Which countries are developing. Typology of countries: economically developed countries and developing countries Great Britain developed or developing

Developed vs. developing countries

Countries are classified according to their economic development. The United Nations classifies countries as developed, developing, newly industrialized or developed countries, and countries with economies in transition such as Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and the former USSR.

The World Bank categorizes countries according to their GNI per capita income: low income ($995 or less) and lower middle income ($996-$395); as high middle income developing countries ($3,946 - $12,195); and high incomes (above $11,906) as developed countries.

The classification of a country depends not only on its income, but also on other factors affecting how its citizens live, how their economy integrates into the global system, and the expansion and diversification of their export industries.

A developed country is a country that has a high level of industrial development, bases its economy on technology and manufacturing instead of agriculture. Factors of production such as human and natural resources are fully utilized resulting in increased production and consumption resulting in high per capita income. A country with a high Human Development Index (HDI) is considered a developed country. It not only measures the economic development and GDP of a country, but also its education and life expectancy. Citizens of developed countries enjoy a free and healthy existence.

The term "developed country" is synonymous with "industrialized country, post-industrial country, more developed country, developed country, and first world country". The United Kingdom, France, Germany, Canada, Japan, Switzerland and the United States of America are just a few that are considered developed countries. On the other hand, a developing country is a country with a low level of industrialization. It has a higher birth and death rate than developed countries. Its infant mortality rate is also high due to poor nutrition, lack of medical care, and little knowledge of health.

Citizens of developing countries have a low to middle standard of living as their per capita income is still evolving and their technological potential is still evolving. There is also an unequal distribution of income in developing countries and their factors of production are not fully utilized. Developing countries are also referred to as third world countries or least developed countries.

1. A developed country is a country with a high level of industrialization and per capita income, while a developing country is a country that is still in the early stages of industrial development and has a low per capita income. 2. Citizens of a developed country enjoy a free, healthy and prosperous existence, while citizens of developing countries do not. 3. Developed countries are also known as industrialized, advanced and first world countries, and developing countries are also known as underdeveloped, least developed countries and third world countries. 4. The United States of America, Canada, Switzerland, Belgium and France are examples of developed countries, while 5. India, Malawi, Honduras, the Philippines and Rwanda are examples of developing countries. 6. Infant mortality, fertility and mortality rates are also higher in developing countries than in developed countries.

Or, as they are usually called, developing territories - this is a vivid confirmation of the economic principle "80% -20%". Only here is the ratio of the population to the world. With 80% of the world's population, they produce and consume 20% of the world's GDP. China opens the list of developing countries today. According to Bloomberg (the world's largest provider of financial information), China's GDP growth over the next four years will be 46%. Such expansion will ensure that the Chinese economy is near world domination. To our chagrin, Russia is ranked 9th in Bloomberg's list.

Who falls into this category?

The indicators by which states are included in the list of developing countries are GDP growth, the ratio of public debt to GDP, inflation, the coefficient of the “ease of doing business” category. So, doing business according to this version in the Russian Federation is 21 points more difficult than in China. And this despite the fact that China's coefficient is very high.

imperfect world

So what is it - the developing countries of the world, the list of which is constantly updated? These are the states of Asia, Africa, Latin America, characterized by an agrarian-raw material economy and a rather poorly developed manufacturing industry, rapid population growth, and a low level of education. But such a definition would be more suitable for the pre-perestroika picture of the bipolar world. Now the list of developing countries included all the republics of the former socialist camp, South Korea, Russia. The good news is that we are in the top twenty of them.

Heterogeneity of the list of third world countries

Today, the list of which is opened by the most developed countries of Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, Argentina) and Asia (South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong) can be divided into five groups.

Reports and analytical notes are compiled annually, which allow assessing the state of the world economy, the regional market. occupy a special place in such reports, since analysts monitor who, where, is actively reforming industries, industry, services, education, the army, or the problem of migrants has become aggravated.

Reports and analytical notes are prepared annually, which allow assessing the state of the world economy

The collected information is compared, since a particular organization includes a different number of participating countries, and their development (index) is assessed differently. There are general parameters, as well as specific ones, and therefore it becomes necessary to summarize the data provided by such international organizations: the IMF, the UN, the WB, etc.

Developed countries on the world map

The UN evaluates other aspects:

• Production of essential goods and services.
• Poverty level.
• How entrepreneurship develops.
• The system of social insurance, protection.
• State of the financial market.
• The position of the banking system.
• Ecological problems.
• Trends in the demographic and social sphere. Birth and death rates.
• GDP level.
• The level of investment and lending to projects and various economic sectors.

All these indicators are necessary in order to obtain a complete and comprehensive picture for each region, to single out the share of developing and capitalist countries in it, choosing the largest, most industrialized and quite promising.

Competitive countries of the world

Recently, IMF experts decided to single out another type - economically advanced countries. These powers include:

1. East Asian: Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong.
2. Cyprus.
3. North American: Canada and USA.
4. Western European: France, Britain, Italy, Germany.
5. Some and Central, who have become.

The number of developing countries changes every year. If we consider the economic characteristics of the countries of the world, then the focus of the economy, including the sectoral one, the presence of relevant science-intensive areas, the level and quality of life of the population are taken into account.

Structure of developing countries

Within the countries that are developing, you can make your own division. To define individual groups, the criteria are:

• structure of productive forces and production;
• prospects for economic development;
• economic relations within countries and beyond;
• the number of external and internal debts;
• the presence or absence of inflationary growth / fall;
• conditions for the development of transnational corporations;
• the role played by small business in the formation of industries and services.

Gold reserves in various countries

These parameters make it possible to single out several types of countries with actively developing markets and economies:

1. "Asian tigers" of East and Latin America.
2. Large and Asian countries that export oil and other minerals. Bahrain, Qatar, Libya, Iraq, the United Arab Emirates are engaged in oil exports. Since each of them has a favorable economic and geographical position, plays an important, practically key role in the market of energy resources and carriers, the population is not poor and can save money.
3. Developing countries with a high average GDP per capita. For example, in Guatemala or Colombia, there is US$1,000 per person.
4. , vast territories, large population: India, Indonesia, Pakistan. They develop thanks to investment projects from Europe and America. At the same time, other trends are observed: people often live below the poverty line, the level of GDP is $300 per capita, and low rates of industrial development.
5. Poor countries in Africa and Asia, such as Bangladesh, Benin, Somalia, Ethiopia, Afghanistan. Despite the provision of loans, material and technical assistance, these developing countries are struggling to overcome their backwardness. The economy has a clear agrarian character, pre-industrial forms of labor predominate in production. Relations with the outside world are either absent or very poorly developed.

In 2020, the number of countries that fall into the “developing” category has reached 132. All of them occupy a special place in the world economy, they are connected in different ways with the capitalist countries, the world economic system and the market. Because of this, in such states, a multi-structural economy has long been formed, depending on developed and advanced countries.

Watch the video: salaries in various countries of the world.

Characteristics of developing countries

• The standard of living of the population is very low.
• There is no middle class. Society is divided into the rich and the very poor. The income of the rich is many times greater than the income of ordinary citizens.
• The absence of laws, so investors from abroad rarely invest their finances in the economies of countries.
• Financial, tax and banking systems are poorly developed.
• The control device does not work.
• Unemployment is constantly rising, so the population does not have a fixed income.
• High birth and death rates.
• Small size and volume of the domestic market.
• Dependence on the developed countries of the world, which gives rise to a constant accumulation of external debts.
• The presence of specific socio-economic problems.
• The economy is subject to ideology, religion and the political system.
• Communal interests prevail, which is why civil society is either just beginning to develop, or completely undeveloped.

Developing countries have a scientific and technical potential, but it is weak, which is why scientific areas, the economy, and production are practically not developing. At the same time, many states have huge reserves of natural resources.

Developing countries freed themselves from colonial dependence in the sixties, therefore, negative factors are still observed in the social, economic and political structure:

1. The inability to independently cope with internal economic problems that were previously solved by the metropolitan countries.
2. There are no democratic institutions, which is why the political culture is just beginning to develop. The leaders of the country in their government do not rely on various bodies and institutions, but on the army and the police.
3. Corruption and bribery are widespread.
4. Constant wars, interethnic conflicts.
5. Formation of a self-isolation economic model of a centralized type. It is not market-oriented and does not take into account the peculiarities of the global economy, its trends and key changes.

Corruption index in various countries

In many ways, a similar situation in third world countries is due to the fact that in the eighties the Soviet Union and the CMEA states invested in the construction of metallurgy and heavy industry facilities. The peculiarities of the geographical position of developing countries and their specificity were not taken into account. Therefore, an imbalance arose in them, there was a complete dependence of the economies on developed countries.

Developed states are those countries that occupy leading positions in the world in terms of economy, standard of living and scientific and technological progress. They are often referred to as "industrial". At the moment, the population of these countries is 15 percent of the world's population. The most developed countries in the world are listed below.

The United States of America is one of the largest and most influential powers in the world in terms of economy, politics and population. By area, this state is in fourth place. The country borders on three states: Canada from the north, Mexico from the south and has a small border with the Russian Federation in the sea near Alaska. The country has four time zones and a great variety of landscapes - from the hot tropics to the arctic cold and from plains and canyons to mountain ranges and lakes.

More than 300 million people live in the USA, and most of them originate from immigrants from all over the world. This became possible thanks to the Great Colonization that took place since the 16th century after the great geographical discoveries of Columbus and Vespucci. Thus, there is a huge variety of races, nationalities, languages ​​and religions. Although the official language is English, and the predominant religion is Catholicism.

48 of its 50 states are located on the North American continent, excluding Hawaii and Alaska

Japan is an economically developed country located on four large islands. The banking system, retail trade, communications, cargo transportation are perfectly organized here - in a word, everything that makes the country successful. The Japanese are very technologically savvy and are the authors of many inventions, especially with regard to electronics. This is organized through close interaction between the authorities and enterprises. The country has a low level of taxes and everything has been done for the comfortable existence of individual entrepreneurship.

Japan has an extremely free attitude towards religion. The original faith in the territory of this country is Shintoism, and now Buddhism and many other world religions are also widespread. But not everyone adheres to any one denomination. Often a Japanese can drop in to pray at the first temple he comes across, be it Buddhist or Shinto. This is due to the fact that the root faith - Shintoism - is the worship of the forces of nature, and not of any particular deity.

Government emphasizes science technology and work ethic

The history of Germany is very rich, the country has experienced many victories and defeats, ups and downs. At the moment, the state is included in the list of the most developed countries in the world and is an example to follow in terms of political structure, so few people already consider it through the prism of the terrible events of World War II.

Despite the almost complete destruction of the infrastructure after the wars, the Germans were able to restore everything with their diligence, and now Germany is one of the “elephants” of the economy on which the whole world rests.

The main strength of the country lies in the automotive industry, as well as in the large amount of mineral resources on its territory.

This island nation has one of the richest and most amazing histories, dating back to the Celtic tribes. For several centuries, the British Empire had a powerful influence on the world order. And, although now the size of the country has again been reduced to one island, its power has not decreased. English is an international language and is considered official in many other countries. The fact is that the state retains and maintains close ties with all its former colonies.

Two-thirds of the country's economy is provided by the service sector, a little less by industry (mainly mechanical engineering, electrical equipment and electronics). The city of Birmingham is one of the first centers of the automotive industry. The tourism and agriculture industries are also well developed.

In terms of agricultural production, the country ranks sixth in the European Union.

France is a transcontinental world power with a rich history that has left its mark in the form of traditions, sights and even national cuisine. In addition, the chemical and cosmetic industries, as well as the food industry, are very well developed here, for example, these are world-famous French wines and cheeses.

According to statistical studies, France is one of the least religious countries in the world. Almost a third of people are atheists, another third simply do not identify themselves with any denomination, and only the remaining third identify themselves with any religion. And there are no official statistics on ethnic composition in the country, just as there are no concepts of "nationalities" or "national minorities" in general.

France is strong in space and nuclear technology

This Mediterranean state is part of the European Union, like most other developed countries. It has a powerful state budget, which is the seventh largest in the world.

The northern part of Italy is mainly engaged in industry, the southern - in agriculture, especially crop production (corn, sugar beets, olives, grapes, citrus fruits, etc.). Mechanical engineering and metallurgy predominate in industry. The most favorable economic situation is in Northern Italy, and a very high population density in those parts is associated with this.

Another actively developing aspect of Italy is civil airlines.

This state of East Asia is technologically advanced. Particular attention is paid to information security, astronautics, and robotics. In this regard, the country has one of the most advanced education systems. All educational institutions have access to high-speed Internet and free digital textbooks. Korea's economy is based largely on shipbuilding (45 percent of the world's market share in their products). The auto industry is also in active demand.

The country has a rich culture. Cinematography is actively developing here. The direction of e-sports is also successful, in particular in the discipline of Starcraft.

Korean martial arts and cuisine are widely known all over the world.

Canada

The second largest state in the world originates from the French colony, which in the 16th century was located on the site of the current city of Quebec.

At the moment, it is a developed country with a diverse ethnic composition (statistics say that more than 40 ethnic groups live here, most of which are Christians).

Canada is a multicultural country. This means that in any settlement you can find elements of completely different cultures, from Indian to Celtic. There are also many different national quarters. Canada's economy is based on services and agriculture.

This European country has access to the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea and has a varied terrain, especially mountainous. The territory of the state is extremely rich in minerals, mainly metal ores. Accordingly, the mining industry is well developed. As for heavy industry, shipbuilding and automotive industry (Seat brand) should be noted. The tourism sector is also at a high level. In 2016, 75 million people visited the country.

The main branch of tourism is a beach holiday due to the mild warm climate and beautiful seascapes.

Netherlands

This state is part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and is ruled by a monarch. The advantages of the Dutch economy include a skilled workforce that speaks many languages, excellent infrastructure, equality between superiors and subordinates, high wages. The most developed production areas are mechanical engineering, petrochemistry, textiles, beer and clothing production. A lot is imported: cars, oil and oil products, food, equipment.

This is the only state that occupies the entire mainland. It is rich in mineral resources and iron ore, and also has the richest nature, which, due to its isolation, has become truly unique. Many species of animals and plants are found only here and nowhere else. The main economic sector in Australia is agriculture, in particular cattle breeding. A significant part is the production of wool.

Australian wool is sent to all corners of the world

Belgium

This country is one of the largest producers of metal and clothing products. Also not to mention Antwerp, the world-famous center for the diamond trade. Chemical production is also well developed. Belgium has a convenient location with access to the sea and rivers, so water transport is actively used. In addition, Belgium is valued by American multinational companies. Among other things, the country throughout its history has been famous for scientific and technological achievements, some Belgians have received Nobel Prizes in physics and chemistry.

Sweden

The Kingdom of Sweden is one of the richest countries in Europe. There are more than fifty global concerns that distribute their products around the world. For example, Oriflame, Volvo, Ericsson, TetraPak. The state is the world leader in the production of bearings. Other economic advantages that make a country developed include a very high level of innovation, excellent education of workers, and excellent infrastructure.

The Greek economy used to be one of the strongest in the world, but has fallen on hard times in the past few years. The main source of foreign exchange earnings is the tourism sector in conjunction with the service sector. A significant part of the population is also employed there - at least 900 thousand people.

According to statistical surveys in some countries of the world, Greece was named the most attractive tourist destination.

Highly developed countries differ from developing countries primarily in macroeconomic indicators. Leadership gives them a higher GDP, the availability of capital for investment, an open market that is in consumer demand. Developing countries need to overcome many economic and political nuances in order to achieve a higher status.

Developing countries are characterized by high achievements in industry and agriculture. The standard of living and other economic indicators (eg GDP) in such countries are steadily rising. These include: Nigeria, Mexico, India, Russia, Brazil, China and others. In these countries, free market relations are flourishing, human rights are guaranteed, socio-economic programs are being developed, industrialization and modernization are underway.

Development can occur both through the export of any product and the introduction of trade to the international market, and through the attraction of foreign capital and investment. Governments try in every possible way to secure external revenues in the form of credits, loans or subsidies.

Emerging Economies

Each country is characterized by its own characteristics of development. Let's consider those of them that are sometimes called "key", because they have a high human, economic and raw material potential.

• China. Despite the fact that this country is socialist, its economy is considered to be a market one. With an aging population and a labor shortage predicted for the near future, China is still among the top economies in the world. The machine-building sector and the electronics sector are rapidly developing in it. The efficiency of the economy lies in the fact that the country's banking system is very stable.
• Brazil. The country has a fairly high purchasing power, and the state constantly intervenes in the economic sphere. Brazil actively trades on the international market and exports sugar, steel, coffee and other goods to other countries. Since 2015, continuous investment has also helped development.
• India. It occupies an important place in the system of international economic relations, which contributes to the inflow of foreign capital. An excellent support for development is a large number of able-bodied population, which helps to develop all sectors of the economy. India is an active exporter of oil, pharmaceuticals and textiles. The tourism sector and the software industry are also developing.

Classification of developing economies

All countries are different, and their economies are heterogeneous, so it is rather difficult to classify them. It is conditionally possible to distinguish such types of a developing economy as:

• Effective. It is based on the production of high quality goods, increasing their competitiveness in the international market. The country with such an economy is China.
• Industrial. As the name implies, the main focus is on the production of: machines, steel, various types of raw materials. These countries are actively and efficiently industrializing.
• Slow. Technologies in countries of this type are improving slowly, they do not compete well in the international market.
• Translational. In such states, industry and all other spheres of life develop gradually. The political situation greatly affects the economic development of the country.

Thus, in the concept of a developing economy, some similar features can be distinguished. In such countries, a variety of forms of ownership are used; industry and the service sector are developing faster than the extraction of natural resources and raw materials; innovations are applied everywhere, modern technologies are being introduced.