Introduction
Soviet rear during the Great Patriotic War
&1. Soviet society during the Second World War
& 2. Life of the Soviet rear during the Second World War
& 3. Labor Front of the Tambov Territory
&4. Selfless labor of women and children during the Second World War
&5. War and children
& 6. The contribution of my fellow countrymen to the Victory
Conclusion
List of used literature
INTRODUCTION
Patriotism does not mean
only one love for their homeland.
It's much more ...
This is the consciousness of their inalienability from the Motherland and
an inherent experience with her
her happy and unhappy days.
A.N. Tolstoy
Several decades have passed since the Victory. During this time, more than one generation has risen, for which the Great Patriotic War is a page in history. Boys who grew up without fathers are now fathers and grandfathers themselves.
It is very important in conditions of peace, prosperity, carelessness, so that everyone knows what our battle against fascism was for the people of the Earth, what efforts, courage, great sacrifices it cost the people. This is our duty to those who are no longer with us. And especially in front of those whose life is just beginning. For they are our continuation, our moral purity.
Forties, fatal ...
Spring and front-line,
where are the funeral notices
And echelon rattles.
The rolled rails hum.
Spacious. Coldly. High.
And fire victims, fire victims
They roam from west to east ...
How it was! Coincidentally -
War, trouble, dream and youth!
And it all sunk into me
And only then I woke up in me! ..
Forties, fatal,
Lead. Gunpowder ...
The war is in Russia, and we are so young!
Let's remember how it was ...
There is not a single person who has not been touched by the events of the Second World War - where no shots were heard, hunger and devastation reigned, mothers lost sons, and wives lost husbands. In the rear of the war, everyone worked for victory, the shops did not stop for a second, people did not sleep for days, only to contribute to the future victory. And probably only thanks to this selfless zeal of the Soviet people, our troops nevertheless defeated the Germans, gave a worthy rebuff.
The basis of this work is to consider the issue of the Soviet rear during the war years, as well as to demonstrate in detail all the invaluable contribution of the rear to the defeat of the fascist troops. The amazing successes of the German troops and the frightening failures of the Red Army in the first weeks of the war brought all Soviet people closer together, who understood that the fate of the Fatherland was being decided right now: with the victory of Germany, not just the Soviet power or the Stalinist regime would collapse, Russia would be destroyed. The behavior of the German troops in the occupied territories, their attitude towards the civilian population did not leave any choice - it was necessary to fight the enemy by all means and be sure to win. The general mood brought the Soviet people closer together, made them look like a single family. A new sense of personal involvement and responsibility for the fate of the country allowed people to break out of the framework set for them by the Stalinist system, which assigned them the role of "cogs", silent performers. And the authorities were forced to give an opportunity to develop the people's initiative, skillfully exploiting it. During the war, the ability of our people, developed by thousands of years of Russian experience, to endure the most severe social overloads, was clearly manifested. The war once again demonstrated the amazing "talent" of Russians: to reveal all their best qualities, abilities, and their potential precisely in extreme conditions. All these popular feelings and sentiments manifested themselves not only in the mass heroism of Soviet soldiers at the front, but also in the rear. They began to approach the results of their labor and the whole way of life with a "front yardstick". Slogans "In the rear, as at the front!", "Everything for the front, everything for victory!" have become imperatives. Lost interest and respect for work and activities that were not associated with the front, the matter of defense. The flow of volunteers continued throughout the war. Tens of thousands of women, adolescents, and elderly people stood at the machines, mastered tractors, combines, cars to replace husbands, fathers and sons who had gone to the front.
Relevance of work
Victory Day takes a special place among the celebrated holidays in our country. In history, literature and classroom lessons, students study the history of our Motherland. A lot of time is devoted to the study of material related to the Great Patriotic War. The study of the topic "Soviet rear during the Great Patriotic War" is most relevant in our time. People who live next to us, their fates, life in the pre-war and war years ... This is what is valuable. This prompted the desire to study information sources, biographies, archival materials about Soviet home front workers during the Great Patriotic War.
The scientific value of the work lies in the study and analysis of the living and working conditions of people living next to us during the war years, which will allow us to assess their contribution to the victory over fascism.
Purpose of work: to prove through the study of literature, through the memories of witnesses of the war years, that the fate of every person is a reflection of the fate of the country, that every home front worker "forged" victory.
To achieve the goal, the following tasks were set:
1. To study materials about the living conditions of workers in the rear during the war, as well as residents of the rear of the Tambov region.
2. Show how the war affected the fates of the home front workers, find out what price each of them paid, bringing Victory closer.
This work includes the following structure: content, which reflects the main sections of the work, an introduction, the main part, consisting of 6 paragraphs, a conclusion and a list of used literature.
SOVIET REARS IN THE YEARS OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR
&1. Soviet society during the Second World War
Soviet society during the war was ambiguous. The German attack radically changed the life of the Soviet people. In the first days of the war, not everyone realized the reality of the threat that had arisen: people believed in the pre-war slogans and promises of the authorities to defeat any aggressor on their own soil in a short time. However, as the enemy-occupied territory expanded, moods and expectations changed. People acutely realized that the fate of not only the Soviet regime, but also the country itself was being decided. The mass terror of the German troops, the merciless attitude towards the civilian population, more clearly than any agitation, told people that it could only be about stopping the aggressor or perishing.
We managed to feel these moods and powers. So, I.V. Stalin, speaking on the radio on July 3, 1941, talked about many things. But for decades, millions of Soviet people remembered the words of his address: "Brothers and sisters!" They not only emphasized the unity of the government and the people, but also helped even more clearly to realize each person the mortal danger hanging over the country. People have ceased to be aware of themselves only as "cogs" of the state system, demonstrating miracles of heroism, steadfastness and endurance in defending their homeland.
The initial period of the war again showed that our multinational people in an hour of mortal danger is capable of forgetting many insults and mistakes of the authorities, mobilizing their strength and showing their best qualities. These feelings and sentiments became the main prerequisites for the mass heroism of the Soviet people at the front and in the rear.
The threat of capture by the Germans of the developed industrial regions of the country dictated the need to remove the most valuable equipment. Began a grandiose in its scope evacuation to the east of factories and factories, property of collective farms and MTS, livestock. It was necessary to evacuate thousands of enterprises and millions of people in a short time, under the raids of enemy aircraft. World history has not yet known such a practice.
“Comrades! Citizens! Brothers and sisters! Soldiers of our army and navy! I appeal to you, my friends! The treacherous attack of Hitlerite Germany on our Motherland, which began on June 22, continues ... The enemy is cruel and implacable. It sets as its goal the seizure of our lands, the destruction of the national culture and national statehood of the peoples of the Soviet Union, their Germanization, transformation into slaves ... It is, thus, about the life and death of the peoples of the USSR ... It is necessary that the Soviet people understand this and cease to be carefree, so that they mobilize themselves and rebuild their work in a new, military way, subordinating everything to the interests of the front and the tasks of organizing the defeat of the enemy ... "(J.V. Stalin)
The goal of this nationwide Patriotic War is not only to eliminate the danger hanging over our country, but also to help all the peoples of Europe groaning under the yoke of German fascism. "
Stalin calls the war, which was unleashed by the Nazis, nationwide, Patriotic. Addressing the people with the words “Brothers and sisters!”, Joseph Vissarionovich speaks of a common misfortune for all that hung over the Soviet Union. The sense of the unity of the multinational people and the authorities in the hour of mortal danger made it possible to forget many of the insults and mistakes of the authorities and to mobilize all forces and show their best qualities. These feelings and sentiments became the main prerequisites for the mass heroism of the Soviet people at the front and in the rear.
& 2. Life of the Soviet rear during the Great Patriotic War.
During the war years, there was a noticeable evolution of power and society in the USSR. The government changed its emphasis, muffling communist rhetoric for a while and strengthening the patriotic education of the population.
In an effort to strengthen the anti-Hitler coalition, Stalin even went for the dissolution of the Comintern in 1943 and the "rehabilitation" of the Russian Orthodox Church. All this significantly expanded the social base of power, led to a nationwide unification. At the same time, the repressive actions of the authorities against the peoples, whose representatives collaborated with the German troops and the occupation administration, could not contribute to the achievement of this goal.
Soviet society also changed during the war. In the first days of the war, educated on pre-war propaganda of a quick victory "with little blood on foreign territory", the population expected a swift advance of the Red Army and the defeat of the Germans. The defeats of the Red Army in the first months of the war shocked millions. For many, the old sentiments were replaced by panic, and for some - by the desire to cooperate with a stronger enemy. For the majority of Soviet people and for the country's authorities, the leitmotif of behavior these days was the desire to mobilize all efforts and resources to defeat the enemy.
The war has created a mortal threat to our entire people and to each person individually. It caused a huge moral and political upsurge, enthusiasm and personal interest of the majority of people in the victory over the enemy and the quickest end of the war. This became the basis of mass heroism at the front and labor feat in the rear.
The former labor regime has changed in the country. From June 26, 1941, mandatory overtime work was introduced for workers and employees, the working day for adults increased to 11 hours with a six-day working week, holidays were canceled. Although these measures made it possible to increase the load of production capacities by about one third without increasing the number of workers and employees, the shortage of labor was still growing. The production involved office workers, housewives, students. The sanctions for violators of labor discipline were tightened. Unauthorized departure from enterprises was punishable by a term of imprisonment from five to eight years.
In the first weeks and months of the war, the economic situation in the country deteriorated sharply. The enemy occupied many of the most important industrial and agricultural areas, inflicting incalculable damage to the national economy. The most difficult were the last two months of 1941. If in the third quarter of 1941, 6600 aircraft were produced, then in the fourth - only 3177. In November, the volume of industrial production decreased 2.1 times. The supply to the front of some types of the most necessary military equipment, weapons, and especially ammunition has decreased. It is difficult to measure the entire magnitude of the feat accomplished by the peasantry during the war years. A significant part of men left the villages for the front (their proportion among the rural population decreased from 21% in 1939 to 8.3% in 1945). Women, adolescents and old people have become the main productive force in the countryside.
Even in the leading grain regions, the volume of work carried out with the help of a live draft in the spring of 1942 amounted to more than 50%. We plowed on cows. The share of manual labor has increased unusually - the sowing was carried out half by hand.
State procurements rose to 44% of the gross harvest for grain, 32% for potatoes. Deductions in favor of the state increased at the expense of consumption funds, which were decreasing from year to year.
During the war, the country's population lent to the state more than 100 billion rubles and purchased lottery tickets for 13 billion. In addition, 24 billion rubles went to the defense fund. The share of the peasantry was at least 70 billion rubles. The personal consumption of the peasants fell sharply. In rural areas, food ration cards were not introduced. Bread and other foodstuffs were sold on lists. But this form of distribution was not used everywhere due to a shortage of products. There was a maximum annual rate of delivery of industrial goods per person: cotton fabrics - 6 m, woolen fabrics - 3 m, shoes - one pair. Since the demand of the population for footwear was not satisfied, since 1943 the production of bast shoes has become widespread. In 1944 alone, 740 million pairs were produced. In 1941-1945. 70-76% of collective farms gave no more than 1 kg of grain per workday, 40-45% of farms - up to 1 ruble; 3-4% of collective farms did not give grain to peasants at all, 25-31% of farms did not give money. “The peasant received from collective farm production only 20 grams of grain and 100 grams of potatoes per day - this is a glass of grain and one potato. It often happened that by May - June there was not even a potato left. Then beet leaves, nettles, quinoa, sorrel were used for food. "
The intensification of the labor activity of the peasantry was facilitated by the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of April 13, 1942 "On increasing the mandatory minimum of workdays for collective farmers." Each member of the collective farm had to work at least 100-150 workdays. For the first time, a mandatory minimum was introduced for adolescents, who were given work books. Collective farmers who had not worked out the established minimum were considered to have left the collective farm and were deprived of their personal plot. For not working days, able-bodied collective farmers could be brought to trial and punished with corrective labor in the collective farms themselves for up to 6 months.
In 1943, 13% of able-bodied collective farmers did not work out a minimum of workdays, in 1944 - 11%. Excluded from collective farms - 8% and 3%, respectively. In the fall of 1941, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) adopted a resolution on the creation of political departments at the MTS and state farms. Their task was to improve discipline and organization of labor, recruit and train new personnel, ensure the timely implementation of agricultural work plans by collective farms, state farms and MTS. Despite all the difficulties, agriculture provided the Red Army and the population with food, and industry - with raw materials. Speaking about labor achievements and mass heroism shown in the rear, one should not forget that the war undermined the health of millions of people. In material terms, the people lived in a very difficult way. Poorly organized living conditions, malnutrition, lack of medical care have become the norm.
The share of the consumption fund in the national income in 1942 was 56%, in 1943 - 49%. State revenues in 1942 - 165 billion rubles, expenditures - 183, including for defense - 108, for the national economy - 32, for social and cultural development - 30 billion rubles. With unchanged pre-war wages, market and state prices (rubles per 1 kg) became as follows: flour 80 and 2.4, respectively; beef - 155 and 12; milk - 44 and 2. Without taking special measures to improve the supply of food to the population, the authorities intensified their punitive policy.
In January 1943, a special GKO directive suggested that even a food parcel, the exchange of clothes for bread, sugar, matches, the purchase of flour, etc., was considered as economic sabotage. Again, as in the late 1920s, the 107th article of the Criminal Code (speculation). A wave of falsified cases swept across the country, driving additional labor to the camps.
For example. In Omsk, the court sentenced MF Rogozhin to five years in camps "for creating food supplies" in the form of ... a sack of flour, several kilograms of butter and honey (August 1941). In the Chita region, at the market, two women exchanged tobacco for bread. Received five years each (1942) In the Poltava region, a soldier's widow, together with her neighbors, gathered half a bag of frozen beetroots on an abandoned collective farm field. She was punished by two years in prison. Due to the cancellation of vacations, the introduction of mandatory overtime work and an increase in the working day to 12-14 hours. Despite the fact that since the summer of 1941 the people's commissars received even more rights to use the labor force, more than three-quarters of this “force” consisted of women, adolescents and children. Adult men had a hundred percent or more. And what could a 13-year-old boy "do", under whom they put a box so that he could reach the machine? ..
The supply of the urban population was carried out by cards. They were introduced earlier than all in Moscow (July 17, 1941) and the next day in Leningrad.
The rationing then gradually spread to other cities. The average supply rate for workers was 600 g of bread per day, 1800 g of meat, 400 g of fat, 1800 g of cereals and pasta, 600 g of sugar per month (for gross violations of labor discipline, the rate of distribution of bread decreased). The minimum supply for dependents was 400, 500, 200, 600 and 400, respectively, but it was not always possible to provide the population with food, even according to the established standards.
In a critical environment; as it was in the winter - in the spring of 1942 in Leningrad, the minimum bread supply rate dropped to 125, thousands of people died of hunger.
& 3. Labor Front of the Tambov Territory.
The German attack radically changed the life of the Soviet people. In the first days of the war, not everyone realized the reality of the threat that had arisen: people believed in the pre-war slogans and promises of the authorities to defeat any aggressor on their own soil in a short time. However, as the enemy-occupied territory expanded, moods and expectations changed. People acutely realized that the fate of not only the Soviet regime, but also the country itself was being decided. Mass terror on the part of German troops, cruelty, merciless attitude towards the civilian population, more clearly than any agitation, told people that it could only be about stopping the aggressor or perishing.
June 22 ... When you look at a sheet of calendar with this number, you involuntarily recall the distant 1941, perhaps the most tragic, but also the most heroic not only in the Soviet, but also in the centuries-old history of our Fatherland. Blood and pain, the bitterness of losses and defeats, the death of relatives and people, heroic resistance and sorrowful captivity, selfless work to the point of exhaustion in the rear and, finally, the first victory over a terrible enemy - all this was in 1941. Difficult years 1941-1945 All people, both old and young, stood up to defend their homeland.
In all corners of our country there was a restructuring of the economy on a war footing, everywhere they sought and mobilized funds and resources to provide assistance to the front. The Tambov Territory also gathered strength ...
During the war, the workers of the whole country and also our Tambov Territory faced more and more new tasks that required additional efforts and material resources: providing assistance to the regions liberated from the occupation, taking care of the families of front-line soldiers, about children left without parents, collecting money and things to the country's defense fund, heroic labor in factories, fields of the region.
The Soviet people understood very well that the front needed enormous human and material resources. Therefore, everyone tried to work for two, regardless of any difficulties. The initiative and creativity of workers and engineering and technical workers were aimed at improving production and technological processes, increasing production with minimal labor, materials and money.
During the war, the workers of the Tambov Territory donated more than 18 million rubles to the fund for helping families of front-line soldiers and war invalids; 101.5 thousand pairs of shoes; 142 thousand sets of clothes; more than 590 thousand poods of food; collected hundreds of thousands of rubles for the construction of tank columns and air squadrons; sent to the front 253 wagons with gifts. In addition, the patriotic initiative of the Tambov peasantry to collect personal labor savings for the construction of military equipment for the Red Army went down in the history of the Great Patriotic War as an outstanding feat.
The origins of this movement should be sought in the centuries-old Russian history. It is no coincidence that the initiative to massively raise funds for armaments arose on the Tambov land. In archival documents, we find a large number of examples testifying to the patriotic mood of our fellow countrymen, who came up with many initiatives to provide comprehensive assistance to the front.
All categories of the population equally actively participated in fundraising: men and women, old people and young people. Everyone contributed as much as they could.
In total, over the years of the war, the defense fund from the Tambov region received about 214,472,680 rubles. As of January 25, 1943, the Tambov regional office of the USSR State Bank for the construction of air squadrons received 49,085,000 rubles from the regions of the region, from the cities of Tambov, Michurinsk, Morshansk, Kotovsk for the construction of air squadrons, 1,230,000 rubles, for the construction of armored trains 1950000 rubles (including from Tambov - 610 thousand, Michurinsk - 630 thousand, Morshansk - 645 thousand, Kotovsk - 70 thousand). The largest amount of funds came from the Izberdeevsky district - 2,918,000 rubles, Michurinsky - 2,328,000 rubles, Tokarevsky - 2002,000 rubles, Staroyuryevsky - 1,897,000 rubles, Rzhaksinsky - 1,883,000 rubles, Rakshinsky - 1,797,000 rubles.
The patriotic initiative of the Tambov collective farmers grew into an all-Union mass movement to collect personal savings of citizens for the Red Army fund. On April 6, 1943, a message "From the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR" was published in Tambovskaya Pravda. The message said that the patriotic initiative of collective farmers and collective farmers in the Tambov region caused a wide response among the masses of the population of our country.
&4. Selfless labor of women and children during the war.
"War is a man's business ...". However, in the twentieth century, the participation of women in war, and not only as medical personnel, but also with weapons in hand, becomes a reality. This phenomenon became especially widespread during the Second World War. They were ready for a feat, but they were not ready for the army, and what they had to face in the war was a surprise to them. It is always difficult for a civilian to reorganize "in a military manner", especially for a woman. Army discipline, a soldier's uniform many sizes larger, a male environment, heavy physical exertion - all this was a difficult test. But this was precisely that "everyday materiality of the war, which they did not suspect when they asked to go to the front." Then there was the front itself - with death and blood, with every minute danger and "always haunting, but hidden fear." Speaking about the heroic deeds of the people during the war years, I would like to say about the feats of labor of women. In the first days of the war, overcoming enormous difficulties, they replaced their husbands, fathers and brothers, mastered their specialties. Their work is inscribed in golden letters in the heroic chronicle of the history of our Motherland.
In those difficult, difficult years, regular vacations were canceled, overtime work became mandatory, military discipline was introduced in transport, and the minimum of workdays was increased on collective farms.
Women, the most fragile creatures on earth, stood up to defend their homeland, their children and their future. They had to do overwhelming work during the war years.
From the memoirs of Klavdia Mikhailovna Semyonova, a native of the village of Lavrovo, Mordovian region: “It was hard during the war years: there were not enough horses on the collective farm, they plowed and sowed on bulls and cows. And bulls, as you know, are very wayward animals, so it was not easy for women and children to handle them. All work was done by hand. Cereal crops were tied in sheaves, which were laid in the sacrum, and then taken to the stacks and laid there. They also threshed by hand. And this is very hard work. Since there was not enough seeds on the collective farm, the women walked for them sixteen kilometers and brought fifteen kilograms of grain each. They realized that they had to sow at least some for the next harvest. Mother worked as a groom on the collective farm - she cleaned the horses remaining on the collective farm. And what if there are no men left in the village? .. "
Women also mastered such professions that were previously only possible for men: in 1939, in the metal-working industry alone, about 50 thousand women worked as turners, 40 thousand as locksmiths, 24 thousand as milling cutters, and 14 thousand as toolmakers.
Soviet women also occupied a prominent place in the ranks of the intelligentsia. In 1934, women accounted for 10% of the engineering and technical personnel of the USSR industry, and in the chemical industry they accounted for 22.5%. In the garment industry, they made up 1/4 of the engineers and technicians. From the memoirs of Nina Mikhailovna Rogova (Michurinsky District): “From a young age I fully learned all the hardships of peasant labor. After graduating from seven classes in 1941, she began working on a collective farm. During the war they plowed on oxen, sowed, weeded millet and beets, mowed, knitted sheaves, threshed, blew ... "
& 5. War and children ...
The youngest citizens of our country - pioneers and schoolchildren - worked alongside the older brothers and sisters; they were sent to where the elders needed help.
War and children ... It is difficult to imagine something more incompatible. What heart does not burn the memory of the fiery years, which became a severe test for millions of Soviet children, who are now over sixty! The war interrupted their sonorous songs at once. Black lightning swept through the pioneer camps, dachas, courtyards and outskirts - everywhere the sunny morning of June 22, foreshadowing a new joyful day of summer holidays, was darkened by an alarming mountain: "War!"
Fathers and older brothers went to the front. The boys were also eager to fight, besieging the military registration and enlistment offices. There was no trace of peaceful, familiar worries. Plants, factories, collective farms and all institutions were urgently reorganized. “Everything for the front! Everything for the victory! " - this wartime slogan demanded tremendous work, full dedication of strength from everyone.
Over 200 thousand pioneers and schoolchildren of the region took an active part in the tense struggle for bread of the first war year. High school students worked out about a million workdays together with their teachers. In those difficult days, collective and state farms owed much to young patriots - schoolchildren.
Maria Anisimovna Alekhina was only ten years old when the war began. She recalls how hard and in great detail the schoolchildren worked in the field - they collected spikelets, threshed grain, weeded, knitted sheaves.
Anna Andreevna Talyzina met the war at the age of thirteen. Her family lived at that time in Michurinsk. Father was called to the front, and five girls remained at home with their mother, among whom Anya was the oldest, and the smallest of the sisters was only a few months old. Despite the child's age, Anya and her peers were given quite adult labor in terms of both severity and standards. In addition to field work, they were engaged in the preparation of feed for the cow, which in wartime was the only and invaluable breadwinner of the family. Therefore, in the head of a responsible and until the time of the matured girl, there was not even a thought about how to somehow evade or resist the daily routine work. She meekly tossed onto her back huge sacks of grass and hay, because of which she was barely visible.
The cares of the labor front fell on the children's shoulders as a heavy burden. And truly "Gulliver's" were the production rates in the fields where boys and girls worked. Thousands of hectares of mown grain, thousands of bundled sheaves, thousands of threshed grain ...
Thousands ... The language of numbers is laconic and dispassionate. But it is the figures that most convincingly tell how much was done by the young school army in a difficult year for the Motherland. In 1942, the pioneers and schoolchildren of the region again rendered great assistance in harvesting. 193 thousand students were employed in agricultural work. Together with the teachers, they worked out about two million workdays, earned 800 thousand rubles.
Children of war. They were all native to the front. The children of the war believed in victory and, as best they could, brought it closer. The homeland, losing in a mortal battle with the enemy of their fathers, believed in a bright, happy future for its young generation.
& 6. The contribution of my fellow countrymen to the victory.
Michurinsk was also involved in the war. These were difficult, hard years of exhausting work, waiting. All the men went to the front. In the mornings, getting stuck in the snowdrifts, people hurried to work, only in the evening were trampled paths-trenches, which were again covered with snow during the night. Veterans of that time unanimously note the unprecedented labor enthusiasm, reliability, high responsibility of people for the task entrusted to them.
There are people in our city who, during the Great Patriotic War, defended our Motherland from enemies and worked in the rear. At different ages, they met and experienced the war. I would like to tell you about such of them, my fellow countrymen, Popov Valery Ivanovich and Kretinin Nikolai Vasilievich.
Our people have shown heroism and steadfastness, overcame all the sorrows and hardships of the war years. The victory went to the people at a high price ... We will never forget the victims, their memory is sacred. And we endlessly thank the veterans of the Great Patriotic War. It was they who, risking their lives, mercilessly defeated the fascists. Glory to those who worked in the rear, bringing the hour of Victory closer. In these ranks were employees of our college.
Popov Valery Ivanovich, was born on September 28, 1931 in the city of Tambov in the family of an employee. In 1940 he entered the first grade of the Krasnooktyabrsk elementary school of the Khobotovsky district of the Tambov region, from which he graduated in 1944. In the same year he entered the railway school No. 47 in the 5th grade, where in 1947 he graduated from the 7th grade. In 1948 he entered the Michurinsky technical school of the food industry at the department of agricultural mechanization, in 1951 he graduated from it and received the specialty of mechanical engineering. In the direction he began to work in the state farm "Agronom" of the Krasnodar Territory as a foreman of a tractor brigade. He worked as a local mechanic in the Khobotovskaya MTS. In 1952 he was drafted into the ranks of the Soviet army, where he graduated from the school for reserve officers, he was awarded the rank of junior technician-lieutenant. In 1954 the reserve was dismissed. Upon arrival home, he went to work at the Hobotovskaya MTS as a traveling mechanic, then he was transferred as an engineer for agricultural machines, an engineer for labor rationing. In 1959, after the reorganization of MTS, he was transferred to Michurinsk RTS as an engineer for Rostekhnadzor. In 1965 he went to work at the Lenin plant in the laboratory as an engineer. In 1968 he retired from the plant and went to work at SPTU-3 as a teacher, then deputy director for educational and productive work. Since 1995 he has been working at the Industrial and Technological College as a master of industrial training. At the moment he is retired and works as a mechanic - toolmaker. Has the title of "Veteran of Labor", was awarded with jubilee medals "60 years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945."
From the memoirs of Valery Ivanovich: “... The war found in the collective farm“ Krasny Oktyabr ”of the Khobotovsky region, saw how it was bombed, dug trenches. In 1943 he helped my mother to fulfill the quota of working out the task of weeding agricultural crops from weeds, and also during the harvesting of grain crops he collected and laid sheaves in heaps ... "
Nikolai Kretinin was born on December 14, 1928 in the village of Zhidilovka, Khobotovsky District, Tambov Region, into a peasant family. From the age of 8 he went to school. From 1943 to 1946 helped his elderly parents with housework. In 1950 he began working in the city of Michurinsk, at Rosselstroy, where he worked until 1953. In 1954 he entered our college, where he still works. In 1944 and 1945 he worked in agricultural work: he harrowed the land, grazed cows, pigs, horses, brought up from the field for threshing, and took the matings from the threshing machine for stacking during threshing. To feed himself, he collected spikelets, quinoa, potatoes.
From the memoirs of Nikolai Vasilyevich: “... The war caught me at school in the lower grades. I remember the appeal to the people by I.V. Stalin on the attack of Nazi Germany on the Soviet Union. Began a solid call for men and women to go to the front to defend the Motherland. Only old men and women with children remained. There was a slogan: “Everything for the front! Everything for Victory! " There was not a single family that did not take part in the hostilities. As time went on, the harvest was approaching. The whole burden fell on women, old people and children. We, the pupils of the elementary grades, were directly involved in the harvest. They collected spikelets after harvesting with a combine, sorted, dried the grain, cleaned it in storage, harvested potatoes, worked all the holidays, including September. It was a hard time, they did not pay money for the work, but wrote the workdays for which the grain was issued, but, as a rule, there was not enough of it until the new year. I remember how women came from neighboring villages - they were hired to dig a vegetable garden because they would find frozen potatoes there. Most of the people lived from hand to mouth. I remember I was in the 6th grade when I made a grain mill with a capacity of 3 buckets per hour. For the operation of the mill they were given a jar of flour, about 2-3 kg. When I was in the 7th grade, I took courses in tractor drivers. After finishing the 7th grade, he worked on a tractor - plowing the land. Instead of a solar engine, a bunker was installed on the tractor, which was fired with wood and small blocks ... "
Thus, we can say that the residents of Tambov showed true heroism during the Great Patriotic War, both on the battlefield and in the rear. The contribution of the Tambov region to ensuring the Victory over the fascist invaders is enormous. The feat of our fellow countrymen will not be erased in our memory. And not only because in every family there is someone who won the Victory with his sweat and his blood.
CONCLUSION
The Soviet rear was solid and solid throughout the war. He provided the Armed Forces with everything necessary for the complete defeat of the German aggressor and the conquest of the great Victory.
The Motherland highly appreciated the deeds of the home front workers: 199 of them were awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, more than 204 thousand were awarded orders and medals. The specially established medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945" was awarded to 16 million workers, collective farmers, and representatives of the intelligentsia.
On May 9, 1945, the Soviet people celebrated their great Victory over Nazi Germany with a general triumph.
Immediately after the end of the war, tens of thousands of workers in industry, agriculture, and culture of the region were awarded a commemorative medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945."
The Great Patriotic War lasted 1418 days and nights - a fierce battle between the Soviet people and the worst enemy of mankind - German fascism. The Soviet people did their best to save the Motherland and its independence and achieved Victory. But this Victory was won at the cost of huge sacrifices.
How many mothers did not wait for their sons! How many wives did not wait for their husbands! How many orphans are left on our Earth! .. That was a difficult time for our Motherland.
The path to Victory was hard and long. She got it at the cost of huge sacrifices and material losses. In the name of Victory, 20 million of our compatriots died. The Soviet people displayed massive heroism at the front and in the rear.
I realized that the consequences of the war extend far in time, they live in families and their traditions, in the memory of our fathers, mothers, they pass to children and grandchildren, they are in their memories. War lives on in the memory of the entire people.
The world must not forget the horrors of war, devastation, suffering and death of millions. It would be a crime against the future. We must remember about the war, about the heroism and courage of our people. Fighting for peace is the duty of those living on earth, therefore one of the most important topics of our time is the theme of the feat of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War. Those who fought for the independence of the country, for happiness and peace on earth, the memory of you will be eternal.
Our generation knows about the war mainly from the lessons of history and literature. There are fewer and fewer veterans of the Great Patriotic War and home front workers. We respect these people, their past and present, adore them. We have a lot to learn from them.
I wanted to tell my peers about how love for the Motherland manifested itself, how hard the home front workers were endured in those distant war years, the best qualities of a person: patriotism, a sense of duty, responsibility, selflessness.
As a result of my work, I came to the following conclusions:
1. Workers of the rear of the Tambov region made a significant contribution to the victory over fascism.
2. Most of them are women, old people and children from the age of 10.
3. Their selfless work is an excellent example for young people.
4. A terrible price was paid by the home front workers, like the entire people, for the victory in the Great Patriotic War.
5. The memory of the heroes of the war and selfless workers of the home front is immortal.
6. The duty of my generation is to do everything for the prosperity of our beloved land, dear motherland.
The victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War was of world-historical significance. The socialist gains were defended. The Soviet people made a decisive contribution to the defeat of Hitlerite Germany. The whole country fought - the front fought, the rear fought, which fully fulfilled their task. The victory of the USSR in the war against fascism was a convincing demonstration of the possibilities of a planned socialist national economy. Its regulation ensured the maximum mobilization and the most rational use of all types of resources in the interests of the front. These advantages were multiplied by the unity of political and economic interests that existed in society, high consciousness and patriotism.
The road to victory was hard and long. She got it at the cost of huge sacrifices and material losses. In the name of victory, 20 million of our compatriots died. The Soviet people displayed massive heroism at the front and in the rear. The contribution of the home front workers to the victory was also significant, as evidenced by archival materials and chronicles.
List of used literature
Belov, P. Issues of Economics and Modern War. M. 1991. p. 20.
Werth, N. History of the Soviet State. 1900-1991. M., 1992
Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 / Ed. Kiryana M.I. M., 1990
The Great Patriotic War. Developments. People. The documents. Brief historical reference. Moscow: 1990
Public electronic bank of documents "The Feat of the People in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"]
Russia and the world., M .: "Vlados", 1994, Vol.2
Internet resources:
http://www.literary.ru/literary.ru.
http://shkola.lv/index.php?mode=lsntheme&themeid=166&subid=61
TOPIC 12. GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR
Lesson 2. Results and lessons of the Great Patriotic War
1. Soviet rear during the war
2. Cooperation within the framework of the anti-Hitler coalition
3. Results of the Second World War and Great Patriotic War
- Soviet rear during the war
Military-economic potential of the state during the war is one of the main sources of victory. Experience shows that the victory will most often go to the one whose economy is stronger.The events of the Second World War have confirmed this conclusion. As of June 22, 1941, the Soviet Union possessed a colossal amount of modern weapons and military equipment: 25,784 tanks, 24,488 aircraft, 117,581 guns and mortars, 7.74 million rifles and carbines. No other state could boast of such a military potential. The supply agencies of the Red Army and the Navy in relation to the real average annual consumption during the war years at the same time had reserves: for artillery ammunition from 63 to 294%, for rifle cartridges - about 280 and hand grenades - more than 122%, for motor gasoline and diesel fuel - almost half, for the main nomenclatures of clothing - from 90 to 150%; food and fodder - for 3-4 months 6.
but a major mistake was made in the placement of mobilization reserves- up to 40% of weapons, military equipment and materiel intended to ensure the mobilization of troops and the conduct of hostilities were deployed on the territory of the western military districts. The mistakes made by the country's leadership cost the Soviet people dearly. By the end of the summer-autumn campaign of 1941, the Soviet troops, having suffered heavy losses in manpower and equipment, retreated into the depths of the country up to 850 - 1200 km with heavy battles. About 40% of the country's population lived in the territory occupied by November 1941, before the war, 33% of the gross output of all industry was produced (68% of cast iron, 58% of steel, 60% of aluminum), 38% of grain, 84% of sugar, 53 % of flax, 60% of the pig population and 38% of the cattle population were raised. Up to 41% of the length of the USSR railways was located in the occupied territory. By this time, the gross industrial output of the USSR fell to 47.6% in relation to the pre-war level. The output of military products in November 1941 was the smallest for the entire period of the war.
By the end of the year, 2100 tanks, 2100 aircraft, about 12.8 thousand guns and mortars, 2.24 million rifles and carbines remained in service with the Red Army. The situation was aggravated by the fact that it was extremely difficult to make up for the losses due to the peculiarities of the territorial location of military factories: in the summer of 1941, over 80% of the total number of defense industry enterprises, including 94% of aircraft factories, all factories for the production of tanks, were in the combat zone or in the front-line areas. Plans for expanding military production in the east of the country by the beginning of the war remained unfulfilled (only 18.5% of military products were produced).
In the current situation, the State Defense Committee, the Council of People's Commissars and the financial bodies of the state, after a thorough analysis of the current situation, energetically carried out a number of urgent measures that could only be carried out under the conditions of the existing economic model in the USSR. The same France admitted defeat, mainly under the pressure of the leaders of the monopolies, without exhausting its capabilities to resist. As a result, more than 80% of the enterprises of the French aircraft industry worked for the Reich.
The following measures were taken:
- production capacities in industry were rebuilt for the needs of the war, and raw materials were redistributed in favor of the war industry;
- the cost of social and cultural goals decreased;
- incomes to the budget from the population in the form of taxes, as well as voluntary contributions and loans increased (the total amount of receipts amounted to more than 26.4 percent of the state budget revenues);
- commercial trade was introduced with increased prices for some goods, from which the state received 1.6 billion rubles during the war. additional income, while the prices of goods issued by cards remained unchanged.
The redeployment of industrial enterprises and material assets from the front line to the eastern regions is, in itself, a unique operation and no less heroic page in the history of our country than the struggle of soldiers at the fronts. During the evacuation, the equipment of factories and factories, agricultural machinery, cultural and artistic monuments, scientific institutions, many military bases and warehouses were removed - everything that could be disassembled and loaded into wagons. The scale of transportation was enormous. World practice has no analogues of such a large-scale work.
On June 24, 1941, the Evacuation Council was established. By the end of June, he managed to give an organized character to the evacuation of the civilian population and material assets. In July-November 1941, 1523 industrial enterprises, in whole or in part, were evacuated to the east, including 1360 large factories and factories, mainly military, and by the spring of 1942 - 2593 enterprises. In addition, 25 million people were evacuated. The transport worked with the greatest stress. In the five months of the war alone, 1.5 million wagons, or 30 thousand trains, passed by rail.
Losses of raw materials, materials, food replenished mainly due to the rigid centralized use of state reserves.
The most critical months in the state of the war economy were November and December 1941. Due to military losses and the evacuation of thousands of enterprises, the gross industrial output from June to November decreased by 2.1 times. At the same time, Germany was increasing its military production. Thus, the production of automatic types of small arms increased by 1.5-2.5 times, guns - more than 3 times, tanks - 1.7 times, aircraft - 1.3 times. If the Soviet Union relied only on its own capabilities, the German leadership actively used the resources of the captured, allied and neutral countries. The forced labor of foreign workers, prisoners of war and concentration camp prisoners became an important part of the German economy. Only Soviet citizens, not counting the prisoners, were taken out to Europe more than 5 million people.
In 1941, the United States had just begun to transfer the economy to a war footing. It took place in favorable conditions: a significant distance from the main theaters of military operations, the presence of significant reserves of raw materials, large resources of industrial enterprises and labor (only unemployed 9.5 million people).
Great Britain mainly used the material resources and products of the countries that were part of the British Empire and the United States. Almost half of its own military production went only to meet the needs of the Air Force.
Despite the enormous difficulties, the relocation of production facilities to the east went smoothly on the whole and in accordance with the target dates. Thus, the People's Commissariat of the Aviation Industry removed 118 factories, or 85% of its capacities, the People's Commissariat for Armaments - 31 out of 32 enterprises. 9 main factories of the tank industry were dismantled, two-thirds of the production capacities for the production of gunpowder were evacuated. And all this happened at a time when the front constantly demanded more and more weapons and ammunition. Therefore, the dismantling of enterprises, especially military ones, was carried out in such a way as to continue production in the old place as long as possible, while simultaneously transporting equipment and people to a new one.
In an unprecedentedly short time (on average, after one and a half to two months), the evacuated enterprises went into operation and began to provide the products necessary for the front. Everything that could not be saved from the enemy was mostly destroyed or disabled. Relocation and restoration of industrial enterprises in difficult conditions of war -the greatest achievement of the Soviet economy.
However, the movement of industry to the east is only one, albeit very important, link in the restructuring of all spheres of the national economy to serve the war. From the very first days, thousands of civilian factories switched to the production of products for the needs of the army. In different industries and at individual enterprises, the conditions for the transition to military production were not the same. Everything depended on the design features of military products. So, tractor automobile factories relatively easily mastered the production of tanks. The Gorky Automobile Plant began to produce light tanks. Chelyabinsk became the largest center for the production of tanks, where a diversified tank production association was formed. The people quite rightly called it Tankograd. Another powerful center of Soviet tank building was located in Nizhny Tagil, where the largest number of T-34 tanks was produced during the entire war. The growth in aircraft production was primarily due to the restoration of the exported and accelerated construction of new aircraft factories. Agricultural engineering plants became the basis for the mass production of mortars.
As a result of the measures taken, by the middle of 1942, the country's economy was transferred to a war footing. The production of aircraft, tanks, artillery pieces, small arms, ammunition, all kinds of gunpowders, etc. has increased significantly. The gross output of all industries increased by more than 1.5 times, and the total number of enterprises producing military products exceeded the pre-war figure by 2.8 times. In 1942, the following were produced for the front: 25,432 aircraft, 24,668 tanks, 29,561 artillery pieces, 3,237 rocket launchers, 229,645 mortars, more than 5.5 million small arms, which is significantly more than in Germany. At the same time, the new military equipment was not only not inferior in quality to the German one, but also surpassed it in a number of indicators.
The appearance on a massive scale of new, more advanced military equipment predetermined a change in the forms and methods of armed struggle, the structure of the Armed Forces. Having at its disposal the necessary amount of weapons, military and other equipment, ammunition and fuel, the military command by the end of 1942 was able to re-equip the active army and create large strategic reserves. By this time, the enemy troops had lost their superiority in manpower and equipment.
Front and rear lived, fought and worked under a single slogan: “Everything for the front! Everything for the victory! " For the economy of the state, the patriotic movement developed in the country to create a defense fund was of great importance. The population of the country voluntarily donated to the defense fund part of the money they earned, their personal savings, bonds, lottery tickets, jewelry, items made of silver, gold, and platinum. From all over the country, parcels were sent to the front with warm clothes and food for the soldiers of the active army, as well as for the wounded in hospitals. Tens of thousands of women, students and schoolchildren provided assistance to hospitals, many of them were on duty around the clock near the seriously wounded. During the first 18 months of the war alone, the defense fund received 10.5 billion rubles in cash. The massive supply of warm clothes and shoes to the front helped to successfully solve the problem of providing troops with them in the harsh winter of 1941. In the three autumn months of 1941 alone, more than 15 million pieces of various warm clothes were collected; these items could be used to dress and shoe 2 million soldiers. No other army in the world has known such a huge material support of the people.
After overcoming the crisis and restoring industry, the Soviet state continued to build up its military-economic potential. From the second half of 1942, the main thing in production was to improve work efficiency, improve the organization of production, reduce labor costs and production costs. At the same time, the organization of military production was being improved.
Scientists played the most important role in this. For the needs of the front, the work of research institutions, industrial people's commissariats and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was reorganized. Scientists and designers created new models of weapons, improved and modernized the available military equipment, and quickly introduced all technical innovations into production. Optics, radio electronics, radar and other areas of science and technology developed rapidly. It is noteworthy that the rates of introduction of new technical developments into production achieved during the war have not been surpassed to this day.
Innovations in production technology, many of which were unique, brought significant economic benefits. In tank building, for example, the cost of tanks in 1945 decreased 2.6 - 3 times. More than 14 thousand T-34 tanks were manufactured using the funds received from reducing costs in just two years of the war. In the aircraft industry, the models of those aircraft were put on stream, in which reliability was combined with simplicity of design and ease of manufacture, moreover, little was required of rare and highly scarce materials. Due to the improvement of technology in the artillery industry, labor productivity from 1940 to 1944 increased by about 2 times.
In general, labor productivity in the military industry from May 1942 to May 1945 increased by 121%, and the cost of all types of military products decreased by an average of 2 times compared to 1940. On this basis, there is an increase in the output of military products.
In 1943, the main task of the Soviet military economy was solved - to surpass Germany in the quantity and quality of military products. By this time, military production in the USSR had increased in comparison with the pre-war period by 4.3 times, and in Germany - by only 2.3 times.
The successes of the military industry made it possible in 1943 to accelerate the rearmament of the Red Army with the latest military equipment. The troops received tanks, self-propelled guns, aircraft, a fair amount of artillery, mortars, machine guns, they ceased to experience an acute need for ammunition. At the same time, the share of new models in small arms reached 42.3%, artillery - 83%, armored - more than 80%., Aviation - 67%.
The largest volumes of military production reached in 1944. Its high level was based on a solid foundation of the leading branches of heavy industry. The growth in production was due to the more efficient use of the capacities of existing enterprises, the commissioning of new and restoration of enterprises in the liberated regions, thanks to an increase in labor productivity in all industries, in construction, and in transport. This was the year of the maximum release of the main types of military equipment. The aviation industry gave the country 40.3 thousand aircraft, of which 33.2 thousand were combat, in other words, the Soviet Air Force had 4 times more aircraft at the front than the Germans in 1944. From January 1944 until the end of the war, tank builders produced 49.5 thousand tanks and self-propelled guns for the army, while the German industry only 22.7 thousand. The production of ammunition in 1944 more than 3 times exceeded the pre-war level, the needs of the front were fully satisfied ammunition of the entire range. There were so many small arms produced in 1943 that it was possible not only to fully satisfy the demands of the front, but also to create stocks at military bases and warehouses.
At the expense of the economic resources of the Soviet Union, national formations and units of allied and friendly countries were provided with weapons, military equipment and other types of materiel during their formation on the territory of the USSR and in the conduct of hostilities against a common enemy.
In general, during the war, the country's military-industrial complex produced more than 108 thousand combat aircraft, 95 thousand tanks and self-propelled guns, about 445.7 thousand field guns and mortars, 954.5 thousand machine guns, 12 million rifles and carbines, 6.1 million machine guns, 427 million shells for field guns and mortars, 21.4 billion rounds of ammunition and much more.
In addition to weapons, industry and agriculture provided the army and navy with a huge amount of other vital supplies. Despite the difficulties caused by the temporary occupation of a part of the territory of the USSR by the enemy, the Armed Forces throughout the war were continuously provided with food, clothing and economic property, equipment and fuel and lubricants in the required quantities and assortment. So, during the war, the troops were supplied with over 16 million tons of various grades of fuel, over 38 million overcoats, over 70 million cotton sets of uniforms, over 11 million pairs of felt boots, about 40 million tons of food and fodder and much more. ...
Already during the war, the Soviet government was able to organize work to restore the damage. 3.5 thousand were built and 7.5 thousand large industrial enterprises were restored, 102.5 million square meters were built. m of living space. In addition, the USSR, possessing limited resources, itself rendered significant assistance to the peoples liberated from the fascist yoke. Our troops often saved the local population from starvation. By decision of the Soviet government, over 900 thousand tons of food was transferred from the resources of the Red Army for this purpose.
Against the background of these figures, the ability of the Soviet leadership not only to restore, but also to increase the economic potential of the state is striking and, at the same time, arouses a feeling of deep respect. At the beginning of the war, a significant part of the accumulated reserves was used up, but the state reserves in wartime not only did not decrease, but for some types even increased by more than 1.8 times. Besides, "... the country's leadership looked further, making sure that after the war the country would not be bled out, unable to resist ... We had to end the war, preserving the country's potential for rapid and decisive economic growth," says one of the prominent statesmen of the USSR N. TO. Baybakov. This was the result of a lot of effort and resource savings.
Western researchers are trying to prove that lend-lease deliveries were decisive for the economy of our country. Indeed, the mutual economic assistance of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition played an important role in the victory. The USA alone spent 46 billion dollars for these purposes, a fifth of which was directed to the USSR. However, they accounted for only about 5% of the industrial production of the USSR and were mostly carried out in 1943-44, when a radical turning point in the war had already been reached. In addition, equipment and weapons of obsolete structures were supplied, and equipment, often after long-term storage in warehouses. The share of food was only 2.8% of the Union procurement.
Thus, during the Great Patriotic War, the economic system of the Soviet Union went through a harsh school and, despite enormous difficulties, withstood the greatest tests of wartime.It turned out to be more efficient than the German economy. The economic victory of the USSR over Germany became possible due to the great efforts of the entire people, the planned nature of the socialist economy, the world raw material base, high labor productivity, high scientific potential, selfless labor for the benefit of Victory. In the conditions of war public ownership of the means of production, a high degree of centralization, concentration of power in the hands of a narrow group of individuals, great opportunities for concentration and maneuvering with gigantic material and human resources, i.e., everything that is currently subjected to severe criticism, allowed the command-administrative system to direct the efforts of the people to the solution of primary tasks, to achieve a continuous increase in the output of military products, as well as to ensure an uninterrupted supply of products necessary for the life of the troops.
All the achievements of the Soviet economy during the Great Patriotic War would have been impossible without the genuine heroism of people who worked sparingly, regardless of time, often in very difficult conditions, showing exceptional staunchness and perseverance in fulfilling the assigned tasks.
This will be the last story today about how some of the most important troops, the rear troops, helped, and especially as women who did not sleep and did hard male work! Let's remember the real heroes of the labor front!
The war has greatly exacerbated the labor force situation. Due to the loss of the densely populated western regions and the mobilization of the Red Army, the number of workers was significantly reduced. If in the first half of 1941 the economy employed 31.8 million workers and employees, in the second half of the year - 22.8 million, and in 1942 - 18.4 million.
War and heavy industry
Men of conscription age who went into the army were replaced by teenagers, old men, women. In the second half of 1941 alone, almost 2 million housewives, schoolchildren and pensioners came to the factories. Metallurgist Yevgeny Oskarovich Paton recalled:
“I will never forget the women of those years. Hundreds of them came to the factory, did the most difficult male work, stood in lines for hours and raised children, did not bend under the weight of grief when the funeral service arrived for her husband, son or brother. They were real heroines of the labor front, worthy of admiration. "
Trying to provide the defense industries with a labor force as much as possible, the state resorted to mass mobilization of workers in light industry, agriculture, a number of other industries, as well as students in heavy industry enterprises. Workers in military factories and transport were considered mobilized. Unauthorized departure from enterprises was prohibited.
The movement "To work not only for oneself, but also for a comrade who went to the front" acquired a mass character. Dvuhsotniki appeared, performing two norms per shift. Uralvagonzavod milling machine operator Dmitry Filippovich Barefoot became the founder of the thousanders' movement. With the help of a device invented by him, which made it possible to simultaneously process several parts on one machine, in February 1942 he fulfilled the norm by 1480%.
War and the countryside
The war caused enormous damage to agriculture. In 1941-1942, about half of the cultivated area and livestock, almost a third of the energy capacities were in the hands of the invaders. Tractors, cars, horses were confiscated for the needs of the front.
Almost all men of conscription age went to the army. In many villages and hamlets, there are no more men under 50-55 years old. In 1943, 71% of agricultural workers were women. Old people and teenagers worked next to them. Most of the machine operators were drafted into the army (after all, the tractor driver is practically a ready-made tank driver). The women have mastered the tractor. Already in 1942, 150 thousand people took part in the competition of women's tractor brigades.
The war demanded the greatest self-sacrifice from the village workers. The compulsory minimum of workdays has been increased to three hundred per year. The products of collective and state farms were completely and practically free of charge surrendered to the state. Collective farmers survived at the expense of personal plots, although they were burdened with taxes and various mandatory fees. The incredible exertion of the forces of the peasantry made it possible to provide the army with food and the military industry with raw materials.
War and Science
The achievements of science played a huge role in strengthening the country's defense power. Based on the recommendations of scientists, production was significantly increased at many metallurgical plants in the Urals, as well as in Siberia. Deposits of manganese ores were discovered in Kazakhstan, bauxite - in the South Urals, copper and tungsten - in Central Asia. This helped to compensate for the loss of deposits in the western part of the country and to ensure the smooth operation of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises. Extensive prospecting work has made it possible to discover new oil deposits in Bashkiria and Tatarstan.
Scientists and engineers paid much attention to the improvement of machine tools and mechanisms, the introduction of technological methods that would increase labor productivity and reduce rejects.
The merits of military medicine are enormous. The methods of anesthesia and dressings with ointments developed by Alexander Vasilyevich Vishnevsky were widely used in the treatment of wounds and burns. Thanks to new methods of blood transfusion, mortality from blood loss has been significantly reduced. An invaluable role was played by the development of a drug based on penicillin by Zinaida Vissarionovna Yermolyeva. According to eyewitnesses, "in front of astonished witnesses, the magic medicine canceled the death sentences, brought the hopeless wounded and sick back to life."
Life of the rear
The war greatly worsened the living conditions of the Soviet people. Even according to official (probably highly embellished) data, the consumption of meat in working-class families in 1942 decreased by 2.5 times compared with the pre-war period, and dairy products - by 40%. In the countryside, the consumption of meat has decreased by three times, bread - by a third. The food has become much less fat, sugar, vegetables. There was not enough croup. But they began to eat twice as much potatoes.
The lack of food has caused it to be tightly rationed. Cards for bread, sugar and confectionery were introduced everywhere; in more than a hundred large cities - also for meat, fish, fats, pasta and cereals.
The collective farmers did not receive any cards at all and remained outside the system of rationed security - no salt, no sugar, no bread - in fact, on one potato from their own garden.
As in the first half of the 1930s, several rationed supply categories were established. The first category included workers in the defense industry, the second - workers in other industries, the third - white-collar workers, and the fourth - dependents and children. Engineering and technical workers were equated with the workers of the corresponding enterprises. Doctors, teachers, writers, cultural and art workers were also equated with workers.
Since the fall of 1943, the first category was given 700 grams of bread per day, the second - 500 grams. Employees received 400 grams, children and dependents - 300.
In order to stock up on cards, the queue at the door of the store had to be occupied from the night. In the morning, after standing for several hours, you could get the coveted loaf and, if you were lucky, a piece of butter, margarine or mixed fat. However, it often turned out that there were no products at all; sometimes even bread was not enough for everyone. The cards were issued for a month and were not restored if lost. The loss of cards, especially at the beginning of the month, meant death by starvation.
The prices of rationed food remained unchanged throughout the war. However, outside the rationed supply system, rapid inflation took place - all the more so as the government increased the issue of paper money to cover military expenses.
All the belligerent countries, even the United States, resorted in 1941-1945 to the rationed supply of the population with food and many basic necessities. But only in the USSR, which formally proclaimed the equality of workers, the free sale of standardized products was not prohibited. This allowed people who had money or valuables to buy food on the market, where prices were 13 times higher than pre-war prices on average.
In 1944, state commercial stores were opened, which sold goods in unlimited quantities, but cost 10-30 more than in the rationed supply system. No Western country has ever tolerated such cynicism.
The war left millions of people homeless. Refugees evacuated were often forced to huddle in converted public buildings or to occupy corners in the houses and apartments of local residents. Most of those who survived the evacuation fondly remember the inhabitants of the Urals and Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia - people of different nationalities, who pressed together in order to give shelter to unfamiliar families.
A particularly heavy share fell to those whose houses were in the front-line zone. Where the front stopped for a long time, most often only stoves sticking out among the ruins remained of the huts, and people had to huddle in cellars and dugouts. The villages left without men, even after the war, were far from immediately able to rebuild and heal their wounds.
The war has become a cruel test for all of our people. The Soviet people in the rear, as well as at the front, passed this test with flying colors. The amazing resilience shown by the people in those difficult years allowed the country to withstand the war and win - despite the monstrous mistakes made by the ruling regime.
3. Soviet rear during the war
Economy. The economic policy for the period of the war was first formulated in the directive of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated June 29, 1941. Its essence is to subordinate the entire internal life of the country, social production to the goals and objectives of the war, the interests of the front. The slogan of the policy was: "Everything for the front, everything for victory!"
The economy of the USSR during the war was characterized by a number of features, the most important of which were super-centralized control and efficiency of leadership, reliance on its own economic and scientific-technical potential, mobile and tough military-economic planning.
With the outbreak of war, the third five-year plan was scrapped. In July-August 1941, a commission headed by the chairman of the State Planning Committee N. A. Voznesensky developed and on August 16 approved a special military-economic plan for ensuring the country's defense.
The development of the economy was led by the State Defense Committee, the Politburo of the Central Committee, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. For operational management, new command and control bodies were created, including the Council for Evacuation, the Committee for Accounting and Distribution of Labor, the Transport Committee, and two new People's Commissariats for the tank industry and mortar weapons. At the end of 1942, the GKO Operational Bureau was formed to control the current work of the most important industries and the Extraordinary State Commission to establish and investigate the atrocities of the German fascist invaders and their accomplices and the damage caused by them. In 1943, under the Council of People's Commissars, a Committee for the restoration of the economy in the liberated regions was created.
During the war years, the Soviet economy went through two stages in its development: the first was the restructuring of the national economy on a war footing (June 22, 1941 - autumn 1942), the second - the growth of the war economy (autumn 1942 - summer 1945).
Perestroika proceeded along two main lines: 1st — the switch to military production in virtually all industries, a sharp reduction or cessation of civilian production; 2nd — relocation (evacuation) of productive forces to areas remote from the front. In turn, the relocation was carried out in two stages, corresponding to the two lost military campaigns. The first evacuation took place in the summer and autumn of 1941 and went to the east and south, the second, in the summer and autumn of 1942, went only to the east (the Volga region, the Urals, Central Asia).
For 1941-1942. more than 2 thousand large industrial enterprises, about 25 million people were evacuated to the rear. Part of agricultural equipment, hundreds of thousands of head of livestock, part of food supplies, raw materials, and industrial goods were also evacuated. During the war, the eastern regions became the main base of the military economy. In 1942-1944. 2,250 large enterprises were built there, three quarters of all military equipment, weapons, and ammunition were produced.
A country's economy is considered military if military expenditures account for a third of the national income. In 1942, the national economy of the USSR was on a war footing. 55% of the national income, 68% of industrial and 24% of agricultural products were allocated for military needs. In 1940, respectively, 15, 26 and 9%.
Despite the extreme strain on the forces of society and the state, the Soviet rear at the first stage was unable to provide the armed forces with the required amount of military equipment, weapons and ammunition. In the fall of 1942, the decline in industrial production was stopped. Compared to the pre-war 1940, it was about 40%. But at this stage, the preconditions were created for the material and technical superiority over the armed forces of Germany, achieved in the second stage. In 1942, backup enterprises and evacuated enterprises were put into operation, in the fall, military production restored lost capacities, and their growth began.
The second stage of economic development was longer than the first. It lasted over 2.5 years. During these years, the following military-economic tasks were solved: the military economy was strengthened and developed, the rearmament of the troops was completed, the superiority of Germany in the main types of military equipment and weapons was finally eliminated, the conditions were prepared for the transition to peaceful construction. The economy developed according to the military-economic plan of 1943, state plans for the restoration and development of the national economy for 1944 and 1945.
1943 was the year of a radical change in the production of military products. It grew by 20% compared to 1942. The highest level of military production reached in 1944. In total, over 136 thousand aircraft, more than 102 thousand tanks and self-propelled guns, 488 thousand guns, millions of machine guns, machine guns, anti-tank rifles, rifles, the required amount of ammunition. On the whole, the rear met the needs of the front in military equipment, weapons and ammunition. He created the conditions for the defeat of Germany and Japan.
A feature of the second stage of economic development was the massive re-evacuation of productive forces to the old bases, which began in 1943. The economic development in 1945 was also peculiar. In the first half of the year, the military economy was still growing, in the second, the transition to peaceful economic development became decisive.
During the war years, the size of the workforce dropped sharply. If in 1940 the national economy of the USSR employed 31.2 million workers and employees, then in 1942 - 18.4 million, in 1943 - 19.4 million, in 1944 - 23, 6 million, in 1945 - 27.3 million. The decrease in the number of workers and employees was associated with an increase in the number of armed forces. From June 1941 to May 1945, it grew from 5.4 million to 11.4 million. The decline was also due to the great human sacrifice that our people suffered during the war.
Agriculture was supposed to provide the front and rear with food, and industry with raw materials. During the war years, it found itself in an extremely difficult situation. In 1941-1942, the most important agricultural areas were lost. The possibilities and resources of agriculture have dwindled dramatically. The number of collective and state farms, tractors, machines, horses has decreased by 40-60%. Investment in the countryside was reduced to a minimum. The situation with labor resources in the countryside remained extremely acute: the size of the able-bodied population of the countryside decreased by 38%.
The entire burden of solving the food problem fell on the eastern regions - the Urals, Siberia, the Far East, Central Asia. The worst was 1943. The drought struck the Volga region, the South Urals, Western Kazakhstan, the North Caucasus. Bad weather conditions also developed in the central regions of the RSFSR and Siberia. The gross agricultural output in 1943 was 37% of the pre-war 1940 level. The grain yield dropped sharply. The turning point came only in 1944.
Culture during the war. Workers in science, education, literature and art also worked for the needs of the front, in the interests of victory. Some of them went to the front, others remained in their places or were evacuated along with their institutions to the rear. Kazan, Ufa, Sverdlovsk, Frunze, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, Ashgabat, and other settlements took care of the millions of residents of the European part of the country. This manifested internationalism, mutual assistance and friendship of the peoples of the USSR. Together with patriotism, they cemented the will of the Soviet people to victory.
Scientists focused on solving three main tasks: the development of military-technical problems, scientific assistance to industry in improving and mastering new military production, mobilizing the country's raw materials for defense needs, replacing scarce materials with local raw materials.
In August 1941, in Sverdlovsk, the Commission for the Mobilization of Ural Resources began its work, under the leadership of the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Academician V. L. Komarov ("Komarov Commission"). In 1942, the work of the commission was expanded. It was transformed into the Commission for the Mobilization of Resources in the Urals, Western Siberia and Kazakhstan. Its composition exceeded 800 scientific and economic workers. Scientists' recommendations made it possible in a relatively short time to compensate for the resources lost in the western regions of the country, to expand industry in the east and double the extraction of minerals.
In the summer of 1942, the Commission for Mobilizing the Resources of the Middle Volga Region and the Kama Region for Defense Needs began its work in Kazan, under the leadership of the Vice-President of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Academician E. A. Chudakov (“Chudakov's Commission”). She organized the search for new oil-bearing areas and the growth of production at old fields in the "Second Baku" area. This was of exceptional importance in the conditions when the Germans cut the routes of obtaining the Caucasian oil.
A great deal of work on demagnetizing warships to protect them from enemy magnetic mines was carried out by the Commission on Scientific and Technical Naval Issues, created in 1942, whose scientific secretary was IV Kurchatov. The following year, he switched to work on the creation of the Soviet atomic bomb and headed a special laboratory for the fission of the uranium nucleus. The young scientist A.D.Sakharov also worked in it.
Soviet scientists and engineers ensured the progress of military equipment of the armed forces of the USSR. Tanks T-34, KV surpassed the best German models. Rocket mortars BM-13 ("Katyusha"), which fired 16 shells, were much more effective than 10-barreled German mortars. Aircraft designers made a worthy contribution to the "battle of minds". A. S. Yakovlev and S. A. Lavochkin designed fighters. SV Ilyushin created the world's best attack aircraft Il-2, nicknamed the "flying tank" and "black death". A. N. Tupolev, H. N. Polikarpov, V. M. Petlyakov, V. M. Myasishchev designed bombers. In 1942, the first jet aircraft designed by V.F. Bolkhovitinov, and at the end of the war aircraft designers A.I. Mikoyan and M.I. Gurevich created a MiG fighter with a jet booster.
The Second World War was in many ways a "war of motors". A great contribution to the victory was made by the creators of aircraft motors A. D. Shvetsov, V. Ya. Klimov, A. A. Mikulin, and others. Scientists did their best so that Soviet pilots could gain air supremacy in 1943 and ensure victory on the ground.
The soldiers were greatly assisted by doctors, including T.E.Boldyrev (chief epidemiologist of the Soviet Army), M.S. Vovsi (chief physician of the SA), F.G. Chief of the Main Military Sanitary Directorate of the SA). The chief surgeon of the Soviet army, academician N. N. Burdenko, responsible for scientific assistance to the front-line sanitary service, developed a method for treating skull wounds with sulfa drugs, which made it possible to sharply, from 65 to 25%, reduce mortality among those wounded in the head.
Social scientists - historians, philosophers, lawyers, economists, ethnographers, and others - also contributed to the victory. The country's leadership reoriented their activities to the propaganda of patriotism. This has become a powerful means of mobilizing the spiritual forces of the people to fight the enemy.
The Russian Orthodox Church also made a great contribution to this process. On the very first day of the war, the Patriarchal Locum Tenens, Metropolitan Sergius of Moscow and Kolomna, addressed a message to the parishioners. In it, in particular, it was noted: “But this is not the first time the Russian people have to endure such tests. With God's help, this time too, he will scatter the fascist enemy force to dust. Our ancestors did not lose heart even in a worse situation, because they remembered not about personal dangers and benefits, but about their sacred duty to the Motherland and faith and emerged victorious. Let us not put their glorious name to shame, and we are Orthodox Christians, dear to them both in flesh and in faith. The Fatherland is defended by weapons and a common national feat, a general readiness to serve the Fatherland in a difficult hour of trial with everything that everyone can do. There is business here for workers, peasants, scientists, women and men, young men and old people. Everyone can and should contribute to the common feat his share of labor, care and art. "
The country's leadership appreciated the asceticism of the church. A gradual normalization of relations between her and the state began. Anti-religious propaganda stopped in the country, the magazines “Atheist”, “Antireligious” and others ceased to be published. On September 8, 1943, Stalin's historic meeting with Metropolitans Sergius, Alexy, Nicholas took place. Soon after, the patriarchy was restored to the country. Sergius became the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia. On September 12, the bishops' council convened to elect the patriarch addressed Christians all over the world with an appeal "to unite in the name of Christ for the final victory over the common enemy."
The war had a heavy impact on the system of public education, primarily school. Many school buildings were destroyed or occupied by hospitals and other institutions; textbooks, manuals, notebooks became a big shortage. The number of teachers, especially men, has dropped sharply. The program of universal incomplete secondary education (seven years) was curtailed.
In the interests of improving the military-physical training of boys in 1943, separate education was introduced starting from the 5th grade. In 1944, in order to improve the quality of education at the school, exams were introduced in the 4th and 7th grades, exams for the certificate of maturity, gold and silver medals for excellent graduates.
The first years of the war were especially difficult for higher and secondary specialized schools. The number of students decreased by 2.5 times, the number of universities by 2 times. Many institutes ended up in the occupied territory, some were evacuated. The Nazis destroyed and plundered about 2 thousand higher and secondary specialized educational institutions, including 334 universities.
Many professors, teachers, students were drafted into the armed forces or went to the front as volunteers. With arms in hand defended the honor and independence of the homeland about 3 thousand students, graduate students, teachers of the Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov.
The temporary transfer of universities in 1942 for a shortened (3-4-year) period of study undermined the quality of training. In 1944, a return to the full course of study began, and in order to improve the quality of university graduates, along with state exams, it became mandatory to defend a thesis.
In 1943-1944, most universities returned from evacuation. The restoration of the destroyed and the creation of new universities began. In the last years of the war, 56 new higher educational institutions were opened, including the Institute of International Relations. By the end of the war, there were 789 universities in the country, in which more than 730 thousand students studied. During the war years, universities and secondary specialized institutions trained 842 thousand specialists, including 302 thousand with higher education.
Workers of literature and art made a great contribution to patriotic education. Life forced them to abandon the internationalist illusion that the German workers and peasants dressed in military uniforms would go over to the side of the Red Army and jointly overthrow the power of the capitalists and landlords of Germany. "Kill the German!" - the well-known publicist Ilya Ehrenburg addressed the readers with this initially shocking appeal. The focus of the writers was the fighting people. "The people are immortal" was the title of the first book of military prose, which was presented in 1942 by the writer Vasily Grossman. The defenders of the Soviet land were dedicated to the works of K. M. Simonov ("Days and nights"), Sun. V. Vishnevsky ("At the Walls of Leningrad"), O. F. Berggolts ("Leningrad Poem"), A. A. Beck ("Volokolamsk Highway").
One of the best poetic works of the wartime was Margarita Aliger's poem "Zoya", dedicated to the life and deeds of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. During the war, the first chapters of AA Fadeev's novel "Young Guard" about the struggle against the enemy of the young underground workers of Krasnodon were published. The image of a cheerful, wise, courageous Soviet soldier was brought out in the poem "Vasily Terkin" by AT Tvardovsky. In 1942, KM Simonov's plays “Russian People”, AE Korneichuk's “Front”, LM Leonov's “Invasion” were written, which went around all the theaters of the country.
More than 42 thousand art workers, artists and musicians carried out military patronage work in the active army, on ships of the fleet, in hospitals, and at defense enterprises in the rear. They gave 1,360,000 concerts, every fourth of which took place at the front, created more than 3,700 front-line brigades, 20 front-line theaters. The most popular were the front-line branch of the theater. Eug. Vakhtangov, GITIS, theater of musical comedy and miniatures. P. M. Sadovsky, A. A. Ostuzhev, E. D. Turchaninova, I. D. Yurieva, N. A. Obukhova, V. V. Barsova, I. S. Kozlovsky, S. Y. Lemeshev, GS Ulanova and many other figures of Soviet art. Some of them had the experience of front-line concerts, accumulated during the years of the Civil War. For example, Lydia Ruslanova in 1918-1920. performed in front of the Red Army with the performance of Russian folk songs. In 1942, for her active concert work as part of the front-line brigades, she was awarded the title "Honored Artist of the RSFSR". The soldiers fell in love with her song "Valenki".
The war stimulated the development of patriotic songwriting. In the first days of the war, on June 26, 1941, at the Belorussky railway station in Moscow, the oath song "The Holy War" was sounded at the farewell ceremony of the soldiers to the Western Front (words by V. I. Lebedev-Kumach, music by A. V. Aleksandrov). Then there were songs about the Motherland, about heroism at the front and in the rear, about the partisans - "Oh, my fogs, fogs" by V. G. Zakharov, "The Coveted Stone" by B. A. Mokrousov, "Smuglyanka" by A. G. Novikov, "Song of the Brave" by V. Bely and A. A. Surkov.
Many composers, being in the army, did not break with musical creativity, among them K. A. Listov, D. B. Kabalevsky, T. N. Khrennikov, V. I. Muradeli and others.
An important event in the country's cultural life was the seventh ("Leningrad") symphony by D. D. Shostakovich, created and performed in 1942 in besieged Leningrad. She received world recognition, removed the undeserved accusation of formalism from the composer.
During the war years, the most popular of the arts was cinema - documentary and fiction. Front-line cameramen created a chronicle of the Great Patriotic War. The first full-length documentary film about the war was the picture "The Defeat of German Troops near Moscow" (February 1942). The film began with the bell ringing of Moscow churches and a procession of the cross. The Orthodox clergy blessed the soldiers for a patriotic feat. Such propaganda before the war was impossible, but during the war it was expedient. The last film in the chronicle was the film "The Judgment of the Nations", dedicated to the Nuremberg Trials (November 1946, directed by R. L. Carmen, text by B. L. Gorbatov). The film affirmed the age-old Russian morality: "Whoever comes to us with a sword will die by the sword!"
Feature films were produced at film studios evacuated to Alma-Ata, Ashgabat, Tashkent and Stalinabad. The films "Two Soldiers", "Front", "Malakhov Kurgan" were devoted to the military theme. The films "Secretary of the District Committee", "Zoya", "Unconquered" were devoted to the struggle behind enemy lines. The historical and patriotic theme was revealed in the films "Kutuzov", "Defense of Tsaritsyn", "Alexander Parkhomenko" and others. For many artists, the reason for the creation of the film "Ivan the Terrible" by S. M. Eisenstein during the war years (1st series) ... The film, shot on Stalin's personal order, glorified the victory of the Russians on the Volga and the tsar who turned the Volga into a great Russian river.
The struggle for freedom and independence of the Motherland has become the main theme of the artists' work. The works of G. G. Nissky ("Leningradskoe Shosse"), A. A. Deineka ("Defense of Sevastopol"), S. V. Gerasimov ("Mother of the Partisan"), A. P. Bubnov ("Morning on Kulikovo field "), the creative group of Kukryniksy (" Tanya "," Flight of the Nazis from Novgorod "). In various regions of the country, traveling exhibitions of front-line artists of the studio named after V.I. M.B. Grekov, artists of individual fronts. Cultural figures made an invaluable contribution to the approach of victory.
Deportation of peoples. A special and tragic page in the history of the Soviet rear of the war period was the deportation to remote regions of the country of a number of peoples accused by the leadership of the USSR of aiding the German fascist invaders. For the first time, the Soviet Germans were accused of it. By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of August 28, 1941, they were evicted beyond the Urals, to Kazakhstan, Altai and Krasnoyarsk Territories, Novosibirsk and Omsk Regions, and the southern regions of the Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. More than 2.1 million people were forcibly resettled, including 450 thousand Volga Germans living in the territory of the ASSR. The autonomy of the Germans was eliminated.
After the liberation of the North Caucasus, some of the peoples of this region were deported, some of which really actively collaborated with the occupiers, and after their expulsion organized sabotage and terror in the rear of the Soviet troops. In November 1943, 62.8 thousand Karachais were evicted, the Karachay Autonomous Okrug was liquidated. In December, their fate was shared by the Kalmyks, numbering 93.1 thousand people (according to the Kalmyks, the number of those deported exceeded 230 thousand people), the Kalmyk ASSR was abolished. In February 1944, Chechens (310.6 thousand people) and Ingush (81.1 thousand people) were deported. The Chechen-Ingush ASSR was liquidated. In March 1944, over 32.8 thousand Balkars were mainly deported to Kazakhstan. The Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was transformed into the Kabardino Autonomous Republic. After the liberation of Crimea on May 18, 1944, 191 thousand Crimean Tatars were forcibly resettled to the Uzbek SSR, the Udmurt and Mari autonomous republics.
Soviet Bulgarians, Greeks, Meskhetian Turks, Kurds - only 14 nations and national groups with a total number of more than 3.2 million people - were deported. To carry out this action, a huge number of forces and vehicles were involved, which the front needed.
For the first time, the action of the Soviet leadership, undertaken in a wartime emergency, was condemned in 1956 at the XX Congress of the CPSU. In December 1989, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR recognized acts of repression against the peoples subjected to forced resettlement illegal and criminal.
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From the book History. Russian history. Grade 11. A basic level of the authorCHAPTER 4. SOVIET UNION ON THE EVE AND IN THE YEARS OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC
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Soviet rear during the war
Soviet rear during the war. In the fight against the German invaders, not only military units, but also all home front workers took an active part. They provided the front with everything necessary: weapons, military equipment, ammunition, fuel, as well as food, footwear, clothing, etc. Despite the difficulties, the Soviet people managed to create a powerful economic base that ensured victory. In a short time, the national economy of the USSR was reoriented to meet the needs of the front.
The occupation of the most important economic regions of the USSR put the country's economy in extremely difficult conditions. Before the war, 40% of the country's population lived in the occupied territory, 33% of the gross output of the entire industry was produced, 38% of grain was grown, about 60% of pigs and 38% of cattle were kept.
In order to urgently transfer the national economy to a war footing, compulsory labor service, military norms for issuing industrial goods and foodstuffs to the population were introduced in the country. Everywhere an emergency procedure was established for government agencies, industrial and trade organizations. Overtime has become common practice.
On June 30, 1941, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a national economic plan for the third quarter of 1941, which provided for the mobilization of the country's material and labor resources to meet the needs of defense in the shortest possible time. The plan provided for the urgent evacuation of the population, institutions, industrial enterprises and property from the areas threatened by the German occupation.
Through the efforts of the Soviet people, the Urals, Western Siberia and Central Asia were transformed into a powerful military-industrial base. Most of the factories and factories evacuated here by the beginning of 1942 established the production of defense products.
The destruction of the war, the loss of a significant part of the economic potential led to a critical decline in production in the USSR in the second half of 1941. The transfer of the Soviet economy to martial law, which was completed only in the middle of 1942, had a positive effect on the increase in output and the expansion of the range of military products.
Compared to 1940, the gross industrial output in the Volga region increased 3.1 times, in Western Siberia - 2.4 times, in Eastern Siberia - 1.4 times, in Central Asia and Kazakhstan - 1.2 times. In the all-Union production of oil, coal, pig iron and steel, the share of the eastern regions of the USSR (including the Volga region) ranged from 50 to 100%.
The growth of military production with a decrease in the number of workers and employees was achieved through the intensification of labor, an increase in the duration of the working day, overtime work and the strengthening of labor discipline. In February 1942, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR issued the Order "On the mobilization of the able-bodied urban population to work in production and construction during wartime." Men from 16 to 55 years old and women from 16 to 45 years old from among those not employed in state institutions and enterprises were mobilized. The labor resources of the USSR amounted to 23 million people in 1944, half of them were women. Despite this, in 1944 the Soviet Union produced 5,800 tanks and 13,500 aircraft monthly, while Germany produced 2,300 and 3,000, respectively.
The measures taken found support and understanding among the population. During the war, the citizens of the country forgot about sleep and rest, many of them exceeded labor standards by 10 or more times. Slogan: "Everything for the front, everything for the victory over the enemy!" became essentially nationwide. The desire to contribute to the victory over the enemy manifested itself in various forms of labor competition. It became an important moral stimulus for the growth of labor productivity in the Soviet rear.
The achievements of the Soviet economy during the Great Patriotic War would have been impossible without the labor heroism of the Soviet people. Working in incredibly difficult conditions, sparing no effort, health and time, they showed steadfastness and perseverance in completing tasks.
Socialist competition for the production of products above the plan has acquired unprecedented proportions. A heroic deed can be called the heroic labor of youth and women who did everything necessary to defeat the enemy. In 1943, a movement of youth brigades began to improve production, fulfill and overfulfill the plan, and achieve high results with fewer workers. Thanks to this, the production of military equipment, weapons and ammunition has significantly increased. There was a continuous improvement of tanks, guns, aircraft.
During the war, aircraft designers A.S. Yakovlev, S.A.Lavochkin, A.I. Mikoyan, M.I. Gurevich, S.V. Ilyushin, V.M. Petlyakov, A.N. Tupolev created new types of aircraft, superior to the German. New types of tanks were being developed. The best tank of the Second World War, the T-34, was designed by M.I.Koshkin.
The workers of the Soviet home front felt that they were participants in the great battle for the independence of the Fatherland. For the majority of workers and employees, appeals have become the law of life: "Everything for the front, everything for victory over the enemy!" ... Thanks to the dedication of the workers of the Soviet rear, in a short time, the country's economy was transferred to martial law in order to provide the Red Army with everything necessary to achieve victory.
Partisan movement.
The partisan movement in the rear of the fascist troops in the temporarily occupied territory began literally from the first days of the war. It was an integral part of the armed struggle of the Soviet people against the fascist invaders and was an important factor in achieving victory over Nazi Germany and its allies.
The partisan movement had a high degree of organization. In accordance with the Directive of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of June 29, 1941 and the decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated July 18, 1941 "On organizing the struggle in the rear of German troops", the Central Headquarters of the Partisan movement (TsSHPD) headed by the 1st secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Belarus P.K. Ponomarenko, and on the periphery - the regional and republican headquarters of the partisan movement and their representations at the fronts (Ukrainian headquarters of the partisan movement, Leningrad, Bryansk, etc.) ...
In these documents, instructions were given on the preparation of the party underground, on the organization, recruitment and armament of partisan detachments, and the tasks of the partisan movement were determined.
Already in 1941, 18 underground regional committees, over 260 district committees, city committees, district committees and other bodies, a large number of primary party organizations and groups, in which there were 65.5 thousand communists, were operating in the occupied territories.
The struggle of Soviet patriots was led by 565 secretaries of regional, city and district party committees, 204 chairmen of regional, city and district executive committees of workers' deputies, 104 secretaries of regional, city and district Komsomol committees, as well as hundreds of other leaders. In the fall of 1943, 24 regional committees, over 370 okrug committees, city committees, rayon committees and other party bodies operated behind enemy lines. As a result of the organizational work of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the combat effectiveness of the partisan detachments increased, their zones of action expanded and the effectiveness of the struggle increased, in which the broad masses of the population were involved, and close interaction with Soviet troops was established.
By the end of 1941, over 2 thousand partisan detachments were operating in the occupied territory, in which up to 90 thousand people fought. In total, during the war, there were more than 6 thousand partisan detachments in the rear of the enemy, in which they fought over 1 million 150 thousand partisans.
1941 - 1944 in the ranks of Soviet partisans on the occupied territory of the USSR fought: RSFSR (occupied regions) - 250 thousand people. Lithuanian SSR -10 thousand people Ukrainian SSR - 501,750 people. Byelorussian SSR - 373,942 people. Latvian SSR - 12,000 people Estonian SSR - 2000 people. Moldavian SSR - 3500 people. Karelo - Finnish SSR - 5500 people.
By the beginning of 1944, there were: workers - 30.1%, peasants - 40.5%, office workers - 29.4%. 90.7% of the partisans were men, 9.3% were women. In many detachments, the communists accounted for up to 20%, about 30% of all partisans were Komsomol members. Representatives of most of the nationalities of the USSR fought in the ranks of the Soviet partisans.
The partisans destroyed, wounded and captured over a million fascists and their accomplices, destroyed more than 4,000 tanks and armored vehicles, 65,000 vehicles, 1,100 aircraft, destroyed and damaged 1,600 railway bridges, derailed over 20,000 railway trains.
Partisan detachments or groups were organized not only in the occupied territory. Their formation in the unoccupied territory was combined with the training of personnel in special partisan schools. The detachments that had undergone training and preparation either remained in the designated areas before their occupation, or were transferred to the rear of the enemy. In a number of cases, the formations were created from military personnel. During the war, it was practiced to send organizational groups to the rear of the enemy, on the basis of which partisan detachments and even formations were created. Such groups played an especially important role in the western regions of Ukraine and Belarus, in the Baltic States, where, due to the rapid advance of the German fascist troops, many regional and regional party committees did not manage to organize work on the deployment of the partisan movement. For the eastern regions of Ukraine and Belarus, for the western regions of the RSFSR, early preparation for a partisan war was characteristic. In the Leningrad, Kalinin, Smolensk, Orel, Moscow and Tula regions, in the Crimea, fighter battalions, which consisted of about 25,500 fighters, became the base of formation. Areas for the basing of partisan detachments and warehouses of material resources were created in advance. A characteristic feature of the partisan movement in the Smolensk, Oryol regions and in the Crimea was the participation in it of a significant number of Red Army soldiers who were surrounded or escaped from captivity, which significantly increased the combat effectiveness of the partisan forces.
The main tactical unit of the partisan movement was a detachment - at the beginning of the war, usually several dozen people, later - up to 200 or more fighters. In the course of the war, many detachments were united in formations (brigades) of from several hundred to several thousand people. The armament was dominated by light weapons (machine guns, light machine guns, rifles, carbines, grenades), but many detachments and formations had mortars and heavy machine guns, and some even artillery. People who joined the partisan formations took the partisan oath. In the detachments, firm military discipline was established.
Depending on the specific conditions, small and large formations, regional (local) and non-regional, were organized. Regional detachments and formations were permanently based in one area and were responsible for protecting its population and fighting the occupiers in this area. Non-regional formations and detachments carried out missions in various areas, making long raids, maneuvering which, the leading organs of the partisan movement concentrated their efforts on the main directions to deliver powerful strikes against the enemy's rear.
The forms of organization of the partisan forces and the methods of their action were influenced by the physical and geographical conditions. Vast forests, swamps, mountains were the main basing areas for partisan forces. Here, partisan territories and zones arose, where various methods of struggle could be widely used, including open battles with punitive enemy expeditions. In the steppe regions, however, large formations operated successfully only during partisan raids. The small detachments and groups that were constantly located here usually avoided open clashes with the enemy and caused damage mainly by sabotage.
In a number of regions of the Baltic states, Moldavia, the southern part of Western Ukraine, which became part of the USSR only in 1939-40, the Nazis managed to extend their influence to certain segments of the population through bourgeois nationalists. The small partisan detachments and underground organizations that existed in these areas were mainly engaged in sabotage and reconnaissance operations and political work.
The general strategy, the leadership of the partisan movement was carried out by the Supreme Command Headquarters. The direct strategic leadership was carried out by the Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement (TsSHPD) at the Headquarters, created on May 30, 1942. Operationally, he was subordinate to the republican and regional headquarters of the partisan movement (SHPD), which were headed by secretaries or members of the Central Committee of the Communist Parties of the republics, regional and regional committees of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (since 1943, the Ukrainian ShPD was directly subordinate to the Supreme Command Headquarters). The broadband access was also subordinate to the Military Councils of the respective fronts.
In those cases when several fronts operated on the territory of a republic or region, under their Military Councils, representative offices or operational groups of republican and regional broadband access were created, which, while supervising the combat activities of partisans in the zone of this front, were subordinate to the corresponding broadband and military council of the front.
Strengthening the leadership of the partisan movement went along the line of improving communication between partisans with the mainland, improving the forms of operational and strategic leadership, and improving the planning of combat activities. If in the summer of 1942 only about 30% of the partisan detachments registered with broadband access had radio communication with the mainland, then in November 1943, almost 94% of the detachments maintained radio communication with the leadership of the partisan movement through the radios of partisan brigades.
A large role in the development of partisan warfare behind enemy lines was played by a meeting of the leading workers of NGOs, TsShPD with representatives of underground party bodies, commanders and commissars of large partisan formations of Ukraine, Belarus, Oryol and Smolensk regions, held by TsShPD on behalf of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) at the end of August- early September 1942. The results of the conference and the most important issues of the struggle behind enemy lines were formulated in the order of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR I.V. Stalin of September 5, 1942 "On the tasks of the partisan movement."
Much attention was paid to the uninterrupted supply of the partisans with weapons, ammunition, mine-blasting equipment, medicines, and the evacuation of the seriously wounded and sick by air to the mainland. During its existence, the TSSHPD sent 59,960 rifles and carbines, 34,320 automatic rifles, 4,210 light machine guns, 2,556 anti-tank rifles, 2,184 mortars of caliber 50 mm and 82 mm, 539 570 hand anti-personnel and anti-tank grenades to the headquarters of the partisan movement. In 1943, only ADD and GVF planes made over 12 thousand sorties to the rear of the enemy (half of them - with landing on partisan airfields and sites).
The expansion of the partisan movement was facilitated by the enormous political work of partisans and underground fighters among the population of the occupied regions. The population provided the partisans with food, clothing and footwear, sheltered them and warned them of danger, sabotaged all enemy measures. Failure of the fascist plans to use the human and material resources of the occupied regions is one of the most important achievements of the partisans.
Much attention in party political work among the partisans was paid to the education and combat training of personnel. During the war years, the central and republican schools of the partisan movement trained and sent about 30 thousand different specialists to the enemy's rear, among them were demolition workers, organizers of the underground and partisan movement, radio operators, scouts, etc. Thousands of specialists were trained behind enemy lines on "forest courses".
Communications, especially railways, became the main object of partisan combat activities, which, in terms of their scope, acquired strategic importance.
For the first time in the history of wars, partisans carried out a number of large operations according to a single plan to disable enemy railway communications over a large territory, which were closely linked in time and objects with the actions of the Red Army and reduced the throughput of railways by 35-40%.
In the winter of 1942-1943, when the Red Army smashed Hitler's troops on the Volga, the Caucasus, the Middle and Upper Don, they unleashed their attacks on the railways, along which the enemy was throwing reserves to the front. In February 1943, on the Bryansk-Karachev, Bryansk-Gomel sections, they blew up several railway bridges, including the bridge across the Desna, along which from 25 to 40 echelons passed daily to the front and the same number of trains back - with broken military units, equipment and looted property.
In Belarus, only from November 1, 1942 to April 1, 1943, 65 railway bridges were blown up. Ukrainian partisans blew up a railway bridge across the Teterev River on the Kiev-Korosten section and several bridges in other areas. Such large railway junctions as Smolensk were under the blows of the partisans almost all the time. Orsha, Bryansk, Gomel, Sarny, Kovel, Shepetovka. From November 1942 to April 1943 alone, at the height of the counter-offensive at Stalingrad and the general offensive, they derailed about 1,500 enemy echelons.
Strong blows to enemy communications were dealt during the summer-autumn campaign. This made it difficult for the enemy to regroup, to transport reserves and military equipment, which was a huge help to the Red Army.
The partisan operation that went down in history under the name "Rail War" was grandiose in scale, in the number of forces involved and the results achieved. It was planned by the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement and prepared for a long time and comprehensively. The main goal of the operation was to paralyze the transportation of the Nazis by rail by simultaneously massively blowing up the rails. Partisans from Leningrad and Kalinin were involved in this operation. Smolensk, Oryol regions. Belarus and partly Ukraine.
Operation "Rail War" began on the night of August 3, 1943. On the very first night, over 42 thousand rails were blown up. Massive explosions continued throughout August and the first half of September. By the end of August, more than 171 thousand rails were out of order, which is 1 thousand km of a single-track railway track. By mid-September, the number of rails blown up reached almost 215 thousand. "In just one month, the number of explosions has increased thirtyfold," the command of the security corps of Army Group Center reported in its August 31 report.
On September 19, a new such operation began, which received the code name "Concert". This time, the rail war engulfed other areas as well. The partisans of Karelia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Crimea joined it. More powerful blows followed. Thus, while 170 partisan brigades, detachments and groups numbering about 100 thousand people took part in Operation Rail War, 193 brigades and detachments numbering more than 120 thousand people took part in Operation Concert.
The attacks on the railways were combined with attacks on individual garrisons and enemy units, with ambushes on highways and dirt roads, and also with disruption of the river transport of the Nazis. During 1943, about 11 thousand enemy trains were blown up, 6 thousand steam locomotives, about 40 thousand cars and platforms were disabled and damaged, more than 22 thousand cars were destroyed, about 5,500 bridges on highways and dirt roads were destroyed or burned and over 900 railway bridges.
The powerful blows of the partisans behind the entire Soviet-German front shocked the enemy. Soviet patriots not only inflicted great damage on the enemy, disorganized and paralyzed railway traffic, but also demoralized the occupation apparatus.
The enemy was forced to divert large forces to the protection of railway communications, the length of which in the occupied territory of the USSR was 37 thousand kilometers. As the experience of the war showed, for the organization of even a weak guard of the railway, 1 battalion is needed for every 100 km, for a strong guard - 1 regiment, and sometimes, for example, in the summer of 1943 in the Leningrad region, the Nazis were forced, due to the active actions of the partisans, to allocate up to 2 regiments.
An important role was played by the intelligence activities of partisans and underground fighters who kept a vast territory under observation. From April to December 1943 alone, they established areas of concentration of 165 divisions, 177 regiments and 135 det. enemy battalions, while in 66 cases they disclosed their organization, staff size, and the names of the command personnel. On the eve of the Byelorussian operation of 1944, the partisans reported the location of 33 headquarters, 30 airfields, 70 large depots, the composition of 900 enemy garrisons and about 240 units, the direction of movement and the nature of the transported goods of 1,642 enemy echelons, etc.
During the defensive battles of 1941, the interaction of partisans with the troops of the Red Army was carried out mainly in a tactical and operational-tactical framework and was expressed mainly in conducting reconnaissance in the interests of Soviet troops and conducting minor sabotage behind enemy lines.
During the winter offensive of the Red Army in 1941-42. the interaction of the partisans with the troops has expanded. The partisans struck at communications, headquarters and warehouses, participated in the liberation of settlements, directed Soviet aircraft to enemy targets, and assisted airborne assault forces.
In the summer campaign of 1942, in the interests of the defensive operations of the Red Army, partisans solved the following tasks: hindering the regrouping of enemy troops, destroying enemy personnel and military equipment and disrupting their supply, diverting forces to guard the rear, reconnaissance, guiding Soviet aircraft to targets, freeing prisoners of war ...
The actions of the partisans distracted 24 enemy divisions, including 15-16 ones that were constantly used to guard communications. In August 1942, 148 train wrecks were made, in September - 152, in October - 210, in November - 238. However, in general, the interaction of the partisans with the Red Army was still episodic.
From the spring of 1943, plans for the operational use of partisan forces were systematically developed. During the winter offensive of 1942-43, during the Battle of Kursk in 1943, the Battle of the Dnieper and in the operations to liberate the eastern regions of Belarus, partisans intensified their actions in the interests of the advancing Soviet troops. The offensive of the Red Army in 1944 was carried out in close cooperation with the partisans, who actively participated in almost all strategic operations.
The importance of tactical interaction increased, since the offensive of Soviet troops passed through areas where geographic conditions contributed to the creation of a solid defense by the enemy (wooded and swampy areas of the Leningrad and Kalinin regions, Belarus, the Baltic states, northwestern regions of Ukraine). It was here that large groupings of partisans operated, which significantly helped the troops to overcome the enemy's resistance. With the beginning of the offensive of the Red Army, they disrupted enemy transfers of troops, disrupted their organized withdrawal and control of them, etc. As the Soviet troops approached, the partisans struck the enemy from the rear and helped to break through his defenses, repel his counterattacks, and encircle the German fascist groups. The partisans assisted the Soviet troops in the capture of populated areas, provided the open flanks of the advancing troops. The partisans, assisting the advance of the Red Army, in addition to disrupting enemy communications, seized river crossings, liberated individual settlements, road junctions and held them until the advance units approached. So, in Ukraine, during the offensive of Soviet troops to the Dnieper, they captured 3 crossings across the Desna, 10 - across the Pripyat and 12 - across the Dnieper.
The most striking example of such effective interaction is the Belarusian operation of 1944, in which a powerful group of Belarusian partisans represented, in essence, the fifth front, coordinating its operations with four advancing fronts.
In 1944, partisan detachments and formations carried out raids outside Soviet territory to assist the fraternal peoples in the struggle against the German-fascist occupiers. In the occupied territory of Poland, there were 7 formations and 26 divisions. large detachments of Soviet partisans, in Czechoslovakia - more than 40 formations and detachments, of which about 20 came out here by raids, the rest were formed on the basis of parachuted organizing groups.
The struggle of the Soviet people behind enemy lines was a vivid manifestation of Soviet patriotism. The importance of the partisan movement in the war was determined by the great assistance it provided to the Soviet troops to achieve victory over the enemy.
In this war, the concept of the "partisan movement" as spontaneous and independent actions of individual detachments and groups disappeared. The leadership of the partisan movement was centralized to a strategic scale.
Unified management of the combat activities of partisans with a stable connection between broadband access and partisan formations, interaction of partisans with the Red Army on a tactical, operational and strategic scale, conducting large-scale operations by partisan groups, widespread use of modern mine-blasting equipment, systematic training of partisan personnel, supplying partisans from the rear of the country, the evacuation of the sick and wounded from the enemy rear to the mainland, the actions of Soviet partisans outside the USSR - these and other features of the partisan movement in the Great Patriotic War significantly enriched the theory and practice of partisan warfare as a form of armed struggle.
To fight against the Soviet population, which put up fierce resistance to the Nazis, the occupiers threw a total of 50 divisions, which amounted to 20% of all German troops on the Soviet-German front, despite the fact that until the summer of 1944 on all other fronts (against the allies) , taken together, was only 6% of the troops of the Hitlerite Wehrmacht.
The German general Guderian wrote that "guerrilla warfare has become a real scourge, strongly affecting the morale of front-line soldiers."
The partisan movement and the Bolshevik underground behind enemy lines bore a truly broad national - patriotic character. They fully met the requirements that were presented to them in the speech of I.V. Stalin on July 3, 1941: "In the occupied areas create unbearable conditions for the enemy and all his accomplices, pursue and destroy them at every step, disrupting all their activities."