Social protection and its forms. The structure of social protection of the population

The transition of Russian society to market relations, which exacerbated the social problems of broad strata of the population, required the creation and development of a new social institution - social protection population, making it the center of public opinion. The social protection system should be focused on broad strata of the population, but its real implementation in relation to various social strata and groups is differentiated: healthy, able-bodied, active members of society, it should help to get equal opportunities in the field of education, mastering a profession, inclusion in the system labor relations, entrepreneurship, and disabled and socially vulnerable groups and groups of the population (disabled, pensioners, large and single-parent families, children, etc.) - to provide a range of social services (depending on the state) at the expense of the state, to guarantee the receipt of benefits and benefits established by law, those. create the necessary conditions for life.

At present, the system of social protection of the population is taking shape as a social institution characterized by a set of social norms, principles, institutions and organizations and determining stable forms of social behavior and actions of people.

The institution of social protection can be viewed as a complex system that is being formed in society to address numerous, interrelated social problems caused by the need to help socially vulnerable groups and groups of the population. The formation and development of such an institution takes place on the basis of the emerging legislative and regulatory framework, creative use historical experience, influenced by the political, socio-economic, spiritual and moral situation in society, existing ideas about the nature and forms social assistance people. On its development as a mechanism for regulating the entire set

socio-economic, political, spiritual and moral relations in society are influenced by numerous factors: political, economic, ideological, moral and psychological, factors associated with social work as professional look activities, etc.

Political factors. The experience of countries implementing social protection of the population in the conditions of market relations testifies to the greater importance of political factors. They are associated with the strengthening of power, its social policy, its ability to influence the state of affairs in the social sphere and carry out reforms here in the interests of the individual, to ensure peace and social stability in society.

The political motives for reforming the system of social protection of the population were acutely manifested in Russian society in the early 90s. and were associated with the reforms that had begun, which turned into a systemic crisis, which led to a deterioration in the quality of life of people. There was a danger of political destabilization and social tension. At this time, political decisions are made and a system of national measures of the social protection system, primarily of its socially vulnerable strata, begins to be developed. Concept accepted social service population as a leading direction of social protection, which soon becomes an indispensable element of the state structure of the country. The network of social service institutions of various specializations is expanding. The first laws of the Russian Federation appear, regulating social relations in this area, comprehensive programs are being adopted, etc. Long-term measures are determined: reforming pension provision, social insurance, improving the training system, technologization social work and others. The political factor manifested itself in the revitalization of the activities of public associations and political parties.

The legislative and executive authorities are taking specific measures to counter many potential and real threats to which Russia's vital interests are exposed in:

overcoming poverty;

slowing down the decline in the standard of living of the population, social differentiation of society;

liquidation of various kinds of emergencies.

Among these measures are monitoring and forecasting of social processes, proactive adjustment of decisions of public authorities that can worsen the social situation, the development of social payments and social services. This should also include actions aimed at strengthening the foundations of federalism, increasing the manageability of the executive power system, developing social legislation, developing and implementing federal and regional programs, concluding agreements on the delineation of powers on social protection issues with the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, etc.

Economic forces. These factors determine the nature and specifics of the functioning of the institution of social protection: economic consequences associated with the use of certain methods of regulation of social protection; the value of the general level of consumption of the most important types of goods; modeling income from the collection of contributions considered as a form of taxation and the provision of benefits in cash and in kind.

It is important to introduce economic and market mechanisms into distribution channels and resource provision of social protection.

The growth of savings and investment in social protection makes it possible to carry out decent unemployment insurance and pension insurance, material support for disabled citizens, strengthen the material and technical base of social service institutions; reduction in fluidity work force and fixing it on

enterprises by means of social protection is a reflection of the influence of economic factors on the state and development of the social protection system.

Ideological factors. They play an important role in the formation of the institution of social protection of the population. They reflect through the system of public views and ideas the economic life of society, actively influence its development through the activities of the state, public associations, parties, groups and strata of society.

After years of dominance state system social security in the early 90s. under the influence of market changes in the economy and other spheres of society, the problem of developing and adopting a new ideology of social protection has become urgent. Reforms in our country began with an orientation towards the ideas of creating a liberal market economy and the corresponding system of social protection of the population based on property relations.

Moral and psychological factors. Throughout the history of social protection are the most important regulators of relations arising in the field of social protection of a person. Moral and psychological problems often arise and are manifested in all areas of social assistance and human support - in the interaction of a social worker and a client, in the family, in the activities of social service institutions, etc. social workers, for example, are constantly faced with problems of manifestation of social and political inequality, humiliation of human dignity, loss of human values... Therefore, the task of the institution of social protection is to contribute to the restoration of social justice, legal rights of the client, to achieve the implementation of his basic needs, respect for human values. When providing social protection, the influence of psychological factors that accompany a significant part of the social problems of clients increases - the problem of interaction between people, their influence on each other, relations between them.

Establishing interaction between people, helping them in social functioning is the sphere of interests of the institution of social protection.

Thus, the development of the system of social protection of the population is actively influenced by factors associated with its deeper impact as a mechanism for regulating the entire set of socio-economic, political, spiritual and moral relations in society.

Factors associated with social work as a professional activity. The system of social protection of the population and professional social work are closely related and interdependent. Becoming a professional activity, social work presupposes the presence of the necessary legislative and regulatory framework, developed infrastructure, trained personnel, in a word, all that can provide social protection as a social institution. The social protection system, primarily at the meso- and micro-level, is a kind of "organizational and legal field" for social work, where it fulfills its goals and objectives, implements its inherent basic functions. In turn, with the help of means of social work, the functions of social protection are implemented. The arrival of trained specialists in social work, an increase in the level of professionalism in working with clients, an increased ability to ensure interaction in activities to provide assistance and support to people with government organizations and public associations - all this increases the effectiveness of measures for social protection.

The mechanism of social protection of old people is implemented at the state (federal) and regional (local) levels. In recent odes, various non-state public structures; carries out coordination and consistency of actions.

The state level of social protection ensures the guaranteed provision of legally established pensions, services and benefits in accordance with monetary and social standards. At the regional level, taking into account local conditions and opportunities, the issues of an additional increase in the level of security in excess of the state are being resolved. At the discretion of local authorities, it is possible to establish regional standards of support, but not lower than those enshrined in legislation. A regulation was adopted on the territorial social service, which is intended to provide urgent measures aimed at temporarily supporting the life of elderly and old citizens in need of social protection.

The peculiarity of the social policy of states in modern conditions consists in shifting the center of gravity in the implementation of social protection of the elderly and old people directly to the field. Social protection for the next crisis period is a set of additional measures to provide material assistance to old people, carried out at the expense of the federal and local budgets, as well as specially created funds for social support of the population, in excess of the funds allocated by these funds, and in addition to social guarantees traditionally implemented by the system social security.

IN last years there is a significant growth of public and charitable organizations, their intensification of participation in the implementation of measures for the social protection of the population. In this regard, the issue of the third sector should be considered as a new social phenomenon in modern Russia... See Appendix No. 1

The third sector is called non-governmental, non-governmental, independent, non-profit, non-profit, charitable, voluntary sector, philanthropic, or, as these organizations are called in Western countries, “not for profit”.

Mechanism social interaction government and non-profit organizations.

Among the mechanisms of social protection of the population, the following can be distinguished: legal, organizational and administrative, financial and material and personnel.

Off-budget social funds are one of the forms of social protection of the population.

All off-budget social funds have the status of state non-commercial financial and credit institutions. Managing them (with the exception of compulsory health insurance funds) is carried out at the federal level, and regional and local offices are subordinate to the central apparatus of the funds. The structure of the management bodies of the funds usually consists of the highest collective and sole executive. Fund managers are appointed by the Government of the Russian Federation; as a rule, collegial bodies include representatives of the legislative branch and public organizations.

The property and funds of each of them are state property, are not subject to withdrawal to the budget and are in the operational management of the management bodies of the funds. The main source of income for all funds is mandatory insurance premiums employers, calculated as a percentage of the accrued wages, and citizens pay insurance contributions to the Pension Fund. Funds budgets and reports on their implementation are approved annually in the form federal law... The funds independently (on the basis of approved budgets) produce and spend funds. Funds are allowed to deposit temporarily surplus funds at the Central Bank institutions and invest in state securities... Control over the execution of the Funds' budgets is carried out by their audit commissions, formed either by the executive bodies of state power (the State Employment Fund), or by the highest collegial bodies of the funds themselves (the Pension Fund). In addition, mandatory annual audits are provided for all funds.

Pension Fund

Pension provision is a basic and most important social guarantee of the development of society, since it directly affects the interests of the disabled population (which is over 25-30% of the population), and indirectly practically the entire working population.

Pension Fund Russian Federation(PFR) is one of the largest and most significant social institutions in Russia. The volume of income received by the PFR and pension payments performed by it in 2009 amounted to more than 1.9 trillion rubles.

At the expense of the Fund, 38.5 million Russian pensioners receive pensions, including labor pensions (old age, disability, survivor), state pensions, pensions for military personnel and their families, social pensions, and civil servants' pensions. In accordance with the current legislation, the Pension Fund of Russia provides pensions to more than 90 thousand citizens living in 75 states, including 20 thousand citizens of which pensions are transferred to the place of their permanent residence in 63 states. In the system of individual (personified) accounting of the PRF, at the end of 2009, more than 129.6 million insured employees were registered, including over 38 million pensioners. The fund cooperates with 6.2 million employers - insurers. The Fund annually sends out notifications about the amount of pension rights of citizens and the obligations of the state to them.

Adopted on November 20, 1990 "On state pensions in the RSFSR", laid the foundations of the insurance system of pension provision.

The creation of the PFR has become a milestone in solving one of the most important tasks of reforming the social sphere of the Russian Federation - the transition from state pension provision to compulsory pension insurance. The FIU was established to government controlled funds of the pension system.

The Pension Fund of the Russian Federation is an independent financial and credit institution, but this independence has its own characteristics and differs significantly from the economic and financial independence of state, joint-stock, cooperative, private enterprises and organizations. The Pension Fund mobilizes and uses the fund's resources in the amount and for the purposes regulated by the state. The state also determines the level of insurance payments, decides on changes in the structure and level of monetary social benefits.

At present, the so-called accumulative pension system is used in Russia.

Under such a system, contributions accumulated in the pension system from payments by the employee and his employer are not spent on payments to today's retirees, but are accumulated, invested and generate income until the payer retires. All savings of the payer are his personal property, which ensures the payment of the pension. See Appendix No. 3

Social Insurance Fund (FSS)

The Social Insurance Fund is the second largest state non-budgetary fund in terms of accumulated funds.

The FSS was created to ensure state guarantees in the social insurance system and to increase control over the correct and efficient spending of social insurance funds.

The main tasks of the FSS are:

1.providing state-guaranteed benefits;

2. participation in the development and implementation of state programs for the protection of workers' health, measures to improve social insurance;

3. implementation of measures to ensure the financial stability of the Fund, including the creation of a reserve;

4. partial maintenance of sanatoriums - dispensaries, and various sanatoriums and health camps for children;

5.developed jointly with the Ministry of Labor and social development RF proposals on the rates of social insurance contributions.

At the expense of the Social Fund, the following is produced:

1. payment of benefits for compulsory social insurance, including payment of benefits for temporary disability ("sick leave") 4

2. providing privileged categories of citizens with a voucher for sanitary - resort treatment;

3.providing disabled people technical means and prostheses;

4. payment of benefits for pregnancy and childbirth, benefits at the birth of a child, benefits for caring for a child until the age of one and a half years;

5. payment of birth certificates;

6. surcharge (25%) for primary health care for working citizens;

7. surcharge for prophylactic medical examination of working citizens;

8.pay extra medical examinations working citizens engaged in work with harmful and dangerous factors;

9.payment (full or partial) for the children of insured citizens of the cost of travel to the sanitary - resort and health organizations, located on the territory of the Russian Federation, etc.

The budget of the Fund and the report on its implementation are approved by federal law, and the budgets of the regional and central branch offices of the Fund and reports on their implementation, after consideration by the Board of the Fund, are approved by the Chairman of the Fund.

Mandatory Health Insurance Fund (MHIF)

Compulsory health insurance (MHI) is part of state social insurance and provides all citizens of the Russian Federation with equal opportunities in obtaining medical and drug assistance provided at the expense of compulsory health insurance funds in the amount and on terms consistent with the compulsory health insurance program. ( Article 1 of the Law on Health Insurance of Citizens in the Russian Federation)

MHIF is designed to accumulate financial resources and ensuring the stability of the state compulsory health insurance system.

Compulsory health insurance is an integral part of state social insurance and provides all citizens with equal opportunities to receive medical and pharmaceutical care at the expense of compulsory health insurance funds.

The main tasks of the Federal and regional funds in the compulsory health insurance system are:

1. ensuring the implementation of the Law "On Compulsory Medical Insurance of Citizens of the Russian Federation";

2. ensuring the rights of citizens stipulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation;

3. participation in the development and implementation of state financial policy;

4. ensuring its financial stability.

The rules and regulations of social protection of the population directly depend on the regulated law and the direction of this type of support to the population.

The basis of the state social guarantee is a minimalized social standard that determines the living conditions of people.

For example, for the mother of a newborn child, some support rules are established, for an elderly person (pensioner) others.

Protection of the population is designed to determine the required minimum standard of living so that the citizens of the Russian Federation do not fall below the poverty line, to establish important for certain social groups benefits, allow some to use certain services free of charge.

The essence of social protection

Social protection itself is a system for distributing resources between vulnerable segments of the population. Insecurity is classified and defined according to some principles.

Public monetary funds are based on the source of funding from the budget.

Thus, the funds allocated to social services are generated by taxation. Social protection is:

care of the Russian Federation for people who have lost their ability to work;
implementation of guarantees for the population;
a framework to ensure that the minimum specified standard of living is maintained.

Social protection principles

Social protection of the population is created in such a way that it can be based on the following basic principles:

partnership. The state undertakes to fulfill its obligations to people on social protection, however, partnership is an integral part of this. Therefore, close cooperation between the state and private organizations is observed everywhere;
economic justice. The very structure of the state is largely based on economic relations... Without the possession of some of the resources that are obtained through the ability to work, the vital activity of citizens cannot be sustained. The state must equalize the possibilities of people, determining, on the basis of the principle of economic justice, the priorities for the distribution of funds, and each of the categories of citizens must satisfy its own established individual needs in order to maintain a comfortable life;
adaptability. Social protection should work in such a way that it gradually improves itself, for which different links of the entire system of social relations functioning in the state are responsible;
a priority state principles... The main task of the Russian Federation in the social direction is the need to help people who cannot do this on their own for objective reasons to achieve a certain standard of living that will be acceptable;
preventive measures for social protection. Determination of risk factors associated with social orientation. As a rule, it works at the regional level, has its own links of management priority, the main task of which is considered to be the most flexible combination of the provision of services on a paid or free basis to maintain normal living conditions.

Social protection authorities in the Russian Federation

The structure of the bodies responsible for the social status of citizens consists of:

state bodies (provide the legal framework, strategy and tactics of social policy);
civil communities (associations, organizations, firms and enterprises);
charitable and voluntary.

Social protection management at the federal level in Russia is handled by the Ministry of Labor.

Pension, social insurance and medical insurance funds are managed.

In the regions, the executive bodies of social protection in the Russian Federation are the Department. For questions in the districts of Moscow, you can contact the regional administration.

Social protection facilities

pensioners, including lonely ones;
invalids of the Great Patriotic War, families of the fallen soldiers;
unemployed;
Chernobyl people;
disabled people;
orphans;
large families and low-income families;
single mothers;
citizens who do not have a place of residence;
infected with HIV.

Another measure to protect the social protection of citizens is social insurance, however, this direction is considered to be auxiliary on a national scale.

It covers persons who have lost their ability to work, as well as those who support disabled citizens.

Social protection means

State funds for the creation of social protection include:

regulatory restrictions. They were created so that through the use of certain instruments it was not possible to influence the state of the vulnerable groups of the population. For this, minimum wages, levels of benefits are established, there is free medicine and free education;
social stimulants in the form of subsidies, preferential forms of assistance, services partially paid from the budget;
analysis of the results of the work carried out to maintain the average standard of living. Within these programs are being developed;
the existence of non-state pension systems, which allows people to invest funds allocated to the budget for the subsequent receipt of pensions, to contribute them to private funds on different conditions;
creation of a set of actions for the service and social protection of disabled citizens. For example, may be issued medical supplies or materials for the sick;
organization charitable foundations guiding means to maintain more high level life of different social groups.

Participants in insuring people against life difficulties that prevent them from maintaining a minimum standard of living are the state, non-state insurance funds and commercial, as well as charity organisations.

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Social protection of the population- this is one of the most important directions of the state's social policy, which consists in establishing and maintaining the socially necessary material and social status of all members of society.

Sometimes social protection is interpreted more narrowly: as providing a certain level of income for those strata of the population that, for whatever reason, cannot independently support their existence: the unemployed, disabled, sick, orphans, old people, single mothers, large families... Basic principles of social protection:

humanity;
targeting;
complexity;
ensuring the rights and freedoms of the individual.

The system of social protection of the population and its structure

Social protection system Is a complex of legislative acts, measures, as well as organizations that ensure the implementation of measures for social protection of the population, support for socially vulnerable segments of the population.

It includes:

1. Social Security- originated in Russia in the 20s of the twentieth century. and meant the creation of a state system material support and services for the elderly and disabled citizens, as well as families with children at the expense of the so-called public consumption funds. This category is essentially identical to that of social protection, but the latter applies to a market economy.

In addition to pensions (for old age, disability, etc.), social security included benefits for temporary disability and childbirth, for caring for a child under the age of one year, assistance to families in the maintenance and upbringing of children (free or on preferential terms nurseries, kindergartens, boarding schools , pioneer camps, etc.), family allowances, maintenance of the disabled in special organizations (nursing homes, etc.), free or on preferential terms, prosthetic care, provision of vehicles for disabled people, vocational training for disabled people, various benefits for families of disabled people. During the transition to the market, the social security system largely ceased to fulfill its functions, but some of its elements entered modern system social protection of the population.

2. - provision of social benefits and services to citizens without regard to labor input and means testing, based on the principle of distributing these benefits according to the needs of the available public resources. In our country, social guarantees include:

guaranteed free medical care;
general availability and free education;
the minimum wage;
minimum pension, scholarships;
social pensions (disabled since childhood; disabled children; disabled people who have no work experience; children who have lost one or both parents; persons over 65 (men) and 60 (women) years without work experience);
benefits at the birth of a child, for the period of caring for a child until he reaches the age of 1.5 years, up to 16 years;
ritual burial allowance and some others.

From January 1, 2002, the amount of benefits associated with the birth of a child has been increased. Thus, the size of the one-time childbirth benefit increased from 1.5 thousand rubles to 4.5 thousand rubles and in 2006 - to 8000 rubles, the monthly allowance for the period of parental leave until the child reaches the age of one and a half years from 200 up to 500 rubles, and in 2006 - up to 700 rubles. This allowance provided 25% of the subsistence minimum for an able-bodied person. The amount of the monthly allowance for a child under 16 has not been revised and is 70 rubles. Its ratio with the size of the child's subsistence minimum was 3.0% in 2004. In Moscow and some other regions this allowance in 2006 increased to 150 rubles.

A kind of social guarantees are social benefits. They represent a system of social guarantees provided to certain groups of the population (disabled people, war veterans, labor veterans, etc.). In 2005, benefits in kind were replaced by monetary compensations for these categories of the population. Since January 1, 2005 preferential category citizens have the right to use social package and the right to receive monthly cash payments. The cost of the social package is set at 450 rubles. It includes travel by suburban transport, free drug provision, spa treatment and travel to the place of spa treatment. The law stipulates that from January 2006 beneficiaries will be able to choose between a social package and the receipt of an appropriate amount of money.

Since January 1, 2006, monthly cash payments in accordance with the law have been established in the following amounts: Patriotic War- 2000 rubles; participants of the Second World War - 1,500 rubles; war veterans and a number of other categories of beneficiaries - 1100 rubles.

Persons who worked during the Second World War at air defense facilities, the construction of defensive structures, naval bases, airfields and other military facilities, family members of victims or deceased war invalids, WWII veterans and war veterans will receive 600 rubles a month.

Persons with disabilities with the third degree of restriction labor activity, 1400 rubles are paid monthly; second degree - 1000 rubles; first degree - 800 rubles; disabled children will be paid 1000 rubles. People with disabilities who do not have a degree of restriction to work, with the exception of disabled children, receive 500 rubles a month.

Social insurance- protection of the economically active population from social risks on the basis of collective solidarity in compensation for damage. The main social risks associated with the loss of ability to work, work and, accordingly, income, are illness, old age, unemployment, maternity, accident, industrial injury, Occupational Illness, death of the breadwinner. The social insurance system is financed from special off-budget funds formed by contributions from employers and employees, as well as state subsidies. There are two forms of social insurance - compulsory (with state support of its funds) and voluntary (in the absence of state aid). Citizens are supported primarily through cash payments (pensions and benefits for sickness, old age, unemployment, loss of a breadwinner, etc.), as well as through financing the services of healthcare organizations, vocational training, etc., related to the restoration of working capacity.

Social support(assistance) is provided to socially vulnerable groups of the population who, for one reason or another, are unable to provide themselves with income. Assistance is provided both in cash and in kind (free meals, clothing) and is funded from general tax revenues. Means testing is usually required to receive social assistance. Assistance is provided to those people whose incomes are below the minimum living standards, and advocates essential element policies to combat poverty, ensuring a minimum guaranteed income, as the realization of the right to life.

Social support is not limited to material assistance only. It also includes measures in the form of assistance and services provided to individuals or groups of the population by social services to overcome life's difficulties, maintain social status, adaptation in society.

The activities of social services for social support, the provision of social, household, medical, pedagogical, legal services and material assistance, the implementation of social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult life situations have formed into a separate branch of the social sphere - social services.

The system of social service institutions in Russia is developing at a very fast pace. For the period 1998-2004 total amount social service institutions increased by a third. At the same time, the number of institutions for the elderly and the disabled has grown by more than one and a half times compared to 1985, and by 18% compared to 1998. The number of social assistance centers for families and children in 1998-2004 increased by 2 times, social rehabilitation centers - by 2.5 times. There are 25 rehabilitation centers for young people with disabilities, 17 gerontological centers. New types of social service institutions have appeared: crisis centers for women, while the only crisis center for men, crisis departments for girls.

Work aimed at helping, supporting and protecting people, and, above all, the socially weak strata of society, is called social work.

The object of social work there are people in need of outside help: old people, pensioners, disabled people, seriously ill people, children; people caught in cha
wish life situation: unemployed, drug addicts, adolescents caught in a bad company, single-parent families, convicts and those who have served sentences, refugees and displaced persons, etc.

Subjects of social work- those organizations and people who carry out this work. This is the state as a whole, exercising social policy across government bodies social protection. This is public organizations: Russian Association of Social Services, Association of Social Educators and Social Workers, etc. These are charitable organizations and charity societies such as the Red Cross and Red Crescent.

The main subject of social work are people who are engaged in it professionally or on a voluntary basis. There are about half a million professional social workers (that is, people with an appropriate education and diploma) all over the world (in Russia there are several tens of thousands). The bulk of social work is done by non-professionals, either as a result of circumstances or because of their beliefs and a sense of duty.

Society is interested in increasing effectiveness of social work... However, it is difficult to define and measure it. Efficiency is understood as the ratio of the results of activities and the costs necessary to achieve this result. Social performance is a complex category that is made up of goals, results, costs and conditions. social activities... The result is the final result of any activity in relation to its goal. It can be positive or negative. In social work, the result is the satisfaction of the needs of its objects, clients of social services, and on this basis, an overall improvement in the social situation in society. The criteria for the effectiveness of social work at the macro level can be indicators of the financial situation of the family (person), life expectancy, the level and structure of morbidity, homelessness, drug addiction, crime, etc.

Closely related to the criterion of effectiveness is the problem of the limits of social assistance to citizens. As with the implementation of the income policy, it is necessary to consider the possible Negative consequences massive social support: the emergence of dependency, passivity, unwillingness to make decisions and solve their own problems. Negative phenomena in the social sphere may arise (for example, active support of single mothers can lead to a decrease in the marriage rate and, ultimately, fertility).

The structure of the bodies of social protection of the population consists of the following elements:

The state represented by its representative and executive bodies operating at the federal, regional and local levels. They formulate a general concept, determine the main directions of social policy, its strategy, tactics, provide a legislative and legal basis, and implement specific provisions on the ground.

Structures of the emerging civil society (public associations, organizations, enterprises, firms).

Of great importance in solving the social problems of certain categories of the population are social activities carried out within the framework of enterprises, firms; activity of political, trade union and public associations, charitable and voluntary organizations. They implement social policy within relatively narrow limits corresponding to their competence. The management of the state social protection system depends on the level at which it is implemented. Gusov, K.N. Social Security Law of Russia / K.N. Gusov M.O. Buyanova. - M .: Prospect, 2013 .-- S. 321.

For control, control is created one system executive bodies in the field of social protection, which are formed by social protection management bodies and their subordinate enterprises, institutions, organizations, territorial bodies.

An important goal in improving this system is to establish stable, orderly links between all its levels and institutions of social infrastructure that ensure its functioning.

At the federal level, the management of the social protection system is carried out by the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation.

The management of the social insurance system is carried out with the help of specialized funds: the Pension Fund, the Social Insurance Fund and the Mandatory Health Insurance Fund.

At the regional level, management is carried out by the executive authorities of the constituent entity of the federation. So, in Moscow, the functions of implementing state policy in the field of social protection of citizens are carried out by the Moscow Department of Social Protection of the Population (Regulations on the Department on the website www.dszn.ru).

The department, its subordinate enterprises, institutions, organizations, as well as territorial bodies of social protection of the population form a unified state system of social protection of the population, providing state support for families, elderly citizens, veterans and disabled people, persons dismissed from military service, and their family members, the development of the system of social services, the implementation of state policy in the field of pensions and labor relations.

At the local level, most often there is a department of social protection of the population under the district administration. Consider, for example, the management structure in the city of Mytishchi, Moscow Region:

Figure 1 shows the structure of social protection.

Figure 1. Structure of social protection

District departments of social protection of the population are territorial structural units regional ministries or departments of social protection of the population and implement the functions of social protection in relation to the population of a particular municipality.

Understanding the features organizational structure social protection bodies are necessary for a church social worker in view of the fact that he can, saving time and effort, directly contact a competent specialist to resolve a specific problem. The difficulty of studying this topic lies in the fact that each region forms the system of bodies and institutions independently and even regional body, which governs the entire social sphere, can be called completely differently, which somewhat complicates the understanding of the functions and tasks of these bodies. So, if in Moscow it is the Department of Social Protection of the Population, then in the Leningrad Region it is the Committee for Social Protection of the Population, the Ministry of Social Policy in the Sverdlovsk Region, and the Social Security Committee in the Kursk Region. Gusov, K.N. Social Security Law of Russia / K.N. Gusov M.O. Buyanova. - M .: Prospect, 2013 .-- S. 322.

Conclusion. Social protection is considered as a set of legislatively enshrined economic and legal guarantees that ensure compliance with the most important social rights citizens. This is the protection of motherhood and childhood, labor and health of citizens, the establishment minimum size wages, social protection of the disabled and the elderly, development of the system of social services, state pensions and benefits. Particular attention is paid to the organization of the work of social security bodies.

The structure of social protection is a set of legislative acts, measures, as well as organizations that ensure the implementation of measures for social protection of the population, support for socially vulnerable segments of the population http://www.grandars.ru/college/sociologiya/socialnaya-zashchita-naseleniya.html.

It includes:

1. Social Security https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0% BE% D0% B5_% D0% BE% D0% B1% D0% B5% D1% 81% D0% BF% D0% B5% D1% 87% D0% B5% D0% BD% D0% B8% D0% B5 - - originated in Russia in the 20s of the twentieth century. and meant the creation of a state system of material support and services for elderly and disabled citizens, as well as families with children at the expense of the so-called public consumption funds. This category is essentially identical to that of social protection, but the latter applies to a market economy.

In addition to pensions (for old age, disability, etc.), social security included benefits for temporary disability and childbirth, for caring for a child under the age of one year, assistance to families in the maintenance and upbringing of children (free or on preferential terms nurseries, kindergartens, boarding schools , pioneer camps, etc.), family allowances, maintenance of the disabled in special organizations (nursing homes, etc.), free or on preferential terms, prosthetic care, provision of vehicles for disabled people, vocational training for disabled people, various benefits for families of disabled people. During the transition to the market, the social security system largely ceased to fulfill its functions, but some of its elements have entered the modern system of social protection of the population.

2. Social guarantees http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/fin_enc/29544 - provision of social benefits and services to citizens without regard to labor input and means testing based on the principle of distribution of these benefits according to the needs of the available public resources. In our country, social guarantees include:

guaranteed free medical care;

general availability and free education;

the minimum wage;

minimum pension, scholarships;

social pensions (disabled since childhood; disabled children; disabled people who have no work experience; children who have lost one or both parents; persons over 65 (men) and 60 (women) years without work experience);

benefits at the birth of a child, for the period of caring for a child until he reaches the age of 1.5 years, up to 16 years;

ritual burial allowance and some others.

From January 1, 2002, the amount of benefits associated with the birth of a child has been increased. Thus, the size of the one-time childbirth allowance increased from 1.5 thousand rubles to 4.5 thousand rubles and in 2006 - to 8000 rubles, the monthly allowance for the period of parental leave until the child reaches the age of one and a half years from 200 to 500 rubles, and in 2006 - up to 700 rubles. This allowance provided 25% of the subsistence minimum for an able-bodied person. The amount of the monthly allowance for a child under 16 has not been revised and is 70 rubles. Its ratio with the size of the child's subsistence minimum was 3.0% in 2004. In Moscow and some other regions this allowance in 2006 increased to 150 rubles.

A kind of social guarantees are social benefits. They represent a system of social guarantees provided to certain groups of the population (disabled people, war veterans, labor veterans, etc.). In 2005, benefits in kind were replaced with monetary compensations for these categories of the population. Since January 1, 2005, the privileged category of citizens has the right to use the social package and the right to receive monthly cash payments http://www.grandars.ru/college/sociologiya/socialnaya-zashchita-naseleniya.html. The cost of the social package is set at 450 rubles. It includes travel by suburban transport, free drug provision, spa treatment and travel to the place of spa treatment. The law stipulates that from January 2006 beneficiaries will be able to choose between the social package and the receipt of the corresponding amount of money.

From January 1, 2006, in accordance with the law, monthly cash payments were established in the following amounts: invalids of the Great Patriotic War - 2000 rubles; participants of the Second World War - 1,500 rubles; war veterans and a number of other categories of beneficiaries - 1100 rubles.

People with disabilities who have the third degree of restriction to work are paid 1,400 rubles a month; second degree - 1000 rubles; first degree - 800 rubles; disabled children will be paid 1000 rubles. People with disabilities who do not have a degree of restriction to work, with the exception of disabled children, receive 500 rubles a month.

Social insurance is the protection of the economically active population from social risks based on collective solidarity in compensation for damage. The main social risks associated with the loss of ability to work, work and, accordingly, income, are illness, old age, unemployment, motherhood, accidents, industrial injury, occupational disease, death of the breadwinner. The social insurance system is financed from special off-budget funds formed by contributions from employers and employees, as well as state subsidies. http://www.grandars.ru/college/sociologiya/socialnaya-zashchita-naseleniya.html

There are two forms of social insurance - compulsory (with state support of its funds) and voluntary (in the absence of state aid). Citizens are supported primarily through cash payments (pensions and benefits for sickness, old age, unemployment, loss of a breadwinner, etc.), as well as through financing the services of healthcare organizations, vocational training, etc., related to the restoration of working capacity.

Social support (assistance) is provided to socially vulnerable groups of the population that are unable, for one reason or another, to provide themselves with income. Assistance is provided both in cash and in kind (free meals, clothing) and is funded from general tax revenues. Means testing is usually required to receive social assistance. Assistance is provided to those people whose incomes are below the minimum living standards, and is an essential element of the policy of fighting poverty, ensuring a minimum guaranteed income, as the realization of the right to life.

Social support is not limited to material assistance only. It also includes measures in the form of assistance and services provided to individuals or groups of the population by social services to overcome life difficulties, maintain social status, and adapt to society.

The activities of social services for social support, the provision of social, household, medical, pedagogical, legal services and material assistance, the implementation of social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult life situations has formed into a separate branch of the social sphere - social services http: // www. grandars.ru/college/sociologiya/socialnaya-zashchita-naseleniya.html.

The system of social service institutions in Russia is developing at a very fast pace. During the period 1998-2004, the total number of social service institutions increased by one third. At the same time, the number of institutions for the elderly and the disabled has grown by more than one and a half times compared to 1985, and by 18% compared to 1998. The number of social assistance centers for families and children in 1998-2004 increased by 2 times, social rehabilitation centers - by 2.5 times. There are 25 rehabilitation centers for young people with disabilities, 17 gerontological centers. New types of social service institutions have appeared: crisis centers for women, while the only crisis center for men, crisis departments for girls.

Work aimed at helping, supporting and protecting people, and, above all, the socially weak strata of society, is called social work.

The objects of social work are people in need of outside help: old people, pensioners, disabled people, seriously ill people, children; people who are in a difficult life situation: unemployed, drug addicts, adolescents who have fallen into a bad company, single-parent families, convicts and those who have served their sentences, refugees and displaced persons, etc.

The subjects of social work are those organizations and people who carry out this work. This is the state as a whole, implementing social policy through state bodies of social protection. These are public organizations: the Russian Association of Social Services, the Association of Social Educators and Social Workers, etc. These are charitable organizations and charity societies such as the Red Cross and Red Crescent.

Society is interested in improving the efficiency of social work. However, it is difficult to define and measure it. Efficiency is understood as the ratio of the results of activities and the costs necessary to achieve this result. http://www.grandars.ru/college/sociologiya/socialnaya-zashchita-naseleniya.html Efficiency in the social sphere is a complex category that consists of goals, results, costs and conditions of social activity. The result is the final result of any activity in relation to its goal. It can be positive or negative. In social work, the result is the satisfaction of the needs of its objects, clients of social services, and on this basis, an overall improvement in the social situation in society. The criteria for the effectiveness of social work at the macro level can be indicators of the financial situation of the family (person), life expectancy, the level and structure of morbidity, homelessness, drug addiction, crime, etc.

Closely related to the criterion of effectiveness is the problem of the limits of social assistance to citizens. As in the implementation of income policy, it is necessary to take into account the possible negative consequences of massive social support: the emergence of dependency, passivity, unwillingness to make decisions and solve their own problems. Negative phenomena in the social sphere may arise (for example, active support of single mothers can lead to a decrease in the marriage rate and, ultimately, fertility).

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