by which the labor market can be characterized are supply and demand. So, the first concept implies the number of workers of a certain specialty and qualification required at the moment. It is worth noting that, as in the case of the goods market, demand begins to decline as the average wage rises.

Speaking of labor supply, it must be said that this is the number of able-bodied population that is ready to start work. This indicator is also characterized by the qualifications and level of education of potential personnel. Unlike demand, the supply of labor will rise steadily as the average wage rises.

Features of the labor market

Most people are accustomed to apply the concept of "market" only to the economic environment where it is a question of buying and selling certain goods. However, this category also applies to the labor force. Thus, the features of the labor market can be described as follows:

• self-regulation of this mechanism occurs on the assumption that relationships in the economic environment are free and based on the priority of private property;
• each person has the right to independently choose the place and type of work, and no one has the right to force him to do anything (exceptions are forced labor assigned by the verdict of the courts);
• each participant in labor relations has the full right to start his own entrepreneurial activity, both independently and on the basis of partnerships (in this case, he later becomes an employer himself).

The labor market in Russia

In each individual state, working relations are built according to approximately similar principles, but with their own specific points. Thus, the development of the labor market in Russia under the influence of various political and historical processes, which led to some of its features. Before the collapse of the USSR, this area was completely under the control of the state, which excluded such concepts as "shortage of personnel" and "unemployment". With the collapse of the Union, the situation in the economy deteriorated sharply, which led to crisis phenomena and a sharp reduction in the number of employed citizens. Nevertheless, after going through a long period of rehabilitation, the labor market began to return to its normal state again, which is reflected in the balance of labor supply and demand.

An analysis of the labor market, based on statistical data and sociological research, indicates that at the moment the number of unemployed citizens does not exceed 5%, which is a completely acceptable indicator. Nevertheless, it is averaged, and therefore does not provide absolutely objective information. The fact is that unemployment in a number of regions is much more significant, which is due to natural conditions, geographic location and lack of industry.

The main problems of the domestic labor market

The labor market in Russia can be characterized by the presence of a number of significant problems. The main ones can be considered the following:

• Millions of labor migrants arrive in the country every year. Considering that their requirements for wages and working conditions are much more modest than those of citizens of the state, it is quite natural that employers prefer them. This situation is mainly observed in the market of unskilled labor.
• Mismatch between demand and supply of labor force. This is not only about quantitative indicators. The main problem is that employers cannot offer job applicants the desired level of remuneration. This leads to a decrease in the income of the population, as well as to a drain of qualified personnel who find suitable conditions in foreign companies.
• It is quite difficult for citizens from regions with a high unemployment rate to find a job in other areas. This is due to the fact that in almost all organizations, a prerequisite for employment is the presence of a local residence permit or temporary registration.

Legislative regulation

Main legislative act, on the basis of which the regulation of the labor market is carried out, is the Law "On Employment of the Population Russian Federation". It outlines the following points:

• the procedure for recognizing citizens as unemployed and their respective registration;
• promoting the realization of the right to work;
• the main postulates of state policy regarding the functioning of the labor market;
• measures to improve the situation in the field of employment;
• the order of activity of employment services in the regions;
• defining the rights and obligations of all participants in the labor market;
• the procedure for compiling and analyzing statistical reporting;
• labor rights granted to special unprotected categories of citizens.

In addition to the above law, working relations are also regulated by the Labor and Civil Code.

Structure of the labor market

The modern labor market is characterized by a rather complex structure, which includes the following elements:

• subjects of labor relations, which are applicants for a certain position, as well as directly employers;
• market conditions, which is a combination of supply and demand, as well as working conditions, average wages, education and qualifications;
• legislative acts that contain norms governing labor relations;
• state bodies authorized to resolve issues related to employment;
• alternative employment, which may be expressed in temporary work or part-time employment;
• a system of social guarantees for the unemployed, as well as people unable to work due to physical condition or due to old age;
• educational and informational component aimed at training and retraining talent pool as well as improving their qualifications.

Competitive labor market model

The labor market, functioning on the basis of a model with pure competition, is characterized by the following features:

• the number of firms operating in the industry is quite large, and therefore there is a high level of competition for labor resources;
• the number of employees of certain qualifications applying for similar positions is also at a significant level;
• the current market situation does not give any party of labor relations the opportunity to dictate conditions regarding wages.

Thus, the system is regulated independently based on market conditions. An increase in the average wage provokes an increase in supply and a decrease in demand. And vice versa.

Monopoly in the labor market

In order for the labor market to be considered monopolistic, it must have a number of mandatory features, namely:

• the bulk of workers of a certain specialty and qualifications are concentrated in a single organization;
• employees do not have the possibility of alternative employment (this may be due to economic and geographical features, as well as the specifics of the education received);
• all rights and powers regarding the setting of wages belong exclusively to the hiring company (figures can vary significantly depending on the number of employees).

A similar situation is typical for small and remote settlements, where there is only one city-forming enterprise or there is a tense situation in terms of employment. The activities of such firms should be monitored by trade unions in order to prevent violations of the rights of the working population.

international experience

The goal of most advanced economies in the world (American, Japanese and many others) is absolute (or full) employment, and the labor market in this case will be considered optimal. To achieve this goal, the following activities are often used:

• support for emerging firms, as well as tight control of large organizations in order to somehow equalize the wages they can offer applicants;
• a rule follows from the previous provision, which obliges enterprises to be solidary in the policy of wages (for example, small organizations overestimate this indicator, while large ones, on the contrary, somewhat underestimate it);
• entrepreneurs receive some benefits and subsidies, in exchange for which they undertake to hire unqualified personnel with decent pay and working conditions;
• those sectors of the economy that produce socially significant products or services receive comprehensive state support even in the event of unsatisfactory economic results.

It should be noted that the labor market is not static, but is prone to constant changes. They can occur both under the influence of market factors, and as a result of intervention by state bodies.

The labor market in Russia was formed during the transition from a command economy to a market economy, when all its participants were forced to respond to the changing situation. With the introduction of cooperatives for private entrepreneurship, many areas have become available that were previously unthinkable. Many big businessmen - the captains of the domestic economy - then laid the foundations of their business in order to prepare later for loans-for-shares auctions and take a direct part in the privatization of the most tidbits. state property, which will subsequently form the main assets of the majority of participants in the Russian Forbes list.

An entrepreneur is always interested in making a profit, and maximizes it in three ways: by increasing the prices of his products, by increasing output due to increased labor productivity, and by reducing costs. And among the main costs, as you know, is wages, which also, in addition to the actual payments to the employee, carry a large tax burden on the employer, which currently for the general taxation regime is 30% of the salary (22% falls on contributions to Pension Fund Russia, 2.9% - to the Social Insurance Fund, 5.1% - to the Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund). In addition, income tax is withheld from the employee's salary. individuals in the amount of 13%. Thus, in order for an employee to receive 50 thousand rubles a month "in hand", the employer has to charge almost 75 thousand rubles a month. The tax burden lay on wages in earlier times of existence Russian market labor (before modern contributions, until 2010 there was a single social tax of 26%, even earlier in Russia there was a progressive taxation scale, which was replaced by a flat one to increase tax collection).

Even with the possible return of most firms to gray pay schemes, with the exception of the largest firms, as well as banks and other financial institutions, employers are unlikely to increase wages in proportion to the taxes thus saved. Most likely, they will continue to pay the same wages, only under new conditions, and the released funds will be put into circulation or for personal purposes. This assumption only emphasizes that for the firm wages are costs that must be reduced in order to maximize profits, and no arguments can convince them otherwise.

In a modern Western-style economy in such conditions, entrepreneurs must have very strong opponents in the face of the state and trade unions, who are able to withstand such pressure and prevent unreasonable wage cuts, and if this does happen, then control this process so that wages did not fall below a certain level.

Officially in the Russian Federation there is the Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia (FNPR) - a public organization under the auspices of which most of the major Russian trade unions are. It was formed in 1990 as "a national trade union center independent of the state, political and business structures." The FNPR, according to information from its official website, unites 122 member organizations, 5 all-Russian trade unions have cooperation agreements with the FNPR. The FNPR embraces more than 20 million people—about 95% of all trade union members in our country.

The main problems associated with the activities of the FNPR are the virtual monopolization of the trade union movement, a pronounced pro-government orientation, and an imitation of the struggle for the rights of workers. The FNPR is convenient for government and business, takes part in the tripartite commission for the regulation of social and labor relations, but does not protect the rights of workers so successfully. The demands made by the FNPR sound peaceful in relation to the authorities, all rallies and events are coordinated without any problems. At one time, the FNPR approved a law on the monetization of benefits, which caused mass protests among the population. The creation of independent trade unions is blocked by the law on trade unions in force in Russia, and the trade unions that survived after the collapse of the USSR, as G.E. Alpatov, they play the role of a "non-working TV" - they take up space, but do not function properly. This situation suggests that at present in Russia "organized" trade unions do not exist and are not able to influence business in order to protect the rights of an employee in a dispute with an employer.

In Russia, there is a minimum wage (SMIC) - the established minimum wage, less than which the employer cannot pay his employee, except in cases of part-time work. Since January 1, 2016, the minimum wage in Russia has been 6,204 rubles per month, which is equal to 54% of the government's projected subsistence minimum for the working-age population for 2016. Even the declared increase from July 1, 2016 in the level of increase in the minimum wage to 7500 rubles. seems to be only a small step towards equality between the minimum wage and the living wage. In Russia, there is still a difference fixed at the legislative level between the minimum wage and the cost of a statistically calculated food basket, which is lower than the real minimum of products and services necessary for living in modern Russian megacities. Against the background of economic cataclysms, inflation caused by sanctions and the devaluation of the ruble, a 4% increase in the minimum wage looks clearly insufficient.

The presence of a "gray" labor market is traditionally characteristic of the domestic economy, which is expressed in a high proportion of informally employed workers, especially in the small business sector. Also, Russians are reluctant to use the services of the state employment service, which registers only a small proportion of job seekers as unemployed. To alleviate the lack of data, the statistical analysis uses the method of surveying the population on employment problems, conducted by questioning citizens on the basis of a sampling method of household selection, followed by extrapolation of the results to the entire population of the studied age group. According to Rosstat data, which are shown in Table 1, the share of registered unemployed in their total number was 34% in 2009 and decreased to 22.7% in 2014.

The reason for such a low proportion of those registered is the extremely low unemployment benefit, which is inferior to both the minimum wage and the living wage. For 2016, the minimum unemployment benefit is 850 rubles, the maximum unemployment benefit is 4,900 rubles, which is less than the national minimum wage of 6,204 rubles. and even more so the future value of the minimum wage of 7500 rubles. Note that these boundaries have not changed since 2009, and this is surprising against the backdrop of inflation that has taken place all these years. Of course, unemployment benefits should serve as an incentive for the candidate to look for work and not live on benefits, but its amount should be sufficient to attract those who are looking for work to be sent to industries that the state needs and whose support is in dire need domestic economy, in particular in import-substituting industries. Such a value is the subsistence minimum, which should be a guideline not only for calculating the abstract minimum quality life, but also the minimum wage and unemployment benefits, at least its maximum limit.

Raising the unemployment benefit to the level of the subsistence minimum, which must also correspond to the minimum wage, would be a key step to eliminate the shortcomings in the interaction of labor market actors. This is important for increasing the efficiency of the employment service, which can thus cover a much larger number of unemployed than it is now. The job search process will move from an informal to an official plane, since many unemployed citizens, seeking to receive benefits, will register and consider vacancies offered by the state. This will increase the latter's ability to influence employment in certain industries and reduce the volume of the "gray" labor market uncontrolled by the state. Instead of receiving a small salary in envelopes, many will have an incentive to refuse such work, register with the employment service, receive increased benefits from current levels and look for opportunities to work at a salary above this level, which will also give impetus to higher wages in economy at the expense of their lower segment. union worker unemployment

One of the effective measures could be the integration of the employment service with specialized companies operating in the recruiting services market. For example, such popular sites as headhunter, superjob, could receive an additional payment from the budget for placing applicants for vacancies that are required according to the socio-economic development plan of a particular region. There is great potential in the interaction of state structures and private market participants, the work on which would help improve the infrastructure of the labor market of the country and the region, which should better cope with its main task - to fill jobs in the economy, helping the labor supply to meet the existing demand.

Also note that Russia uses a monthly rather than an hourly minimum wage, as in other countries. A shorter interval stimulates the growth of employees' income, which cannot be said in the case of a monthly interval. Taking into account the very value of the minimum wage, which does not cover the subsistence minimum, it can certainly be argued that in Russia there is a problem of lowering the minimum wage, which is a conscious policy of the government to achieve the planned indicators by local authorities, despite declarative and hesitant discussions of possible changes. It can be concluded that instead of stimulating wage growth, there is an artificial slowdown in wage growth, both on the part of the state and on the part of the business that supports it.

It is possible to cite statistical data that testify to a constant share of wages in GDP. The dynamics of household spending correlates with the dynamics of labor costs. Taking into account the approximate share of 45% that wages have in GDP, the data on which are given in Table 2, an increase in wages in the labor market means an increase in a significant share of demand in the goods market. This could lead to demand for investment in machinery and equipment in the goods-producing industries that are in demand by households, demand for the means of labor to produce these machinery and equipment, and ultimately infrastructure development. Household demand is the basis of other components of aggregate demand, which, according to G.E. Alpatov, "a much larger multiplier effect than is commonly believed in macroeconomic theory."

Thus, one can observe the problems of imperfection of the Russian labor market in modern conditions. In addition to demographic problems, tendencies to pull the labor force from neighboring regions by million-plus cities, which does not contribute to the development of a single economic space in the country, there are problems in the labor market infrastructure that impede its normal functioning.

For Russia, the labor market is characterized by a situation where market forces are skewed in favor of the employer, so it is important to eliminate the excessive influence of labor demand, which is opposed by unorganized, fragmented labor supply, which has a much less strong position in our country, in contrast to Western countries with their long history of existence. really working trade unions and other elements of labor market infrastructure. One way to solve this problem is to reduce the supply of labor, which in the case of Russia means a change in migration policy. An important decision that should increase the level of wages in the economy is to reduce the influx of migrants from the CIS countries with low human capital and focused primarily on unskilled labor. Against the backdrop of the events taking place in Western Europe related to the flow of refugees from the Middle East, a fresh look at migration processes in the post-Soviet space is important. Foreigners, taking jobs, have occupied a large share of jobs in the construction industry, and with their dumping on the labor market, they undermine the rudiments of Russians' attitude to working professions as worthy ways of earning money, as a result of which many potential workers who do not have the proper knowledge and qualifications refuse to work. professions without even having other alternatives.

An important step in this direction could be the introduction of additional restrictions on the path of such migration. For example, an effective measure could be the opening of a guarantee deposit on the part of migrants entering the country in a sufficient amount, which guarantees law-abiding behavior on their part and cuts off those intending to violate the regime of stay in the Russian Federation. The funds received could be withdrawn in case of violation of the migration legislation, and for the period of stay of a citizen of a foreign state in the Russian Federation, these funds could be placed on the financial market and bring additional income to the budget of the Russian Federation. When a migrant leaves the country, these funds would be returned to him in the prescribed manner. You can be sure that the amount of such a deposit in the amount of at least 100 thousand rubles. will significantly reduce the influx of migrants, in particular those young people who do not even know the Russian language. Only those who are really determined to work in Russia without violating the law, and who are ready to subsequently integrate into Russian society, would come, confirming their intentions, including materially.

The country's labor resources need to be protected from cheap labor imports in the form of "dumping" migrants. In the conditions of modern informatization of society, any workplace must be completed through an electronic application at the labor exchange. Recruitment of migrants without reporting a vacancy on the stock exchange should be prohibited. Foreigners can take jobs only in the absence of applications from domestic citizens, as is done in other countries, in particular in Germany. It is also advisable to increase the tax burden on working foreigners in order to reduce their competitiveness in the labor market. For example, to double the cost of a patent for foreign citizens, the amount of which in St. Petersburg in 2016 is 3,000 rubles per month.

The noted measures will help reduce the supply of unskilled, cheap labor in the labor market, limit the influx of foreign workers to Russia, and thereby make the market positions of workers stronger than those of employers, which now clearly dominate, which ultimately translates into low wages for workers in the country's economy.

It should also be noted that the development of the labor market in Russia is constrained by low labor force mobility, which manifests itself only in the desire of residents of the rest of Russia to move to large metropolitan areas, primarily to Moscow and St. Petersburg, whose salary and income levels stand out from the rest. Russian regions, with the possible exception of the Tyumen region and the Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region. This state of affairs does not contribute to the development of a single economic space on the territory of Russia, which is the difference between the countries of Western Europe, where there is no such difference in the socio-economic development of regions.

In addition to the fact that it is necessary to develop territories, create industries and jobs, it is necessary to increase the mobility of the labor force, which could manifest itself in the direction necessary for the state to participate in priority projects in a particular region. First of all, measures are needed to provide those moving to a permanent place of work in a certain region, upon request, with housing and the necessary attributes of social infrastructure for workers and their families: kindergartens and schools, clinics and hospitals, and other social facilities. In fact, this means that it is necessary to return to the Soviet system of distributing institute graduates among the country's enterprises. Only in modern conditions should this happen not under duress, but with the help of financial incentives- for example, to guarantee that an employee will receive housing in a given region, provided that he works at the enterprise or in the structure of the holding that it represents for at least 10 years. It is also possible to limit the possibility of selling this property to a certain period in order to avoid speculation on the part of those who want to derive unreasonable material benefits from this.

Of course, it is not a fact that many will agree to this, but undoubtedly this will affect the increase in migration flows within the country and activate the labor market. Also, such a system could be linked to the all-Russian ranking of universities, according to which the amount of compensation for one or another graduate would differ. Lots of practice Soviet years was unjustifiably discarded, although many institutions of the planned economy functioned effectively. It should be borne in mind that the state's share in the economy is increasing, state corporations are being created in many markets that consolidate former private assets, and large enterprises are owned by businessmen close to the country's top leadership or completely loyal to him. With an impetus from above and sufficient political will, these transformations can increase the mobility of the Russian labor market and ultimately make the country's economic territory more even, without the sharp regional differences that are inherent in it now.

Of course, the implementation of such a program requires large funds, but given how inefficiently sometimes budget revenues are spent, it is possible to find the necessary funds by reducing corruption and by optimizing other budget items. For example, the reduction of inefficient investment programs of large state corporations could improve the quality of corporate governance and strengthen the state system of a balanced economy.

The above set of measures is preliminary. However, the implementation of some of them would help to increase the level of wages and promote economic growth and increase the competitiveness of the economy of Russia and its regions through an increase in the consumption component, which is the most important component of GDP. They affect various interests that are not beneficial to everyone and are indisputable, but in the conditions of the crisis in which the domestic economy is located, such decisive actions could serve powerful impulse to the development of the domestic labor market as an integral element of the country's economy.

Russian Economic University named after Georgy Valentinovich Plekhanov

Efimov Oleg Nikolaevich, Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Economics and Management at Trade and Public Catering Enterprises of the Ufa Institute (branch) of the PRUE. G. V. Plekhanova

Annotation:

The article presents the characteristics of the Russian labor market, identified on the basis of the problems and trends of its development. The problems of the state of the labor market in Russia are considered, forecasts are made regarding its prospects and directions. Conclusions are drawn about the need for various educational programs. Based on statistical data, paradoxes and patterns of the labor market in Russia are revealed, and a number of its specific features are presented.

This paper presents the characteristics of the Russian labor market, identified on the basis of issues and trends of its development. The problems of the labor market in Russia, made projections of its prospects and trends. Are different conclusions about the need for educational programs. On the basis of statistical data revealed paradoxes and regularities of the labor market in Russia, and also presented a number of its specific features.

Keywords:

labor activity; unemployment; resources; branch of the economy; market relations; economically active population

labor activity; unemployment; the resources; sector of the economy; market relations; the economically active population

UDC 331.52

The labor market is one of the most important elements market economy, which is characterized as a system based on private property, freedom of choice and competition. The peculiarity of this market lies in the fact that the object of contracts here is the ability of a person to work. The change in the economic order takes on particularly important forms here, since labor activity is the main source of income for a large number of people, and is also the main field of self-realization of the individual. Summarizing all of the above, we can conclude that the labor market is defined as a special area of ​​the economy, where the trade of their own forces, knowledge and skills is carried out by the workers themselves.

The functions of the labor market are:

• in providing production and services with labor resources, their distribution between enterprises and various sectors of the economy
• in the rational use, placement, regulation of labor
• in providing employees with the opportunity and authority to receive a livelihood
• in harmonizing the cost and criteria of labor between employees and employers
• in stimulating employees and employers

Market relations are based on independent regulation of the labor market. The main components of self-regulation of the labor market are supply and demand, as well as competition between employees and employers of the company. As a result of this mechanism, the proportions and level of employment are established. Both the size of wages and the size and structure of unemployment depend on this.

It is known that the demand in the labor market is the total demand for the country's labor resources at any price, and the supply is the total supply of workers' labor resources at all possible labor prices. State policy in the field of employment of the population, the level of development of education and vocational training systems, trade unions - those indicators that affect supply and demand. Of paramount importance are national characteristics lifestyle.

The main objective of this article is to identify the features of the "Russian way" in the field of employment.

The labor market in Russia and the current situation on it is one of the most complex and most confusing problems of the modern production market. The main influence is exerted by the human factor, which is difficult to predict. In addition, the number of unemployed is gradually increasing in the labor market, while the number of people able to work is decreasing every year. In the era of globalization of the world economy, the main problem is the problem of ensuring better functioning of national labor markets. The labor market is facing an important and serious problem, which is to create conditions under which workers and employers can freely interact with each other.

Another acute task is to ensure the stability of the equivalence of their relationship. An important component is the creation of such conditions in the labor market, under which employees and employers feel equally full and equal participants in labor relations. The main task of the state is the problem of creating an effective labor market, as well as its development and maintenance.

To resolve this problem, the state must:

• Prepare true and full-fledged participants in the labor market, i.e. employers and workers
• To try to provide all strata and types of the population with quality and complete education
• Try to prepare skilled workers and specialists developed in many industries
• Create conditions under which participants will interact with each other
• Ensure professional and territorial mobility of labor market participants
• Solve problems related to housing and education
• Affect all regions of the country, all strata and types of the population
• Create custom rules
• Develop and create original rules and conditions for actions in the market, as well as regulate and monitor their compliance
• Develop such legislation that would allow both employees and employers to feel equal participants in labor relations
• And also, when analyzing trends and problems in the development of the Russian labor market, it is very important to take into account the national characteristics of the regions.

At the moment, the national labor market has a large number of serious and important problems. First of all, this is the solution of such issues as: the elimination of open unemployment, an increase in wages, decent pensions for citizens, an improvement in the labor insurance system, ensuring labor mobility, improving labor productivity, ensuring employment efficiency, overcoming the excessive division of incomes of various segments of the population and many other questions. With all this, it is very important to take into account the fact that Russia has an unfavorable demographic situation. The Russian labor market certainly needs to be improved in the conditions of excess of death rate over birth rate. Another significant obstacle to the study of social and labor relations in Russia is the large size of the informal hidden sector of the economy.

Thus, the main problems of creating a fully functioning labor market are reduced to issues of education and professional mobility, as well as issues of legislation that regulate and control labor relations.

The most important in the modern labor market of each country is the situation of its population. The main component of which is unemployment. Unemployment exists in every country and differs only in its level. The direct object of production can regulate the demand for workers.

This leads to the conclusion that the labor market is directly and directly related to the economy located in the country, and is also very dependent on it. Unemployment is a socio-economic phenomenon in which a part of the population capable of working cannot safely find a job. This part of the population becomes a reserve army of labor.

It is believed that it is simply impossible to achieve a balance between supply and demand in the market. Such a situation, as a discrepancy between the declared demand and the proposed proposal, very often leads to the emergence of different kind situations.

Table 1 presents data on the unemployment rate in Russia from 2000 to 2013.

Table 1. Unemployment rate in the Russian Federation in 2000-2013.

	Unemployed, thousand people	Number of economically active population, thousand people	Unemployment rate, %

As can be seen from the table, the unemployment rate in last years decreases. Based on the methodology of the International Labor Organization, the level of general unemployment in the first half of 2013 amounted to 5.8% of the economically active population, which is 1.6 times less than in 2000, and 0.9 times more than in 2007. Compared since 2000, where the number of unemployed reached 7 thousand people, in 2013 this number has become significantly less, and is equal to 4367 thousand people. These facts indicate that the labor market has almost fully recovered after the crisis.

Let's also compare unemployment benefits. If in 1996 the minimum unemployment benefit was equal to the minimum wage, and the maximum benefit was not limited, then since 2003, the minimum unemployment benefit was equal to 35% of the subsistence minimum, and the maximum benefit was 100% of the subsistence level. minimum. By 2008, the maximum unemployment benefit was 3,123 rubles, and the minimum benefit was 780 rubles. By the end of 2008, the living wage was 4,635 rubles, and the minimum wage for January 2009 was set at 4,335 rubles. Based on the data provided by the international labor organization, it can be concluded that the trend in material support for the unemployed category of citizens is deteriorating.

The demographic situation in the country has a very serious impact on the labor market, since the functioning of the labor market is a process not only of consumption and use of labor, but of formation and production. In Russia, as in many developed countries of the world, a difficult demographic situation has developed. According to the data provided Federal Service State Statistics, as of January 2010, the permanent population of the Russian Federation was 141,927,298 people. At the same time, the number of the economically active population, according to the results of a population survey on employment problems, is 74,600 thousand people, which is 52% of the total population of the country.

Table 2 presents the number of economically active population in Russia.

Table 2. Economically active population in Russia.

Based on the table, we observe that in recent years there has been an increase in the indicator. Thus, in 1995, the economically active population was 70,740 thousand people, which is 0.95 times less than in 2005, and 1.05 times less than in 2010.

It should be remembered that in a negative demographic situation, economic growth is not long-term, since the economically active population is aging. By 2008, the number of people employed in the economy was 70,965 thousand people, while in January 2010 this figure was already 67,700 thousand people. In 2009, there was a sharp decline in the number of people employed in the economy, which is associated with the outbreak of the 2008 crisis and, accordingly, the increased unemployment rate.

The situation that has developed in the labor market is clearly characterized by the dynamics of demand for specialists in various fields. Data on the most popular professions in Russia for 2000, 2010 and 2014 are shown in Table 3.

Table 3. The most demanded professions in Russia.

	Merchandiser	Sales Manager	IT specialist
		skilled workers	Design engineer
		Accountant
	Bank employee

Sources: 1). [Website] http://edunews.ru/ (date of access: 03.11.2015).

2). Methodology International Organization Labor (ILO)

Based on Table 3, we can conclude that market trends change significantly every year. If in 2000 commodity specialists were especially valued, as well as in 2010, then by 2014 professions related to IT technologies became a priority. For 15 years, doctors have not left the top five leading professions, since this profession will always be in demand.

Conclusion. Therefore, based on all the above data, we can conclude that the labor market has begun to recover. By 2010, the situation had largely stabilized. But it is wrong to draw full and final conclusions, since the Russian labor market will develop, improving every new year.

The formation of the labor market is hindered by a number of reasons. AT modern Russia problems remain, such as a difficult demographic situation, which dooms itself to a constant influx of immigrants filling the country's workforce. One problem leads to another, and the next question is that with the constant immigration process, a threat to national security and the preservation of national culture begins.

At the moment, the nature of economic reforms in the country is controversial, which does not allow predicting the exact date of formation of an effective labor market. It is only known that it is possible to reduce the costs and the period of Russia's entry into the civilized market by creating a competitive environment in all markets for resources, services and goods, as well as by creating labor motivation among the population.

Bibliographic list:

1. Federal Law No. 1032-1 of April 19, 1991 (as amended on October 18, 2007)
2. Gavrilenkov E. Russian economy: the prospect of macroeconomic policy // Questions of Economics, 2000, No. 4
3. Gritsyuk M. Rating of the most demanded professions in the labor market // Rossiyskaya gazeta - 2010 - Federal issue No. 5207 (128)
4. Plokhova N.V. Trends in the Russian labor market // Russian Entrepreneurship - 2011 - Federal Issue No. 11(195)
5. Shurkalin A.K. Fundamentals of economic theory // INFRA-M, 2001
6. Yanbarisov R.G. Economic theory: Tutorial// "FORUM": INFRA-M, 2009 - 623 p.

Reviews:

26.11.2015, 21:03 Fedotova Tatyana Anatolyevna
Review: It is necessary to proofread and edit the work more carefully, because. there are unrelated and illogical sentences (for example: The most important in the modern labor market of each country is the position of its population, the main component of which is unemployment.) In the annotation, sentences must be reduced to the same tense: present or past (presented, Considered, Concluded, presented) . Table 1 and especially table 2 should be updated - there are already data for 2014. The amount of the allowance is also analyzed for 1996, 2003 and 2008, but since 2008 it has changed significantly to today. There are no author's proposals and developments based on the results of the analysis. With uv. T.A.